LESSON 1.

PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 MEMBERS
BEDA, ABDULHAMID SAJOL
BANGOT, ALEXA MHORELLE ISABIDA
ARELLANO, ALLEN KAYE NOR
DEL SOLOR, ANGEL MAE BALLESTEROS
ROMERO, ANGEL MAY ARTIAGA
CALDITO, CHRISTON JOHN MARQUILLA
SOCRATES – AN EXAMINE LIFE
IS NOT WORTH LIVING
According to Socrates, the soul and the self are
interchangeable, and each and every person possesses an
eternal soul that lives on after death. According to his
theory, there are two realms in reality: the physical and the
ideal, with the physical sphere being unchanging and
flawed and the ideal realm housing the soul.

The soul, an immortal being that strives for wisdom and

perfection, is the very essence of the self. The constraints
of the tangible world prevent this, though. Continual self-
reflection and moral development are necessary for
people to have satisfying lives; they must begin with
themselves as the source of wisdom and significance.
According to Socrates, the soul, an immortal being that
strives for wisdom and perfection, is the very essence
of the self. The constraints of the tangible world
prevent this, though. Continual self-reflection and
moral development are necessary for people to have
satisfying lives; they must begin with themselves as the
source of wisdom and significance.
 PLATO – THE SOUL IS IMMORTAL

Plato's philosophy underscores the pursuit of knowledge, the

importance of ethics and justice, and his belief in
transcendent, unchanging truths beyond the physical world.
His ideas continue to be a significant influence in
contemporary philosophy and various fields of thought

The "soul" is indeed the most divine aspect of the human

being. However,his concept of the divine is not a spiritual
being but rather one that has an intellectual connotation
 ARISTOTLE: THE SOUL IS THE ESSENCE OF THE SELF
Aristotle was an Greek philosopher and scientist who is still considered one of the greatest
thinkers in politics, psychology and ethics. Aristotle was known in his time, as "the man who
knew everything" and later simply as "The Philosopher”.
For Aristotle, the body and soul are not two separate elements but are one thing.

The soul is simply the form of the body, and is not capable of existing without the body.

The soul is that which makes a person a person. The soul is the essence of the self.

Without the body the soul cannot exist. The soul dies along with the body. Aristotle
suggested that anything with life has soul.

Aristotle introduced the three kinds of soul: vegetative soul, sentient soul, and rational soul.

Vegetative soul includes the physical body that can grow. Vegetative soul is not exclusive
only to human being, obviously animals and plants are also have vegetative soul
Sentient soul includes the sensual desires, feelings, and emotions.
Rational soul is what makes man human. It includes the intellect that makes man know and
understand things.
 ST. AGUSTINE
Augustine's sense of self is his relation to God, both in his recognition
of God's love and his response to it—achieved through self-
presentation, then self-realization. Augustine believed one could not
achieve inner peace without finding God's love • Augustine defined the
self in terms of it's longing for God

His approach to knowledge and intellectual life began and ended with
God. Augustine believed that people were inherently incapable of
grasping all things apart from God. Whether natural or supernatural,
profane or divine, nothing was comprehensible to the individual
mind without God
 RENE DESCARTERS
For Descartes, the essence of the self – a thinking entity that doubts,
understands, analyzes, questions, and reasons
There are two dimensions of the self: the self as a thinking entity
and the self as a physical body.
The thinking self (or soul) is the nonmaterial, immortal, conscious being,
and independent of the physical laws of the universe. • The physical body
is the material, mortal, non-thinking entity, fully governed by the
physical laws of nature
The soul and body are independent of one another and each can exist
and function without the other.
The self as a thinking entity is distinct from the self as a physical body.
In other words, the thinking self can exist independently of the physical
body
 JOHN LOCKE
John Locke's philosophical perspective is characterized by his empiricism,
belief in natural rights, advocacy for limited government, and
contributions to the concept of the social contract. His ideas laid the
foundation for modern liberal democracy and had a lasting impact on
political and epistemological thought.

"HUMAN MIND AT BIRTH IS TABULA RASA"

A person is born with knowing nothing and that is
susceptible to stimulation and accumulation of learning from
the experiences. Failures, references and observation of the person.
DAVID HUME
David Hume's philosophical perspective is characterized
by his empiricism, skepticism about induction and
causation, and his influential ideas in moral philosophy.
His works have had a lasting impact on philosophy,
particularly in epistemology, ethics, and the philosophy
of science.

Self is simply a bundle or collection of different

perceptions, which succeed each other with an
inconceivable rapidly are in an perpetual flux and
movement
 IMMANUAEL KANT
According to Immanuel Kant, the self gathers and actively
organizes thoughts and sensations, producing a recognizable
and predictable world through reason and transcending
sensory experience.

Kant argues that because the self is actively organizing and

synthesizing all of our ideas and experiences, it is the self
that enables us to experience an understandable reality. In
other words, the self creates a recognizable and predictable
environment by establishing its own reality.

The self transcends sensory experience through reason.

 GILBERT RYLE : THE SELF IS THE
WAY PEOPLE BEHAVE
Gilbert Ryle was a British philosopher, he was a broad thinker, with
broad influences, the status and methods of philosophy itself.

The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior the

tendency or disposition for a person to behave in a certain
way in certain circumstances.

Ryle's concept of the human self thus provided the

philosophical principle, "I act therefore I am." In short, the
self is the same as bodily behavior.

Self is best understood as a collection of behavior that leads to

a person to behave in accordance with different
circumstances.
 PAUL CHURCHLAND
THE SELF IS THE BRAIN

He advocates the eliminative materialism or physiology of the

body and brain which explains that all of us have a brain but if
it is gone, there is no self at all. Our brain is not inseparable
from our body.
Churchland's central argument is that the concepts
and theoretical vocabulary we use to think about our
selves—using such terms as belief, desire, fear,
sensation, pain, joy—actually misrepresent the reality
of minds and selves.
 MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, a philosopher, emphasized the importance of embodiment in
our consciousness and self. He viewed embodiment as a relational feature of our lives,
including the brain, sensory organs, and the extension of our biological bodies into the
world. Perception, Merleau-Ponty's view, is a structured, unified whole about things in
the world. Perception is an independent active synthesis, often invisible to our
consciousness, and phenomenologically places what it gives to experience in the
world. Merleau-Ponty's view of consciousness as a matter of the lived body in
"communion" with the world does not minimize its role, but shares the idea that
consciousness and self are embodied and immersed in the world.

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY: THE SELF IS EMBODIED SUBJECTIVITY

All knowledge of ourselves and our world is based on subjective
experience.

The self can never be truly objectified or known in a completely

objective sort of a way