NON EQUIVALENCE RELATION

OBJECTIVE: To verify that the relation R on the set of all lines in a plane defined by P = {( 𝑙,
m): 𝑙 ⊥ 𝑚) is not an equivalence relation.

PRE-REQUISITE:
i) Any subset of AxA is called a relation on the set A, A is non empty set.
ii) A relation R on a set A is reflexive if (a, a)∈R.
iii) A relation R on a set A is symmetric if (a, b) ∈R then (b, a) ∈R
iv) A relation R on a set A is Transitive if (a, b) (b, c) ∈R then (a, c) ∈R
v) A reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation is called equivalent.

MATERIALS: Colour paper, Pencil, Geometry Box, Scissor, glue.

PROCEDURE:
i) Draw lines on paper of size 12x15cm such that some of them are parallel, some are
perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as shown in Fig.
ii) Represent the lines as 𝑙 1 , 𝑙 2 , ..., 𝑙 8 .

OBSERVATION:
i) (𝑙 1 , 𝑙 2 ), (𝑙 1 , 𝑙 3 ), (𝑙 1 , 𝑙 4 ), (𝑙 6 , 𝑙 7 ) ∈ R
No line is perpendicular to itself,
so the relation R = {(l, m): l ⊥ m} ______ reflexive (is/is not).
ii) 𝑙 1 ⊥ 𝑙 2 but 𝑙 2 is not perpendicular to 𝑙 1
∴ (𝑙 1 , 𝑙 2 ) ∈ R ⇒ (𝑙 2 , 𝑙 1 ) ______ R.(∉/∈)
∴ The relation R.... Symmetric (is/is not)
iii) 𝑙 2 ⊥ 𝑙 1 and 𝑙 1 ⊥ 𝑙 3. But 𝑙 2 is not perpendicular to 𝑙 3.
(𝑙 2 , 𝑙 1 ) ∈ R and (𝑙 1 , 𝑙 3 ) ∈ R ⇒ (l2, l3) ______ R.(∉/∈)
∴ The relation R .... transitive (is/is not).

RESULT: R is neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive. Hence R is not equivalence relatio
 EQUIVALENCE RELATION
OBJECTIVE: To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by
R = {(𝑙, m): 𝑙 || m} is an equivalence relation.

PRE-REQUISITE:
i) Any subset of AXA is called a relation on the set A, A is non empty set.
ii) A relation R on a set A is reflexive if (a, a)∈R.
iii) A relation R on a set A is symmetric if (a, b) ∈R then (b, a) ∈R
iv) A relation R on a set A is Transitive if (a, b) (b, c) ∈R then (a, c) ∈R
v) A reflexive, symmetric and transitive relation is called equivalent.

MATERIALS: colour paper, Pencil, Geometry Box, Scissor, glue.

PROCEDURE:
i) Draw lines on paper of size 12x15cm such that some of them are parallel, some are
perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as shown in Fig.
ii) Represent the lines as 𝑙 1 , 𝑙 2 , ..., 𝑙 8 .

OBSERVATION:
i) (𝑙 2 , 𝑙 3 ), (𝑙 3 , 𝑙 4 ), (𝑙 5 , 𝑙 8 ) ∈ R
In Fig, every line is parallel to itself. So the relation R = {( l, m) : l || m}
.... Reflexive relation (is/is not)
ii) l2 || l3 and l3 || l2
So, (l2, l3) ∈ R ⇒ (l3, l2) ... R (∉/∈)
Similarly, l3 || l4. Is l4 ...l3? (|| / || )
So, (l3, l4) ∈ R ⇒ (l4, l3) ... R (∉/∈)
and (l5, l8) ∈ R ⇒ (l8, l5) ... R (∉/∈)
∴ The relation R.... Symmetric relation (is/is not)
iii) In Fig, observe that l2 || l3 and l3 || l4, and l2 || l4
So, (l2, l3) ∈ R and (l3, l4) ∈ R ⇒ (l2, l4) ... R (∉/∈)
Similarly, l3 || l4 and l4 || l2. Is l3 ... l2? (|| / || )
So, (l3, l4) ∈ R, (l4, l2) ∈ R ⇒ (l3, l2) ... R (∉/∈)
∴ The relation R .... transitive (is/is not).
Hence, the relation R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. So, R is an equivalence relation.

RESULT: R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence R is not equivalence relation.

 ONE-ONE BUT NOT ONTO FUNCTION

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto relation.

PRE-REQUISITE:
i) f: A → B is function if each pre-image from A has an unique image in B .
ii) In f: A → B if distinct elements of A are related to distinct elements of B, then f is one-
one function.
iii) In f: A → B if for every element of B has pre-image in A, then f is onto function.

MATERIALS: colour paper, Pencil, Geometry Box, Scissor, glue.

PROCEDEURE
i) Paste two rectangular colour paper as set A and B as shown in fig.
ii) Take the set A = {a, b} and the set B = {1, 2, 3}.
iii) Join elements of A to the elements of B.

OBSERVATION
1. The image of the element a of A in B is ______________.
The image of the element b of A in B is ______________.
So, the Fig. represents a _____________________.
2. Every element in A has a _________ image in B. So, the function is
_____________ (one-one/not one-one).
3. The pre-image of the element 1 of B in A __________ (exists/does not exist). So, the function
is __________ (onto/not onto).
Thus, Fig represents a function which is _________ but not onto.
RESULT: Function f is one-one but not onto.