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2
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· JloHAOH IIIMan 20% OA qenoKynHoTo HaceneHIIIe so AHrn111ja, a rpa,qoBVlTe P1t1M 1 B111eHa
111 AMcTepAaM 6poene 150 AO 300 11111j~111 .>KIIITenlll.
3apa,(\111 JlOWIIITe XVlfllleHCKO-CaHIIITapHIII YC110BIII BO rpa,(\OBIIITe, OAHOCHO JlOWIII
KOMyHanHIII ycnyrt.1, 3ano4Ha11e ce noLJecTo Aa lt136ysHysaaT en111.qeMt.1t.1 KaKo Konepa t.1
AP· Bo JloH.qoH o.q 1832- 1833 roAIIIHa no4111Ha11e 6730 .>KV1Te11Vl, so 1849 ro.qVlHa
. n04V1Ha11e 14600 .>Kit1Te11111, a so 1854 ro.q111Ha no4111Hane 10675 .>K1t1Te11111.
llplll TaKBa COCTOj6a, 6yp.>KYa3111jaTa 6111na np111HYA9Ha .qa npe3eMe COOABeTHVl
3ApaBCTBeHO CaHVlTapHVl MepKIII, Ill TOa BO npBO BpeMe npeTe.>KHO BO KBapTaniiiTe
K~e wTo .>Kt.18ee11a. 3apaA!II eniiiAeMIIIIIITe KOIII ce jasysa11e so ro11eM111Te HaceneHIII
MeCTa, BO MeCTaTa KaAe He ce BOAeno CM9TKa 3a OACTpaHyBat-be Ha He4111CTOTIIIIIIT9
noAa11eKy o.q MecToTo Ha .>KIIIseel-be, so HeKOIII 3eMjlll so Espana noLJHysaaT Aa ce
AOHecysaaT 3aKOH!II He CaMO 3a O.qBeAyBal-be Ha OTilaAHVlTe BOAIII TYKY Ill 3a HIIIBHO
npe4111CTYBat-be.
Bo BpCKa CO noja8aTa Ha TaK8111Te 3aCTpawysa4KIII eniiiAeMVlVl, BO 1848 fOAIIIHa BO
AHrn111ja 6t.111 npVlnpeMeH np8IIIOT JaKoH Ja HapOAHO 3Apasje. Bo 1861 rOAIIIHa 611111
C03Aa,(\eH np8IIIOT 3aKOH 3a npe4111C"fY8al-be Ha OTil~HIII 80.£\Vl npeA IIICnywTal-be BO
peqllln!lleHTIIITe. Cneq111ja11Ha KOMIIICIIIja co npOA011.>KeHa pa6oTa, OA 1870 AO 1876
fOAIIIHa 1113pa60TV111a HOpMIIIIII llOKa3aTe11Vl 3a npe4111CTY8at-be Ha OTil~HIIITe 80AIII.
Co pa3sojoT Ha Kanlt1Ta111113MOT, 80 AHrn111ja, 8eK:e 80 1833 rOAt.1Ha 1t1Ma11o A911YMHO
KaHa111113111paHO 50 rpaA08111. Bo repMaH!IIja, 80 1870 rDAVlHa IIIMano KaHanlt13111paHO
llOBeKe OA 50 rpa,(\08li1. nap1113 80 1824 rDAIIIHa IIIMan 1113fpafJ&eHO 36 KM KaHanlt13aqlllja,
80 1856 roAIIIHa -140 KM, a 80 1935 rOA!IIHa IIIMa lr13rpa,qeHo AYPIII 1_200 KM
KaHant.13aqt.1ja. Bo AMeplr1Ka, AO 1902 rOAir1Ha 611111e KaHanV131r1paHIII npeKy 1000
rp~OBJ..1.

3a OACTpaHy8at-be Ha 3ar~eHir1Te 80A111 80 Pyc1r1ja IIIMa no.qaTOL\111 AeKa noTeKHy8aaT

ywTe OA XIV 8eK, HO 8!11CTIIIHCKCHO rpa,qel-be Ha KaHa111113aq111ja 1104Ha110 KaKO Ill 80
APYfiiiTe e8poncKir1 3eMjlr1. Bo MocK8a, 80 1825 roA. e lr13rpa.qeH KaHa11oT "HerniiiHCKIII"
Koj c11y.>Ke11 3a e8aKyaq111ja Ha aTMoccpepcKa 1r1 caHIIITapHa ynoTpe6eHa 80Aa.
Co no4eTOKOT Ha XX 8eK AOafa AO lr1HTeH31r18HO rpaAel-he Ha KaHanlll3aq!IIOHir1 Mpe.>KIII
lr1 CIIICTeMIII. Co nopaCTOT Ha 6pojOT Ha .>KJ..1Te111r1Te 80 HaCe11eHIIITe MeCTa Ill CO pa380jOT
Ha IIIHAYCTp1!1jaTa 111 TeXH0110rlt1jaTa AOafa AO Harno 3ara.qy8at-be Ha peqlr1nllleHTir1Te,
3apa,q111 wTo ce HaMeTHy8a HeonxOAHaTa noTpe6a OA 1113rpa,q6a Ha nocTpoeHJ..1ja 3a
npe41!1C"fY8at-be Ha OTila,(\HIIITe 80A111.
AeHeWHir10T cTeneH Ha lr13rpa,qeHOCT Ha KaHan1r13a4111jaTa 80 cseToT ce pa311111KYBa OA
eAHa AO APYra 3eMja. Pa3BIIIeHIIITe 3eMjt.1 VlMaaT KOMn11eTHI!1 1r1 KBanlr1TeTHIII TexHIII4Kir1

5
 peweH~ja Ha KaHaJ1~3a4~0H~Te C~CTeM~, pp.qeKa HeKO~ Hepa3B~eH~ 3eMj~ npaBaT
Hanop~ 3a o6e36e.qyBal-be Ha BOAa 3a n~el-be, a ~3rpaA6aTa Ha KaHal1~3a4~jaTa ja
OAllO>KyBaaT 3a noKacHo.
Bo HaceneH~Te MecTa Bo Peny6n~Ka MaKeAeOH~ja .qo BTopaTa CBeTcKa BOjHa,
KaHaJ1~3a4~0H~Te Mpe>K~ 6~11e penaT~BHO MallKY ~3rpa.qeH~. CKopo Kaj C~Te
HaceneH~ MecTa oTna.qH~Te BOA~ ce ~cnywTane BO pe4~n~eHn1Te 6e3 npeTXOAHO
npe4~CTYBal-be.

3a KaHal1~3~pa1-be Ha rpaAOT CKonje He nocTo~ H~T~ e.qeH co4yBaH o6jeKT o.q

cTapL-ne BpeM~I-ba. HajcTap~Te KaHancK~ o6jeKT~ WTO ce 3aTeKHaT~ AaT~paaT o.q
rypcK~OT nep~OA o.q XIV BeK. Toa ce OTBopeH~ KaHan~ Ua30B~). KaHanoT "CepaBa"
~ HeKOllKY np~M~T~BHO ~3rpaAeH~ KaHan~. rnaBHO co KBaApaTeH ~n~ npaB6oaroneH
npeceK nonno4eH co KaMeH~ nno4~. 0TBopeH~ KaHan~ ce:
• "Ap~cp 6eroB~OT" KaHan Koj ce cnpocT~pa OA jy>KH~OT Aen Ha rpa.qoT npeMa
peKaTa BapAap,
• KaHanOT "CepaBa" AaT~pa OA XIV BeK. 0TnpBO 6~n ~3rpaAeH KaKO OTBOpeH.
j 6m1CK~Te AYKaH~ f\~peKTHO BO Hero cppane OTnaA, TaKa Aa CTaHaJl MHOry
3ara.qeH. Ko11M~Ha4~ja Ha He4~CTOT~jaTa e AOCT~rHaTa Bo cpeA~HaTa Ha XIV
BeK, KaKO np~4~Ha Ha pa3BOjOT Ha KO>KapCKaTa ~HAYCTp~ja. Bo nocne.qH~Te
I rDA~H~ Ha XIX BeK, noTO"--HO BO 1897/98 ro.q~Ha, Xacp~3 nawa ro noKp~n
KaHanoTOA 6~n na3ap AO peKaTa BapAaP BO AOll>K~Ha OA cca 1200 M.

I Co noKp~Bal-beTo Ha KaHanoT ce CTBOp~ne ycnoB~ 3a np~Kny"--yBal-be Ha

oKonH~Te o6jeKT~, co wTo KaHanoT "Cepaaa" A06~Ba ynora ~ Ha cpeKaneH
KOneKTOp.
• O.q cTap~Te KaHan~ co npaBoaroneH npeceK, MO>Ke Aa ce cnoMeHe ~ KaHallOT
o.q Kane AO peKa Bap.qap, KaHanoT 3a np~Kny"--yBal-be Ha KypwyMnlllaH BO
KaHanoT "CepaBa" ~ .qpyr~.
I KaKo no4eToK Ha ~3rpa.q6a Ha KaHan~3a4111ja 3a CKonje ce cMeTa 1923 rDP.It1Ha, Kora
no4Hane Aa ce Brpa.qyBaaT npB~Te 6eTOHCK~ 4eBK~ 3a KaHan1113a4111ja Bo

I 4eHTpanHOTO rpa.qcKo no.qpa4je. OA Tora P.aT~pa ~ pa3BojoT Ha rpa.qoT KOH jyr Ha

AeCHaTa cTpaHa Ha peKaTa BapAaP (Ma1,1ap Maano ~ 6yl-baKoBe4).
Bo 1926 ro.q~Ha ce HanpaBit1n peryna4~0HeH nJiaH 3a rpaAOT, np~ wTo ce
I npoy4yBano ~ npawal-beTo 3a HeroBo nnaHcKo KaHal1~3~pa1-be. 0Ba 6v1Jlo npB 4eKop
3a opraH~3111paHO nnaHit1pal-be 3a OP.BeAyBal-be Ha OTnaAH~Te BOA~ OA rpa.qoT.
Bo 1933 ro.q~Ha 6L-1n L-13roTBeH npB npoeKT 3a OABeAyBal-be Ha oTna.qH~Te BOA~ OA
I rpaAOT. CnpeMa Hero 6L-1Jle L-13B9AeHL-1 8 KM KaHan~3a4~ia co 6eTOHCK~ 4eBKL-1 co
AL-1jaMeTap OA ct:> 200 AO ¢ 600 MM.

I 3Ha4ajHo npowL-1pyBal-be Ha KaHan~3a4~0HaTa Mpe>Ka BO rpaAOT (noce6Ho Ha

AeCHaTa cTpaHa o.q peKaaT BapAap) e 3a6ene>KaHa BO 1936/37 rOP.~Ha Kora 6ewe
AOBeAeHa BOAa o.q L-13BopoT Paw4e 3a BOAOCHa6AyBal-be Ha rpaAOT.
I llocne ocno6oAyBal-beTo Ha CKonje (13 HOeMBpL-1 1944 rDA.). rpaAOT pacnonarawe co
18 KM KaHan~3a4L-10Ha Mpe>Ka.
Bo nepL-10A nocne 1946 P.O 1963 ro.qL-1Ha Bo CKonje ~Ma ~3rpaAeHo cca 76 KM. nocne
KaTaCTpocpallH~OT 3eMjOTpec, Ce jaByBa ~HTeH3L-1BeH pa3BOj Ha KaHaJ1~3al\L-1jaTa, TaKa
.qa BO 1964 rDAL-1Ha L-1Ma KaHaJ1L-13a4~0Ha Mpe>Ka OA 264 KM, BO 1970 ro.q . .qon>KL-1HaTa
ce 3roneM~na Ha 370 KM, a AeHec ~Ma npeKy 500 KM. KaHancKa Mpe>Ka.

6
~o 1963 ro~~Ha KaHan~3aq~oH~OT c~cTeM 6~n onwT, a nocne Toa e ~3rpaAeH
cenapaqL!toHeH CL!tCTeM. 0Tna~HL!\Te BOAL!t o~ rp~oT ce o~se~ysaaT co ~sa rnasHifl
KOneKTOp~ llOCTaBeHit1 llOKpaj ~BaTa 6pera 0~ p.Bap~ap Lit H~3BO~HO 0~ rpa~OT ce
~cnywTaaT so Hea. Ao AeHec CKonje HeMa ~3rp~eHo nocTpoeH~e 3a npeY~CTYBal-be
Ha oTna~HL!tTe so~~. HO sno>KeHL!t ce Hanop~ ~ ce ~3pa6oTeHIII CTYA~ja ~ ~~eeH
npoeKT 3a llOCTpOeH~e 3a npeYVICTYBal-be Ha OTil~H~Te BOAVI.
3a 3aWTit1Ta Ha Oxp1t1ACKOTO e3epo OA oTnaAH1t1 1t1 3araAeHit1 BOAVI so 1985 roA. e
lf13rp~eH KoneKTOpCKit1 CL!tCTeM KOj rVI npL!tcpaK:a oTnaAHif1Te BOAVI OA OxpL!tA VI CTpyra
1t1 rlt1 O~BeAyBa BO 110CTp08HVIe 3a npeYVICTYBal-be Ha BOAaTa, noqVIpaHO Ha CCa 4 KM.
HVI3BO~Ho o~ CTpyra Ha ~ecHaTa o6ana o~ peKaTa L...\pHVI APVIM. 3a qenocHa 3aWTVITa
Ha 838pOTO KOneKTOpCKVIOT CVICTeM eTallHO Ce AOrpa~ysa CO llPOAOn>KyBal-be Ha
~~~·cTOYHaTa VI Ha 3an~HaTa cTpaHa. Ao 2004 roAVIHa KoneKTOpCKL!tOT CL!tCTeM e
llPOAOn>KeH 0~ OxpVI~ ~0 XOTen AecapeT BO c. newTaHVI, a 3an~HVIOT KoneKTOp AO
TYPVICTVIYKaTa Hacen6a "EneH KaMeH".
3a 3aWTL!tTa Ha AojpaHCKOTo e3epo OA oTnaAHif1 BOAVI so 1987 roAVIHa e Vl3rpa~eH
VICTO TaKa KOneKTOpCKVI CVICTeM VI llOCTpOeHVIe 3a npeY1t1CTYBal-be.
3a 3aWTVITa Ha npecnaHCKOTO e3epo 0~ OTnaAHVITe BOA1t1 V13pa6oTeHa e CTYAVIja, a 80
. TeK ce npVInpeMVITe 3a lt13pa6oTKa Ha VIAeeH VI rnaseH npoeKT..~
· CnpeMa ycsoeHaTa KoHqenqVIja 3a 3aWTVITa Ha e3epaTa npeABVIAeHVI ce TPVI
KoenKTopa ~ Toa: lt1CTOYeH, 3an~eH VI cesepeH. CesepHit10T KoneKTop e ~3rp~eH OA
rp~oT PeceH AO npeYVICT~TenHaTa cTaH~qa so noKan~TeTOT E3epaH~. a Vl3rpaAeHa
e VI npeYVICT~TenHa CTaHVIqa.
ApyrL!tTe noroneM~ HaceneHL!t MecTa so Peny6n~Ka MaKe~oH~ja ViMaaT L!t3rpaAeHo
qenocHo ~n~ AenyMVIYHO KaHanV13aq~OHVI Mpe>KVI, HO 3a nocTpoeH~jaTa 3a
npeYL!tCTYBal-be Ha oTn~H~Te BOA~ ~nVI ce spwaT lt13BeCHVI npoeKTVIpal-ba ~n~ naK ce
pa3MVIcnysa 3a H~B.
Co IIICilYWTal-b~TO Ha 0Til~Hit1T8 BO~~ BO peqllln~eHT~Te npel..f~CT8H~ LitnVI
HenpeYII1CT8HVI Ce BpWaT 3Hal.!ajHVI KBanVITaTVIBHL!\ VI KBaHTL!\Tan'lBHVl npOM8HL!\ Ha
BO~aTa. 3aTOa npo6neMVIT8 CO OAB8AYBal-beTO, npel.!II1CTYBal-beTO Lit Li\CilYWTal-beTO Ha
0TilaAHVIT8 BO~VI, BO VIAHVIHa Ke ce pewasa 3ae~HO BO KOMnneKCHVITe BO~OCTOilaHCKI/1
cVIcTeMVI Ha nooAenHit1Te cnVIBOBVI. Mo>Ke ~a ce Ka>Ke AeKa so VIAHVIHa ce
110VIHT8H3VIBHO Ke Ce rpaAaT HOBVI VI AOrpa.qysaaT Vlnlt1 peKOHCTpyVIpaaT 110CT08l.!KVIT8
KaHanL!t3aqL!tOHVI Mpe>KVI 111 Cli1CT8ML!t, llpL!t WTO Ha npel.!VICTYBal-beTO Ha BO~aTa Ke ce
o6pHysa noroneMo BHL!tMaH~e.

7
 rllABA II

OTnAAHIII BO.QIII, KAHAJllt13AL\It10HIII WEMIII Ill CIIICTEMIII

1. KllACIIICI>IIIKA41t1JA HA KAHAJlCKit1TE BOAIII

KaHancKL--tTe BOAL-1 ce HapeKysaaT BOAL--tTe KOIII ce A06~ttsaaT · KaKo pe3ynTaT Ha

111CKOpecTeHII1Te BOAL-1 OA CL-1CTSML-1Te 3a BOAOCHa6Aysat-be L-1 APYrL--tTe BOAVJ OA
AOMawHL-1·.6L-1TOBVJ, L--tHAYCTpL--tCKL-1 L-1 APYrVJ noTpe6L-1 L-1 ce OABSAysaaT OA MecTOTO Ha
HacTaHyBalbe no rpaBL-1Ta4L--tOHeH naT L--tnVJ co nyMnal-be.
KaHancKL--tTe .BOAVJ OA yp6aHIItTe nospwVJHL-1 co .orneA Ha HL-1BHL-1Te cne4L--tcpV14HOCTL-1 so
OAHOC Ha KBalllltTeToT L-1 KBaHTL--tTSTOT, HL--tBHOTo noTeKno L-1 HaYL--tHOT Ha OABOAHysal-be
MO:>Ke Aa ce KnaclltcpL-14L-1PaaT Ha nceAHL--tOT Ha4VJH:

1. ATMoccpepcKL-1 BOAL-1
2. OTnaAHL-1 BOAL-1
3. li1HcpL-1nTp~1paHL-1 nOA3SMHL-1 BOAL-1

0TnaAHL-1Te BOAL-1 OA csoja cTpaHa MO:>Ke Aa ce noAenaT Ha:

a) 6VJTOBII1 BOAL-1
. 6) V1HAYCTpVICKVI BOAL-1

CnpeMa CBOjOT COCTaB L-1 MSCTOTO Ha cpopML-1pal-b8, 6L-1TOBL-1T8 BOAL-1 ce ASJlaT Ha:
¢ · AOMaUJHL-1 ynoTpe6eHL-1 BOAL-1 ocno6oAeHL-1 OA KyjHL-1, YML-1BallHVJ4VJ, 6at-bll1,
nepanHIII, cnL--tBHL-14L-1 L-1 en. L-1
¢ · cpeKanHL-1 BOAL-1, A06111SHII1 npeKy WC-wolbL-1 L-1 nL--tcoapL-1.
I
I
ATMOCBEPCKI.1 J.

I
I
I .QOMAWHI.1 YnOTPE6EHI.1

I
ATMoccpepcKMTe BOAM npeTcTasysaaT nospwL--tHCKIII oTeK OA AO:>KAOBVJTe, Tonel-beTo
I Ha cHeraT, rpaAOT 111 AP· OA nospwL--tHaTa Ha YllL-14L-1Te, TpoToaplllTe, nnowT~L--tTe,
KposoBL--tTe, napKOBL--tTe L-1 ocTaHallL--tTe yp6aHII1 nospwL--tHL-1. npsL--tTe aTMoccpepcKIII BOAL-1
o6L-14HO ce MHOry 3araAeHVJ 3aToa wTo r111 OAHecysaaT HS4L-1CTOTVIVITe OA aTMoccpepaTa
I
I 8

I
 1.1 OA yp6aH!f1Te 110BpW1.1Hif1 C06111paHif1 BO nOAOflr nep1110A. ATMOCcpepCK!f1Te BOAL-1 KOL-1
nafaaT noKacHo ce 3Ha41.1TenHo no41.1CT!f1.

Ei~TOB~Te oTnaAHM BOAM ce Haj3araAeH!f1 co opraHCKL-1 MaTepL-1111 OA >Kif1BOT!f1HCKO 111

paCTVITeilHO llOTeKilO KOVI Ce HaofaaT BO cpOpMa Ha paCTBOpVI, cycneH3VIIf1 lf1fiVI
KOilOVIAVI . OA >KVIBOTI!IHCKOTO noTeKno ce eKcKpeMeHTVITe OA nyfeTo 111 >KV180THV1Te, OA
Tena Ha lf13yMpeHVI >KVI80TH!f1 111 pa3HVI APYrVI oTnaA04VI. OA pacTVITenHo noTeKno ce
oTnaA04VJTe OA nnoA08VI, 3eneH4Y4VI, pacTVJTenHVI Macna 111 AP·
Bo 6VITOB!f1Te OTilafJ.HVI BOAVI ce HaofaaT roneM 6poj Ha naToreHVI (3apa3HVI) 111
canpocpVITHVI (6e3onacHVI) 6aKTep111111. HeKOVI OA os111e 6aKTep1.1VI npeA!f13BVJKysaaT
VIHcpeKTVIBHVI 3a6ony8al-ba KaKO WTO ce: CTOMa4eH VI 4pe8eH TVIcpyc, AVIQJTepVJja,
AVI3eHTepV1ja, Konepa 111 AP·
lilHAYCTpMCKM OTnaAHM BOAM ce BOAVITe KOVI Ce KOpVICTaT 80 TeXHOilOWKVITe
npo4ecV1 Ha VIHAYCTpVIVITe. T111e VIMaaT Hajpa3nw-leH cocTa8 so 3aBVICHOCT OA
L-1HAYCTpL-1jaTa BO KOja ce KOpVICTaT, OAHOCHO BO 3aBVICHOCT OA TeXHOilOWKVIOT np04ec.
Os111e 80AVI MO>Ke Aa 6VIAaT MHOry 3araAeHVI a MO>Ke Aa 6L-1AaT 1.1 6e3 npoMeHa Ha
HVIBHVIOT COCTa8 (Ha 11pVIMep Kaj TepMOeneKTpaHVITe, KafJ.e Ce BpWVI npoMeHa CaMO Ha
TeMnepaTypaTa).

'lilHQlMnTpMpaHMTe BOAM so KaHancKaTa Mpe>Ka noTeKHy8aaT OA nOA3eMHVITe BOAVI.

Tille ce Haj4VICTVI 80AVI VI 80 KaHanVI3a4VIOHaTa Mpe>Ka BnerysaaT HeKOHTpOilVIpaHO Ha
MeCTaTa KaAe WTO VIMa AecpeKTL-1 Ha 4eBKV1Te VIIlVI Ha IlOWO Vl38eAeHVITe CnOe8VI VI
peBLI13VIOHLI1 waxTLit. T111e rLit 3roneMysaaT npoT04Li1Te so KaHanL'lTe 3a wTo Tpe6a Aa ce
BOAL11 cMeT~~.. flgKI Vl36opoT Ha AL~tjaMeTapoT Ha 4eBKL11Te. AKo so HaceneHoTo MecTo
.:1. VIMa BLI1COKav noA3eMHa BOAa, cnywTal-beTo Ha Hej3LI1HOTO HVI80 T.e. APeHL~tpal-beTo Ha
BOAaTa ce BpWVI CO KaHai1VI3aVtoHaTa Mpe>Ka.

3a Aa ce C03AaAaT XLitrlileHCK0-3Apa8CT8eHLit ycnOBLit 3a >KLitBOTOT Ha nyfeTO; BO

MecToTo Ha >K!f1Beel-be 111 pa6oTel-be, noTp6Ho e C!f1Te OTilafJ.HL-1 BOALit Aa ce npL~tcpaTaT
co KaHancKLit Mpe>KVI Lit no HajKpaToK naT Lit Ha cOOABeTeH Ha4L-1H Aa ce OABeAaT
HaABOp OA HaCefteHOTO MeCTO.

3a npaBLitJleH !f1360p Ha KaHai1VI3a4VIOHLI10T CLitCTeM, MaTepV1jan!f1Te 3a VI3BeAy8al-be Ha

4eBHaTa Mpe>Ka VI TeXHVI4KOTO peweHLite Ha TeXHOilOWKLitOT np04ec 3a npe4LI1CTyBal-be
Ha BOAaTa, noTpe6Ho e npeTXOAHO Aa ce corneAaaT cpLi13LI14KVITe, xeMLI1CK!f1Te,
61i10I10WKL-1Te 1.1 6aKTepLitOI10WK!f1Te OC06Li1HVI Ha OTnaAHL11Te 80AL11.

Ha Cil. 3 WeMaTCKVI e npVIKa>KaHO MeCTOTO Ha HaCTaHyBal-be Ha nOAeLI1HLI1 Blf1AOB!f1 Ha

KaHanCKa BOAa VI HLI18HOTO BKilyl.lyBal-be BO KaHai1LI13a41110HVIOT CLitCTeM.

