02 Coulomb 2018b MK

Nguyễn Công Phương
Engineering Electromagnetics
Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Vector Analysis
III. Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity
IV. Electric Flux Density, Gauss’ Law & Divergence
V. Energy & Potential
VI. Current & Conductors
VII. Dielectrics & Capacitance
VIII. Poisson’s & Laplace’s Equations
IX. The Steady Magnetic Field
X. Magnetic Forces & Inductance
XI. Time – Varying Fields & Maxwell’s Equations
XII. Transmission Lines
XIII. The Uniform Plane Wave
XIV. Plane Wave Reflection & Dispersion
XV. Guided Waves & Radiation
Engineering Electromagnetics - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

1. Coulomb’s Law
2. Electric Field Intensity
3. Field Due to a Continuous Volume Charge Distribution
4. Field of a Line Charge
5. Field of a Sheet Charge
6. Sketches of Fields
7. Applications
Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

Coulomb's Law (1)
Q1Q2
F =k 2
R
– In free space
– between 2 very small objects
(compared to the separation R)
– Q1 & Q2 are the positive/negative
quantities of charge
1
− k=
4πε 0
– ε0: permittivity of free space,

1
ε 0 = 8.854 × 10 =
− 12
10−9 F/m
36π
https://w ww.teylersmuseum.nl/nl/collectie/instrument
en/fk-0556-electrometer-coulomb-balance
Coulomb's Law (2)
Q1Q2 Q2 F2
F =k 2 Q1
a12 R12
R Q1Q2
→F = r2
1 4πε 0 R 2 r1
k=
4πε 0 Origin Q1 & Q2: alike in sign
Q1Q2
F2 = a12
4πε 0 R12
2
R12 = r2 − r1 Q1
a12 F2 Q2
R12
R12 R12 r2 − r1 r2
a12 = = = r1
R12 R12 r2 − r1 Q1 & Q2: opposite sign
Origin
Ex. Coulomb's Law (3)
Given Q1 = 4.10-4 C at A(3, 2, 1) & Q2 = – 3.10-4 C at B(1, 0, 2) in vacuum. Find the
force exerted on Q2 by Q1.
Q1Q2
F2 = a12
4πε 0 R12
2
R12 = r2 − r1 = (1 − 3)a x + (0 − 2)a y + (2 − 1)a z = −2a x − 2a y + a z

R12 = (−2) 2 + ( −2) 2 + 12 = 3
R12 −2a x − 2a y + a z
a12 = =
R12 3
4.10−4 ( −3.10−4 ) −2a x − 2a y + a z
→ F2 = × = 80a x + 80a y − 40az N
1 3
4π 10−932
36π
1. Coulomb’s Law
7. Applications

Electric Field Intensity (1)
• Consider a fixed Q1 & a test Qt
Q1Qt Ft Q1
Ft = a → = a
4πε 0 R1t
2 1t
Qt 4πε 0 R1t
2 1t
• Electric Field Intensity: the vector force on 1C

• Unit: V/m
• EFI due to a single point charge Q in a vacuum:
Q
E= aR
4πε 0 R 2
– R: from Q to the point of E

– aR: unit vector of R
Q
E= aR
4πε 0 R 2
• If Q is at the center of a spherical coordinate system:

Q
E= ar
4πε 0 r 2
• If Q is at the center of a rectangular coordinate system:
Q  x y z 
E=  ax + ay + az 
4πε 0 ( x + y + z )  x2 + y 2 + z 2
2 2 2
x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2
x 2
+ y 2
+ z 2 
 

Q Electric Field Intensity (3)
E= aR
4πε 0 R 2
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
4
3
2 4
1 3
2
0
1
-1 0
-2 -1
-2
-3
-3
-4 -4

R = r – r’
E
• If Q is not at the origin: Q
Q
E(r ) = a x’, y’, z’ r P(x, y, z)
4πε 0 R 2 R r’
R = r−r'
R = r −r' r −r' Origin
aR =
r −r'
Q r − r' Q (r − r ')
→ E(r ) = . =
4πε 0 r − r '
2
r − r ' 4πε 0 r − r '
3
Q[( x − x ')a x + ( y − y ')a y + ( z − z ')a z ]

