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æ—≤π“°“√∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬„π°“√°”Àπ¥§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„® :
°“√»÷°…“‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫√–À«à“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬μà“ߪ√–‡∑»
∑’Ëπà“ π„®·≈–°ÆÀ¡“¬‰∑¬
Legal Development in the Imposition
of Mental Injury Damages :
A Comparative Study between Interesting
Foreign Law and Thai Law
«’√–¬ÿ∑∏ ∫ÿ≥¬∫ÿμ√*
ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“»“≈®—ßÀ«—¥æ—∑¬“ ™à«¬∑”ß“π™—Ë«§√“«„πμ”·ÀπàߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“»“≈·æàß
Weerayut Boonyabut
Judge of the Pattaya Provincial Court acting Judge of the Civil Court
«—π∑’Ë√—∫∫∑§«“¡ Ò ¡‘∂ÿπ“¬π ÚıˆÛ; «—π∑’Ë·°â ‰¢∫∑§«“¡ Òı °√°Æ“§¡ ÚıˆÛ; «—π∑’ËμÕ∫√—∫∫∑§«“¡ Û °√°Æ“§¡ ÚıˆÛ
∫∑§—¥¬àÕ
‡®μπ“√¡≥å¢Õß°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘ ¥ ¡ÿà ß À¡“¬∑’Ë ® –§ÿâ ¡ §√Õß·≈–√— ∫ √Õß ‘ ∑ ∏‘
„π°“√‡√’¬°√âÕß§à“‡ ’¬À“¬¢Õß∫ÿ§§≈ºŸâ∂Ÿ°≈–‡¡‘ ¥ ‘ ∑ ∏‘ ´÷Ë ß ºŸâ ° √–∑”≈–‡¡‘ ¥ π—È π ¬à Õ ¡‡ªì π Àπ’È
* π.∫. (‡°’¬√μ‘π‘¬¡Õ—π¥—∫Àπ÷Ëß) ∏√√¡»“ μ√å, π.∫.∑., LL.M. in International commercial Law (Merits)
University College London, LL.M. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.
Abstract
The purpose of tort law focuses on the damages of individuals for the
rights infringement that trespasser or wrongdoer is indebted to compensate
such as property damage and human injury involving both physical and
psychological harm. However, There are still numerous controversial issues in
the aspect of tort law. One of the most interesting problems is ùMental injuryû.
International academic legal field questions that what the suitable level of
compensation for psychological injury is. This research will offer the model of
the extent of damages for mental injury and, moreover, compare and contrast
this level in selective countries which may be highly influence upon legal
systems around the world both ùCommon Lawû legal system countries namely
the United Kingdom and the United States of America and also ùCivil Lawû
legal system countries namely France, Germany, Switzerland, Japan and
Thailand. Finally, this paper will evaluate the proper extent which the
level of mental injury damages called ùDistress Levelû might be the most
appropriate extent of this compensation.
Keywords : Mental injury, Compensation for psychological injury, Mental injury
damages
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(Dissenting level), √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ®‘μ„®∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ√à«¡°—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ√à“ß°“¬
(Parasitic damage level), √–¥—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ®‘μ„®·∫∫‚√§®‘μ (Psychiatric injury
level) ·≈–√–¥—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‡»√â“‚»° (Distress level) ¥—ß·ºπ¿“æμàÕ‰ªπ’È
(Ò)
Kay Wheat, Psychiatric injury, 2nd edition, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2002) p. 3.
§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°
‡»√â“‚»° (Distress))
§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ®‘μ„®
·∫∫‚√§®‘μ (Psychiatric injury)
§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ®‘μ„®∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ√à«¡°—∫
§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ√à“ß°“¬ (Parasitic damage)
(Ú)
Cees van Dam, European tort law, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2006) p. 326.
(˘)
Raymond Youngs, English, French & German comparative law, p. 503.
(Ò)
Vincent R.Johnson, çStandardized Test, Erroneous Scores, and Tort Liability,é Rutgers Law
Journal, Volume 38, p. 694 (November 2007).
(ÒÙ)
Paula Giliker and Silas Beckwith, Tort, 3rd edition, (London : Sweet & Maxwell, 2008) p. 187.