\" Cn.3 MecTa Ha HacTaHyaafbe 11 aM,qoaM Ha KaHancKM

BO,IiM BO e,qeH yp6aH KBHBfli13BLJMOHeH CMCTeM

1.- 61!1TOBIII BOAI!I (caHI!ITapHiil), 2.- V1HAYCTplilcKI!I,

3.- ATMocsepcKI!I BOAII1, 4.- KoMyHMHLII, 5.- V1HcpLIImpai..\L!IOHLII,
13
6.- npeATP9TMaH (eranlll3a4LIIOHLII pe3epsoap111),
7.- npe41!1CTIIIT9nHa CTaHI!II..\a, 8.- KoneKTOpCKLII CIIICTeMI!I,
9. - npeni!IBHIII KaHanlil 3a pacTepeTYBatbe, 10. - ATMOCBepcKa
KaHaJ11113al..\lllja, 11 . -EcpnyeHT, 12. -V1cnycn1, 13. - V1HAYCTpiiiCKII1
OTn~HII1 BOA111 KOII1 HecMeaT Aa ce 111cnywTaT so KaHan1!13a4111ja,
14. - BoAOTeK, 15. - KaHancKI!1 BOAI!I OA APYrll1 peoHIII),

9
 2·. OCHOBHr.i E.nEMEHTIII HA KAHAJ11113A41110HIIITE CIIICTEMIII

0Tna.qHVIT9 80AVI OA M9CTOTO Ha HVI8HOTO CT8apa1-be AO M9CTOTO Ha VICilYWTal-be 80

pe4VInV1eHTOT, noMVIHy8aaT HVI3 noroneM 6poj Ha o6jeKn1 o.q KaHanVI3aL!VIOHVIOT
CVICT9M VI TOa:

1. KyK:Ha (sHaTpewHa) KaHanVI3aL!VIja

2. AsopVIwHa KaHanVI3aL!VIja
~
.
. 3. 6nOKOBCKa KaHanL·13al\VIja
4. Ynw-lHa KaHanVI3a4VIja
5. llyMilHVI CTaHilll\VI
6. llpeL1VICTVIT9nHa CTaHVIL\a
7. ltlcnycT so pe4V1m1eHT
KyK.Ha KaHanlr1384Hja npeTcTasysa sKynHa 4esHa KaHaJIVI3aL!VIOHa Mpe:>K:a, Koja rVI
npVIcpaK:a BOAVITe o.q caHVITapHVITe o6jeKTVI (WC, yMVIsanHVIK, Ka.qa, nepar1Ha, 6VI.qe,
cm1BHVI4VI o.q no.qosVI, ca.qonepVI VI .qp.) VI rVI o.qse.qysa Ha.qsop o.q 3rpa.qaTa so
.qsopVIwHata VlnVI 6n6KoscKaTa KaHanVI3aL!VIja 80 3aBif1CHOCT o.q yp6aHVICTVILIKOTO
peUJ9HVI9 Ha CTaM69HVIOT KOMnneKC (cn.4).
· Bo KYKHaTa KaHam13a4V1ja VICTO TaKa cnafa VI npVIcpaKal-beTo VI o.q8eAyBal-be Ha
aTMOCcpepCKVIT9 BOAVI OA Kp08081f1T9 VI TepaCVITe Ha 3rpa.qVIT9.

KyKHaTa KaHMVI3al\VIja ce COCTOVI o.q:

q KaHanVI3aL!VIOHVI 89pTV1KanVI,
q cnpaTHVI npVIKnyLIOL\Ift VI
c> .qonHa xopV130HTaJIHa Mpe>Ka.

I
I
Cn.4 WeMa Ha KYKHa KaHanM3BL.fMja
I 1. - CnpaTHII1 np111KJJyt..to4111,
2. - KaHM1113a41110HII1 B9pT111KMII1, 3. -AOJlHa

I XOp11130HTMHa Mpe>Ka, 4. -ABOpii1WHa

peBII131110Ha waxTa,

,
i i
5.- rnaseH KYKBH KaHan,
6. - KacK~Ha waxTa,
7.- KyKeH np111KJJY'-IOK,
ia I
8. - yn111t..teH np111K11Y40K (so 49BKa 11111111 so

~~.
waxTa),

I I
9. -BeHT111na41110Ha rnasa,

I 10

I
KaHanlt13al\lt10Hit1Te sepT1t1Kaillt1 lt13nerysaaT HaA KpOBOBit1Te OA 3rpaA~ne 1.1
3aspwysaaT co B9HTit1flal\lt10Hit1 rnaslf1. npeKy Hlf18 ce BPWif1 89HTit1fl1.1pa1-be Ha
rpaACKaTa KaHanlt13al\lt1ja. KaHanlt13al\lt10Hif1Te.sepTit1Kanlf1 ce nosp3ysaaT co AOnHa
xop1.130HTanHa Mpe>Ka Koja oTnaAHaTa BOAa ja OABeAysa no HajKpaToK naT H~sop
OA 3rpaAaTa 1.1 3aspwysa so ABOp1.1wHa peslt131110Ha waxTa. Asoplt1WHI.1Te waxTit1 ce
nocTasysaaT HajManKY 2 MeTp1.1 OAAane'1eHif1 OA 3rpaAaTa. KyKHif10T nplt1KfiY'10KOT Ha
ynlf1'1HaTa KaHaillf13a41t10Ha Mpe>Ka Haj'19CTO ce VlCB9AYBa CO nplt1Kfly'1yBaJ-be 80 WaxTa,
HO lt1CTO TaKa MO>Ke Aa ce nosp31t1 1.1 A1t1peKTHO so yn1.111HaTa 49BKa.
.QaopMwHaTa KaHasn13a41.11ja rvt np1.1cpaKa Clt1Te xopvt30HTanHif1 V13fle31.1 OA
BHaTpewHaTa KaHanlf13al\lt1ja, OAHOCHO r1.1 nosp3ysa Clf1T9 ABOpVlWHVl peBV131t10Hif1 WaXTVl
1.1 ce np1t1Kny11ysa Ha 6noKOBCKaTa (cn.5) lf1fllt1 yn1.111HaTa KaHanvt3a41.1ja. AsopvtwHaTa
KaHafllf13al\Vlja flt1 npvtcpaKa lt1 aTMOCcpepCKII1T9 BOAVl KOVl llaAHane Ha Kp080Bif1T9 lt1 80
ABOp1t1wTaTa OA 3rpaA1t1Te.
AKo KaHanlf13a41.10HII10T cvtcTeM e onwT, oTnaAHvtTe 1.1 aTMoccpepcKif1Te BOA1t1 ce
OABeAysaaT co eAeH KaHan, a aKo e cenapa41t10HeH co ABa noce6Hif1 KaHanlf1. Kaj
cenapal\lt10Hif1T9 KaHafllf13al\lt10Hit1 Clt1CT9Mit1 pa3A80jy8aJ-bTO Ha KaHailCKV1T9 BOAif1 ce
spWit1 OA n0'19TOKOT Ha KaHaillf13a41f1jaTa T.e. OA M9CTOTO Ha CTBapa!-be Ha
KaHancKaTa BOAa.
6

Cn.S J!aopuwHa KaHanu3aL.Juja

1. - rnaBeH KyK9H KaHan,

2. - Pes~a~oHa waxTa,
3. - Asop~wHa KaHan~aali~ja,
4. - KaHan~3al\~OHeH np~KnyYoK Ha
yn~YHa KaHan~aali~ja,
5. - Yn~YHa KaHan~aall~ja,
6. - 3rpetAa,
7. - rpCiA9>KHa n~H~ja,
------r---
s
6noKOBCKaTa KaHanM3a41.11ja r1.1 npvtcpaKa 80AI.1Te o.q noe.qlf1Hif1Te .qsopvtWHVl
KaHanlf13al\lt11f1 (cn.6) 1.1 rvt 1.1cnywTa so ynlf1'1HaTa KaHan1.13a41t1ja. Aanvt Ke lt1Ma
6nOK08CKa KaHaillf13a41t1ja 3aBI.1Cif1 80 nps peA OA yp6aHI.1CTif1'1KOTO peweHit19 Ha
HaceneHoTo MecTo o.qHocHo OA nono>K6aTa Ha 3rp~1.1Te 80 o.qHoc Ha ym-1L\If1Te. C1t1Te
np1.1KfiY'1041t1 T.e. cvtTe cnojy8aJ-ba Ha .q8a lf1fllf1 nose!{e KaHanlf1 OA .qsop1t1wHaTa 1t1
6noKoscKaTa KaHanvt3al\lt1ja ce lt138e.qy8aaT co pesV131f10HV1 waxTit1, 3a Aa Mo>Ke Aa ce
npaTit1 cpyHK41f1jaTa 1.1 cocToj6aTa Ha KaHan1t13a41.1jaTa, a no noTpe6a 1t1 Aa ce
lf1HT9p89H1.1pa. nplt1KfiY'10KOT CO Yfllf1'1HaTa KaHaf11.13a41.1ja lf1CTO TaKa Tpe6a .qa ce
l.-138e.qe co pesi.-13VlOHa waxra.
YnM~HaTa KaHanM3a4Mja r1.-1 npvtcpaKa 80AV1Te OA ABOp1.1WHV1Te 1.-1 6noKOBCKI.-1Te
KaHafll.-1, 1.1 rVl OAB9AYBa H~80p OA yp6aHV1CTif1'1KI.-1T9 rpaHV14Vl Ha HaceneHOTO M9CTO,
so npe41f1CTif1TenHa cTaHvtl\a 1.1nvt 80 pe41t1n1.1eHT.
Ynlf14HaTa KaHanvt3a4Vlja ce cocTOI.-1 o.q rna8HI.-1 KoneKTOp!.-1, nOAKoneKTOpl.-1 1.1 yni.-14Ha
Mpe)Ka OA np8. BTOp, TpeT 1.-1 T.H. pe.q Ha KaHaillll. rnaBHif1T9 KOfi9KTOplll 1.1
noAKoneKTop1.1 ce lf13BeAysaaT Ha H~Hif1CKit1Te Aeno8111 OA OABO.qHysaHaTa

11
 ,j
....!

(KaHam'13a41110HTa) no8pW111Ha. Ha rna8HIIIOT OA80AeH KoneKTOp ce np111KnyYy8aaT

nofJ.KOneKTOpltlTe, Ha HIIIB KaHan~t~Te OA np8 peA, noToa KaHanltlTe OA sTop pefJ. 111 T.H.
(en. 7).

Cn.6 6noKoacKa KaHanM3aLJ,Mja

1. - AsopVIwHa KaHaflVI3a4VIja,
2. - 5JlOKOBCKa KaHaflVI3a4VIja,
3. - Ynli1L!Ha KaHMV13a4VIja,

J
1. PW - PeBVI3VIOHVI waxTVI

Ha MecTaTa KaAe WTO ce np~t~KnyYeHIIl KaHamHe, KafJ.e. KaHan~t~Te ro MeHysaaT

.npase40T, op,HOCHO ce npeKpWy8aaT 80 xopii130HTaneH L-1JIL-1 sepTL-1KaneH npa9e4, ce
npeABL-1p,ysaaT peBitl3L-10HL-1 . waxTIIl. PeBL-13L-10HL-1 waxTL-1 ce npeAB111AY8aaT L-1 Ha npa8L-1
noTe3111 Ha ceKoj 30 AO 1OOl'v'l/ so 3a8111CHOCT op, AltljaMeTapoT Ha 4e8KaTa.
3a c08nap,y8al-he Ha noroneML-1 BIIICIIIHCKL-1 pa3nii1KIIl, 3a Aa He ce cTsopaT roneMitl 111
HeAOS80JieHL-1 6pSL-1HL-1 Ha BOfJ.aTa BO KaHaJIL-1Te Ce npep,8L-1AY8aaT KaCKap,HL-1 WaxTL-1.
~ 3a npL-1cpaK:a1-be Ha aTMoccpepcKIIITe 80P,Itl OA A80p08L-1, ynL-14L-1, TpoToapL-1, nnowTaA111,
napKL-1pan~t~wTa L-1 en. L-1 BHecy8al-be 80 KaHan111sa4L-1ja ce npep,BL-1fJ.Y8aaT CJIL-18H1t14L-1.

I Kaj onWTL-1Te 111 nonycenapa41110H111Te KaHan~t~sa41110HIIt CL-1CTeML-1 MO>Ke Aa ce npeB111AaT 111

npemiiBHL-14L-1· npeKy KOIII roneMIItie 80fJ.Itl ce L-1CnywTaaT so pe4L-1n111eHTOT npeA Aa
p,ojp,aT so nocTpoeHL-1eTo sa npe4111CTY8al-be.
I llpeMIIIHysal-be Ha KaHanL-1Te L-1CnOA peKL-1, . fJ.OJIOBIIt, >KeneSHII14Kitl npyr111, naTHIII
Ma.r~t~cTpanlll 111 APYrL-1 m1HL-1L-1CKII1 npenpeKitl, 80 saslltCHOCT op, TepeHCKIIITe ycnos111 ce
BpWL-1 CO ClltcpOHitl IIIJIL-1 aK8afJ.yKTitl.
I Kaj onwTaTa 111 aTMoccpepcKaTa KaHanL-1sa4111ja MO>Ke p,a ce npefJ.8111fJ.aT peTeHSIIIOHitl
6aseHL-1, KOIII roneMIItTe aTMOCcpepCKL-1 80P,L-1 rltl SaP,p>KY8aaT 11138eCHO BpeMe CO WTO ja

I pacTepery8aaT HlltS80fJ.HaTa KaHan11tsa4111ja T.e. rL-1 pacTeperysaaT rnaBHL-1Te

KOJieKTOpllt CO WTO Tille P,06L-18aaT nOeKOHOML-14HL-1 P,L-1MeHSIItllt.
80 Sa8111CHOCT OP, KOHcp111rypa4111jaTa Ha TepeHOT, KaHaJlCKL-1Te 80P,L-1 He· CeKoraw MO>Ke
I rpa8111Ta41110HO Aa ce 111cnywTaT 80 pe4111n111eHTOT. Bo pa8HII14apaCKitlTe TepeHII1, co
OAAaJie4y8al-be Ha 80p,aTa OP, MeCTOTO Ha CT8apa1-be, KaHanii1Te ltlMaaT ce nOHII1CKa
KoTa T.e. ce no8eK:e ce 8Kony8aaT 80 TepeHOT 3apap,111 nap,oT (HaKnOHOT) Ha KaHanoT
I noTpe6eH sa P,BII1>KeH::>e Ha 80p,aTa. 3a Aa He 6111AaT KaHa11111Te Afla6oKo 8KonaHL-1 noA
no8pW111HaTa Ha TepeHOT 111 sa Aa MO>Ke KaHancKaTa 80Aa Aa ce 111cnywT111 so .
pe4111n111eHTOT, OA HII1CKII1Te KOH1 ce All1ra noBL-1COKo, co noMow Ha nyMnHL-1 cTaH1114111.
!
i nyMnHIIITe CTaHII14111 MO>Ke Aa 6111AaT rna8HII1, 6JlOK08CKitl 111 JIOKaJIHIIl, 80 Sa8111CHOCT OA
Toa Aa11111 ja lllSAIIlraaT sop,aTa OA rnaBHII10T KaHan, 6noKoscKaTa KaHanL-1sa4111ja lllflltl
OA HeKOL-1 KaHanlll OA nOHII1CKII1 peA. rnaBHL-1Te nyMnHitl CTaHII14£1 ce nocTasysaaT Ha
I rnaBHL-1Te KaHanll1 T.e. Ha KoneKTOpii1T.e 111 ja nyMnaaT 4e11aTa KaHancKa 80Aa.

I 12

I
 2

4
4 3 3 4
4

3
4
1
1

Cn. 7 Ynw-IHa KaHanM3aqMja

(1-rnaseH KoneKTop, 2-nOAKoneKTop, 3-KaHan OA nps peA,

4-KaHan OA BTOp peA, 5-KaHan OA TpeT peA 111 T.H.,
np.CT.-npe41!1CTI!1TenHa CTaH1114a)

npeA Aa ce L1'cnywn1 BOAaTa so pe41t1n1t1eHT nOMit1Hysa Hlt13 nocTopeHit1e 3a

npe41t1CTYBal-he KaAe ce OCJ1060AYBa OA WT9TTH!t1T9 COCTOj41t1 WTO rlt1 HOC!t1 CO ce6e.
VlcnywTal-heTo Ha BOAaTa ce spw!t1 co lt1cnycHit1 o6jeKT co Koj ce yKpenysa o6anaTa Ha
PSL\It1nlt1eHTOT 1t1 ce cp!t1KCL11pa KoneKTopcKaTa l.\SBKa.
Ha CJl. 8 npL!lKIDKaHa e OnUJTa WSMa Ha KaHaJ1L!13al.\Li10H9H Clt1CT9M CO COCTaBHit1T9
OCHOBHL!l 9119M9HTL!1.

Cn. 8 Onwra weMa Ha

KaHanM3aqMOHeH CMCTeM
1. rpaH1114a - yp6aHI!1CTI.1YKI!1
oncpapT,
2. rpaH1114a Ha KaHaJ11113a-41.10H9H
peoH,
3. YnlllYHa KaHaJ11.13a41.1ja,
4. KoneKTop
5. rnaBeH KOI19KTOp,
6. nyMnHa CTaH1114a,
7. KaHan noA npi!!TI!!COK,
8. VIHAYCTpi!!CKa soHa,
9. npeYI!1CTI.1T9I1Ha CTaH1114a,
10. VlcnycT,
11. Pe4111n111eHT,
12. LilcnycT np111 xasap111ja,
13. I, II i III KaHaJ1~13a41!10HI.1 peoHI.1

13
...;'

3. OCHOBHVI U.IEMVI HA KAHAI1VI3Al..\VIOHVITE MPE:>KVI

KaHaJIVI3a4VIOHVITe weMVI ro npeTcTasysaaT CVITYa4VIOHL-10t pacnope.q Ha KaHanVITe so

HaceneHOTO . M8CTO KOe . ce KaHaJlVI3VIpa. npVI V13pa60TKa Ha npoeKTVI 3a
KaHaJlVI3a4VIOHVITe Mpe>KVI, 3apa.qVI roneMaTa pa3HOBpCHOCT Ha MeCHVITe YCJIOBVI,
Tpe6a .qa Ce 80{:\VI CMeTKa KaKOS TVIIl Ha KaHaJIVI3a4VIOHa WeMa Ke Ce YCBOVI. lt1360pOT
Ha KaHaJIVI3a4VIOHaTa WeMa 3aBVICVI 0{:\ CJI8{:\HVIT8 cpaKTOpVI :
• KOHcpVIrypaqVIjaTa Ha TepeHOT,
• ·cpOpMaTa Ha HaceneHOTO MeCTO,
• yp6aHVICTVIYKVIOT nnaH VI C06paK:ajHOTO peweHVIe Ha HaceneHOTO MeCTO,
• Vl3rpa.qeHVIT8 ll0{:\38MHVI VIHCTanaqVIVI (B0{:\080{:\Ha, eneKTpVIYHa, TOilJIOBO{:\Ha,
nn VI .qp.),
• XVI{:\pOreOJIOWKVITe KapaKTepVICTVIKVI Ha ll04BaTa,
• HaKilOHOT Ha HaCeJIHOTO MeCTO,
• nono>K6aTa, Kana4VITeTOT VI cnoco6HocTa Ha pe4V1nV1eHT 3a caMonpe41r1CTY-
sal-be,
• M8CTOilOJIO>K6aTa Ha npeYVICTVITeJIHaTa CTaHL!1qa,
• Vlf:\HL!10T nepcneKTVIBeH pa3soj Ha HacneHOTO MecTo, VI .qp.
npeTXO{:\HL!1Te YCJIOBVI (HeKOVI llOManKy, HeKOL!1 llOBeKe) ro .n.asaaT CBOjOT o.qpa3 npVI
.qecpL!1HV1pa1-be Ha KaHanLI13aqVIoHaTa weMa. Toa 3HaYVI .qeKa, He e VICnpasHo Aa ce
AaAaT TVIIlOBVI Ha K8.HaJIVI3aqVIOHVI WeMVI KOVI Ke 6VIAaT Ba>KeYKVI 3a CVITe cnyYaeBlt1
KOVI ce cpeTHysaaT so npaKca.
npVI ycsojysal-beTo Ha KaHaJIVI3a4VIOHaTa weMa Tpe6a Aa ce BHVIMasa Ha cneAHVITe
l pa60TVI:
~
• 6p3VIHaTa Ha BOAaTa so noeAVIHVITe AefiHLI14VI Aa ce 3roneMysa OA ropHVITe
(nepVIcpepHVITe) cnpeMa AOJIHVITe (rnaBHVITe) OABOAVI.
• rnaBHL!1Te KoneKTopL!1 Aa ce nocTasysaaT no noHVICKVITe ynV14111 VI co noMan na.n.,
• ym'14VITe co roneMVI naAOBVI Aa ce KOpVIcTaT 3a noYeTHVI KaHanVI.
KaHaJIL!13aqVIOHVITe WeMVI MO>Ke .qa 6VIAaT: 4eHTp311M31r1p3Hir1; TOa e CflyYaj KOra
qenoKynHaTa KaHanVI3aqVIoHa Mpe>Ka e nosp3aHa Ha eAHa npeYVICTVITenHa cTaHVI4a VI
Ae4eHTpa111r13MpaHH aKo KaHaJIVI3a4VIOHaTa Mpe>Ka e noAeneHa VI nosp3aHa Ha ABe
I VIJI\11 riOBeKe npeYVICTVITeJIHVI CTaHVIqVI.
CnpeMa llOJIO>K6aTa Ha KaHaJIVITe VI cnpeMa HVIBHVIOT OAHOC CO BOAOTeKOT, OCHOBHVIT8
I KaHaJlVI3aqVIOHVI WeML!1 MO>Ke Aa ce llOA8JiaT Ha CJieAHVIOT HaYLI1H:
1. napanenHa Ha BOAOTeKOT,
2. HopManHa Ha BOAOTeKoT,
I 3. HopMailHo-npeceYeHa,
4. Pa.qVIjanHa,
I 5. 3oHanHa,

3.1. napa11e11Ha KaHa111r13a41r10Ha WeMa

I napanenHa KaHanL!13aqVIoHa weMa e Kora nOAKoneKTOpVITe ce nocTaseHVI napanenHo
co BOAOTeKoT (en. 9). Ce npVIMeHysa Kora HaKnOHOT Ha TepeHoT KOH BOAOTeKoT e
I noMan, a e noroneM so cMepoT Ha TeYel-be Ha BOAaTa so KaHanVITe. napanenHa

I 14

I
WeMa MO>Ke .qa ce. npJ.i1M9HJ.i1 J.i1 npJ.i1 CTpMHJ.i1 TepeHJ.i1 KOra 6p3V1HaTa 80 HOpMaflHVtTe
KaHan,., 6J.i1 6J.i1na noroneMa o.q MaKCJ.i1ManHo .Q038oneHaTa 6p3J.i1Ha Ha .Q8J.i1>Kel-be Ha
80.QaTa 80 KaHaflJ.i1Te. rna8HV10T KOfl9KTOp 3ano...my8a Ha KpajOT HJ.i1380.QHO 80
HaCeneHOTO M9CTO.

napanenHaTa weMa He e noro.qHa 3a onwT KaHanJ.i13a4J.i10HeH CJ.i1CTeM, 3aToa WTO

nocne npenJ.i18HJ.i14J.i1Te KOJ.i1 ce Ha rna8HJ.i10T KaHan, KaHanJ.i1Te o.q npenJ.i18HJ.i1KOT .qo
pe4J.i1n111eHTOT ce .qonrJ.i1 co wTo ja npa8aT Mpe>+<.aTa HeeKOHOMw-ma.

Cn.9 napanenHa KaHanu3aJ4MOHa weMa

(1 - rnaBeH KOJ19KTOp, 2- nOAKOJleKTOpl-1, llC-nyMnHa CTaH1-14a,
llp.CT.-npeY&.1CT&.1TenHa cTaH1-14a, P-pe41-1n1-1eHT, YO - yp6aHI-1CTI-1YK&.1 oncpaT)

3.2. HopMan!ia KaHan1r13a41r10Ha weMa

HopManHa KaHanJ.i13a4J.i10Ha weMa ce np~~tMeHy8a Kora TepeHCKJ.i1Te ycno8J.i1 ro

.Q0380fly8aaT TOa, O.QHOCHO KOra J.i1MaMe .Q06ap HaKflOH KOH 80.QOT9KOT, a Man HaKflOH
80 npa894 Ha T9491-b9TO Ha 80.QOT9KOT (en. 10).