=
4πε 0 [( x − x ')2 + ( y − y ')2 + ( z − z ')2 ]3 / 2
Q1 Q2
E (r ) = a1 + a2
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2
2 2
z Q2
r2
r – r2
Q1 r – r1
P a1
r E1 y
n
Qk r1
E(r ) =  ak a2
4πε 0 r − rk
2
k =1
E2
E(r)
x
Ex. Electric Field Intensity (6)
Given Q1 = 4.10-9 C at P1(3, – 2, 1), Q2 = – 3.10-9 C at P2(1, 0, – 2), Q3 = 2.10-9 C
at P3(0, 2, 2), Q4 = – 10-9 C at P4(– 1, 0, 2). Find E at P(1, 1, 1).
n
Qk z Q2
E= a
4πε 0 r − rk
2 k
k =1
Q1 Q2 r2
= a1 + a2 + r – r1
r – r2
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2
2 2
P a1
Q1 r E1
Q3 Q4 r1
+ a3 + a4 a2
4πε 0 r − r3 4πε 0 r − r4
2 2
y
x
E2
r − r1 = ( x − x1 )a x + ( y − y1 )a y + ( z − z1 )a z
E(r)
= (1 − 3)a x + (1 − ( −2))a y + (1 − 1)a z
= −2a x + 3a y
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
E= a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
4πε 0 r − r1 4πε 0 r − r2 4πε 0 r − r3 4πε 0 r − r4
2 2 2 2
r − r1 = ( −2) 2 + 32 = 3.32
r − r1 = −2ax + 3a y r − r1 −2 3
a1 = = ax + a y = −0.60a x + 0.91a y
r − r1 3.32 3.32
r − r2 = 3.16 a2 = 0.32a y + 0.95a z
r − r3 = 1.73 a3 = 0.58a x − 0.58a y − 0.58a z
r − r4 = 2.45 a4 = 0.82a x + 0.41a y − 0.41a z
4 × 10 −4
E= ( −0.60a x + 0.91a y )
4πε 0 × 3.32 2
−3 × 10 −4
+ (0.32a y + 0.95a z ) +
4πε 0 × 3.162
2 × 10 −4
+ (0.58a x − 0.58a y − 0.58a z ) +
4πε 0 × 1.732
− 10−4
+ (0.82a x + 0.41a y − 0.41a z )
4πε 0 × 2.452
= 24.66a x + 9.99a y − 32.40az V/m

E= aR
4πε 0 R 2
3.5
2.5
2
–1 +1
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
E= aR
4πε 0 R 2
3.5
2.5
2
+1 +1
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
1. Coulomb’s Law
3. Field Due to a Continuous Volume Charge
Distribution
7. Applications

Volume Charge (1)
• Volume charge density (unit C/m3):
+
∆Q + ++
ρ v = lim
∆ v→0 ∆v
Q =  ρv dv
V

Volume Charge (2)
• EFI at r due to ΔQ at r’ :
Q r −r' ∆Q r −r'
E (r ) = . → ∆E(r ) = .
4πε 0 r − r ' r − r ' 4πε 0 r − r ' r − r '
2 2
∆Q = ρ v ∆v
ρv ∆v
r − r'
→ ∆E(r ) = .
4πε 0 r − r ' r − r '
2
• → EFI at r due to a volume charge:

ρv (r ')dv ' r − r '
E(r ) =  .
4πε 0 r − r ' r − r '
V 2

Volume Charge (3)
ρv (r ')dv ' r − r '
E(r ) =  .
4πε 0 r − r ' r − r '
V 2
• r : the vector locates E

• r’: the vector locates the volume charge ρ(r’)dv’

Ex. Volume Charge (4)
A thundercloud in the form of a cylinder of radius b = 1000 m,
height 2a = 4000 m, with its bottom c = 1000 m above ground. 2a
The cloud has a charge density ρv = 10–9 C/m3 uniformly
distributed throughout its volume. Find EFI at: b
a) Ground level, below the center of the cloud? c
b) The bottom of the cloud, on its axis?
dQ
dE =
4πε 0 R 2 z
dQ = ρ v dv
dv = ρ d ρ dϕ dz dv (0, 0,0) y
x
R = ρ + (h + z )
2 2
R α
ρ v ρ d ρ dϕ dz
→ dE = P (0, 0, −h)
4πε 0  ρ 2 + ( h + z) 2  dEn dE

z
Ex. Volume Charge (5)