(Òı)
Dennis Campbell, International personal injury compensation, (London : Sweet & Maxwell,
1996) p. 164.
(Òˆ)
B.S. Markesinis, A comparative introduction to the German law of torts, (Oxford : Clarendon
Press, 1994) p. 243.
(Ò˜)
Peter Barrie, Personal injury law : liability, compensation and procedure, 2nd edition,
(Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2005) p. 39.
(Ò¯)
Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston and Basil Markesinis, Markesinis and Deakinûs tort law, 6th
edition, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008) p. 611.
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(Ò˘)
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μàÕ¡“„π™à«ßªï æ.». ÚıÚÛ - ÚıÙÚ ‡√‘Ë¡¡’°≈ÿࡧ”æ‘æ“°…“¢Õß»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë· ¥ß
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¿“¬„μâ‡ß◊ËÕπ‰¢∑’Ë»“≈°”Àπ¥ °≈à“«§◊Õ §«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®¥—ß°≈à“«π—ÈπμâÕß¡’§«“¡
—¡æ—π∏åÀ√◊Õ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß√à“ß°“¬ ‡ √’¿“æ À√◊ÕÕπ“¡—¬ ·μàμâÕß
(ÚÒ)
§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë ˜Û¯/ÚÙ¯Û ( à߇ √‘¡.), π. ÒÚÙ.
(ÚÚ)
§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë ÒÙÙ˜/ÚıÚÛ (‡πμ‘.), π. ¯ÙÙ.
(ÚÛ)
§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë ˆ¯Û/ÚÙˆÚ ( à߇ √‘¡.), π. Ûˆ ·≈–§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë ˜¯˘/ÚıÚ (‡πμ‘.),
π. ÒÒÛ.
(Ú˘)
√“™°‘®®“πÿ‡∫°…“ ‡≈à¡∑’Ë ÒÚı μÕπ∑’Ë Ûˆ °.
·μà ° “√∑’Ë ®Ì “ ‡≈¬„™â Õ “«ÿ ∏ ªó π ¢à ¡ ¢Ÿà ‚ ®∑°å ‡ ™à π π’È ‡ ªì π °“√∑Ì “ „Àâ ‚®∑°å‡ ’¬À“¬·°à√à“ß°“¬·≈–
Õπ“¡— ¬ ¢Õß‚®∑°å · ≈â « ‡æ√“–‡ªì π °“√∑Ì “ „Àâ ‚®∑°åμ°„®°≈—« ‡ªì𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫
§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°∑“ߥâ“π®‘μ„®´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬Õ¬à“ßÕ◊ËπÕ—π¡‘„™àμ—«‡ß‘πμ“¡ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬
·æàß·≈–æ“≥‘™¬å ¡“μ√“ ÙÙˆ ‚®∑°å¡’ ‘∑∏‘‡√’¬°§à“ ‘π‰À¡∑¥·∑π„π°√≥’¥—ß°≈à“«π’È ‰¥â...é(Û)
‡¡◊ËÕ«‘‡§√“–À委æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“„𧥒π’È·≈â«®–‡ÀÁπ∂÷ßæ—≤π“°“√„π°“√μ’§«“¡
°ÆÀ¡“¬‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥§à“ ‘π‰À¡∑¥·∑π ”À√—∫§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®„πÕ’°¢—ÈπÀπ÷Ëß °≈à“«§◊Õ
»“≈Æ’°“„𧥒π’È√—∫√Õß§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®„π¢Õ∫‡¢μ∑’Ë°«â“ߢ÷Èπ‚¥¬‡ªìπ°“√√Õß√—∫§«“¡
‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®„π√–¥—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‡»√â“‚»° (Distress level) ‚¥¬∂÷ß·¡â«à“‡Àμÿº≈¢Õß
»“≈Æ’°“®–°≈à“««à“‚®∑°å‡ ’¬À“¬·°à√à“ß°“¬·≈–Õπ“¡—¬¢Õß‚®∑°å·≈â« ·μà‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“®“°
¢âÕ‡∑Á®®√‘ß·Ààߧ¥’·≈â«‚®∑°å‡°‘¥§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®‡æ’¬ß·§àμ°„®°≈—«‡∑à“π—Èπ ´÷Ëß„πÕ¥’μ
∑’˺à“π¡“»“≈Æ’°“‰¡à‡§¬√—∫√Õߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„π≈—°…≥–¥—ß°≈à“«‡π◊ËÕß®“°‡ªì𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬
∑“ß®‘ μ „®∑’Ë ‰ ¡à¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏åÀ√◊Õ ◊∫‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß√à“ß°“¬ ‡ √’¿“æ
À√◊ÕÕπ“¡—¬·μàÕ¬à“ß„¥ Õ’°π—¬Àπ÷Ëß®÷ßÕ“®°≈à“«‰¥â«à“»“≈Æ’°“„𧥒π’È ‰¥â«“ß·π«∑“ß„À¡à
„π°“√μ’§«“¡¡“μ√“ ÙÙˆ „Àâ§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ ¬’ À“¬„π√–¥—∫Õ“√¡≥å §«“¡√Ÿâ °÷ ‚¥¬∂◊Õ«à“
‡ªì𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬·°à√à“ß°“¬·≈–Õπ“¡—¬¢Õß‚®∑°å·≈â« ®÷߇°‘¥ª√–‡¥Áπ„Àâ摇§√“–Àå«à“
‡Àμÿº≈∑’Ë»“≈Æ’°“„Àâ‡æ◊ËÕ√—∫√Õß§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®¥—ß°≈à“« Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∑ƒ…Æ’°ÆÀ¡“¬
≈–‡¡‘¥À√◊Õ‰¡à ‡æ’¬ß„¥
”À√—∫ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°àÕπ∑’Ë®–¡’§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“©∫—∫π’È π—°°ÆÀ¡“¬À≈“¬∑à“π
‰¥â¡§’ «“¡‡ÀÁπ„π‡™‘ß π—∫ πÿπ·π«§«“¡§‘¥∑’®Ë –√—∫√Õߧ«“¡‡ ¬’ À“¬„π√–¥—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ °÷ ‡»√â“‚»°
(Distress level) ‡™àπ°—𠇙àπ ∑à“πÕ“®“√¬åæ®πå ªÿ…ª“§¡ ‰¥âμ’§«“¡§”«à“ ç ‘∑∏‘é „π«≈’
ç ‘∑∏‘Õ¬à“ßÀπ÷ËßÕ¬à“ß„¥é „π¡“μ√“ ÙÚ „Àâ§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∂÷ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®¥â«¬ ‚¥¬
„Àâ‡Àμÿº≈«à“¡πÿ…¬å¡’ ∑‘ ∏‘∑®’Ë –‰¡à „Àâ „§√∑”Õ—πμ√“¬‚¥¬‡®μπ“ À√◊Õª√–¡“∑„À⇠¬’ À“¬·°à®μ‘ „®
Õ’°∑—ßÈ ¡’ ∑‘ ∏‘∑®’Ë –Õ¬ŸÕà ¬à“ß ß∫‰¡à¡’„§√¡“√∫°«π·°à®μ‘ „®¥â«¬(ÛÒ) «à π∑à“π»“ μ√“®“√¬å ‰æ®‘μ√
(Û)
§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë Ùı˜Ò/Úııˆ (‡πμ‘.), π. ÚÙıÒ - ÚÙıÙ.
(ÛÒ)
æ®πå ªÿ…ª“§¡, §”Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬·æàß·≈–æ“≥‘™¬å «à“¥â«¬≈–‡¡‘¥, æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë Û (°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ :
”π—°Õ∫√¡»÷°…“°ÆÀ¡“¬·Àà߇πμ‘∫—≥±‘μ¬ ¿“, ÚıÚı), π. Ò˜Ú.