~I
YO

2 --=::......_--1--~::......- --=--+---=-- \
I
1
2
1 I
2 I
I I

II
\
I
I
I
!
p

Cn. 10 HopManHa weMa

(1 - rnaeeH KoneKTOp, 2- no,qKoneKToplll, P-pe4J.'InlileHT)

15
 Ce nplilMeHysa · Kaj cenapaqlilOHIIITe KaHanll13aqli1oHII1 Cli1CT9Mli1 3a OAB9AYBal-be Ha
aTMoccpepcKlilTe BOAIII. 3a OABeAyBal-be Ha oTnaAHIIITe BOAlil peTKO ce npiiiMeHysa, a
aKo ce npli1M9HII1 Toa e 3a Man111 HaceneHIII MecTa KOIII ce pacnonmKeHIII noKpaj MOKHlil
peqlllrilileHTIII, OAHOCHO noKpaj peqlllnlileHTIII co roneMa cnoco6HOCT 3a npel..llllcrysal-be
Ha so.qaTa T.e. 3a caMonpeL!IIICTYBal-be.

3.3. HopManHo npeceLfeHa KaHanll!3341i!OHa weMa

HopManHa npeceL~eHa KaHanll13aqllloHa weMa ce np111MeHysa so TepeHCKIII ycnos111
KaKo Kaj HOpManHaTa KaHanll13aqllloHa weMa. rnaBHIIIOT KlllneKTop ce nocTasysa
napanenHO CO BOAOT9KOT, a 110.[\KOfl9KTOpii1T9 ce CTaBaaT HOpManHO Ha Hero (cn.11)
Ce np111MeHyBa BO CIIIT9 BIIIAOBIII Ha KaHanll13a41110Hlll CIIICT9Mli1, a HajMHOry 3a
cenapaqlilOHlil CIIICT9MII1 3a OTilaAHIII B0.[\111. np111 ynOTpe6a BO OllWT KaHaflll13aqli10H9H
Cli1CT9M, aTMOCcpepCKIItTe BO.r\111 KOIII ce ycnOBHO l..IIIICTIII, Ce IIICnywTaT BO peqii1111119HTOT
npeKy ·npenli1BHII14lll, a OT113.qHli1T9 BOAlil OAaT BO np9L!IIICTli1T9flHa CTaHIIIqa.
npenii1BHII14li1Te ce nocTasysaaT Ha noro.qHIII MecTa, so Henocpe.qHa 6nii13111Ha Ha
peqii1111119HTOT. .

I
I

Cn. 11 HopManHo npeceLteHa KaHan~tt3aqMoHa weMa

(1 - rnaBeH KOlleKTOp, 2- nOAKOJ1eKTOp111, llC-nyMnHa CT8Hiil48,
llp.Cr.-npe41!1CTIIITenHa craHiil4a, P-pe4111n111eHr)

3.4. PaAMjanHa KaHanii!Ja4II!OHa weMa

Ce nplilMeHysa npeTe:>+<Ho 3a paBHIII KOHcp111rypaq111111 Ha TepeHoT 111 roneMIII HaceneHIII

M9CTa KOra HeMa TepeHCKIII ycnO~lil 3a CIIIT9 KaHanCKIII BOAlll .qa ce o.qse.qaT Ha 9AHO
MecTo. Bo TaKOB cnyl-laj, ceKoj oi.qeneH peoH IIIMa OAAeneH cn111s o.q Ka.qe co rnaseH
KoneKTop KaHancKIIITe so.q111 ce o.qse.qysaaT paAlllanHo Ha.qsop o.q nospwiiiHaTa Ha
HaceneHOTO M9CTO. rnaBHIIIT9 KOneKTOplll ce llOCTaBSHIII pa.q111janHO BO OAHOC Ha
yp6aHOTO no.qpal-lje. CeKOj KOfi9KTOp MO>Ke .qa IIIMa CBOja npel-1111CTIIIT9nHa CTaHIIIqa
111n111 .qa ce rpyn111paaT noseK:e KorieKTOplil .qo 3ae.qHII1l..!Ka npel..IIIICTlilTenHa cTaHIIIL\a. Bo

I 16
 BaKB~ KaHan~3al_\~OH~ WSM~, 4SCTO naT~, rpyn~pal-bSTO Ha KOnSKTOp~Te KOH
3aSAH~4KO npe4~cTysal-be ce npas~ co np~MeHa Ha nyMnH~ CTaH~4~ (cn.12).
PaA~janHaTa KaHan~3a4~0Ha weMa ~Ma npeAHOCT np~ npow~pysal-be Ha HaceneHoTo
MSCTO, 6~AejK~ BO TaKOB cny4aj ce BpW~ CaMO npOAOn>KyBal-be Ha rnaBH~OT
KOnSKTOp.
np~ cny4aj Ha AScpeKT~Ha KOneKTOp~Te, HajnosonHa e AS48HTpan~3~paHaTa
KaHan~3a4~0Ha weMa, KaKsa wTo e p8.f:!t~janHaTa KaHan~3a4~0Ha weMa. np~ cny4aj
Ha Ae¢eKT, speMeHo K.e ~Ma npo6neM~ caMo Ha Aen OA KaHan~3al..\~OH~OT c~cTeM.
PaA~anHaTa KaHan~3al..\~OHa weMa, 4ecTo Haofa np~MeHa Kaj roneM~ rp8.f:!tOB~ co
~3pa3~To paseH TepeH.
;.,·-·-·-·r·-·-·- ., ._
I
!
I
lI

Cn. 12. Pap,ujanHa KaHanu3al..lflfOHa weMa

(1 - rnaBeH KOJleKTOp, 2- nO,(IKOJleKTOplll,nC-nyMnHa CT8HIII48,
np.CT.-npe41/1CTIIITeJ1Ha CT8HIII48, P-pe4111nllleHT)

3.5. 3oHanHa KaHa111.13a41.10Ha weMa

Ce np~MeHyBa KOra KOHcp~rypa4~jaTa Ha TepeHOT, a~ yp6aHif1CT~4KOTO peweH~e Ha

HaceneHoTo MecTo He A03sonysaaT Aa ce np~MeH~ eAHOnlf14Ha weMa 3a 4enaTa
yp6aHa nospwlftHa. np~ Toa, HaceneHOTO MecTo e pacnpocTpaHeTo Ha noseK.e
noce6H~ KaHan~3a4~0H~ peoHift Ko~ ce KaHam13~paaT noce6Ho, nocne wTo,
rpaslftTal..\~OHO ~n~ co nyMnal-be ce BKny4ysaaT so 3aeAH~4K~ KaHan~3al..\~OHeH
C~CTSM.

Bo osoj cny4ajl noTpe6Ho e Aa ce Hanpas~ KOM6~Ha4~ja Ha HeKo~ OA npeTXOAH~Te

weM~. 3a roneM~Te HaceneH~ Mecip. osaa weMa lf1Ma HajroneMa np~MeHa so
!
npaKT~KaTa (cn.13). \
I
! v I
i--· YecTo naT, np~ TaKa~ KaHan~3a4VIHVI! weMVI ce npoeKT111paaT 111 rp8.f:!taT noce6HJ..1
npe4~CTVIT8nHVI CTaH1114~ Ha ABaTa 6pe~-a Ha BOAOTSKOT. np111 TOa, ce npenopa4yBa,
AOKOnKy e MO>KHO so TaKBVI cny4aVI KaHancKaTa BOAa Aa ce npecppnVI OA eAHa Ha
I
.,
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j

APYra cTpaHa Ha BOAOTeKOT co CVIcpoH VlnVI co nynHa cTaHVIL\a 3a Aa ce A06VIe SAHa

np84VICTVIT8flHa CTaHVIL\a.

I
I
Cn. 13. 3oHanHa KaHanM3a4MOHa weMa
(1 - rnaseH KOJ19KTOp, 2-nOAKOJ19KTOp~. nC-nyMnHa CTaH~l.la ,
np.CT.-npeY~CTIIIT9JlHa CTaHI!Il.la. P-pel.lliln~eHT, C-cl!lcpOH)

4. KAHAJ1~3A4~0H~ C~CTEM~

80 3aBVICHOCT OA TOa KOVI KaHanCKVI BOAVI VI Ha KOj HaLJVIH ce 0AB8AYBaaT CO

KaHanVI3al\VIOHaTa Mpe~a ce pa3nVIKysaaT TpVI OCHOBHVI BVIAa Ha KaHanVI3al\VIOHVI
CVICT8MVI VI TOa:
1. OnwT (3aeAHVILJKVI) KaHanVI3a~VIOHeH CVICTeM,
2. Cenapa4V10H8H (OABOeH) KaHanVI3a~VIOHeH CVICTeM,
3. nonycenapa~VIOH8H KaHanVI3a~VIOH8H CVICTSM.

4.1. OnwT KaHasn13a411toHeH ClltCTeM

Kaj OBOj KaHanVI3a~VIOH8H CVICT8M OTnaAHVIT8 VI aTMOCcpepCKVIT8 BOA111 ce np111cpaKaaT

111 OABeAysaaT co SAHa KaHanVI3a~111oHa Mpe~a (cn.14 111 15). 3a pacTepeTYBaH::le Ha
rnaBHVIT8 KOfl8KTOp111 VI np84111CTVIT8nHVIT8 CTaHVI~VI C8 npeAB111AYBaaT npen111BH111L\111.
Kora oTnaAHVITe VI VIHAYCTp111CKVITe BOA111 J(e ce pa3peAaT AO onpeAeneH cTeneH co
aTMoccpepcKVITe, BOAaTa so npenVIBH111~111Te noLJHysa Aa npenVIsa VI no KpaToK naT ce
VICnywTa so pe4111n111eHTOT.
Bo 3aBVICHOCT OA KaTerop111jaTa Ha BOAaTa so pe~VInVIeHTOT Ha MecToTo Ha
111cnywTaH::le, OAHOCHO so 3aBVICHOCT OA HerosaTa caMonpeLJVICHITenHa cnoco6HOCT,
C8 onpeAenysa 111 K08cpV1~1118HTOT Ha pa3p8AYBaH::le Ha OTnaAH111 CO aTMOCcpepCKVI
BW~VI. Osoj Koecp111~VIeHT ce ABVI>KaT OA 0.5 AD 10 111 ce onpeAenysa cnpeMa AOnHVITe
V13pa3VI.

18

I
 npen~BHMK

PacnpeTOH AOTeK

Cn. 14 OnwT KaHanu3aquoHeH CMCTeM

(1 .. KaHanl/1 3a OTn<!AHiillil aTMOCBepCKI!l BOAI/1 np.-npenli1BHII1K,
np.CT.-npeYI!lCn1TeJiHa CTaH1114a, P-pe4lilnli1eHT)

K~ee:

• Qotp - KOnW·U1Ha Ha OTn~HI!1 BOAI!1 m 3Is

• Qatm - KO.nW-HtiHa Ha a-rMoccpepcKI!1 BOAI!1 m31s
3
• Qbit - 6111TOBIII OTnaAHiil BOAIii m Is
3
• Qind - 111HAYCTPIIICKIII oTnaAH111 BOAVI m Is

;1
Cn.15. nonpeYeH npeceK Ha y a co onwT KaHanll'l3a4liiOHeH cl!lcTeM
(1- rnaseH KoneKTop, 2-np111KnY40K, A op111WHa 11111111 6noKoscKa peBII131110Ha waXTa,
4- BHarpewHa KaHan1-13a4111ja, 5-np~~tcpc{Kal-be Ha aTMoccpepcKa BOAa. 6-ynw-teH CJ1111BH~~tK,
7-np111KnY40K OA Ylll<14eH CJ11<1BHIAK, h11A h2- nonHe>K npiA npOTOK 3a OTn~HIA lA aTMOccpepcKIA BOAI-1)
\
19
 . 80 cyso BpeMe BO OllWTIIIOT KaHan1113a41110HeH CIIIC.TeM Ce OBeAyBaaT CaMO OTnaAHIIITe
BOAIII, np111 WTO, 4eCTO naTIII, ce spw111 Tano)f(el-be 111 pacnafal-be Ha opraHCKIIITe
MaTepllllll, a co Toa 111 ocno6oAyBal-be Ha HenpllljaTHIII racos111 no Mlllplllc. np111 nojasa Ha
AO)f(A, BO KaHaniiiTe, Ce 3roneMyBa npOTOKOT Ha BOAa, a CO TOa Ill 6p3L1HaTa Ha
BOAaTa WTO OB03MO~Ba OAHeCyBal-be Ha IIICTanO)f(9HL1Te MaTepllllll OAHOCHO ce BpWIII
nplllpOAHO X111Apayn1114KO IIICillllpal-be Ha KaHan1113a4111jaTa ..
Ha cn.15, weMaTCKIII e npiiiKa)f(aH nonpe4eH npeceK Ha eAHa yn1114a, np111 WTO e
npiiiKa)f(aH Ha4111HOT Ha cnojyBal-be Ha KaHanCKIIITe BOAIII Ha KaHanll13al\IIIOHaTa Mpe>Ka
3a cny4aj Ha onwT KaHanL13a4IIIOHeH CIIICTeM.

Toa e CL1CTeMoT so Koja OABOeHo ce OABeAysaaT CIIITe BL1AOBIII Ha KaHancKL-1 BOAIII

(cn.16) 111 (cn.17), (oTn~HL-1, 111HAYCTpiiiCKL1Te 111 aTMoccpepcKIIITe). YecTo naTL-1
OTn~HIIITe 111 IIIHAYCTpiiiCKL1Te oTn~HIII BOAIII ce OABeAysaaT co 3aeAH1114Ka
KaHanll13al\IIIOHa Mpe)f(a. AKO COCTaBOT Ha IIIHAYCTpiiiCKIII BOAIII e Cnii149H CO COCTaBOT
Ha oTn~HIIITe BOAIII Toraw IIIHAYCTpiiiCKIIITe 111 OTnaAHIIITe BOAIII Ke ce npeLJIIICTYBaaT
3aeAHO. He ce peTKIII cny4a111Te Kora IIIHAYCTpiiiCKIIITe oTn~HIII BOAIII ce OABeAysaaT
Ha COilCTBeHO nOCTpOeHIIIe 3a llp94111CTYBal-be, a llOTOa ce IIICilYWTaaT BO P94111fiiii9HT
111n111 BO KaHan1113a4111jaTa 3a OTnaAHIII BOAIII.
:-------- ---------------------- _____ ':"' ___ ----------- ------------------.-------- ---------1
~-

___.. +-- +-- I

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:

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ii
!

I Cn. 16. Cenapal.lMOHeH KaHanu3al.lMOHeH cucreM

(1 - KaHanl-1 3a omap.H1.1 BOAI.1, 2 - KaHanl-1 3a aTMocsepcKI.1 BOAI.1,
llp.CT.-npe'-II.1CTI.1TenHa cTaH1.14a. P-pe41-1m1eHT)

Cnapa41110HIIIOT KaHan1113a41110HeH CIIICTeM MO>Ke Aa 6111Ae 4enocHo ,.., He4enocHo

cenapa41110HeH. ~enocHo cenapa41110HeH CIIICTeM e Kora ce 1113BeAysaaT ABa
He3aBIIICHIII KaHanll13a41110HIII CIIICTeMIII 3a oTnaAHIII 111 3a aTMocsepcKIII BOAIII. AoAeKa
He4enoceH cenapa41110HeH CIIICTe, e KaHan1113a41110HeH CIIICTeM K~a ce L13BeAysa caMo

I CL1CT9MOT 3a OTil~HIII BOAIII, a aTMOCBepCKIIITe BOAIII ce OAB9AYBaaT nOBpWIIIHCKIII CO

OTBOp9HIII KaHanlll Ill pL1ronlll. TaKBIIIOT Ha4111H Ha KaHafiiii3L1pal-be ce ripiiiMeHyBa 3a

20

i
 \_)
noManL4 HaceneHL4 MecTa. Co L438e,qy8al-be Ha aTMOC8epcKa 3aT8opeHa KaHanL43aqL4ja,
H848JIOCHO cenapL4paH KaHaJIL43al.\L40H8H CL4CT8M 110ML4Hy8a 80 4enOCHO
cenapa4L40HeH KaHanL43al.\L40HeH CL4CTeM. CnpeMa Toa, 80 HeKOL4 cny4ae8L4,
He4enocHo cenapL4paHL40T CL4CTeM, npeTca8y8a np8a cpa3a o,q 4enocHo cenapL4paH
KaHaJlL43al.\L40HeH CL4CTeM.

Cn.17. nonpe4eH npeceK Ha ynuLfa co cenapaLfvtOHeH KaHanvt3aLfvtOHeH cucTeM

(1- rnaBeH KoneKTop sa oma,qH~ BOA~. 2-rnaBeH KoneKTop sa aTMoccpepcKI!l BOA~.
3-np~KnYYOK sa OTna,£\H~ BOAI.1, 4-np~KnyYOK sa aTMOCcpepCK~ BOA~.
5-pee~si.10H~ waxT~ sa oma,qH~ aTMOccpepcK~ BOAH, 6-peBI.13HOH~ waxTI.1 sa aTMoccpepcK~ BOA~.
7- ym1YH1.1 Cfl~BHI-141.1, 8-BHaTpewHa KaHanl.1384l1ja 3a 6~TOBH BOA~. 9-npl!lcpaKaii>e Ha aTMOCcpepcK~ BOAII1-0fl4111)

Ha cn.17, weMaTCKL4 e npL4K8JI<aH nonpe4eH npeceK Ha e,qHa ynL44a, npL4 WTO e

npL4K8JI<aH Ha4L4HOT Ha cnojy8al-be Ha KaHaJICKL4T8 80,L\L4 Ha KaHaJlL43al.\L40HaTa Mpe)f(a
3a cny4aj Ha cenapa4L40HeH KaHanL43a4L40HeH CL4CTeM.

4.3. nonycenapa41r10HeH KaHaflM3a4MOHeH CMCTeM

nonycenapa4L40HL40T KaHanL43a4L40HeH CL4CTeM no OAHOC Ha KaHanM3aqL4oHaTa Mpe)f(a

e 4enocHo cenapa4L40HeH CL4CTeM, npL4 Toa ce npoeKTL4paaT L4 L43Be,qy8aaT ,q8e
KaHaJlL43a4L40HL4 Mpe)f(L4 o,q KOL4 e,qHaTa e 3a oTna,qHL4 80AL4, a .n.pyraTa e 3a
aTMoccpepcKL4 80A1-1 (en. 18).
rJla8HL4Te KOJieKTOpL4 O,q KaHMli13al.\L40HaTa Mpe)f(a 3a OTI1a.[\HL4 80AL4 CO C1184L4ajanHli1
npeJIL4BHli1 wax-r1-1 ce no8p3aHL4 co KaHaJlL43a4L40HaTa Mpe)f(a 3a aTMOC8epcKL4 80AL4.
npL4 3an04HyBal-be Ha AO~OT, npBL4Te KOnL44L4HL4 Ha aTMOC8peCKL4 BOAL4, KOL4 ce
npL46L4paaT co aTMOC8epcKaTa KaHanL43a4L4ja L4 KOL4 ce noManL4, a ce 3Ha4ajHo
no3ara,qeH1-1, npeKY npenL4BHV1Te waxTV1 ce 8nesaaT 80 KaHanV13al...\L40HaTa Mpe)f(a 3a
OTna,qHV1 80AV1. 3Ha41.1, npBL4Te aTMOccpepcKV1 BOAV1 WTO r1.1 OAHecysaaT He4L4CTOTV1L4Te
OA aTMOCcpepaTa L4 O,q CV1Te yp6aHV1 110BpWL4HL4 Ce L4CI1YWTaaT BO KOJleKTOpOT 3a
oTna,qHL4 BOAL4. ATMoccpepcKL4Te 80AL4 KOV1 nafaaT noKacHo, ace ycnosHo no41.1CTL4, 1.1
ce co nojaK V1HTeH3V1TeT ce L4cnywTaaT so pe41.1111.1eHTOT npeKY cne4L4janHL4 npenL4BHV1
o6jeKTV1 (cn.19).
nonycenapal...\L40HL4Te CL4CTeMV1 so nocne,qHo 8peMe ce noManKy ce V138e.n.ysaaT.
TaK8V1 V138e,qeHL4 KaHanL43al...\L40HL4 CV1cTeML4 ce cpeTHy8aaT 80 HeKOL4 rpa,qosL4 so
AHrnL4ja.

21
 1
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-.. -------------------------,. _--------------------------··-------------------------------l

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1
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I

I Cn. 18. nonycenapau,uoHeH KaHanu3au,uoHeH cucreM

(1-KaHaJ11113a4111ia 3a oma,qHIII BOA111 1 2- KaHai11113a4111ja 3a aTMoccpepcKI'i BOAIII,
~ 3- npeili/IBHIIIKI np.CT.- npeYI/ICTIIIT9IlHa CTaHIII4al P- P94111nllleHT)
~

A)

I nPECEK A-A
npH AO>KA co
noroneM HHTeHJHTeT

I
I
I
I Cn.19. npenUBHUK
A) ,l!OB0,£1 Ha npa~ttre arMocrjJepcKIIt 80,lllltl
I 5) ,£1080,£1 Ha arMocrjJepcKure 80,llllt 3a npenu8afbe
(1- ,l!OB0,£1 Ha OTna,£JHa 80,£Ja, 2- npenlltB Ha npBIItTe aTMOCBepCKIIt BO,llllt,
3- ,£1080,£1 Ha arMoccjJepcKa 80,£Ja, 4- D,l!B0,£1 Ha arMocrjJepcKa 80,£Ja - npenu8 npu ,l!O)K,£1 co noroneM lltHTeH3HTeT,

I 5- O,l!B0,£1 Ha oma,£JHa Itt np8ara arMocrjJepcKa 80,£Ja).

I 22

I
KoHCTPYKL\IIIjaTa Ha npelliii8HIIIKOT e TaK8a Aa 0803MO>Ky8a lllcnywTal-be Ha np8111Te -
Mafllll Ill 3araAeHIII aTMOCcpepCKIII 80AIII 80 KOJleKTOpOT 3a OTnaAHIII 80A111, a HapeAHIIITe
(roneMIIITe) aTMoccpepcKIII 80A111, KOIII ce penaTIII8HO no4111CaTIII, npen1119aaT 80 APYr
KaHan Koj r111 OA8e,qy8a 80 pe4111n111eHTOT.

np111 KaHanlll3111pal-be Ha HaceneHIIITe MeCTa, noHeKoraw Ce CpeTHy8aaT Ill

KOM611'1HII'IpaHII'I KaHaJ11113a41110HII1 CII1CTeMIII, np111 WTO 80 HeKOII1 peOHIII e np111MeHeT OllWT,
a 80 HeKoll1 cenapa41110HeH KaHam13a41110HeH CIIICTeM. KoM6111HIIIpaHIIIOT
KaHanlll3al\IIIOHeH CIIICTeM MO>Ke ,qa e Hano>KeH o,q MeCHIIITe ycno8111 llllllll Aa cTaHy8a
360p 3a nOCTeneHO cenap111pa1-be Ha nOCTOjHIIIOT OnWT KaHanll13al\IIIOHeH CIIICTeM.

KaHanlll3al\IIIOHII1Te clllcTeMII1 Mo>KaT Aa ce Knac111cp1114111PaaT 111 80 3aBII1CHOCT o,q

Ha4111HOT Ha OA8eAy8al-be Ha KaHancKaTa 80Aa. CnpeMa Toa Mo>KaT Aa 6111AaT:

• rpaBII'!Ta411'10HII'I KaHaJ11113a41110HIII CIIICTeMIII, KOra KaHallCKIIITe 80A111 OA MeCTOTO

Ha HacTaHy8al-be AO npe4111CTIIITenHaTa cTaH1114a 111 AO pe4111n111eMTOT ce
OA8eAy8aaT no rpa8111Tal\IIIOHeH naT,

• KOM611'1HII'IpaHII'I KaHaJ11113aqiiiOHII1 CIIICTeMIII, KOra OA HeKOIII Aell08111, KaHaJ1CKaTa

80Aa ce OA8eAy8a co nyMnal-be, a npeocTaHaTaTa ce OA8eAy8a no rpa8111Ta4eH
naT,

• KaHaJ11113a41110HIII CIIICTeMIII KaAe 3a OA8eAy8al-beTO Ha KaHanCKII1Te 80A111 ce

KOIIICTIII 8aKyM.

4.4. II1360p Ha KaHaJU13a41110HeH CII'ICTeM

np111 npOL\eHy8al-beTO Ha . npeAHOCTIIITe Ill HeAOCTaTOL\IIITe Ha KaHaJ11113a41110HIIITe

CIIICTeMIII, Tpe6a Aa Ce aHMIII3111paaT: CaHII'!TapHII'ITe, TeXHW~KII'ITe Ill eKOHOMCKII'!Te
ycno8111 3a np111cpaK:al-be, o.q8eAy8al-be, npe4111CyY8al-be 111 r~~cnywTal-be Ha oTnaAHaTa
80Aa 80 pe4111n111eHT, 3a ceKoj CIIICTeM noce6Ho. CnopeAy8at-beTo Tpe6a Aa ceHanpasll1
He caMo spc ocHoa.a Ha 11138eA6aTa 111 eKcnnoaTa4111jaTa Ha KaHalllll3a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka
Hero Ill Ha 11138eA6aTa Ill eKCnllOaTa4111jaTa Ill Ha npe4111CTIIITeJ1HaTa CTaH1114a KaKO
COCTa8eH eneMeHT Ha KaHaJ11113aqiiiOHIIIOT CIIICTeM.