A thundercloud in the form of a cylinder of radius b = 1000 m, dv (0, 0,0) y
height 2a = 4000 m, with its bottom c = 1000 m above ground.
The cloud has a charge density ρv = 10–9 C/m3 uniformly x
distributed throughout its volume. Find EFI at: R α
a) Ground level, below the center of the cloud? P (0, 0, −h)
b) The bottom of the cloud, on its axis? dEn dE
ρv ρ d ρ dϕ dz
dE =
4πε 0  ρ 2 + ( h + z ) 2 
ρ v ρ d ρ dϕ dz h+ z ρ v ρ (h + z) d ρ dϕ dz
dEn = dE cos α = =
4πε 0  ρ 2 + ( h + z ) 2  R 2 3/2
4πε 0  ρ + ( h + z) 
2
b 2π a ρv ρ ( h + z) d ρ dϕ dz
E = −a z  dEn = −a z ρ =0 ϕ = 0 z =− a 3/2
V 4πε 0 ρ 2 + (h + z) 2 
ρv 
= −a z 2a + b2 + ( h − a) 2 − b 2 + (h + a) 2  V/m
2ε 0  
1. Coulomb’s Law
7. Applications

Line Charge (1)
− − −
− −
• Line charge density ρL (unit: C/m)

• Cylindrical coordinate system
• EFI of an infinite uniform line charge has only an Eρ
component & it varies only with ρ

Q Line Charge (2)
E= a E = Eρ ( ρ )a ρ
4πε 0 R 2 R
EFI of an infinite uniform line charge has only an Eρ component & it varies only with ρ
z z z
φ = const
ρL ρL ρL
z = const z = var z = const
φ = var φ = const
x ρ = const y x ρ = const
y x y
ρ = var
ρ = const  ρ = const  ρ = var 

  
ϕ = var  → E = const ϕ = const  → E = const ϕ = const  → E = var
z = const  z = var 
 z = const 
z
Line Charge (3) z ' dQ
Q(r − r ') dQ(r − r ') r'

E (r ) = → dE = P (0, y, 0)
4πε 0 r − r ' 4πε 0 r − r '
3 3
r y
dQ x
ρL = → dQ = ρ L dz ' ρL
dz '
ρ L dz '(r − r ')
→ dE =
4πε 0 r − r '
3
ρ L dz '( ρ a ρ − z ' a z )
→ dE =
r = ya y = ρa ρ r − r ' = ρ a ρ − z ' a z 4πε 0 ( ρ 2 + z '2 )3/ 2
→
r ' = z 'a z  r − r ' = ρ + z '
2 2

z
Line Charge (4) z ' dQ
ρ L dz '( ρ aρ − z ' a z )
dE = r'
4πε 0 ( ρ 2 + z '2 )3/ 2 P (0, y, 0)
E is not a function of z r y
x
ρ L ρ dz ' ρL
→ dEρ =
4πε 0 ( ρ 2 + z '2 )3/ 2
∞ ρ L ρ dz ' ρL
→ Eρ =  =
−∞ 4πε ( ρ 2 + z '2 )3 / 2 2πε 0 ρ
0
ρL
→ E= aρ
2πε 0 ρ
ρL Line Charge (5)
E= aρ
2πε 0 ρ
-2
-4
-6
-8
2.5
2
1.5
2.5
1 2
0.5 1.5
0 1
0.5
- 0.5 0
-1 -0. 5
-1.5 -1
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5 -2.5
Ex. 1 Line Charge (6)
Infinite uniform line charge of 10 nC/m lie along the x & y axes
in free space. Find E at (0, 0, 3).