(ÛÚ)
‰æ®‘μ√ ªÿ≠≠æ—π∏å, §”Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√–¡«≈°ÆÀ¡“¬·æàß·≈–æ“≥‘™¬å≈°— …≥–≈–‡¡‘¥ æ√âÕ¡¥â«¬¿“§ºπ«°μ“√“ß
§«“¡√—∫º‘¥μà“ß Ê §à“ ‘π‰À¡∑¥·∑π·≈–π‘√‚∑…°√√¡ æ√–√“™∫—≠≠—쑧«“¡√—∫º‘¥∑“ß≈–‡¡‘¥¢Õ߇®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë
æ.». ÚıÛ˘ ·≈–À≈—°°ÆÀ¡“¬≈—°…≥–≈–‡¡‘¥ ¢âÕ —ππ‘…∞“𧫓¡º‘¥∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬æ√âÕ¡¥â«¬¿“§ºπ«°,
æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë ÒÚ (°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ : ”π—°æ‘¡æåπ‘μ‘∫√√≥°“√, ÚııÒ), π. ÚÒˆ.
(ÛÛ)
®√‘π∑√å ∏“π’√—μπå, Õπ“¡—¬∫ÿ§§≈, (°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ : ”π—°æ‘¡æå‚Õ‡¥’¬π ‚μ√å, ÚıÚˆ), π. Ú˜Û - Ú˜˘.
(ÛÙ)
™Ÿ∑‘μ¬å ª“πª√’™“, ®‘쇪ìπ‡Àμÿ, (°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ : ”π—°æ‘¡æå§≈‘π‘° ÿ¢¿“æ, ÚıÙÙ), π. Ú˘¯ - Ú˘˘.
∫∑ √ÿª·≈–¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–
®“°°“√»÷°…“«‘‡§√“–Àåæ≤ — π“°“√„π°“√°”Àπ¥§à“‡ ¬’ À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®¢Õßμà“ߪ√–‡∑»
§«“¡‡ÀÁπ∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬·≈–∑“ß°“√·æ∑¬å √«¡∂÷ߧ”𑬓¡¢ÕßÕߧ尓√√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¢â“ßμâπ
∑”„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“§”æ‘æ“°…“»“≈Æ’°“∑’Ë Ùı˜Ò/Úııˆ ‡ªìπ§”æ‘æ“°…“∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ¡‡Àμÿ ¡º≈
∑—Èß„π à«πº≈·≈–‡Àμÿº≈¢Õߧ”æ‘æ“°…“Õ—π· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ßæ—≤π“°“√„π°“√μ’§«“¡°ÆÀ¡“¬
‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®„Àâ°—∫ºŸâ‡ ’¬À“¬‰¥âÕ¬à“߇ªìπ∏√√¡„π√–¥—∫§«“¡√Ÿâ ÷°‡»√â“‚»°
(Distress level) ∂÷ß·¡â«à“ºŸâ‡ ’¬À“¬®–‰¡à ‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬μàÕ√à“ß°“¬„π∑“ß°“¬¿“æ
·μàÕ¬à“ß„¥ ·≈–·¡â«“à ®–¡’°√–‡‡ «‘æ“°…å«“à °“√μ’§«“¡¢Õß»“≈Æ’°“„𧥒π®’È –∑”„À⇰‘¥§«“¡
‰¡à ¡’ ¢ Õ∫‡¢μ„π°“√‡√’ ¬ °√â Õ ß§à “ ‡ ’ ¬ À“¬ ·≈–‡°‘ ¥ °“√øÑ Õ ß√â Õ ß§¥’ ¢÷È π ‡ªì π ®”π«π¡“°
‚¥¬‰¡à®”‡ªìπ°Áμ“¡ ·μàÀ“°æ‘‡§√“–Àå∂ß÷ °“√≈–‡¡‘¥∑’‡Ë °‘¥¢÷πÈ „𧥒π°’È ÕÁ “®«‘‡§√“–Àå ‰¥â«“à °“√°”Àπ¥
§à“‡ ’¬À“¬∑“ß®‘μ„®„π√–¥—∫Õ“√¡≥åπ—Èπ‰¡à ‰¥â ‰√â¢Õ∫‡¢μ·μàÕ¬à“ß„¥ À“°·μàμâÕ߇ªìπ°√≥’
°“√°√–∑”≈–‡¡‘¥∑’ËÕÿ°Õ“®√ÿπ·√ß·≈–‡≈Á߇ÀÁπ∂÷ߺ≈°√–∑∫μàÕ®‘μ„®‚¥¬μ√ß ‡™àπ °“√¢à¡¢Ÿà
(Ûı)
Who. (August 2017). Healthy. Available from http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/.