•
KOHcp111rypaq111jaTa Ha TepeHoT,
nono>K6aTa Ha pe4111n111eHTOT,
L
80 111360p0T Ha KaHalllll3al\IIIOHIIIOT CIIICTeM IIIMaaT 8JlllljaHII1e ClleAHIIITe cpaKTOplll:

• yp6aHII1CTIII4KOTO peW9HII1e Ha HaC · JleHOTO MeCTO,

•
HKBOTO Ha noA3eMHKTe BOA", L
eKOHOMCKaTa MOK Ha HaceneHIIIeTo 111 AP·
·
nOilO>K6aTa Ill pacnopeAOT Ha nodseMHIIITe IIIHCTallal.\111111,

I
OA caHMTapHo 3ApaBCTBeH acneKT Hajnp111cpaTJ11118 e onwTIIIOT KaHalllll3a4IIIOHeH
CIIICTeM 6e3 npellii18HIII4111. Co TaK08 KaHanlll3a4IIIOHeH CIIICTeM HeMa IIICnywTat-be Ha
KaHanCKIII 80A111 80 pe4111n111eHTOT ce AO npe4111CTIIITenHaTa cTaH1114a. Bo peanHOCT,
HeMa TaK8111 KaHanll13al\IIIOHII1 CII1CTeMIII, OAHOCHO Ha OnWTIIIOT KaHaJ11113a4IIIOHeH CII1CTeM
ce nocTa8y8aaT npeniiiBHIII4111 3a pacTepery8at-be, 6111AejK:L~~ so cnpOTIII8HO 6111 L~~Mane
eHOpMHO roneMIII KOJlKTOpL-1, CO WTO KaHaJ11113al\LIIOHLIIOT CII1CTeM 6111 6111Jl Ill MHOry CKan.

nonycenapa41110HIIIOT KaHaJ11113al\IIIOHeH CLIICTeM e nonpll1cpaTJliiiB OA OnWTLIIOT

KaHanlll3a4LIIOHeH C111CTeM co npeniii8HIIIL\III. Toa e TaKa 6eAejK:L~~ so pe4L~~n111eHTOT ce
L~~cnywTaaT 3Ha4111TenHo no4111CTIII aTMocsepcKLII 80A111, a OA KOIII npBL~~Te no3araAeHLII

23
aTMOC8epcKt.1 80At.1 ce HocaT Ha npeLJt.1c-rysat-be. Co onwTli10T KaHant.13al!li10HeH
Ct.1CTeM co npenli18Hli1L!ll1, 80 rpaACKOTO noApaLJje so pel!ll1nt.1eHTOT ce t.1cnywTaaT
pa3peAeHll1 oTnaAHL-1 80All1, KOL-1 OA caHt.1TapHo 3ApacTBeH acneKT ce no3araAeHll1 OA
aTMocsepcKt.1Te 80All1 KOL-1 ce Billl18aaT so pel!t.1nt.1eHTOT npt-1 nonycenapal!t.10HeH
KaHailll13al!li10H9H Ct.1CT9M.
WenocHo cenapal!li10HeH KaHanll13al!t.10HeH Ct.1CTeM, KaAe WTO aTMOC8epCKli1Te 80All1
Ali1P9KTHO ce ll1cnywTaaT 80 pel!ll1nt.1eHTOT' OA caHt.1TapeH acneKT e t.1CTa co onwTt.10T
KaHant.13al!li10H9H Ct.1CT9M CO npent.18Hli1L!ll1 Kora npe!lt.19Ht.1T9 KaHaJlCKL-1 80At.1T9 KOL-1 ce
t.1cnywTaaT 80 pellll1nll1eHTOT ce HajManKy 5 naTL-1 pa3peAeHIII.
noKpaj CaHIIITapHIIIOT acneKT np111 111360pOT Ha KaHai11113a41110HIIIOT CIIICT9M 3HaLJajHO
BJlllljaHIIIe !liMa Ill XeMLJICKLIIOT COCTaB Ha KaHancKaTa BOAa. npeA ce MIIICJllll Ha
X9Mli1CKt.10T COCTa8 Ha IIIHAYCTp111CKIIIT9 OTnaAHIII BOAIII, KOIII MO>KaT Aa HanO:>KaT nplll
npoeKTIIIpat-be Ill 111389AY8al-be Aa ce yCB0\11 cenapal!t.10H9H KaHanlll3a4li10H9H CIIICTSM 3a
HaceneHoTo MecTo, OAP9AeHa li1HAYCTplllja 111Illl1 3a HeKoj noce6eH ceKTop OA HeKoja
111HAYCTpll1ja.
OA eKOHOMCKIII acneKT, e AOKa>KaHo AeKa onwTt.10T KaHanlll3a4IIIOHeH Ct.1CTeM e
noeKOHOMIIILJeH. 3a Hero8a 1113rp~6a noTpe6Hll1 ce 15 AO 35 % noManKY QJIIIHaHCIIICKIII
CP9AT8a BO cnopeA6a CO cenapa41110HIIIOT Ct.1CT9M. PaCXOAIIITe BO 8KcnnoaTa4111ja Ha
onWTIIIOT CIIICTeM ce 3a 15 AO 25 % noMa!llll OA pacxOAt.1Te so eKcnnoaTal!lllja OA
cenapal!IIIOHIIIOT CIIICT9M.
06li1LJHO KaHanlll3a4li10HaTa Mpe>Ka Ha OnWT KaHaJ11113a4li10H9H CIIICT9M e 3a 30 AO 40 %
no Kyca OA Mpe>KaTa 3a L!eJlOCHO cenaplllpaH KaHanlll3a41110H9H CIIICT9M 3a t.1CTOTO
HaCeJleHO MSCTO.
noTpe6Ho e Aa ce aHanlll3t.1paaT 111 HeKOIII APYrt-1 cpaKTOplll KOIII IIIMaaT snlllaHIIIe Ha
111360pOT Ha KaHanlll3al!li10Ht.10T Ct.1CT9M BO 3aBt.1CHOCT OA npoeKTpat-beTO Ill
eKcnnOaTal!llljaTa Ha KaHaflll13al!li10HIIIT9 Mpe>KIII Ill npeLJt.1CTIIIT9flHIIIT9 CTaHIIIL!III. f18ll19
cpaKTOplll MO>KaT Aa ce rpyn111paaT Ha cneAeH HaLJli1H:

DA npoeKrnpatbeTO Ha KaHann3aqnoHnre M_pe)f(H

1. np111 npoeKrpat-beTo Ha KaHant.13al!IIIOHIIITe Mpe>KIII, Kora 80 nonpe'-IHIIIOT npeceK
Ha. Yflli1L!aTa IIIMa npiiiCYCTBO Ha roneM 6poj Ha t.1HcppaCTPYKTYPHIII IIIHCTanal!llllll
(BOA080A, TenecpoH, rae, enKTpt.1'-1Ht.1 Ka6nlll, napHo rpeet-be, t.1 AP·) Tpe6a Aa
Ce npiiiM9HII1 OnWT KaHafllll3al!IIIOH9H CIIICT9M.
2. Kora so 3aBIIICHOCT OA TepeHCKIIITe ycno8111, so npeYIIICTIIITenHaTa cTaHt.1Lia l-1!1111
np111 111cnycTOT 80 pel!t.1nllleHTOT, KaHanCKIIITe BOAIII Tpe6a Aa ce nyMnaaT, Tpe6a
Aa ce yc80III L!enocHo cenap111paH KaHan1113a41110HeH clllcTeM.
3. Kora nocTojaT ycnos111 Aa aTMocsepcKli1Te BOAIII Aa ce OA89AaT no HajKpaTOK
naT co oTsopeHL-1 KaHant.1 AO pe4t.1n111eHTOT, noTpe6Ho e Aa ce ycso111 HeL!enocHo
cenapa41110H8H CIIICTeM.

OJ:J eKcnnoaraqnja Ha KBHBDH3Bf.4HOHHTe M_pe)f(H

1. OA acneKT Ha ycnosli1Te so eKcnnoaTa4111ja HajnplllcpaTniiiB e onwTIIIOT
KaHanlll3a4IIIOHeH CIIICTeM. TpaHcnopTOT t.1 ABli1>Kel-beTo Ha KaHanCKIIITe BOAL-1 e
noneceH. nospeMeHo ce spw111 caMOCTanHo Xli1ApayniiiLJKO IIICnlllpat-be Ha
KaHan1113a4111jaTa. HaA30poT so eKcnnoaTa4111ja e AOCTa noeAHOCTaseH.
2. OA acneKT Ha noTpowysa'-!Ka Ha eHeprlllja 3a OAB9AY8al-be Ha KaHanCKli1Te
80A111 (noTp6a OA npt.1MeHa Ha nyMnHa cTaHt.14a) npeAHOCT li1Ma 4enocHo

24
 cenapa'-\~OHeH KaHan~3a'-\~OHeH CVICTeM. Co WTO ce Bpw~ nyMnal--he caMo Ha
OTilaAHVITe KaHaJlCK~ BOA~·

O!J npoeKrn_patnero Ha npe'IHCTHrenHH craHnqu

1. OA acneKT Ha npe4~cryBal--be Ha OTnaAH~Te BOA~. npeAHOCT ce AaBa Ha
'-lenocHo cenapa~oHeH KaHan~3a'-\VIOHeH c~cTeM. ATMOCBepcK~Te BOA~ ce
VJcnywTaaT BO pe'-l~n~eHTVITe 6e3 npe4~CTyBal--be. Bo oBoj cny4aj ce A06~Ba
3Ha'-lajHO noMan Kana'-\~TeT ~ noTpe6H~ ~HBecT~LI~~ 3a ~3rpaA6a Ha
npe'-I~CT~TenHaTa cTaH~4a.

2. OA acneKT Ha Bap~ja4~ja Ha Kon~'-1&.1HaTa Ha KaHancKa BOAa Koja AOafa AO

npe'-1&.1CnnenHaTa cTaH~4a, noBTOpHo npeAHOCT ce AaBa Ha 4enocHo
cenapaqVIOHVIOT KaHanVI3aqVIOH8H CVICT9M. BapVIjaL..IVIVIT9 Ha AOT9KOT Ha OBOj
CVICT9M ce AOCTa llOMarl~ BO CllOP9A6a CO BapV1jaL..IVIVIT9 Ha AOT9KOT Ha
OllWTVIOT KaHanVI3aL..IVIOH9H CVICT8M KOVI AOCTVIrHyBaaT OA M&.1HVIMYM AO
MaKC~MYM OA 1 AO 5. BaKBVITe BapVIjaL..IVIVI Ha AOTOKOT, ja oTe:>t<HyBaaT
pa60TaTa BO llOCTp09HVI-8TO 3a npe4VICryBal--b9.

011 eKCnnoaraqnja Ha npe'IHCTHTenHara craHnqa

1. OA acneKT Ha ycnoBVITe Bo eKcnnoaTa4111ja Ha npe'-IVICTVITenHVITe cTaHVI'-\VI,
llP9AHOCT ce AaBa Ha 1...19JlOCHO cenapa4V10HVIOT KaHanVI3aL..IVIOH9H CVICT9M. 3a
npe'-IVICryBal--be AOafa 110 paMHOMepHa KOn~'-IVIHa VI KBanVIT8T Ha KaHanCKaTa
BOAaTa. TaKa Aa npo'-lecoT noeAHOCTaBHO ce BOAVI, OAHOCHO HeMa
XV1Apaym1'-IKVI npeonTeperyBal--ha Ha CVICT9MOT KOVI CMeTaaT OA llOBeKe
acneKTVI ( BpeMe Ha 3aAp:>t<ysal--he so o6jeKnne, nowo Tano:>t<el--be,
npoMeHnVIBO KOJlVI'-IeCTBO Ha opraHCKVI MaTepVIVI VI AP-)
2. 06j9KTVIT8 BO npe'-1VICTVIT9JlHaTa CTaHVIL..Ia (peweTKVI, TaJlO:>KHVI'-\VI, aepa4V10HVI
6a3eHVI VI AP-) noroneM Aen OA rDA~HaTa ce KOpVIcTaT caMo OA OTilaAHIIITe
BOAVI. Cnpe~a Toa ~ 3a HVIB Tpe6a Aa ce Vl3rpaAaT. 3Ha'-IVI VI OA OBOj acneKT,
npeAHOCT Ce AaBa Ha 4enOCHO cenapa4VIOH8H KaHanVI3aL..IVIOH9H CVICT9M.
3. OA acneKT Ha OAP:>KYBal-be Ha noTpe6HVIOT cTeneH Ha npe'-IVICryBal--be, ce AaBa
llP9AHOCT Ha 49J10CHO cenapa4V10H8H KaHaJlVI3aL..IVIOH8H CVICT9M. Kaj
cenapa41110H~Te CIIICT8MVI llOCTp08HIIIjaTa 3a npe'-IVICryBal-be pa6oTaT CO
llOY9AHa'-leH npOTOK VI COCTaB Ha Kgl:iClJlCKaTa BOAa, nplll .WTO ce llOCT~rHyBa
noroneM ecpeKT BO npe'-IVIcrysal-b&ro. \ )
/
AKO ce norneAHaT npeTXOAH~Te cnopeA6~ Ha ll03VIT~BH~Te ~ HeraTVIBH~ OC06VIH~ Ha
KaHan~3a'-\~OHVITe CVICTeMVI, K:e ce 3~6ene:>t<~ AeKa cenapa4~0HV1Te KaHan~3a4~0HVI
C~CT8MVI VIMaaT llOBeKe ll03Ha'-la~HVI llP9AHOCWI BO cnopeA6a CO onwn1Te
KaHanV13a4VIOHVI CVICTeM~ ~ 3apaA~ !Toa so nocneAHO BpeMe VIMaaT ce noroneMa
I
np~MeHa BO KaHan~3a4VIOHaTa npaKca.

25
j

r Il ABA III
nOAAT04111 3A nJlAHII1PAI-bE
HA KAHAIIJII3A~II1JATA

1. nOCTAnKA HA nllAHif1PAI-bE

1.1.npeTXOAHH npHnpeMHH pa60TH

3a Aa ce 3anoYHe co nnaH11'1pa1-be Ha KaHan!l13al..\1!'1ja Ha eAHO HaceneHo MecTo Tpe6a
Aa ce pacnonara co OAPeAeHI!'1 noAaTOl..\11'111'1 nnaHOBII'1 spc ocHosa Ha KOII'1 Ke ce
np11'1cTanll'1 Ha 11'13pa6oTKa Ha 11'1HBeCTII'1l..\11'10HO TeXH!I1YKa AOKyMeHTal..\1!'1ja 3a
KaHanl!'13al..\11'10HII'10T CII'1CTeM. 3a Taa 1..\en noTpe6HI!'1 ce cneAH11'1Te noAnor111 111 noAaTOl..\11'1:
1. LltCTOp11'1CKII'1 nperneA Ha pa3BOjOT 11'1 MOMeHTanHaTa COCTOj6a Ha
KaHanl!'13al..\1!'1jaTa 111 o6jeKTI!'1Te Ha Hea.
2. Yp6aHII'1CTII'1'-IKII'1 nnaHOBII'1 Ha HaceneHOTO M9CTO BO CTaHAaPAH11'1 MepKL-1 1 :1000,
1 :2500 11'1 1 :5000 11'1 1:1 0000.
3. Hl!'1senal..\11'10HII'1 nnaHOB\11 Ha ynlfl411'1Te.
4. rpaHI!'1l..\a Ha yp6aHII'1311'1paHaTa noBpW11'1Ha.
5. npol..\eHryanHa 3aCTaneHOCT Ha n09AiflHII'1T9 yp6aH\11 noBpW11'1HII'1 (KpOBOBII'1,
ynll'1l..\11'1, TpoToapl-1, nnowT~II'1, 3eneHVIno VI AP·).
6. nocT09'-IKaTa KaHanl113al..\11'10Ha Mpe)f(a.
7. CTeneH Ha 11'13rp~eHOCT Ha HaceneHoTo MecTo.
8. rycTI!'1Ha Ha HaceneHV19TO BO noe.qVIH!I1 yp6aHI!'1 9AII'1H11'1l..\11'1 Of\ HaceneHOTO M9CTO.

I 9. npoMeHa Ha ryCTVIHaTa Ha HaceneHVI9TO BO VI3MI!'1HaTI!'10T nep11'10f\.

1 0. CTaT1!'1CT11'1'-IKVI no.qaTOl..\11'1 3a 6pojOT Ha )f(I!'1T9nii'1T9 BO MI!'1HaTOTO VI HII'1BHII'10T
npVIpacT.
I 11. noAaTOl..\11'1 3a BOAOCHa6A!I1T9nHII'10T CVICTeM; BKynHa KOnVI'-111'1Ha Ha BOAa KOja ce
Tp0WII'1, cnel..\VIqJ11'1'-1Ha nOTpowysaYKa Ha )f(VITen (BOAOCHa6A11'1T9nHa HOpMa),

I sap111jal..\11'1lfl Ha noTpowysaYKaTa 111 T.H.

12. no.qaTOl..\11'1 3a nOA39MHaTa BOAa (cp1113W-lKO - X9MII'1CKII'1 aHanl-1311'1, KOH1 Ha
H!I1BOTO 111 KOnVI'-11!'1Ha Ha nOA39MHaTa BOAa).
I 13. noAaTOL\VI 3a Ana60'-111'1HaTa Ha 3aMp3Hysal-be Ha 3eMjlflWT9TO.
14. XVIAPOMeTeoponowKII1 noAaTOl..\11'1 3a spHe)f(I!'1Te (AO)f(f\, cHer, rp~ 111 AP·) VI

I H!I1BHII'1 KapaKT9pii'1CTVIKVI (111HT9H311'1T9T, BII'1CII'1Ha, BpeMeTpael-be 11'1 .qp).

15. noAaTOl..\11'1 3a npaB9l..\OT VI CVInaTa Ha BeTpOBVITe.

I 16. noAaTOl..\11'1 3a TeMneparypaTa Ha B03AYXOT - MII'1HI!'1ManHa, MaKCVIManHa,

cpeAHOrOA11'1WHa, cpeAH0311'1MCKa.
17. no.qaTOl..\11'1 3a VIHf\YCTp11'1jaTa, BVI.£\0811'1 Ha lflHAYCTp11'1ja, OC061!'1HII'1 Ha
np011'13BOf\CTBOTO, 6poj Ha Bpa60T9HVI nVIL\a nO CM9HII'1, nOTpe6Ha KOnii'1'-111'1Ha Ha
so.qa 111 TH.

I 18. ¢11'1311'14KO-X9MV1CKII'1, 61!'10nOUJKII'1 11'1 6aKT9pV10nOLLIKII'1 OC06eHOCTII'1 Ha OTnaAH11'1Te 11'1

11'1HAYCTPVICKVI BOA11'1.

I 26

I
 19. noAaTOL-\L-1 3a P84L-1fiL-18HTL-1Te: MaKCV1ManHV1 L-1 ML-1HL-1ManHL-1 npoTeql.-1,
MaKCI.-1ManHI.1 1.1 MJ..1HI.1MaflHI.-1 BOAOCTOe)f{L-1 (HL-1801.-1), KBaflL-1TeT Ha BOAaTa BO
pe41.1n1.-1eHTOT 1.1 HerosaTa cnoco6HocT 3a caMonpe'-11.1CT)'Bal-be,
20. Happn)f{eH npocp1.-1n L-1 KapaKTepi.-1CTI.-1'-IHI.1 nonpe'-1HI.1 npece41.1 Ha pe41.1n1.-1eHTOT,
21. HI.1380AHI.1 KOp1.1CHI.141.1 Ha 80Aa OA pe41.1n1.-1eHTOT.
22. noAaTOL-\1.-1 3a np1.1CYCT80 Ha arpeCI.-18HI.-1 fiOA3eMHI.-1 80Aif1 80 fiOApa'-ljeTO,
noAflOfi.-1Te 1.-1 fiOAaT041.1T8 fi0Tpe6HL-1 3a npoeKT1.-1pa1-be Ha KaHan1.13a41.1jaTa flf1 co61.1pa
1.1H8eCTI.-1TOpOT, OAHOCHO KOMyHanHaTa pa60THa opraH1.13a41.1ja l.-1fll.1 naK Ce 3atJ.Ofl)f{y8a
Toa Aa ro np1.-1npeM1.1 npoeKTaHTOT.

1.2. <l>a3J.1 Ha npoeKTHpatbe

OA Kora K:e ce np1.16epaT CI.1Te noTpe6HI.-1 noAnor1.1 1.1 noAaTOL-\1.1 ce npl!'1cTany8a KOH
npoeKTI.-1pa1-be Ha KaHan1.13a41.1jaTa. V1H88CTI.-141.10HO-TexHI.1'-1KaTa AOKyMeHTa41.-1ja
061.-1'-IHO ce 1.13pa60T)'Ba 80 HeKOflKY cpa31.1 1.1 TOa:
1. 0cH08HO peweHI.1e - CTYAI.1ja,
2. V1Ae8H npoeKT,
3. rna8eH npoeKT,
4. V138eA6eH npoeKT.
Bo 3a81.-1CHOCT OA cno)f{eHocTa Ha TeXHI.1'-IKOTO peweHI.1e, OAHOCHo o.o. 6pojoT Ha
MO)f{HL-1Te TeXHL-1'-IKL-1 peweHI.1ja L-1 roneMI.1HaTa Ha 1.1H8eCTL-1L-\L!IOHaTa 8P8AHOCT, H8MOpa
Aa 61f1AaT oncpaTeHL-1 CI.-1Te cpa31.-1 Ha npoeKTI.-1pa1-be, OAHOCHo MO)f{e Aa ce
L-13pa60T)'8aaT caMo cpa3L-1Te if1AeeH 1.-1 rna8eH npoeKT.
Bo OCH08HOTO p8W8HJ..18 Ce Aa8a KOH4efll.\L-1jaTa Ha KaHanlf13a41.10Hif10T Clf1CT9M,
fl0flO)f{6aTa Ha rna8HL!IT8 lf1 8TOpOCTeneHI.-1T8 KOf18KTOp1.1, M8CTOfiOf10)1(6aTa Ha
nyMnHI.-1Te cTaHI.1L-\If1, ,,npeni.-18HI.-141.-1Te, C1.-1cpOHI.-1Te, npe'-11.1CTI.1TenHaTa cTaH1.14a 1.1 AP·
V1AejHif10T npoeKT noAeTanHo ja pa3pa6ol)'sa KaHancKaTa Mpe)f{a, Aa8a X!11Apayni.-1'-1Ka
npecMeTKa Ha KaHan~.-ne, rL-1 A8cp1.1H1.-1pa Alf1M8H31.-1L-1Te Ha o6jeKTL!!Te L-1 T.H. V1AejHif10T
npoeKT, I.-1CTO TaKa MO)f{e Aa ce o6pa6oTI.1 80 t;cmeK:e 8apl.-1jaHTI.-1, a ceKoja 8ap1.-1jaHTa
rL-1 o6pa60T)'8a CL!!Te o6jeKTL-1 wTo r~.-1 COAP)f{L-1/ 80 ce6e. Bo L-1AejHI.-10T npoeKT, ce Aa8a
npeAMep L-1 npecMeTKa Ha pa6onne .
3a ceKoja
I
8apL-1jaHTa noce6Ho. .
npoeKTaHTOT
.
spwL-1 ynopeAy8al-be Ha 8ap1.1JaHTI.-1Te:_ 1.-1~a8a npeAnor 3a yc8oJysal-be Ha eAHa
8apL-1jaHTa 3a fiOHTaMOWHa pa3pa60TK/
rna8HI.10T npoeKT ce pa6oTL-1 3a yc8QeHaTa 8apl.-1jaHTa OA 1.1AejHI.10T npoeKT. Bo Hero
ce Aa8aaT c1.-1Te noTpe6HI.1 npecMeT~I.-1 OA no8eK:e cpa31.-1. Ce npa8aT: XL-1Apayni.-1'-IKI.-1
npeCMeTKI.-1, CTaTI.1'-IKJ..1 npeCMeTKI.-1, Ce Aa8aaT CI.1Te 110Tpe6HI.-1 Ha4pT1.1 Ha 06jeKTL!IT8 BO
COOA8eTHa pa3Mepa, ce Aa8a TexHL!I~Ko peweHI.-1e 3a eneKTp1.1'-1HI.-1Te J..1HCTana41.1111 1.11
XL-1APOMeXaHI.-1'-IKaTa onpeMa, KaKO 1.-1 nOTpe6HIIITe apXI.-1TeKTOHCKI.1 Hal..\pTI-1 1.1 nnaHOBI.-1
3a 8Knony8al-be Ha o6jeKTI-1Te 80 npocTopoT.