Ex. 2 Line Charge (7)
The x & y axes are charged with uniform line charge of 10 nC/m.
A point charge of 20nC is located at (3, 3, 0). The whole system
is in free space. Find E at (0, 0, 3).

z
Ex. 3 Line Charge (8) dE p
Given a circular hoop of radius a with uniform line charge ρL
centered about the origin in the z = 0 plane. Find EFI at P? θ
dE1 dE2
dQ1
dE1 = P (0, 0, z)
4πε 0 r12 ρ L adϕ
r2
→ dE1 = dQ1
dQ1 = ρ LdL = ρ Ladϕ 4πε 0 ( a 2 + z 2 ) r1
ϕ a y
r1 = a 2 + z 2 dEPz = 2dE1z = 2dE1 cos θ dQ2
ρL
z x
cos θ =
a 2 + z2
π
ρ L azdϕ ρ L azdϕ ρ L az
→ dEPz =
2πε 0 ( a 2 + z2 ) 3/ 2
→ EPz =
ϕ

=0
2πε 0 ( a 2
+ z 2 3/ 2
)
=
2ε 0 ( a 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2
ρ L az
→ EP = a
2ε 0 ( a + z )
2 2 3/2 z

1. Coulomb’s Law
7. Applications

Sheet Charge (1)
++
+ +
+ +
+
• Charge is distributed on the surface of a plate (e.g. of a
parallel-plate capacitor)
• Sheet/surface charge density ρS (unit: C/m2)
dQ
ρS =
dS
Sheet Charge (2) z
ρL ρL dy '
E= a R → dE = aR ρS
2πε 0 ρ 2πε 0 x 2 + y '2 y'
dQ = ρ S dS = ρ S Ldy ' P ( x,0, 0) θ y

L→∞
dE
dQ ρ S Ldy ' dEx R = x 2 + y '2
→ ρL = = = ρ S dy ' x
L L
ρS dy ' a R
→ dE = ρS dy 'cos θ
2πε 0 x + y '
2 2
→ dEx =
2πε 0 x2 + y '2
dEx = dEcosθ

Sheet Charge (3) z
dy '
ρS dy 'cos θ ρS
dEx = y'
2πε 0 x + y '2 2
x
cos θ = P ( x,0, 0) θ y
x 2 + y '2
dE
ρS xdy ' dEx R = x 2 + y '2
→ dEx = . 2 x
2πε 0 x + y ' 2
ρ S ∞ xdy ' ρS ρS
→ Ex = 
2πε 0 −∞ x + y '
2 2
=
2ε 0
→ E=
2ε 0
a N
(aN: vector perpendicular to the sheet)

ρS Sheet Charge (4)
E= aN
2.5
2ε 0
1.5
0.5
0
10
8
6 10
4 8
2 6
0 4
2
-2 0
-4 -2
-6 -4
-8 -6
-8
-10 -10

Sheet Charge (5)
ρS
E= aN
– ρS 2ε 0
ρS z
x >a x<0
ρS ρS
E+ = ax 0< x<a E+ = − ax
2ε 0 a 0 2ε 0
ρS x y ρS
E- = − ax ρS E- = ax
2ε 0 E+ = ax 2ε 0
2ε 0
ρS
→ E = E+ + E− = 0 E- = ax → E = E+ + E− = 0
2ε 0
ρS
→ E = E + + E− = ax
ε0
Ex. 1 Sheet Charge (6)
Given 3 infinite uniform sheets (all parallel to x0y) at z = – 3, z = 2
& z = 3. Their surface charge density are 4 nC/m2, 6 nC/m2 &
–9 nC/m2 respectively. Find E at P(5, 5, 5).

z dy '
A uniformly volume charge density charge ρv of
infinite extent in the x & z directions & of width
2a is centered about the y axis. Find EFI? −a 0 a
y
ρv
ρ S = ρ vdy '
ρS ρ v dy ' ρ v dy '
a
aρ v
y ≤ − a : dE y = −
2ε 0
=−
2ε 0
→ E y = − − a 2ε 0 = −
ε0
ρ S ρ vdy '
a
ρ v dy ' aρ v
y ≥ a : dE y = = → Ey =  =
2ε 0 2ε 0 −a
2ε 0 ε0
ρ v dy ' a ρ v dy ' ρ v
y
−a ≤ y ≤ a : → Ey =  − = y
−a
2ε 0 y
2ε 0 ε0