V138eA6eHI.-10T npoeKT ce 1.13pa6ol)'Ba np1.1 caMoTo 1.13BeAyBal-be Ha pa6oTI.1Te. Bo Hero
Ce 8HeCy8aaT CI.1T8 I.-13M8HI.-1 OA rna8HI.-10T npoeKT, KOI-1 np01113f18ry8aaT OA TepeHCKI.-1Te
ycn081.-1 OAHOCHO OA peanHI.-1Te MO)f{HOCTI.-1 3a I.-1388AY8al-be.

1.3. npHcpaK:atbe Ha npoeKTHaTa AOKyMeHT34J.1ja

3a Aa Mo.>Ke Aa ce np111cTan1.-1 KOH l.-13rpaA6a Ha KaHan1.-13a41.-1jaTa, noTpe6Ho e
1.1H8eCTI.-141.-10Ho-TexHI.-14KaTa AOKyMeHTa4L-1ja Aa ja nperneAa CTPY'-IHa KOMI.-1CI.-1ja OA

27
 •.
I
..1

HajManKy Tp111 LJneHa (cnel\111jan111cT111 3a TaKsa npo6neMaTII1Ka) KOII1 Ke 1113roTBaT

pel\eH3eHTCKII1 1113sewTaj co Koro Tpe6a no3111TII1BHO P.a 6111P.e 04eHeTa npoeKTHaTa
P.OKYM8HTa4111ja, BO cnpOTII1BHO 111CTaTa ce spal(a Ha npOeKTaHTOT 3a P.Opa60TKa.
Co KOMnneT111paHaTa npoeKTHa P.OKYMSHTa4111ja 111 o6e36eP.eHII1 cp111HaHCII1CKII1 cpeP.CTBa,
111HB9CTII1TOpOT pacn111UJysa T8HP.8P 3a 11136111pat-be Ha cp111pMa 3a pean1113a4111ja Ha
KaHan1113a4111jaTa. 3a CTpyLJHa KOHTpona Ha KBafiii1T8T 111 KBaHTII1T8T np111 1113B8P.YBat-be
Ha pa60TII1Te, 111H8SCTII1TopoT Ha3HaLJysa HaP.30peH opraH. Ha!J.30pH1110p opraH 111Ma
roneMII1 osnacTyBat-ba 111 OArD80pHOCTII1 3a ycnewHo 3aspwy8at-be Ha KaHan1113a4111jaTa.
HaP.30pHII10T opraH, noKpaj CTPYLJHaTa KOHTpona Ha KBanii1TeTOT 111 peanll13111paHII1
KOf1111LJII1HII1, ja CfiSA!II P.II1HaM111KaTa Ha pean1113a4111ja 111 r111 110TI1111Wy8a cpii1HaHCII1CKII1T8
HannaTHIII P.OKyMeHTII1 KaKo CIIITYal\111111 111 P.P·

2. EKCnJlOATA41110HEH nEPIIIOA

np111 npoeKn1pat-be Ha KaHanvt3a41110HII1Te Mpe:>KIII ce onpe.qenysa poK 3a Koj

KaHan1113a4111jaTa Tpe6a P.a ¢YHK41110HII1pa. He e 111CTO .qan111 KaHan1113a4111jaTa ce
npoeKT111pa 111 rpaA111 3a 3aP.OBonysat-be Ha MOMeHTanHII!Te noTpe611! (HajLJecTo ce
jasysa so BOHPSP.HII1 CvtTYa4111111, 3eMjoTpec, nonna8a, roneMa xasap111ja 111 en.) 111nvt
Tf3e6a .qa ce 3a!J.OBonaT noTpe61!1Te 3a llOP.Oflr speMeHCKII1 nep111o.q. ~ecTo naTII1,
npvtCYTHa e :>t<en6aTa, eKcnnoaTa41110HII10T nepii!OP. Ha KaHan1113a4111jaTa .qa 6111.qe WTO
no.qonr, HO nocTojaT npvtLJL!1HII1 KOII1 P.enysaaT Toj poK P.a 6vtP.e noKpaTOK, a Toa ce
Cfi8.QHII1Te:

I a) co 3roneMysat-be Ha eKcnnoaTa41110HL!IOT nepL!IO.Q Ha KaHan~~t3a4111jaTa ce

3roneMysa npoceLJHOTO LJII!Het-be Ha MeTap .qon:>KeH 11138e.QeHa KaHanvt3a411!ja,
O.QHOCHO Ce 3rDfleMyBa cpvtHaHCL!ICKOTO 011TOBapy8at-be Ha 9KBII1Bafi8HT8H
I 6)
:>KII!Ten,
CO P.OflrDTpajHa ynOTpe6a Ha KaHanvt3aL\vtOHV1T8 488KII1, a BO 3aBII1CHOCT O.Q
COCTaBOT Ha KaHafiCKaTa BO.Qa, IIICTII1T8 MO:>Ke P.a 6Li1P.aT 11!3a69HIII 111 OWT8T8HII1.
I POKOT 3aBII!CII1 OA speMeTO, 3a KOS KaHaflll13a411!0HIIIT8 48BKII1 MO:>Ke P.a rill
3a.Qp:>KaT HenpOM8H8TII1 CBOII1T8 KapaKT8p111CTII1KII1.

I 06111LJHO KaHaflll13a4vtOHII10T CIIICTSM Ce npe.QBIII.QYBa .qa rill 3a.QOBOfllll 110Tpe6vtT8 80 pOK

o.q 25 .qo 30 ro.QII!HIII nocne HII18HaTa 1113rpa.q6a. noce6Ho BHII!MaHL!le Tpe6a P.a ce
o6paTII1 Ha nnaHCKII10T pOK 3a rnaBHIIITS KaHafllll, nyMnHII1T8 CTaHIIIL\111 Ill 110CTOp8HII1jaTa
I 3a npeLJL!ICTYBat-be Ha 80AaTa.
np111 ycsojyBat-bSTO Ha nnaHCKII10T pOK 3a cpyHKL\IIIOHII!pat-be Ha KaHaf11113a4111jaTa, Tpe6a
Aa ce 111Ma so npeA8111A speMeTo noTpe6Ho 3a npoeKT111pat-be 111 1113BSP.YBaH>e Ha
I KaHanll13a41110HIIIOT CII1CTeM. 08a speMe o6111LJHO ce ABII1:>KII1 OA 3 P.O 5 rDA111HII1.

I 3. 6POJ HA >KIIITEIIIII

6pojOT Ha :>KIIIT8fiii1T6 npeTCTaByBa OCHOBa 3a AIIIM6H31110HII1pat-be Ha CKOpO CII1T6

111HcppaCTPYKTYPHII1 Mp8>KII1 111 CII1CT6MII1, Mefy KOII1 cnafa 111 rpaACKaTa KaHaflll13aL\111ja.
I 3a npoeKT111pat-be Ha KaHanll13aL\1110HaTa Mpe:>t<a 3a o.qnaAH111 BOA111, HeonXOAHO e
1103Ha8aHle Ha 6pojOT Ha KOpV1CHII1L\111T9 80 KpajOT OA 6KCI1fiOaTaL\1110HV10T nep1110A,
KaKO 111 80 1108A111HV1 8p8M6HCKII1 npeC8L\111 OA TOj nepii10A. 6pojOT Ha >KII1T6fiV1T6 3a
HapeAH1110T nep111oA ce 3eMa OA nnaHOBII!Te 3a nepcneKTvt8HvtOT pa3soj Ha HaceneHII1Te
MecTa. Ao KOnKy TaKBII1 noAaT04111 HeMa, Toraw ce spwvt npecMeTYBat-be co cneAHaTa
pa8eHKa:

I 28

I
 Nk =NP(l+foof
KaP.e e: - Nk- KpaeH 6poj Ha >+<L-nenL-1, nocne "n" roAL-'IHL-1,
- Np- ceraweH (no4eTeH) 6poj Ha >KL-'ITenL-1,
- p - npOL.\SHT Ha npL-1pacT Ha HaceneHL-'leTo,
- n - nnaHCKL-1 nepL-10!J. L-13pa3eH BO fOAL-'IHL-1.
Bo npeTXOAHaTa ¢opMyna noce6Ho BHL-1MaHL-1e Tpe6a Aa ce o6pHe so
onpeASilyBa~eTO Ha llP049HTOT Ha npL-1paCTOT Ha HaC9119HL-19TO. np048HTOT Ha
npL-'lpaCTOT 3aBL-1CL-1 OA llOB9K9 ¢aKTOpL-1 KaKO WTO ce rOil9ML-1HaTa L-1 3Ha4e~9TO Ha
yp6aHoTo noApaYje, pa3BL-19HOCTa Ha cTonaHCTBOTO (L-1HAYCTpL-1ja, TypL-13aM L-1 AP),
KYilTYpaTa L-1 CTaHAaPAOT Ha HaC9119HL-19TO L-1 T.H. npL-1paCTOT Ha HaCe119HL-19TO MO>Ke
Aa 6L-1Ae npL-1pOAeH L-1 MexaHL-14KL-1. MexaHL-14KL-10T npL-1pacT AOafa OA ML-1rpa4L-10HL-1Te
np048CL-1 Ha HaceneHL-19TO OAHOCHO npL-1 L-1C91lyBa~eTO OA SAHO L-1 AOCellyBa~eTO BO
APYro HaceneHo MecTo.
3a onpeAenyea~e Ha OBOj llP049HT ce KOpL-1CTaT llOAaT04L-1 OA HSKOilKY ll0C119AHL-1
nonL-'ICL-1 Ha HaceneHL-'leTo co cneAHaTa ¢opMyna:

p=I0{~-1]
- N1,N2, 6poj Ha >KL-'ITenL-1 OA ABa nonL-'lca Ha HaceneHL-'leTo,
- n 6poj Ha fOAL-'IHL-1 noMefy ABaTa nonL-'lca
OA A06L-1eHL-1Te HeKonKy pa311L-14HL-1 epeAHOCTL-1 Ha npo4eHTOT K:e ce npo4eHL-1 Koj e
peaJlHL-'IOT L-1 TOj Ke ce YCBOL-1 3a npeCMSTYBa~e Ha L-1AHL-10T 6poj Ha >KL-1T911L-1.
AeMorpa¢cKL-10T pa3eoj Ha HaceneHL-'leTo eo ML-1HaToTo L-1 nporH03a eo L-1AHL-10T
eKcnnoaTa4L-10HeH nepL-10A MO>Ke Aa ce npL-1Ka>+<e L-1 so rpa¢L-14Ka ¢opMa (en 20).
1150
' \
\ I
1100 --o- perMCTplllpaH np111paCT Ha HaceneHIIleTo 1961 " 1994 .6..

1050 - •X-
--!1!1.-
peaneH nplllpacT Ha Hacene eTa 1994 - 2025
·..______.- ·

norpeweH nplllpacT Ha HaceneHIIleTo 2003 - 2025 I

/
1000
Gl r
~ 950
I
Gl I
t;
8 900
I
as I
:10:
850
as I
:10: I
0 800
/
Q.
10 I - ,.J

, • .. ..
750
I

700

650

~
~
- 1- J!.-l~

600
.o-
550 /
500
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
rOA Ill HIll

Cn.20. npMpacr Ha HaceneHMero 3a ceno Kap6MH4M

3a nepMop, 1961 - 2025 rop,MHa

29
 B1r13yenHo OA rpacplr1KOT Mo:>Ke Aa ce 3a6ene:>Kir1 KaKsa e nporHo3aTa 3a 6pojoT Ha
1 HaceneHir1e so lr1.QHir10T neplr10.Q. Ha en. 20 nplr1Ka:>KaHir1 ce ,QBe Jllr1Hir11r1 3a nporHo3a Ha
:lJ HaceneHir1eTo so lr1.QH1r10T neplr10.Q. Ce 3a6ene:>Kysa ,Q8Ka so 8.QH1r10T cnyYaj HanpaseHa
e He peanHa nporH03a 3a 6pojoT Ha HaceneHir1e so Hapep,Hir10T neplr10.Q. TaKBaTa
COCTOj6a 61r1 ,QOBSJla ,QO npep,IIIM8H31r10Hir1pa1-b8 Ha KaHaJllr13a41r10Hir10T Clr1CT8M, KOj HSMa
,Qa 61r1,Q8 lr1CKOplr1CTeH BO nO,QOJlr 8KCnnoaTa41r10H8H neplr10,Q.
Qp, pa3B~Hir1T8 lr1 yp6aHIIICTIII4Kir1T8 nnaHOBIII Ha HaCSJlSHOTO MSCTO Tpe6a ,Qa ce
,Q061r1jaT no,QaT041r1 1r1 3a rycTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHir18TO no noe,Qir1Hir1 yp6aHir1 8.Qir1H1r141r1.
rycTir1Ha Ha HaCSJ18HIII8TO npeTCTaByBa 6poj :>Kir1Tenlll Ha 8,Q8H XSKTap O,Q yp6aHaTa
nospwlr1Ha. 3a cencKir1 Hacen61r1 1r1 noManlr1 rpapps111, rycTir1HaTa ce .QBIII:>Kir1 p,o 50
:>Kir1T/xa, a 3a noroneMIII rpa,QOB1r1 O.Q 50 AO 300 :>KIIIT/xa. 3a MHory roneMir1 rpa,QOB1r1
O,QHOCHO 3a nOS,Qir1Hir1 KBapTOBIII 1r1n1r1 3a nOS,Qir1Hir1 L\8HTpa11Hir1 rpap,CK1r1 nO,Qpa4ja,
rycTIIIHaTa AOCTIIIrHysa 1r1 MHOry noseK:e. 3aToa yp6aHaTa nospW1r1Ha ce ,QSJllll Ha 30HIII
1·1
co pa3niii4111Ta rycTIIIHa. Ha ceKoja yn1114a Tpe6a p,a ce 3Hae, Koja 111 e rycTLIIHaTa Ha
J
HaceneHIIIeTo, O.QHOCHO 3a ceKoja Hej3111Ha np~~tnap,Ha nospwVIHa ,Qa ce 3Hae KonKaB
6poj Ha :>KIIITenL!I IIIMa. 6pojoT Ha :>KIIITem1Te e noTpe6eH 3a p,a ce onpe,QenL!I
KOJlW-IL!IHaTa Ha OTna,QHa sop,a WTO ce 04eKysa OA ceKoja yp6aHa nospw~~tHa.

4. KOJ1Li14li1HA HA KAHAJlCKlll BOAIII

I KonLi14111HaTa Ha KaHancKL!I BO.QLII 3aBIIICVI OA roneMVIHaTa no,Qpa4jeTo Koe e oncpaTeHo
CO KaHaJ11113al.\lllja, XV1p,poreOJlOWKIIIT8, XLii,QpOM8T80pOnOWKIIIT8 KapaKT8pL!ICTIIIKLi1,
6pojOT Ha HaC8Jl8HIIIe KOe e npiiiKJlY48HO Ha KaHanlll3al.\llljaTa, O,Q HIIIBHaTa cne4LilcpL114a
noTpOWyBa4Ka Ha BOp,a O,Q CIIICT8MOT 3a BO,QOCHa6,QyBal-be, O,Q BL!I,QOT Li1 o6eMOT Ha
npL!1CaTHa LiiH.QYCTplllja, Lil O,Q npL!IM8H8TLi10T KaHMLil3a4Li10H8H CL!ICTSM, .

npeTXO,QHIIIT8 BJlLiljaTSJlHLil cpaKTOpLil rill ,Q8cpL!IHL!IpaaT KOnLi14Li1HLi1T8 Ha 6Li1TOBIII,

IIIH.QYCTpiiiCKIII, aTMOCB8pCKLil Lil Li1HcpLi1nTpa4Li10HLi1 KaHaJlCKLil BO,QL!I. Bo npO,QOJl:>K8HLi18

I nOOASnHO K8 ce aHanL!I3Li1paaT CnOMHaTIIIT8 KOnLii4Li1HLi1 Ha KaHanCKIII BOALil.

4.1. DMTOBM BOAM

CKopo 4enaTa KOJlL114L!IHaTa Ha BO.Qa Koja ce TpowLil so .QOMaKL!1HCTBaTa a e .QOBeAeHa

npeKy soppcHa6AL11TenHL!1Te CL!1CT8ML!I, co Mana 3aKacHysal-be ce npeTsapa so
ynoTpe6eHa -6Li1TOBa BOAa. CnpeMa Toa, npLil onpe,Qenysal-be Ha KOJ11114Li1HaTa Ha
6Li1TOBIII BO,QLil, BJ1LiljaHL!I8 LilMaaT Li1CTIIIT8 cpaKTOpLi1 CO KOLil C8 ,Q8cp111HIIIpa KOJ1Li1:>KLi1HaTa Ha
BO,Qa 3a BO,QOCHa6,QyBal-be.

K011Li14Li1HaTa Ha 6Li1TOBL!I BO,D.Lil e 3aBL!1CHa op,: 6pojOT Ha :>KIIIT8Jllll, KaHaJ1Li13a4Li10Ha

(O,QBO,QHLi1T8nHa) HOpMa Ill K08cpiii4Li18HTL!1 Ha ,QH8BHa Li1 4aCOBHa HepaBHOMepHOCT

KaHalll-13a4Li10HaTa HopMa ( Qk) npeTcTasysa cpep,Ha KOnLi14Li1Ha Ha 6Li1TOBa so,o.a Koja

I ce op,se,Qysa 3a e,o.eH p,eH OA ep,eH :>KillTen ( ll d I z). nocTOLil p,Li1peKTHa spcKa noMefy
BO,LJ.OCHa6p,IAT8J1HaTa HOpMa ( Q0 ) lr1 KaHanlll3al.\Li10HaTa HOpMa ( Qk ).

I Bo 3aBIIICHOCT O,Q BIII,QOT Ha KaHanlll3al.\IIIOHIIIOT CIIICT8M, H8roBaTa 1113rpa,LJ.8HOCT,

CTaHp,app,OT Ha HaCSJlSHIIISTO ce CM8Ta p,eKa Bp8HOCTa Ha KaHanlll3al.\IIIOHaTa HOpMa
Li13Hecysa 70 ,QO 90 % OP, BOP,OCHa6p,111T8nHaTa HOpMa, O,LJ.HOCHO :

Qk = (0.7 -T 0.9) ·Q 0
~cTpa:>Kysal-baTa noKa:>KysaaT ,QeKa KOJ1Lii4L!1HaTa Ha sop,a .QOHeceHa 3a
I BOP,OCHa6AyBal-be Ha AOMaKIAHCTBaTa, IIIH.QYCTpL11jaTa Li1 KOMyHaJ1Hir1T8 noTpe6Li1 He

i 30
~enocHo He ce nojasysa KaKo KaHancKa BOAa. PeTK~ ce cnyya~Te Kora ~Ma noce6Ha
BOAOBOAHa Mpe>Ka 3a OAP>KYBal-be Ha KOMyHanHa x~n!leHa (M~el-bs Ha ym1~111,
napK1t1H31tl 111 AP·) 111 3a 3an~t~sal-be Ha rp~~Hitl 111 napKos~. Bo noseK:e cnyYaltl, OA SAHa
80AOBO.qHa Mpe>Ka Ce 3aAOBonysaaT AOMaWHitlTS lt1 KOMyHafiHitlT8 nOTpe61t1, KaKO 1t1 3a
ltlHAYCTp~t~jaTa Koja 6apa so.qa co K8an~t~TeT KaKo n~t~TKa BOAa. CnpsMa Toa,
KOflltl'-lltlHaTa Ha 80Aa Koja ce OABSAYBa co KaHan~t~3a~~OHitlOT CltlCTSM s noMana OA
oHaa Koja s A08SASHa co BOAOCHa6A~t~TSfiHitlOT c~cTeM. Pa3n~t~KaTa 80 Kon~t~YitlHitlTS Ha
80Aa ce ja8y8a 3apa.q~t~ 3ary6~t~Ts Ha 80Aa KOitl Mo>Ks Aa HacTaHaT Ha pa3Illtl'-1Hitl
Ha'-lltlHitl 111 Toa:
• SASH ASfl OCTaHy8a 80 opraHit13aMOT Ha nyfeTO ~ >KitlBOTHitlTS,
• ~t~cnapysal-be Ha 80AaTa np111 Kysal-be, Kanel-bs, Mltlel-be Ha yn1114111 111 en.
• 3an~t~8al-bs Ha napKOBitl,
• racsl-bs Ha no>Kap,
• 3ary61t1 Ha BOAaTa BO BOAOBOAH1t1T8 MpS>K~ ~ T.H.
081t1S 3ary6111 Ha 80Aa 8ap~t~paaT, 111 o6~t~YHO ce AB~t~>KaT 10 AO 20% OA AOBeAeHaTa
so.qa, a noHsKoraw AOCTitlrHy8aaT ~ 30%. Kon~t~Y~t~HaTa Ha BOAa Koja cs OA8SAY8a co
KaHan~3a41tlOHaTa CltlCTSMa MO>Ks Aa cs yc80itl .qsKa lt13Hecy8a 80% OA KOflltl'-lltlHaTa
Ha BOAa KOja S A08SA8Ha CO 80AOCHa6AitlTSfiH~OT CltlCTSM.
Q~den = 0,80· Q~ t~en
0

Bo osaa pa8SHKa 03HaK~t~Te npeACTa8y8aaT:

Q;::den - CPSAHOAHSBHa noTps6a Ha 80Aa,
Q:;;den. -CP8AHOAHS8HO OTeKy8al-bS 80 KaHan~3a4~ja.
CpSAHOAHSBHaTa nOTpe6a Ha 80Aa 3a HaceneH~ MSCTa ce onpeAefly8a Ha Cfi8AH~OT
Ha'-lltlH:

vod.
Qsri = Qo · N '(m3 I den) Qvod. = Qo · N (
3 1 ) vod. Qo · N (!Is)
den
1OOO ' sri cas
24 . 1OOO m cas ' q sri sec = 24. 3600

MaKc~ManHo AHSBHitlTS 111 YaC081tl noTpe6~t~ OA 80Aa 3a HaceneH~t~ MecTa ce

onpeAsny8aaT Ha cnsAHitlOT Ha'-l~t~H:
vod.
Qmarl Qo · N ( 3 Id ) Qvod. Qo · N · aJ (m 3 I cas),
den = 1000 . aJ m en ' maxlcas = 24 ·1 000 . a2
vod. QO · N k (/I ) k
qmaxlsec = 24·3600. 0 s 0 = al ·a2

MaKC~t~ManHaTa npoTOYHa KOfl~'-lltlHa Ha oTnaAHitlTe 80A1t1 K:s ce npecMeTa co

CfiSAHaTa pa88HKa:

K~S WTO k0 , 8 OnWT K08cplt1~~8HT Ha HSpaMHOM8pHOCT, 80 KOj Ce BKfiY'-ISH~

KOecp~qlt18HTitlT8 3a AHSBHa 1t1 '-laC08Ha Hspa8HOM8pHOCT.

31
Koecp1114111HHTOT 3a onwTa HepaMHOMepHOCT Ha npoTOI..\111Te o,q 6111TOBII1Te so,q111 k 0 e
noroneM 3a noManii1Te, a noMan 3a noroneMII1Te HaceneHII1 MecTa.
CnopeA CTaH,qapA111Te np111 onpeAenysaJ-be Ha KOm14111HaTa Ha 6111TOBII1 KaHanCKII1 80A111
3a A111MeH31110H111pal-be Ha cenapa41110HeH KaHan1113a41110HeH CII1CTeM, KOni!141!1HaTa A80jHo
ce 3roneMysa.

Qmaxlden = 2 · 0,8 · Q;:fden · ko = 1,6 · ~~~~ · k0 3

(m I den)

N- 6poj Ha ·3lnenl!1,
a1 - K08cp1111..\1118HT Ha ,[\H8BHa Hepa8HOMepHOCT,
a2 - K08cp1111..\1118HT Ha 4aCOBHa HepaBHOMepHOCT,
ko- K08cp111L\1118HT Ha OnWTa Hepa8HOMepHOCT
3a onpeAny8aJ-be Ha cpe,qHOAHe8HaTa Koni!141!1Ha Ha 6111TOBI!1 80,1:\1!1 no 4aC081!1, 80
3a81!1CHOCT OA onwTI!10T Koecp1114111eHT Ha HepasHoMepHOCT 111 OA 8pe,qHocTa Ha
cpe,qHOAH8BHaTa KOnW-fi!1Ha Ha BOAa 80 Pyc111ja ce KOpii1CTI!1 Ta6enaTa 6p. 1
Ta6. 1 npoLJeHryanHa pacnpeAen6a Ha K8H8flCK8T8 BOA8,
ao 38BIIICHocr DA cpep,Horop,I!IWHI!IOT npoceK ao (lis) 111 k0

CpeAHAHeeHa KOJWiliHHa Ha 6HTOBIII BOAIII

Q sr/den (lis)
'-laCOBir1 _]J,O 15 30 50 100 200 300 500 800 > 1200
ko
1.90 1.80 1.70 1.60 1.40 1.35 1.25 1.20 1.15
0- 1 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.25 2.60
1-2 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2 .00 2.25 2.60
2-3 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.25 2.60
3-4 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.25 2.60
4-5 1.20 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.25 2.60
5-6 3.10 3~ 30 3.50 4.35 4.20 4.80 5.05 4.90 4.80
6-7 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.95 5.80 5.00 5.15 4.90 4.80
7-8 7.40 7.20 7.00 5.80 5.80 5.00 5.15 5.00 4.80
8-9 7.95 7.50 7.10 ' 6.70 5.85 5.65 5.20 5.00 4.80
9- 10 7.95 7.50 7.10 6.70 5.85 5.65 5.20 5.00 4.80
10- 11 7.95 7.50 7.10 6.70 5.85 5.65 5.20 5.00 4.80
11 - 12 6.30 6.40 6.50 4.80 5.05 5.25 5.10 5.00 4.80
12- 13 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.95 4.20 5.00 5.00 4.80 4.70
13- 14 3.60 3.70 3.80 5.55 5.80 5.25 5.10 5.00 4.80
14- 15 3.80 4.00 4.20 6.05 5.80 5.65 5.20 5.00 4.80
15 - 16 . 5.60 5.70 5.80 6.05 5.80 5.65 5.20 5.00 4.80
16- 17 6.20 6.30 6.40 5.60 5.80 5.65 5.20 5.00 4.80
17- 18 6.20 6.30 6.40 5.60 5.75 4.85 5.15 5.00 4.70
18- 19 6.20 6.30 6.40 4.30 5.20 4.85 5.10 5.00 4.80
19-20 5.25 5.25 5.35 4.35 4.75 4.85 5.10 5.00 4.80
20-21 3.40 3.40 3.40 4.35 4.10 4.85 5.10 5.00 4.80
21 -22 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.35 2.85 3.45 3.80 4.50 4.80
22-23 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.40 3.00
23-24 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.55 1.65 1.85 2.00 2.25 2.60
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Koecf:>111L!II18HTOT Ha onwTa Hepa8HOMepHOCT .e OA noce6Ho 3HaYeJ-be, np111

onpe,qeny8al-be Ha KOni!14111HaTa Ha 6111T08111 111 111HAYCTp1!1CKII1 OTna,qHII1 80A111 80
3a8AH1114KII1 KaHanl!13aL\1!10H8H CI!1CT8M.

32
 Baplt1jal-!11'111'1T8 Ha 61t1T0811'1T8 80f:\11'1 3a f:\8a pa3nlt14Hit1 K08cpLo1L!Lo16HTII'1 Ha OllWTa
Hepa8HOMepHOCT ko =1.9 111 ko =1.15 ce nplt1KmKaHit1 Ha en. 21

9.00

8.00
~\
7.00 7 f \
~
0
6.00 1-

\ f
0

5.00
a.
c
'1
4.00
I ! \ II \ \
3.00 II ~
\~ \
\~
2.00 -"I -o-KO= 1.9
--i%-KO =1.15
j ~
1.00
l'!acoeMI
0.00
0.00 3.00 6.00 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00

Cn. 21 BapMja41111 Ha 6MTOBM

0
B~,lJM3a k0 = 1.9 11 ko = 1.15
Konii'1411'1HaTa Ha 61t1T08a 80f:\a ce npecMe-ry8 1~ 111 co pa8eHKaTa:
I Nk ·Q 0

q = 14.3600
14

Bo 08aa pa8eHKa C?,I1WTII'10T Koe¢11'1L!II'18HT 3a HepaMHOMepHocT 11'13Hecy8a:

24
k0 = =171
14 '
npeTXOf:\HaTa pa88HKa CO KOja ce npeCM8-ry8a npOTOK Ha OTilaf:\Ha 80f:\a,
Koe¢11'1L!II'18HTOT ko e 3eMeH KaKo 14 4aCo8eH npoTOK OA nii'1Hit1jaTa Ha Tpael-be Ha
npOTOKOT Ha KaHanll'13al-!11'1jaTa 80 T8K Ha f:\8HOT CO MaKC11'1ManHa KODL-1411'1Ha Ha OTnaf:\Ha
80f:\a. 08oj Koe¢11'1L!II'18HT MO)f(e Aa ce 3eMa 111 KaKo 1 0 AD 20 4aco8eH npoTOK, Of:\HOCHO
011WTII'10T K08cplt1L!II'18HT ce f:\811'1)1{11'1:
Ii 24
on k0
r;
= 24
10
= 2 40
'
AO k0 =
20
= 1 20
'
npocp. H.A.
Ao6poxoTo8, Koe¢11'1L!II18HTOT Ha onwTa HepaMHOMepHOCT ro 1113pa3y8a 80
3a8111CHOCT OA cpef:\HO-rDAII1WHOTo oTeKy8al-be. CnopeA Hero, ko e f:\a.[\8HO 80
Ta6enaTa 6p. 2.

I Ta6. 2 3aaMCHOCT Ha k0 ao cj:;yHKL4Mja o,q QcpiAeH (lis)

Qcp/AeH (/Is) 5 1900 >1900

ko 2.20 1.25 1.2

33
npocp. H.<D. <DeAopos ja npeAnara cneAHaTa paseHKa:
k = 2,69
o Q0.121
srl den

K~ee:

Qcp/AeH- Cpe.qHOAH9BHO OT9Lfy8al-be 80 n/c.

Bo CAA ce np1!1MeHy8a cpopMynaTa Ha Harmon.

k0 = 1+ 14
4+ .J p 11 000
K~e e: p - 6poj Ha >KI!lTenl!l Ha HaceneHoTo MeCTO.
Bo npeTXOAHaTa pa8eHKa 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha Koecpl!li...\1119HT ko e 80 3a81!1CHOCT caMo
OA 6pojoT Ha >KI!1Tenii1Te, 3apaA111 Toa noKacHo o.q CTpaHa Ha Devis e 1!138pweHa
KopeKI...\Iilja Ha npeTxo.qHaTa cpopMyna

k
0
=[
1+ 14
4+~p/1000
J· Dmax
D
=[1+ 4+~p/1000
14 J· 2,90·1,026D1,026-log(p/1000)
·D 2

K~ee:

DMax - MaKCI!lManHa rycTI!lHa Ha HacenHI!leTo 80 >KMT!xa.

D - cpe.qHa rycTI!lHa Ha HaceneHI!leTo 80 >KMT!xa.
Bo <DpaHI...\I!lja, 3a onpe.qeny8al-be Ha Koecpl!li...\1119HTOT Ha onwTa Hepa8HOMepHOCT ko, ce
KOpl!lCTI!l cpopMynaTa:

ko = 1,5 + 2,5
~Qsrlden
KaAe WTO Q sr t den ce 1!13pa3y8a 80 !Is.
Bo repMaHI!lja Koecp1111..\1119HTOT Ha onwTa Hepa8HOMepHOCT ce 3eMa 80 cpyHKI...\I!lja OA
6pojoT Ha HaceneHI!le. BpeAHOCTI!lTe ce AaAeHI!l 80 Ta6enaTa 6p. 3
Ta6. 3 3aai!1CHDCT Ha ko ao cjJyHKLfMja o,q QcPIAeH (lis)

N AO 2000 AO 10.000 AO 100.000

>KIIITeml

ko 2.40 - 2.20 2.00- 1.72 1.72- 1.50

Bo <DpaHI..\I!lja 111 80 repMaHI!lja Koecp1111...\1119HTOT ko He ce 3eMa noMan OA 1,5 Hl!lTY

noroneM OA 3,0.
Bo 6yrap111ja ce KOpl!lCTI!l cpopMynaTa Ha T.AII1MLfe8.
2,084
ko = 1+ 0.278
Q srl den

noKaCHO e Hanpa8eHa KOp9K4111ja Ha npeTXOAHaTa cpopMyna OA CTpaHa Ha Ali1M08CKI!1.

Bo 3a81!1CHOCT OA cpeAHOAH98HOTo oTeKy8al-be Ha 80AaTa 80 HaceneHoTo MecTo,
1!13pa3eHo 80 n/c, onWTIIIOT Koecpl!li...\1!19HT ko e A<¥\9H 80 Ta6ena 4, a e npecMeTaH co
cneAHaTa cpopMyna:

34
 2,70
k0 =1+ 0 253
Qs;lden
Ta6ena 4 3aaMCHOCT Ha k0 o,q QcptAeH so (nlc)

Qcp/A9H 5 10 15 25 50 100 200 300 400 500 750 1000

(nlc)

ko 2,78 2,49 2,35 2,18 1,91 1,82 1,70 1,63 1,58 1,55 1,50 1,46

3a p.pynne speAHOCT~ Ha Qcp/AeH , speAHOCTa Ha Koe¢~4~8HTOT ko MO>Ke Aa ce

npecMeTa co m1HeapHa ~HTepnona4~ja ~n~ Aa ce npo~~Ha OA rpacp~KOT Ha en. 22

3
ko
~
~
~'-- ....
2,5

2 "'' ' ~ )~, ~

~~
~~
1,5 ~ ~ .....
~

.
0,5

cpe qeH n pol OK Q rl• n rz s)

0
1000
10 \_:)

Cn. 22 /pacjJW-IKa 3aBMCHOCT ko = f(Qsrtden)

4.2. ~HAYCTp~CK~ OTnaAH~ BOA~

OnpeAenysaHbeTo Ha ~HAYCTp~cK~Te oTnaAH~ BOA~ e so 3aB~CHOCT OA B~AOT Ha

~Hp.ycTp~jaTa, TexHonowK~OT nop4ec, pa6oTa so cMeH~ ~ APYro. Kon~~~HaTa Ha
OTnap.Ha BOAa ce onpeAenysa Bp3 OCHOBa Ha 6pojoT Ha BKynH~Te ~HAYCTp~CK~
npo~3BOA~ ~ ycsoeHaTa noep.~He~Ha OABOAH~TenHa HopMa.

CpeAHOAHesHaTa Kon~~~Ha Ha oTnaAHa BOAa ce onpeAenysa co cpopMynaTa:

_
Q srlden-
m ·Q ind .
i k

KaAe e:
m; - 6poj Ha ep.~H~4a npo~3BOA~ 3a BASH pa6oTeH ASH [nap~~l-ba],

35
..
)J.o KOJlKY 111H!.\YCTp111jaTa np01!13BeAyBa pa3JlW-lHI!1 np01!13BOAI!1, 3a Ll111e npOII13BOACTBO ce
Tpowv. pa3n1114Ha KOJ111141!1Ha Ha BOAa, Toraw cpeAHOAHeBHI!10T .OATeK .ce A06111sa:
Q srlden = "~ m;Qind
k
.

3a onpeAenysat-be Ha MaKCI!1ManHI!10T 4acos OATOK, noTpe6Ho e Aa ce 3eMe so

. npeAB111A 111 BpeMeTO Ha pa6oTa Ha 111HAYCTp1!1jaTa KaKO 1!1 OnUJT1110T KOecp1114111eHT Ha
HepaMHOMepHOCT np111 OATe4ysat-beTo k;m~.
Im;·Q~nd.
q max/ cas -- T. 3,6 ·kind

3a pa6oTa Ha 111HAYCTpll1jaTa BO eAHa CMeHa MO)f(e Aa ce Han111we:

Im; ·Q~nd.
qmax! cas = S. 3 6 ·k ind
'
Bo Pyc111ja, Koe¢1114111eHT 3a HepaMHOMepHocT Ha 111HAYCTp111CKI!1Te oTnaAH111 BOA111 ce
3eMa Ha CJleAH1110T HaLJI!1H.
Ta6ena 5
PeA.
6_2_oj IIIHtWCTpl!lja k ;nd
1. MeTanyprlllia 1,0-1,1
2. TeKCTIIIIlHa 1,0-1 ,2
3. KHIII)I{Ha (XapTIIIeHa) 1,3-1 ,8
4. Ko)l{a_pcKa 1,5-2,0
5. XeMIIICKa 1 ,3-1 ,5
6. npex_paM6eHa 1,5-2,0

4.3. ATMoccpepcKif1 BOA"'

Konii14111HaTa Ha aTMoccpepcKa BOAa Koja ce nojasysa KaKo KaHancKa BOAa e MHory
ripoMeHJlii1Ba BO TeKOT Ha rGAI!1HaTa. 3a speMe Ha CYWHII1 nep1110A111 8AHaKsa e Ha Hyna,
AOAeKa 3a speMe Ha 111HTeH31!1BHI!1 AO)f(AOBI!1 Hej31!1HaTa spefJ.HOCT MO)f(e Aa 6111Ae
AOCTa roneMa. Konii14111HaTa Ha aTMOcsepcKa so.n.a Koja ce nojasysa KaKo
· nospw1!1HCKO TeLJel-be 111 ce np111cpaK:a co KaHanll13a41110HII10T cll1cTeM 3asi!1C1!1 o.n.:
X111fJ.pOMeTeOp01lOWKII1Te ycnOBI!1, penjecpOT Ha yp6aHaTa nospW1!1Ha, HaKnOHOT, B111AOT
. Ha no.n.noraTa, XII1APOreonOWKII10T COCTaB Ha nOLJBaTa, npeTXOAHa BJla)f(HOCT 1!1 MHOry
APYr111.
Kora 36opysaMe 3a aTMOcsepcKII1Te BOA111, npeA ce M111CJ1111Me Ha BOAaTa o.n.
AO)f(fJ.OBII1Te., HO 111CTO TaKa so osaa rpyna cnafaaT 111 na.n.asii1HII1Te Ha CHer, rpaA 111 AP·
OA npaKTII14eH 1!1HTepec 3a KaHan1113a4111jaTa ce 1!1HTeH31!1BHII1Te AO)f(AOBII1 KOII1 TpaaT
penaTII1BHO KpaTKO speMe (5 AO 30 MII1HYT111) 111 cny4aeBII1 Ha 111HTeH3111BHO TOnet-be Ha
noroneMII1 cHe)f(HII1 MaCI!1.
OA Ha6nYAYBal-baTa Ha AO)f(AOB\IlTe ce 3a6ene)f(ysa AeKa nocToll1 OAPAeHaa
3aKOHOMepHOCT 111 nep1!10fJ.1!14HOCT, Koja ceywTe He MO)f(e Aa ce 1113pa31!1 co
3afl.OBOJlii1T8JlHa MaTeMaTII1LJKa TOLJHOCT.
Mepet-beTo Ha spHe)f(I!1Te ce spw111 co AO)f(fJ.OMep1!1, nocTaseHI!1 Ha KapaKTep"1CT1!14HV1
MecTa. Co o6111LJHII1Te AO)f(fJ.OMep"1Te, ce per111cTp111pa na.n.HaTI!10T fJ.O)f(A so TeKoT Ha
eAeH .n.eH, HO He ce per111cTp111pa speMeTo Ha nafat-beTo Ha AO)f(AOT. TaKa 1113MepeHV1Te

36
PP>KAOBII1 He npeTcTasysaaT npeKTW·IeH 111HTepec 3a KaHanlt13aL-\111jaTa.. 3a
KaHanll13aqll1jaTa HeonXOAHO e Aa ce 3Hae speMeTo Ha P.O>KAOT 111 npoMeHaTa Ha
111HT9H3111T9TOT 3a BpeMe Ha Tpaet-beTO.
npaKT11149H 111HTepec 3a KaHanll13al..\lo1jaTa npeTCTasysa aBTOMaTCKOTO perlo1CTp1-1pat-be
Ha BII1Cio1HaTa 111 speMeTo Ha AO>KAOT. Toa ce nocTII1rHysa asToMaTCKII1 ypeAL-1 3a
perii1CTp111pa1-be Ha AO>KAOT 111n1-1 oM6orpaqm. Co os111e ypeAI-1 noKpaj BII1CII1HaTa Ha
AO>KAOT ce per111cTp1o1pa 1-1 speMeTo Ha nojasysal-be 111 Heroso Tpaet-be, KaKo 1-1
npoMeHaTa Ha lo1HT9H31-1T9TOT Ha AO>KAOT 3a BpeMe Ha Tpaet-beTO.
0CHOBH111Te eneMeHTI-1 KOII1 ro KapaKTep1113111paaT AO>KAOT ce cneAH1-1Te:
• i - 111HT9H31o1T9T,
• t - speMeTpael-be,
• n - nosTopysal-be (YecToTa),
• p = Y,: sepojaTHOCT Ha nojasa Ha AO>KAOT

• L1 - ja4111Ha.
lllcTo TaKa OA 3HaYajHo Ha KOnKasa nospw111Ha nafa AO>KAOT 111 KaKo ce MeHyea
111HT9H31-1T9TOT no nOBpW111HaTa.
VIHTeH3111TeToT Ha AO>KAOT npeACTasysa OAHOC noMefy BI-1C04111HaTa Ha naAHaTII10T
Tanor (h), BO mm 111 speMeTpael-beTO (t), BO MI-1HYTII1, OAHOCHO lo1HT9H31-1T9T Ha AO>KAOT
npeACTasysa BI-1CII1Ha Ha naAHaT AO>KA eo SAL-1H1o14a speMe. Osoj I-1HTeH31-1TeT ce BI-1Ka
lo1HT9H3111T9T no BI-1C041-1Ha 1-1n1-1 cp11131o14KII1 111HT9H31-1T9T.

l. = h
- ( mm I mn.
\. )
t

14
h \ ~-

(mm) ..
I)
12 .,_. I
'
.,.---"
~
~V
10

8 /
v
6 v
4

~
~ t (min
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Cn. 23 flMHMja Ha npoMeHa Ha BMCMHaTa Ha f!O>Kf!OT B03aBMCHOCT Of! BpeMeTO

37
·~
J
.l

Ha en ..23orpacpVILJKVI S npVIKa:>KaHa npOMSHaTa Ha BVICVIHaTa Ha AO>KAOT BO 3aBVICHOCT

OA spsMsTpasl-bsTo Ha AO)KAOT . . OA rpacpVIKOHOT cs 3a6sns)Kysa ASKa
VIHTSH3VITSTTOT Ha AO)KAOT e HajroneM 3a AO)KAOT 15-TaTa AO 30-TaTa MVIHyra OA
Tpasl'hSTO Ha AO)KAOT (cn.24). ,[\OKOnKy AO)KAOBVITS CS MspaT CO OM6porpacpV1, BO TOj
cnyLJaj cs A06VIsaaT saKBVI VIHcpopMal\VIVI 3a AO>KAOT KaKo Ha cn.23.

1
~

s
~
~
...
if
0
c:[
IU

...:z:
...:s:
Q)

(')
:z:
...::c
Q)

I :s:

I . o--c __J. ~ )....

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

I
~
t (min)

Cn. 24 l1HTeH3MTeT Ha ,qo>K,qoT cnpeMa cyMapHaTa nuHuja Ha ,qoJK,qoT o,q cn.23

I Bo KaHanVI3al\VIOHaTa npaKTVIKa noLJSCTO cs ynoTps6ysa VIHTSH3VITSTOT Ha AO*AOT no

KOnVILJVIHa Ha n~HaT AO)KA V13pa3SH BO nVITpVI Ha CSKYHAa no 8A8H XSKTap.

BVIC04VIHaTa Ha AO)KAOT (h) OA mm ce npeTsapa so 3anpeMVIHa, V13pa3sHa so M3 VlnVI

I nVITpVI Ha SASH XSKTap.

w = h[mml.lo.ooo [m l/ W=h[mm].lO.OOO·lOOO [zJ ·:v~

3

I 1000 f!nVI 1000

BpsMsTo (t) OA MVIHyrVI, ce npeTsapa so ceKYHAVI (t.60).

I Osoj VIHTSH3VIT8T Ha AO)KAOT Ce BVIKa ywTe VI VIHT8H3VIT8T no 3anpeMVIHa

T8XHV14KVI VIHTSH3VITST, aCe npeTCTaByBa CO CnSAHVIOT V13pa3:
VlnVI

I q = W(l) = 166,7 !!:_ = 166,7 · i

t. 60 t
[!Is· ha]

I KoecpVIl\VISHTOT 166,7 cny)KVI 3a npeTsapal'bs OA VIHT8H3VITST no BVIC04VIHa so

VIHT8H3VIT8T no 3anp8MVIHa OAHOCHO OA cpV13VILJKVI BO T8XHVI4KVI VIHTSH3VIT8T.

Bo KaHanVI3al\VIOHaTa npaKTVIKa, 3a AVIMSH3VIOHV1pal'he Ha KaHanVI3al\VIOHVITe Mpe)KVI

I ce KOpVICTaT AO)KAOBVITe KOVI nafaaT 3a speMs OA 5,1 0, 15,20,25,30,40,50 VI 60
MVIHyrVI. ,[\O)KAOBVITe co noKyco speMe Ha TpVIel'be ce noVIHT8H3VIBHVI OA
noAonroTpajHVITe AO)KAOBVI, OAHOCHO noVIHT8H3VIBHVITs AO)KAOBVI VIMaaT noKpaTKO
I speMe Ha Tpael'he (cn.23).

I 38

I
 nosTopyBal-beTO Ha pp:>KppT BO TeKOT Ha eAHa fOAiftHa ce o6ene:>Kysa CO "n". AKO
AO:>KAOT ce nojaslft eAHaw BO roALitHaTa, n=1, aKo ce nojaslft ABa naTift, n=2, a aKo ce
nojaslft eAHaw so ABe roALitHLit, yLJecTaHOCTa e n=0,5 Lit T.H. 6pojoT Ha roALitHLit OA
XLitAPOfiOWKLitOT HlftS so Koj t<e ce nojaslft HeKoj AO:>KA eAHaw ce osHaLJysa co "p". Oslfte
ABe speAHOCTLit ("p" Lit "n") ce peqLitnpoYHLit eAHa Ha Apyra.
1 1
n=-; p=-;
p n
KaHanL~tsaqlftOHLitTe Mpe:>Kift He ce AlftMeHSLitOHLitpaaT co Hajlf1HTeHSLitBHif1Te AO:>KAOBLit
saToa wTo KaHanlftTe t<e lftMaaT roneMLit nonpeYHLit npeceqlft Lit t<e ce HeeKOHOMLitYHLit. 3a
Aa ce nocTLitrHe LitSBecHa eKOHOMiftja nplft AlftMeHSLitOHLitpat-beTo, ce npaBaT COOABeTHLit
aHanlftslft, KOLit AO:>KAOBLit t<e ce seMaaT, co KaKos LitHTeHSLitTeT Lit co KaKBO
noBTopyBal-be.
3a Aa ce onpeAefllft 6pojoT Ha roALitHiftTe Litfllft MeceqlftTe, 3a KOLit t<e ce AOSBOJILit
nonnasysal-be Ha KaHanlf13aqlftoHaTa Mpe:>Ka ce corneAyBaaT wTeTiftTe wTo t<e
HacTaHaT co nonnasysal-beTo. KonKy nopeTKO t<e ce npeonTepe-ryBa Mpe:>KaTa, TonKy
noroneMLit Alf1MeHSLitlft LitMaaT HejslftHiftTe KaHanlft Lit o6paTHO, KOnKy noYecTo ce BpWLit
nonnaByBat-be TonKy ce noManlft npeceqlftTe Ha KaHanlftTe OA Mpe:>KaTa.
Bo npBLitOT cnyYaj, wTeTiftTe OA nonnasyBal-be ce Manlft Litfl111 soonwTo rift HeMa HO
saToa naK LitHBeCTiftl\lftlftTe sa LitsrpaA6a Ha KaHanlftTe ce roneMLit. Bo BTOpLitOT cnyYaj e
o6paTHO, noManlft ce LitHBeCTiftl\lftOHLitTe sno:>Kysat-ba, Ho MHory noYecTo AOafa P.O
nonnaBysal-be Ha ynlftqlftTe, Koe npeAiftSBLitKYBa Lit noroneMift MaTepL~tjanHLit wTeTLit.
nepLitOAOT Ha eAHOKpaTHO nonnasysal-be sa pasnlftYLitTLit 3eMjlft e pa3JIIftLJeH. Bo
Wsajqap111ja ce 3eMa OA 1 AO 5 roAiftHLit. Bo AHrnlftja sa aTMoccpepcKaTa KaHanlf13aqL~tja
ce seMa 1 AO 5 roAif1Hif1, a 3a onwTaTa KaHanlftsaqlftja ce OALit Lit AO 50 roALitHLit.
Bo CAA ce 3eMa noroneMa o6e36eAeHOCT Ha KaHanlf13aqlf1oHaTa Mpe:>Ka Lit Toa OA 2 AO
10 roAiftHLit, sa HeKOLit TproscKift qeHTpLit OA 5 AO 50 rOALitHift, a 3a 3HaYajHif1 LitHAYCTpLitCKLit
qeHTpLit 50 na Lit noaet<e rOALitHLit.
Bo Pyclftja sa aTMoccpepcKaTa Lit 3a onuJTaTa KaHanlftsaqlftja ce 3eMa AO 20 roAiftHLit.