Given a circular disk of radius a with uniform surface charge z
ρS centered about the origin in the z = 0 plane. Find EFI at P?
P (0, 0, z)
ρS ρ
ρL = ρS d ρ y
ρLρ z dρ a
dEPz =
2ε 0 ( ρ 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2 x
( ρ S d ρ )ρ z ( ρ S d ρ )ρ z ρS  z
a
z
→ dE Pz = → E Pz =  =−  2 − 
2ε 0 ( ρ + z )
2 2 3/ 2
0
2ε 0 ( ρ + z )
2 2 3/ 2
2ε 0  a + z 2 z

Ex. 4 Sheet Charge (9) z
A hollow cylinder of radius a & length 2L with uniform P (0, 0, z)
surface charge ρS on its outer surface. Find EFI at P? L
dz' y
z'
ρ L = ρ S dz '
–L
ρ Laz
dE Pz = x
ρS
a
2ε 0 ( a + z )
2 2 3/ 2
( ρ S dz ') a ( z − z ') ( ρ S dz ')a ( z − z ')

L
→ dE Pz = → E Pz = 
2ε 0 [a + ( z − z ') ]
2 2 3/ 2
−L
2 ε 0 [ a 2
+ ( z − z ') 2 3/ 2
]
ρS a  1 1 
=  2 − 
2ε 0  a + ( z − L) 2
a + ( z + L) 
2 2

Ex. 5 Sheet Charge (10) z
A cylinder (of radius a & length 2L) is uniformly charged P (0, 0, z)
throughout the volume with volume charge density ρv. Find L
EFI at P?
y
ρv
–L
x a

Basic Charge Configurations
Point Charge Line Charge

Q r −r' ρL
E= . E= aρ
4πε 0 r − r ' r − r ' 2πε 0 ρ
2
Sheet Charge Volume Charge

ρS ρv (r ') dV ' r−r'
E= aN E= .
2ε 0 V
4πε 0 r − r ' r − r '
2

1. Coulomb’s Law
7. Applications

Sketches of Fields
• To “picture” a field
• A set of vectors of a field

1. Coulomb’s Law
7. Applications

Applications (1)
Electrostatic Spraying
http://haisolutionsllc.com/index.php/resources/78-germ-buster-cart

Applications (2) – Electrostatic
Cleaners/Separators/Scrubbers/Precipitators
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ra/c6ra13542k/unauth#!divAbstract

Applications (3)
Cathode Ray Tube
http://w ww.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/cathode-ray-tube-royalty-free-illustration/674704874
Applications (4)
Xerography
http://archive.cnx.org/contents/b76ece9b-3fb0-4701-bb7a-b92b7941e4c5@1/18-9-applications-of-electrostatics

Applications (4)
Laser Printers
http://archive.cnx.org/contents/b76ece9b-3fb0-4701-bb7a-b92b7941e4c5@1/18-9-applications-of-electrostatics

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Nguyễn Công Phương

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity

Engineering Electromagnetics - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 2

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 3

– ε0: permittivity of free space,

R12 = r2 − r1 = (1 − 3)a x + (0 − 2)a y + (2 − 1)a z = −2a x − 2a y + a z

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 7

• Electric Field Intensity: the vector force on 1C

– R: from Q to the point of E

• If Q is at the center of a spherical coordinate system:

• If Q is at the center of a rectangular coordinate system:

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 9

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 10

Q[( x − x ')a x + ( y − y ')a y + ( z − z ')a z ]

= 24.66a x + 9.99a y − 32.40az V/m

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 18

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 19

• → EFI at r due to a volume charge:

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 20

• r : the vector locates E

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 21

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 22

Ex. Volume Charge (5)

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 24

• Line charge density ρL (unit: C/m)

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 25

z = const z = var z = const

ρ = const  ρ = const  ρ = var 

Q(r − r ') dQ(r − r ') r'

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 27

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 30

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 31

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 32

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 33

dQ = ρ S dS = ρ S Ldy ' P ( x,0, 0) θ y

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 35

(aN: vector perpendicular to the sheet)

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 37

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 39

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 40

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 41

( ρ S dz ') a ( z − z ') ( ρ S dz ')a ( z − z ')

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 42

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 43

Point Charge Line Charge

Sheet Charge Volume Charge

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 44

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 45

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 46

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 47

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 48

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 49

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 51

Coulomb’s Law & Electric Field Intensity - sites.google.com/site/ncpdhbkhn 52

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