06e36eAeHocTa Ha KaHanlftsaqlftOHaTa Mpe:>Ka 3a roneMLitTe rpaAOBLit He Tpe6a Aa e
lftCTa 3a qenaTa yp6aHa nospWLitHa. TaKa Ha npLitMep, 3a nepLitcpepHLitTe KaHaJILit lftfllft 3a
\
BTOpOCTeneHLitTe peOHLit, eAHOKpaTHO npenOJIHY~!-be Ha KaHanlftTe MO:>Ke Aa ce
npeABLitALit 3a 5 AO 10 roAiftHLit, a 3a rpaACKLitTe 4eH~PL11 Lit sa rnaBHLitTe KoneKTOPLit OA 10
AO 50 roA. \
Kaj Hac, soo61ftLJaeHa npaKTLitKa e noBTop. ysal-beTo ~a AO:>KAOT Aa ce 3eMe 2-3 naTLit sa
nepLitOA OA 3 AO 5 roALitHLit. \
MeTOALitTe sa onpeAenyBat-be Ha aTMoccpepcKLitTe KO~LitHLit Ha BOAa co KOLit t<e ce
I Alf1MeH3LitOHLitpa aTMoccpepcKaTa Litfllft onwTaTa KaHafllft3aqlf1ja, reHepanHo MO:>Ke Aa ce
noAenaT BO ABe rpynlftlft Toa:
1. MeTOALit 3aCHOBaHLit Ha TaKaHape4eHLitOT KOecpLitqlfteHT Ha SaKacHyBat-be
(KoecpL11L\If19HT Ha H9eAHOBpeMeHO OTeKyBat-be) KOLit Ce 6a3LitpaaT Ha paSfllftLJHLit
eMnLitpLitCKLit cpopMynlftlftfllft naK rpacpw-fKLit KOHCTpyLitpaHLit AlftjarpaMift.

I 2. CospeMeHLit MeTOALit co KOLit ce onpeAenysa npoTOKOT so AaA9H npocpLitn OA

cnlftBHaTa nospwLitHa.
OnwTaTa paBeHKa co Koja ce onpeP.enyBa KOJIW-IIftHaTa Ha aTMoccpepcKa BOAa Koja
I AOTeKyBa so KaHanlftTe e cneAHaTa:

I S9

I
.!

Q=F·q·lf/·((J
KCiAe e:
F- CilVIBHa nospUH1Ha, s.o xa,
q- M6POAaBeH AO>KA (TeXHW-IKVI VIHT6H3VIT6T),BO n/c.xa,
If/~ K06QJVIL\VI6HT Ha OT64yBal-b·e,

cP- K06QJVIL\VI6HT Ha 3aKaCHyBal-be.

4.3.1. MepoAaBeH AO>KA

3a onpeAenysal-be Ha MepoAaBHVIOT AO>KA so nVJTepaTypaTa ce cpeK:asaaT noseK:e
eMnf..1pVICKVI cpopMynf..1:
1
a) MeTOA Ha npocfl. n.cJ>.rop6a"'OB

I Bo ycnosVJ Kora He pacnonaraMe coMeTOAaTa Ha npocp. lop6aYos npeTcTasysa

6Mnf..1pf..1CKa cpopMa 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha J..1HTeH3f..1TeTOT Ha AO>f<P.OT. VICTaTa Haofa
npf..1MeHa so cnyYaf..1 Kora He pacnonaraMe co noAaTOL\f..1 3a Bf..1CO'-If..1HaTa Ha AO>f<AOT ""
I speMeTpael-beTo Hero Kora f..1MaMe caMo f..1HcpopMa4"""" 3a Bf..1CO'-If..1HaTa Ha AO>KAOT,
OAHOCHO cpeAHOroAf..1WHVI spHe>Kf..1. Co osaa MeTOAa ce KOpf..1CTVI paseHKaTa 3a
TeXHf..1YKf..1 f..1HTeH3f..1TeT Ha AO>KAOT.
I q = 166,7 ·i
IIIHTeH3f..1TeTOT Ha AO>KAOT OAHOCHO 3aBf..1CHOCTa noMefy Bf..1COYf..1HaTa Ha naAHaTf..10T
I AO>KA "" speMeTpael-beTo ja f..13pa3f..1Il npeKy ja4f..1HaTa Ha AO>KAOT.
ll = ..j"h:i

6f..1AejK:f..1 i=~ ; To raw MO>Ke Aa ce Hanf..1waT f..13pa3f..1Te: ll = ~ f..1Ilf..1 11 = i.fi

AKo OA nocneAHaTa paseHKa ce f..13pa3f..1 "i" K:e ce BillA"" AeKa IIIHTeH3111TeToT Ha

AO>f<AOT e 06paTHO nponOpl..\f..10HaneH CO KBaApaTHVIOT KOpeH Ha speMeTpael-beTO.

I .
. l =
ll
.Jt

I Ja4111HaTa Ha AO>f<AOT 3a AaAeH noKaniiiTeT ce onpeAenysa . co noMow Ha

cpeAHOrQAf..1WHf..1Te BpHe>KIII (Hcp), no paBeHKaTa Ha npocp. lop6a40B.

= JL· VP; J1 = a · VH;:; =a · ifiiE· ifP ;

I KaAe e:
ll ll

I • a- reorpacpcKa KOHCTaHTa (nonpaseH Koe¢1114111eHT) Koj 3a Haw"" ycnosf..1

1113Hecysa 0,046,
• 1J.- KiliiiMaTCKa KOHCTaHTa KOja 3aBf..1Cf..1 OA cpeAHOrQAIIIWHIIIT6 BpHe>Kf..1,
•
f MeTOAaTa Ha lop6a'-IOB rill KOpf..1CTIII BKynHVITe rGAIIIWHJ..1 BpHe>Kf..1 VI npeTnOCTasysa
I AeKa IIIHTeH3111BHf..1Te AO>Kpps"" ce jasysaaT so roAVIHf..1Te co roneMIII roAf..1WHf..1 spHe>Kf..1.

I 40

I
 no Tpael-beTO AO>KAOBIIITe MO>KaT Aa 6111AaT MHOry pa3nw;HIII, OA H9KOnKy MIIIHYTif1 na
ce AO HeKonKy 4aCOBif1. He nocTolll cpyHKL\IIIOHanHa saBIIICHOCT noMefy Tpael-beTo 111
IIIHTeHSIIITeTOT Ha AO>f<AOT, TaKa Aa AO>KAOBIII co lf1CTO Tpael-be MO>KaT Aa IIIMaaT MHory
paSJ111149H IIIHT9HSIIIT9T. np111 TOa, AO>KAOBIIITe CO noroJieM IIIHT9HSIIIT9T Ce nojaByBaaT
no peTKO OA OHIIIe co noMan IIIHTeHSIIITeT. Co o6pa6oTKa Ha roneM 6poj Ha noAaTOL\1.1
sa BpHe>KIIITe ce AOafa AO CTaTif1CTif14Ka saBif1CHOCT noMefy Tpael-beTo, lf1HTeHSIIITeToT
111 noBTopyBat-beTo Ha AO>KAOBIIITe, KOIII MO>KaT Aa ce npeTcTaBaT BO BillA Ha AllljarpaM
111n1.1 BO BillA Ha paBeHKa. AoKonKy oBaa saBIIICHOCT ce npiiiKa>Ke BO BillA Ha AllljarpaM
co noBTopyBal-be KaKo napaMeTap(cn.24) BO Toj cny4aj TaKBIIITe KpiiiBIII ce HapeKyBaaT
"noAeAHaKBO eKOHOMIII4HIII pa4yHCKIII AO>f<AOBIII" ·
3a HIIIBHa KOHCTPYK4111ja Ce KOp1.1CTaT MepeHIIITe llOAaTOL\111 sa AO>KAOBIIITe OA
oM6porpa¢. Co oM6porpacpoT ce A061t1Ba cyMapHa niiiHIIIja Ha naAHaTif1Te AO>KAOBIII BO
OAPeAeHo BpeMe (cn.23).
210 1) ,tjOJKAOBU O,ll KOU CO noroneM UHTSH3UTST Ha 2 ro,q.
ce 3a6eneJKysaar caMo e,qHaw
~ 2) J:tOJKAOBU O,ll KO!If CO noronaM llfHTSH3HTST HB 10 fOJ:t.
~180 ce 3a6eneJKysaar CBMD e,qHaw
~ 3) J:tO>KJ:lOBU 3B6eneJKB CO HajroneM HHTSH31tfTeT
~

~50
1-
0

~120
~
Cll
:X:
1-
90
~
~
~ 60
~
:X:
::s;: 30

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tpaefbe Ha ,qo)K,qor td (min)
Cn. 25. flvtHvtvt Ha no,qe,qHaKBO eKOHOMMYHvt paY.yHcKvt ,qoJK,qoavr

AKo ce nocMaTpa Alf1jarpaMoT Ha Blf1Cif1HaTa Ha n~HaTIIIOT AO>KA (cn.23), MO>Ke Aa ce

3a6ene>KIII CJleAHOTO:
I • AO>KAOT He san04HyBa Harno CO jaK IIIHTeHSIIITeT,
• He e KOHCTaHTeH BO TeKOT Ha BpeMeTO Ha HeroBOTO nafat-be,
I • He npeCTaHyBa Harno CO nafat-be.
111HTeHSIIITeToT Ha AO>f<AOT Bo no4eTOKOT e Man, nocTeneHo ce sroneMyBa,
AOCTif1rHyBa HajroneMa BpeAHOCT 111 ce sa.qp:>+<yBa IIISBecHo 8peMe, a noToa nocTeneHo
onafa.
CeKOj AO>f<A Clll lf1Ma C80111 KapaKTep111CTif1Kif1, HO CKOpO Clf1T9 AO>KA08111 IIIMaaT CJ111149H
o6niiiK Ha cyMapHa Kp1118a.
Har1116oT Ha TaHreHTaTa T.e. TaHreHc Ha aronoT wTo ro saKnonyBa TaHreHTaTa 80
i HeKoja T04Ka OA cyMapHaTa Kp1.18a co anc4111CaTa, ro Aa8a IIIHTeHSIIITeTOT Ha P.O>f<AOT
80 Toa 8peMe.

I 41

I
 .Q111jarpaMoT Ha AO>KAOT ce pa3Aeny8a Ha Aeno8111 co Tpael-be 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60,
90, 120 i-1T.H. M111HYTII1 CO Cll94111janHa llOCTanKa ce npecMeTy8a CP9A9H 111HT9H3111T9T 3a
Tille noeA111HII1 Aeno8111, 8HII1Ma8aK1!1 Aa co 3roneMy8al-be Ha 8peMeTo ce HaMany8a
111HTeH31.1TeToT Ha AO>KAOT. CeKoj TaKo8 A9J1 ce cMeTa KaKo. noce6eH AO>KA. Ha TaKos
Ha'-1111H ce o6pa6ory8aaT 111HTeH31118HI!1Te AO>KA08111 80 noAonr Hll13 Ha rDAII1HII1. BaKa
A061!1eHI!1Te . · noAaTOLIIIl ce Knac111cp1114111PaaT cnpeMa AOn>KI!lHaTa Ha Tpael-be 111
.. 111HT9H3111TeToT Ha AO>KAOT, a noToa ce onpeAenysa 111 HII18HaTa cpeAHa fOAIIlWHa
yYecTaHocT. nocne Toa TO~KII1Te ce HaHecy8aaT Ha AllljarpaM Ha Koj Ha a6CLI111CaTa ce
HaHecy8a Tpael-beTo Ha AO>KAOT 80 MII1HYTII1, a Ha OPA111HaTaTa ce HaHecy8a
111HT9H3111T9TOT Ha AO>KAOT 80 {!Is ha). Ha Kpaj ce BpW111 cnojy8al-be Ha TO~KII1Te CO 111CTO
llOBTOpy8al-be KaKO WTO e llplllKa>KaHO Ha en. 25. TaKB111T9 Kp1118111 JIMHI/1111 Ce
I HapeKysaaT KpM8M Ha noAeAHaKso eKOHOMII1~HII1 pa4yHCKII1 AO>KAOBI/1.
Ha cn.26 AaAeHI!l ce Kpii181!1Te Ha pa~yHCKMTe AO>KP.08M 3a CKonje 111 np111nen.
CKOilJE
llEPl!IO,Q 1949 - 1970 ro,q
g=-
-t+
1. L
I I
l!IHTEH3l!ITET HA BPHE>Klil li1 BPEME HA
TPAEI-bE KOJ CE JABYBA CEKOJA llETA,
BTOPA, CEKOJA fO,Ql!IHA li1 ,QBAilATlil
no rO,Ql!IWHO

+ tI
l
.I
.l I
~
JOD l .T •I

T
I
t I
T
";::..
ItO ~

~p TT T
I l I
no I T
I I I I
T T
~~
_,
no J1 ErEHAA :::::1
i\f Tl I 1
I
I
T 1 1- CeKoja neTa ro,q111Ha
"'C
s
-l -l
H
I
I
T
I
T tI 2- CeKoja BTopa ro,q111Ha
:::I
m

~
I I I
h
T T T ·r ·+ 3- CeKoja ro,q111Ha :::::1

I ~
q, ~ I I
T 1
1 I
I .l
I
l
l
I
I I
4- ,Qea naTIII ro,q111wHo

120
I I T I T 1

I 110 T l\ ·~ T T
I
T
I I
+t
++t
~~ ~
I I
100 -± Tl Lr I I
-~ I I T . T ·+ l:::J~
I IC
-t l\ +\ I II 1I Tl TI lI Qb

~
· ~~

~i ~it
II ~ 1\)
Q
I I
+ r+ +,- l::irn Q
;J_ r r O:r::
I
70
I
T
~ N: + ·r
T I
I
I
IT
T
.... b

N rt iJ ti t t
tO
f-.!_ I I 1
50 I T I T I

I
I
T
1
I
1\ l
t{
T r-,1 ~ T
I"
:r- ~ I
i
l l
I I
....
Q

~
-r I ..!._
I
~-
I f r{ N: ~ ~ y ~ .'b.
I
I
f-+i1
:-~
Q

I I
'F .:. 1 t I)'~ Et r{; J_ rt ~ 2L I

I
I I I
~
3:!.._ ~

t-++ T + T I .!.. IT I.
t fl I

T 1 T +I
4! 1,__
T I 1 I 1 I

T'-i
0
I
I j_ j_ I I I .1.._ ..L I ..1. twr
f
= l T T T l I ·1 1 ~
Q

I ID 20 lG '41 loO
BpeMeTpaett.e t muo
10 70 I~ to IDD liD IZII 0
0
0
tn
.....
0
.....
tn
yYeCTaHOCT
1\)
0
1\)
tn
w
0
w
tn

I Cn.26 Kpuau Ha pa'-lyHCKU ,qo>K,qoau 3a CKonje u npunen

I 42
 B) Co cpopMyJu1 A0611teHift OA AlftjarpaMIItTe Ha pal.fyHCKIIt AO>KAOBIIt
Co aHam13a Ha AL!!jarpaML!!Te co KOL!! ce npL!!KIDKaHVJ peA08L!!Te Ha paYyHCKL!! AO>KA08Li1
(cn.26), noeAL!!HL!! a8TOPLI1 AOUJne P.O pa3nL!!YHL!1 pa8eHKL!1 3a HL!18HO npeTcTa8y8at-be. -
HeKOL!! OA HL!18 Ke rL!! npL!!KIDKeMe 80 npOAOfi>KSHL!!e:
. A 0 A 0 A
z = - - ·z= ·z = - -
tk · B' (tK +BY' r; +B
KaAS WTO e:
tK - 8peMeTpael-be Ha AO>KAOT, 80 ML!!HYTL!!,
A,B,n- KoectmL\L'18HTL!1 KOL!! 3a8L!!CaT OA yYecTaHocTa Ha AO>KAOT Li1 KfiL!!MaTCKL!!Te
ycno8Li1.
BaK8Li!Te pa8eHKL!1 ce KOpL!!cTaT sa MaTeMaTL!!YKO MOAenL!!pal-be Ha KaHanL!13a4~~tOHIIITe
CL!!CT8MIIIo
r) npllt HeMat-be Ha OM60rpacpllt
Bo Pyc111ja, np111 HeMal-be Ha oM6orpacpL11, ce ynoTpe6y8a cpopMynaTa npeAfiO>KeHa OA
IIIHCTIIITYTOT nHI/1111-AKX. .
20n ·q20 (1 +~logp)
q= . . tn

KaAS e:
q2o- IIIHTeH3111TeT Ha AO>KAOT 80 n/c.xa, co Tpaet-be OA 20 MIIIHYTIII 111
no8Topy8at-be eAHaw roAIIIWHO.
p- nepiiiOA Ha n08TOpy8al-be 80 fOAIIIHIII,
.t- 8peMeTpa131-be Ha AO>KAOT 80 MIIIHYTIII,
n, c - KoecpL11L\111eHTII1 KOII1 3a8111CaT OA reorpacpcKaTa nono>K6a Ha noApaYjeTo
(nocTojaT A111jarpaML!1 sa onpeAeny8at-be Ha 081118 napaMeTpL!!).
q 20 = 0,071· H ·.Jdii [n/c.xa]
KaAS e:
H- cpeAHOroAL11WHII1 8pHe>t<ll1, A06111eHII1 KaKo npoceK OA no8eKe roAvtHII1, 80 MM,
(He noManKy OA 15 rOA111H111),
ds - ASQJ111L\111T Ha 8fiiDKHOCT (He noManKy OA 5 TOAL!!HL!!).

A) CJ>opMyna Ha H.H.6enos

Bpe.qHocTa Ha Mepo.qaBHL!!OT AO'A<A ce onpe.qenysa Li1 no cpopMynaTa Ha H.H.6enos co

cne.qHII10T 111spas:

f) CJ>opMyna Koja ce KOplltcTaT so <1>paH411tja, TyH~~tc, An>KIItp 11t MapoKo

Bo <l>paHL\IIIja, TyHIIIC, An>t<111p, MapoKo ce KOPIIICTII1 cne.qHaTa cpopMyna:

43
 = 4+3logf ·/·l 66 7 [n/c.xa]
q 1+ {2/3 '

Ka.o.e e:
f- no8Topy8at-be Ha .n.mKAOT (KOnKy naTVI .o.mKP.OT K.e na.o.He 80 e.o.Ha rOP.t'!Ha)
t- 8peMeTpaet-be Ha AO>KAOT 80 MVIHYTVI

e) <!>OpMyJ1a WTO ce KOp~cp~ BO Ky6a

Bo Ky6a VI APYrVITe jy>KHo AMepiiiKaHCKVI AP>Ka8VI ce KOpiiiCTIII cpopMynaTa:

q=~· 25,4·166,7 =70,56~ [1/s.ha]
t +b 60 t+b
napaMeTpiiiTe "A" 111 "b" 3a8111CaT o.o. o6e36e.o.eHocTa so rGf\VIHIII 111 ce .o.a.o.eHVI so
· Ta6ena 6.
Ta6ena 6
roA.Ha
nOBTOp.
1 2 5 10 25 50 100 1000

A 104 130 175 222 302 378 485 1040

b 17 19 22 26 35 44 56 120

q, =64+0,42·H [1/s.ha]

H- BIIIC04111Ha Ha P.O>KP.OT BO CM.

3) Cpe.qHoeeponcK~ HOPM~

Co cpe.n.HoesponcKIIITe HOpMIII ce 3eMa e.n.Ho"--acoseH AO>KA co .BVICIIIHa 36 .n.o 40 MM.

KOj Ce npeT8apa BO P.O>KA CO Tpaet-be OA 15 MIIIHYTIII.

36
i1 = !!__ = = 0,60 (mmlmin.)
60 60
40
i2 = = 0,67 (mmlmin)
60
q = 166,7 · i [1/s.ha]

q = 100 P.O 11 0 (lIs · ha)

44
 4.3.2. HepaMHOMepHOCT Ha AO>KAOT
Ao:>KAOT Koj nafa Ha OAP8AeHa no8pWL-1Ha He e co L'1CTa pa8HOMepHOCT, OAHOCHO
L'1HTeH3L'1TeToT Ha AO>KAOT noKpaj no 8peMe e npoMeHnL'1B L-1 no no8pWL-1Ha. npL-1
noroneML-1 aHanL'13Li1paHL'1 no8pWL-1HL'1, noTpe6Ho e Aa ce 3eMe 80 npeA8L'1A L-1 08aa
3a8L'1CHOCT. Bo 080j cny4aj ce 8ocnocTa8ysa 3a8L'1CHOCT noMefy cpeAHaTa speAHOCT
Ha M8POAaBHL'10T AO>KA qsr L-1 MaKCL!1ManHaTa speAHOCT qmax Ha 3acerHaTaTa
nospwL-1Ha Koja ce aHam13Lo1pa:

qsr- =
17 = - 1 L'1JIL'1 q sr = TJ · q max
qmax 1+k·Fm
KaAe:
- Fe npL-1na!J.HaTa nospwL-1Ha Koja ce aHanL'13Lo1pa 80 xa,
- k npOM8HJILo1Ba
- m cTeneHOB noKa3aTen, 4L'1ja 8P8AHOCT e 0.67
OA Hanpa8eHL'1 L'1CTpa>Ky8al-baTa 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha npoMeHJIL'18aTa k e YTBPAeHo
AeKa Hej3Lo1HaTa 8P8AHOCT L'13Hecy8a k = 0.0017, HO 3apa!J.Li1 noroneMa CL!1rypHOCT e
npenopa4aHo Aa ce yc80L'1 k = 0.001. Co Toa hpeTXOAHaTa cpopMyna ja A06L'18a
CJ18AHaTa cpopMa;
1
17=---- -2'
1+0.001·F 3
08oj Koe¢L-14L-18HT ce 3eMa 80 npeA8L-1A 80 3aBL'1CHOCT OA roneML!1HaTa Ha
aHanL'13Lo1paHaTa n08pWLo1H3. 8p8AHOCTL'1T8 Ha KOp9Kl.\L'10HLo10T K09cpL'1l.\L'18HT 80
338L'1CHOCT OA nospWLo1HaTa ce A3AeHL!1 80 Ta6enaTa 6p.7
Ta6ena 7
no8pWL-1Ha
100 200 300 500 1000 2000 3000 4000
(hal
7J 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.87 0.83 0.8
no CB8TCKL'1T8 CT3HA3PAL-1, 8P8AHOCTa Ha OBOj KOp8Kl.\L'10HL'10T K08cpLo1l.\L'18HT 17 3a
nospwL-1HL'1 AO 300 xa ce 3eMa eAeH.

4.3.3. KoecilM4MeHT Ha OTeLiyBat-be

EAeH Aen OA AO>KAOBL'1Te naiJ.HaTL-1 Ha yp6aHaTa nospwL!1Ha AOafa so KaHanL!13al.\L'1ja, a
APYr Aen ce 8nL'18a 80 TepeHOT, ce 3a!J.P>KY8a Ha no8pWL-1HaTa L'1JIL'1 L!1cnapy8a.
KonL'14Lo1HaTa Ha 80Aa wTo AOafa 80 KaHanL'133l.\L'1jaTa 3a8Lo1CL'1 OA KapaKTepL-1CTL'1KL'1Te
Ha TepeHoT, KaKo L-1 OA noKaJIHL'1Te L-1 KJIL'1MaTCKL'1 ycnosL-1. KonKy speMeTpael-beTo Ha
AO>KAOT e noroneMo TOJIKY noroneMa e 3anpeML'1HaTa Ha BOAa WTO AOafa so
KaHanL'1T9. noMefy cpaKTOpLo1T8 KOL-1 BJILo1jaaT Ha rOJI9ML'1HaTa Ha OT84Y831-b8TO MO:>Ke A3
ce Ha6pojaT cneAHL-1Te:
1. KapaKTep, L'13rpaAeHOCT, cpopMa L-1 roneMI!1Ha Ha yp6aHaTa nospwL-1Ha,
2. 111HTeH31!1TeT L-1 speMeTpael-be Ha naAHaTL'10T AO>KA,
3. reonOWKL-1 YCJ108Lo1 Ha TepeHOT,
4. KnL-1MaTCKL'1 ycnosL-1 L-1 AP·

45
 3a ,qa ce onpe,qen111 Koja KOniii4111Ha Ha 8o,qa, o,q nap.HaTaTa, ,qoafa 80 KaHaniiiTe, ce
BHeCy8a e,qeH KOp9K41110H9H K09QJJ.1191119HT "r;J' KOj Ce 8111Ka K09QJIIIL\1119HT Ha
OTe4yBal-be. 080j K09QJ11141119HT npeTCTaByBa O,l\HOC 110Mefy KOn~4~HaTa Ha
aTMocaepcKa ao,qa Koja oTeKna npeKY KaHan~3a4IIIOHaTa Mpe)f(a ( Q~; ), cnpeMa
KOniii4J.IIHaTa Ha aTMoccpepcKa 8o,qa WTO na,qHana Ha yp6aHaTa noapw~Ha ( Q;bn ).

AKOJ.II KOniii4J.IIHaTa Ha aTMOC8ecKa ao,qa Koja ce 3a,qp)f(y8a Ha noapw~HIIITe 111n~

noHIIIpa 80 3eMjaTa ce o6ene)f(J.II co Q;::,, 80 Toj cny4aj, 3a onpe,qeny8al-be Ha
K09QJIIIL\1119HTOT Ha OT94y8al-be MO)f(e ,qa Ce Hai1J.IIW9 Ill cne,qHIIIOT 1113pa3

Q = atm Qatm Qatm Qatm

atm _ Qatm _ Qatm
Qlean =----E!!!_ d pon =1- ~
- d pon llln~ ljl Q;tm Q;tm Q;tm

Bo KaHan1113a4111ja, noroneMa npiiiMeHa Haofa np81110T 1113pa3 3a onpe,qeny6al-be Ha

Koe¢1114111eHTOT Ha oTe4y8al-be If/, 6~,qejK:111 so BTOpllloT cny4aj Tpe6a ,qa ce onpe,qen111
KOniii4111HaTa Ha 3a,qp)f(aHa 111n~ noHIIIpaHa ao,qa ( Q;::, ) WTO 3Ha4ajHo ja ycno)f(Hy8a
pa6oTaTa. 80 110HaTaMOLliHJ.IIT T9KCT KOn~41!1HaTa Ha aTMOCBepcKa BO,qa KOja ce
jaay8a KaKo noapw~HCKO Te4el-be ~ ce nojaay8a 80 KaHanlll3a4IIIOHIIIOT CJ.IICTeM K:e ja
I 03Ha4y8aMe co Qabn .
3a onpeAeny8al-be Ha K09QJIIIL\1119HTOT Ha OT94y8al-be ce KOpiiiCT T9)f(J.IIHCKif10J.IIT M9TOA
CO 36Mal-be 80 npeA81f1A Ha 1109Aif1HJ.IIOT K06QJIIIL\~9HT Ha OT(74y8al-be 3a C9KOja
no8pW~Ha noce6Ho onpe,qeny8al-be Ha npo4eHryanHOTO y4eCT80 Ha ceKoja np111nap.Ha
no8pW~Ha o,q 8KynHo aHanlll3111paHaTa no8pWIIIHa. ~MeHo, ce KOpiiiCTift cne,qHaTa
cpopMyna:

J// =IfF ·p +IfF ·p +IfF ·p +...+IfF ·p = lj/1 • It +lj/2/2 +lj/3 • !3 +...+ljln •J,.
't' sr 't' I I 't' 2 2 't' 3 3 't' n n J; + / 2 + h + ...+ fn

lflsr
J; fz h
= lflt- + lflz - + lfl3- +...+ lfln -
/,
I Kap.e e:
F F F F

- lf/b lf/2, lf/J, ... lf/n - K09cpiii41119HTif1 Ha OTe4y8al-be OA pa3niii4HJ.IIT9 1108pWIIIHJ.II,

- Pt = ; , P 2 = ~, p3 = ; ... Pn = ; - 11P049HTJ.II Ha 3aCTaneHOCT Ha 1109A111Hif1T6

I nplllnaAHltl 1108pWlt1Hlt11108pWIIIHif1,
- fdi,jj, ... fn - roneMIIIHa Ha noe,qlt1Hif1Te no8pWIIIHIII, 80 xa,
I - F= J:fi - aKynHa no8pWIIIHa, so xa,
BaKa A06111eHaTa apeAHOCT 3a Koe¢~4~eHTOT Ha oTe4y8al-be npeACTa8y8a Hero8a
npoce4Ha 8P6AHOCT Ha OAP6AeH noTe3.
llpa8lllnHo onpeAeny8al-be Ha Koecpllll.\1116HTOT If/ e o,q roneMo 3Ha4el-be 3a eKoHOMit14HO
A~MeH3~0HIIIpal-be Ha KaHan~3a4IIIOHaTa Mpe)f(a. Kaj A06po ~3rpaAeHJ.II nospwiiiHJ.II,
accpanTIIIpaHIII yn1114111, nonno4eH~ naTeK~. 6eTOHCKIII A80pH~tt no8pW1!1H~ ~ cm14HO,

Ii
46
 oTeYysat-beTo Mo:>Ke Aa 6L-1Ae 2 AO 2,5 naTL-1 noroneMo Hero npeA L-13rpaAeHOCTa Ha
TL-'le nospWL-1HL-1. npeAn03L-1Te OA noeAHHL-1 asTopH 3a onpeAenysat-be Ha
KOeQJL-14HeHTOT If/ MO)Ke Aa ce rpynHpaaT BO TpL-1 OCHOBHH rpyOL-1 L-1 TOa:
a) Koe¢L-14L-1eHTOT Ha oTeyysat-be ce onpe~enysa sp3 ocHosa Ha L-13rpaAeHOCTa L-1
na~oT Ha oospwL-1HaTa.

OsHe speAHOCTH ce AaAeHL-1 so Ta6ena 8, a Tpe6a Aa ce csaTaT KaKo HHcpopMaTHBHH.

Ta6ena 8

naA Ha T e p e H 0 T (%)
CTeneH Ha H3rpa.qeHOCT Ha
K8apT08HTe Man cpeAeH ron eM
/J,O 0,01 0,01 -0,05 Ha!J. 0,05
ManKy ~3rpaAeH~ 0,5 0,6 0,7
HopManHo ~3rp8AeH~ 0,6 0,7 0,8

6) Koe¢L-14L1eHTOT Ha oTeyysal-be ce onpeAenysa sp3 ocHosa Ha TIADOT Ha

DOBpWL-1H8T8,
3a cpeAeH OaA Ha Cil1118HaTa DOBpWHHa K09QJH4HeHTOT Ha OTe'-ly8al-be e Aa.qeH 80
Ta6ena 9.
Ta6ena 9
peA.
BL-1A Ha oospwHHa If/
6p.
1 Kposos111 OA nli1M 111 a36ecT-4eMeHTHII1 ono4111 0,95
2 Kposos111 OA KepaM~AIII 111 KpOBHIII neneHKI/1 0,90
3 6eTOHCKIII Kposos~ 0,70
4 Tpntoap111, napK111H3~ ~ yn1114111 OA accpanT 0,85
5 5eTOHCKIII C06paK:ajH~I..\~ 0,90
6 KanAapMa 0,70
7 IV1aK8AaM 0,50
8 Ha61!1eHa wnyH4aHa nospw111Ha 0,30
napKOB~, fP8AIIIHii1 Ill HeKallAapMIIICaHIII
9 0,05-0,25
nospW1!1HIII
10 n111BaAL-1 Ill Heo6pa60T9Hii1 DOBpWIIIHIII 0,05-0,20
11 WyMIII 0,01 -0,20
12 IIIHAIIIBIIIAYallHIII KYKIII co rpaAIIIHIII 111 napKosy 0,35-0,40
13 PeTKO HaceneHIII 6noKOBIII 0,50
r 14
15
CpeAHO HaceneHIII 6noKOBii1
lyCTO HaC9Jl9HIII 6J10KOBIII
0,60
0,7 0

Co npoMeHa Ha na.qoT Ha nospllJHHaTa, ce MeHysa H Koe¢H4HeHTOT If/, Koj 3a Man,

cpeAeH H roneM naA e Aa.qeH 80 Ta6ena 10.

I 47

i
I
 Ta6ena 10
- Pe.q. na.q Ha nospw~HaTa (%)
B~A Ha nospw~Ha
6poj Man pp cpeAeH roneM HaA
0,01 0,01-0,05 0,05
1 06VJ4HVI naTVJWTa 0,25 0,30 0,35
2 nno4HVIL\VI OA KaMeH 0,30 0,40 0,50
3 ApseHVJ KOL\KVI co 3anVJeHVJ cpyr111 0,65 0,75 0,85
4 AccpanTHVJ naTVJWTa 0,75 0,85 0,95
5 rpaAVJHVJ,napKOBVI,WYMVI 0,10 0,15 0,20
6 3aTpeseHVJ nospwVJHVJ 0,15 0,20 0,25,0,30
7 HeVJ3rpaAeHVJ nospwVJHVJ 0,20 0,25

B) Koerpk1l.\k1eHTOT H8 OTeYysat±>e BO 38Bk1CHOCT o.q MeTeOpOilOWKI!Ue YCDOBI.1

KoecfJI.1l.\1.18HTOT Ha OTeYyBal-be noKpaj TOa WTO 3aB1.1CI.1 OA BI.1AOT 1.1 na.qOT Ha
nospw1.1HaTa sp3 Koja nafa AO:>KAOT, 3as~c1.1 1.1 o.q KapaKTep1.1CTI.1KI.1Te Ha AO:>KAOT
(1.1HT8H31.1T8T 1.1 BpeMeTpael-be).
npocp.H.H.6enos ja npeAnO:>Kir1n cne.qHaTa paseHKa:
l.f/ = z. q0,20 . tO,IO
Ka.qe e:
z- 8Mn1.1p1.1CKI.1 K08QJI.1l.\1.18HT KOj 3aBI.1CI.1 OA Blr1AOT Ha noKp1.1BHaTa nospW1.1Ha,
q- 1.1HTSH31.1TeT Ha AO:>KAOT, so l/s.ha,
t;. speMeTpael-be Ha AO:>KAOT, BO MI.1HYTI.1.
Bo Ta6ena 11, .qaAeHI.1 ce speAHOCTI.1Te Ha eMn1.1p1.1CKI.10T KOSQJI.1l.\1.18HT "z", so
3aBI.1CHOCT o.q Tl.1noT Ha nospwlr1HaTa.
Ta6ena 11
Pe.q.
B1.1.q Ha nospW1.1Ha z
6poj

1 AccpanTHVJ 111 6eTOHCKI.1 nospwVJHVJ 0,231 - 0,363

2 ApseHa KOL\Ka 0,240

3 Kol..\KVI co 3anVJeHI.1 cpyr111 OA necoK 0,224
4 KaMeHa KanApMa 0,145
5 MaKBAaM 0,125
6 naTeKVJ OA 4aKan so napKosVJ 0,09
7 3aTpeseHIII nospWVIHVI 0,038-0,064

Bo HawaTa KaHan1.13al.\lr10Ha npaKTI.1Ka, Koecplr11..\\lleHTOT Ha oTeYysal-be ce 3eMa cnpeMa

ct>p1.1n1.1Hr (FRUHLING}, KOj e .qa.qeH BO 3aBI.1CHOCT OA Blr1AOT Ha nospW1.1HaTa (Ta6. 12).

48
 Ta6ena 12

PeA.
B~A Ha nospw~Ha \jl
6poj
1. Kposos~: MeTanHL-1, OA KepaML-'lAL-1, OA wKpL<'lnel...\ 0,95
2 Kposos111 OA TepxapTL<'lja 0,90
3 AccpanTH111 111 6eTOHCKL-1 nospwL-'lHL-1 0,85-0,90
4 3anL-1eHa APBeHa L-'lnL-1 KaMeHa KanApMa 0,80-0,85
5 llnol.JHI!11...\111 co cpyrL-1 0,70-0,80
6 · TypcKa KanApMa 0,40-0,50
7 MaKaAaM 0,25-0,45
8 llownyHl.JaHL-1 naTeKL-1 0,15-0,30
9 Be)K6anL-1WTa, )Kene3HL-11...\L-1, HeL-13rpaAeHL-1 nospWL-'lHL-1 0,10-0,30
10 lpaAL-1HL-1,fli!1BaAL-1, HL-'lBL-1 0,05-0,25
11 WyMCKL-1 nospWL-'lHL-1 0,01-0,02

3a yp6aH~ nospwL~tH~. speAHOCT~Te Ha Koe¢~4~eHTOT Ha oTeKYBal-be <l>p~n~Hr r~

Aasa cnpeMa Ta6ena 13.
Ta6ena 13

PeA.
B~A Ha nospw~Ha \jl
6poj

1 3a cTap, rycTo 1!13rpaAeH Aen Ha rpaAOT 0,70-0,90

2 3a 3aTsop~Ha L-13rpaA6a (KyK:a AO KYK:a) 0,50-0,70
3 3a oTsopeHa 1113rpaA6a 0,30-0,50
4 nep1!1cpepL-1ja Ha HaceneHO MeCTO, KYKL-1 6oraTL-1 co ABOpOBL-1 L-1 6aBl.JL-1 0,20-0,30
5 HeL-13rpaAeHo 3eMjL-1wTe, cnopTCKL-1 111rpanL-1wTa L-1 AP· 0,10-0,20
6 llapKOBI!1 0,00-:0,10

4.3.4. Koecp1114111eHT Ha aaKacHysatbe

3a o6jacHysal-be Ha Koe¢~4~eHTOT Ha 3aKacHysal-be K:e nocMaTpaMe eAeH cnL-1B co
nospwL-1Ha - F ~ AOmK~Ha - L noMefy TOLIK~Te A ~ 6 (en. 27). HeKa Ha cn~sHaTa
nospw~Ha nafa AO>KA co ~CT ~HTeH31f1TeT lf1 co eAHaKso speMeTpael-be.

npL4 3anoLIHysal-be Ha AO>KAOT, so npocpL4nOT so TOL!KaTa "A" nocTeneHo ce

3roneMysa KOnlf1LIIf1HaTa Ha aTMocsepcKa BOAa lf1 so eAeH MOMeHT ro AOCTif1rHysa
CBOjOT MaKCif1MyM, KOra 80 TOLIKaTa A K:e npL4CTif1rHe AO>KAOT lf1 OA HajAaneLIHL-1T9
Aenoslf1 Ha cnL-1BOT (TOL!Ka 6), nOA ycnos AO>KAOT Aa He npecTaHan Aa nafa. Toa
3HaL!If1 AeKa, 3a BaKos cnyLiaj, speMeTo Ha Tpael-be Ha AO)KIJtOT td Tpe6a Aa 6111Ae

49
 noroneMO lllfllll e.QHaK80 Ha 8peMeTO Ha naTy8al-be Ha 80.QaTa O.Q T04KaTa "6" .QO
T04KaTa "A" (8peMe Ha KOHL!eHTpaqlllja) tk. (td ~tk).

AoKOfiKY .QO>K.QOT npecTaHe .Qa 8pHe npe.Q .Qa CTIIIrHe 80.QaTa O.Q T04KaTa "6" .QO
npocplllfiOT "A" lllfllll td < tk, 80 TOj Cfly4aj, 80 .Q06111eHLI10T MaKCIIIMYM 80 npocp111n0T "A"
He y4eCT8y8a 4enaTa Cfiii18Ha ll08pWIIIHa {F) Hero CaMO .Qefl O.Q Hea (L\F). 80 TaK08
cny4aj ce 80Be.Qy8a Koe¢1114111eHT Ha 3aKacHy8al-be (peTap.Qa4111ja) rp, Koj npeTcTa8y8a
COO.QHOC llOMefy llOBpWIIIHaTa WTO ro CT8apa MaKCIIIMafiHIIIOT npOTOK (L\F) Ill 8KynHaTa
Cfiiii8Ha no8pWL.1Ha (F). CnpeMa Toa, MO>Ke .Qa ce Han111we:

M' = q; · F 111n111 rp = M
F
__ .,..-·- ·-·-·-·-·-·. . ... ... .. .
·,

I
Q _,;'· .......... . . i
,. ,.,.i
,.,. ,.
I ·,

_. ,.,·
,.
i ,· ~·'·
i
i ,.~·"'·
j ,.

;'

·-·-·-·-·-·- -·-·- ___:_, ___

i --·-

Cn. 27 KaHanM3BLJMOHa Mpe)l{a

(F-cm-1BHa nospw111Ha, L-AOn:>KVIHa Ha cm1BOT-KaHanoT)
AKO ce aHafllll3111pa cpOpMIIIpal-beTO Ha KOfiiii4111HaTa Ha 80.Qa WTO IIICT8KYBa 80
npOcplllfiOT "A" (en. 27)MO>Ke .Qa ce KOHCTaTIIIpe Cfle.QHOTO:
• np111 3all04Hy8al-beTO Ha .QO>K.QOT 80 T04Ka A Ke OTe4y8a CaMO 80.QaTa KOja
na.QHana 80 Hej3111Ha Henocpe.QHa 6niii3111Ha.
• Co O.QMIIIHy8al-be Ha 8peMeTO Ha nafal-be Ha .QO>K.QOT, 80.QHaTa KOfiiii4111Ha 80
npocplllfiOT "A" Ke ce 3rQfleMy8a COO.Q8eTHO Ha 3rOneMy8al-beTO Ha Cfiiii8HaTa
ll08pWIIIHa O.Q KOja 80.QaTa e.QH08peMeHO CTLI1rHana 80 aHanll13!11paHIIIOT
I •
npocp111n.
AKo AO>K.QOT npo.QOfi>KIII .Qa nafa MO>Ke Aa ce cny4111 HLI13 T04KaTa "A" Aa
npoTe4e 80.QTa OA 4enaTa cn111sHa no8pWL.1Ha. 08oj npoTOK e MaKCLI1ManeH 111 ce
ja8y8a np111 8peMeTpael-be Ha .QO>K.QOT eAHaKso 111flll1 noroneMo O.Q 8peMeTo Ha
TeL.Jel-be Ha 80.QaTa O.Q HajO.QafleL.JeHaTa TOLJKa BO Cfiiii80T "6" .QO

I •
aHanll13111paHLI10T npocp111n, T04Ka "A" (td ~ tk ).

rora .QO>KAOT K:e npecTaHe .Qa nafa, 80 npocp111noT "A" 111 noHaTaKa K:e
npoTeL.Jy8a 11138ecHa KOf1111LJIIIHa Ha 80.Qa, Koja nocTeneHo ce HaMany8a, sa .Qa
nocne 11138ecHo 8peMe npecTaHe Aa TeL.Je.
np111 onpe.Qefly8al-beTO Ha MaKCIIIMafiHIIIOT npoTeK Ha aTMOC8epcKa 80.Qa 80 O.Qpe.QeH
I npocpll1fl, 8a>KHa ynora 111rpa .QOfi>KLI1HaTa Ha 8peMeTpael-beTO Ha .QO>KAOT td , O.QHOCHO

! 50
Aam11 e noroneMo, eAHaKBO VJnVI noMano OA speMeTo Ha KOH46HTpa4V1ja Ha AO>KAOT
OA TO~KaTa "5" AO npocpVInOT "A".
Ha K09cpVIL\VI6HTOT Ha 3aKaCHyBat-be OAHOCHO Ha K06cpVIL\VI6HTOT Ha peTapAal\VIja,
HajroneMO Bnl11jaHVI6 VIMa roneMVIHaTa, cpopMaTa VI AOn>KVIHaTa Ha CnVIBHaTa
nOBpWVIHa. Lt1CTO TaKa Ha OBOj K09cpVIL\VI6HT BnVIje KapaKT9pOT Ha nOBpWVIHaTa
(KposoBVI, yn1114V1, TpoToapVI, cTa3VI, 3eneHVI nospwVIHVI VI AP·), pacTojaHVIeTo noMefy
peBVI3VIOHVITe waxTVI, naAOT Ha TepeHOT VI AP·· Osoj Koe¢VI4VI9HT Haj~ecTo ce
onpeAenysa CO o6pa3640T Ha 5VIpKnVI OAHOCHO Ha Lt1Mxacp:
1
rp =ifF
K~ee:
F- OABOAHVITenHa cnVIBHa nospWVIHa, so xa,
- n - KopeHOB noKa3aTen,
• n= 8 - np111 roneMII1 na,qoe111 111 noepwlo1Ha cq KPY>KHa cpopMa,
• n= 6 - np1-1 cpeAH111 ycnoe111,
• n= 5 - np111 cna6 HaKnoH 111 1113AOfl>KeHa cpopMa Ha cn111e,
• n= 4 - np111 MHOry CJ1a6 HaKJlOH 111 MHOry 1113AOIJ>KeHa cpopMa Ha CJ11!1B.
1,00

0,90
-~.,
0,80 ~
[\
t'-
,...
0,70

I' ~"';...
....
1-
0,60
!"- ....I
0,50
1-- I~

1-- y,
0,40

F (U)

'm'
4l
10 ll
'" " '" "'
Cn. 28 KoecjJuLfueHT Ha 3aKacHyaal-be 3a noapwuHa o,q 0 ,qo 50 xa
0,80

0,70
'Ell
0,60
~ ·j
!"-

o.so ~ ._,
,...
0,40 lJ.l
0,30
~
~
0,20

F fh•)

0,10 1-n-
100 llO 200 )Oil 350 400 450 soo

Cn. 29 KoecjJULfUeHT Ha 3aKacHyaal-be 3a noapwuHa o,q 0 ,qo 500 xa

51
 ~I
0,60 ·I- H-t+l-+t-H-+-H-t-H+l-+t-1-H-++H-t-H-+t-11-H-H-t-H+l-+t-1-+H

1
l
j

F(ltil}

0,00 +-J-L...I-.l.+-'-.I..J...J4-J...I-.J-l..+-J....I....I-.L..j-J...J...J..m.J..+-L...I-.l...l-j-.L.-J......I...J..+..I-.J-'-'-+...I....I-.l..-l.-1f-'-L..I..L.I
500 1000 I SOO 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 SOOO

Cn. 30 Koecj:JUL{UeHr Ha 3aKacHyaafbe 3a noapwuHa o,q 0 ,qo 5000 xa

i Koecp111q111eHTOT Ha 3aKacHy8al-be ce onpeAeny8a 111 80 3a8111CHOCT OA AOn>KIIIHaTa Ha
KaHanii!Te co cneAHaTa pa8eHKa:
I 1
rp = vz noo
I KaAS e:
L - AOn>KIIIHa Ha KaHanoT 80 MSTplll
n = 3,5 - np111 roneMIII naA08111
n = 3,0 - np111 cpeAHIII naA08111
n = 2,5 - np111 Man Ill naA08111
1,00

0,90
I~
0,80

0,70

0,60
~
l\1\
0,50
~1\
1\1\i'
i',....
0,40
t'-
i' 11•J,S
1. .
0,30
11•1,0

0,20
r- , ..2,5

L/100 (..)

O,lO
liTT1' II
0,00 1.00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 9.00 10.00

Cn. 31 KoecfJul...{ueHT Ha 3aKacHyaafbe ao 3aaucHocr o,q ,qon>KuHara Ha KaHanure

BaK80TO onpeAeny8al-be Ha KOSQJIIII..\IIISHTOT Ha 3aKaCHy8al-be HajMHOry CS KOpiiiCTir1 80

npaKTIIIKaTa. Ao6111eHaTa 8PSAHOCT Hee MHory TOLIHa 6111AejK:111 ocH08HIIIOT nojA08eH
napaMeTap "n" Hee npeqiii3HO AS¢111HIIIpaH.

52
 4.3.5. Pa41.10HanHa MeTOAa
Osaa MeTOAa ·ce np111MeHysa 3a yp6aHV13111paHV1 nospw111HV1 OA oKony 15 · km 2 •
Konw-IV1HaTa Ha aTMOC8epcKa 80Aa, Koja MO>Ke Aa AOTe4e 80 KaHanii'1Te OA OAPeAHa
nospw111Ha F , ce onpeAenysa co cneAHaTa cpopMyna:

Q=F ·C ·i [lis]

K~ee:
• F- cnll'lBHa no8pWV1Ha, 80 ha,
• i - cpeAeH 11'1HTeH3ti!TeT Ha P.O>KAOT, V13pa3eH so 1/s/ha.
• C-KoecfJV141119HT KOj npeTCTasysa npOV13BOA Ha KOecfJV1411'1eHTIIITe Ha
OTeKyBat-be \jl .
8p3 OCHOBa Ha ycsoeHaTa yLJeCTaHOCT Ha AO>KAOT 3a npoeKTV1pat-be Ha
aTMoccpepcKaTa KaHan1113a4111ja, onpeAeneHa e Kpll'lsa Ha noAeAHaKso eKOHOMV14HV1
pa4yHCKV1 AO>KAOBV1 (Cn. 26). Co V136opoT Ha Tpaet-beTo Ha AO>KAOT, OA Taa KPIII8a, ce
onpeAenysa Hero811'10T 11'1HTeH311'1TeT.
Ce aHan11'13V1pa npa8oaronHa CJ111'18Ha no8pWV1Ha 80 Koja no cpeAV1HaTa e nocTa8eH
KaHan 3a OA8ep,y8at-be Ha aTMoccpepcKaTa 80p,a (en. 32).
r--- ·-.. .
,~ I Q

~
61?~----------------~~ bA==~

r-----·-L ·--~
I l
Cn. 32 npaaoaronHa cnu6Ha noapwuHa

Ao>KAOT Koj naAHan 80 T04Ka "6" K:e naTY8a HV13 KaHanoT "A-6" co AOJJ>KV1Ha L 111
6p3V1Ha V (m/s). Bo T04Ka "A" K:e CTII'lrHe 3a 8peMe tk, osa 8peMe LJecTo ce HapeKYBa
8peMe Ha KOH4eHTpa4111ja 111 K:e ce onpe.qen111 OA cnep,HV10T 1113pa3:

tk =vL (sec)
Co ld ce 03Ha4y8a speMeTo Ha Tpaet-be Ha p,O>KAOT. BpeMeTo 3a KOV1 111 nocneAHaTa
KanKa AO>KA KOja naP.Hana BO Y3BOAHaTa T04Ka 6 Ke CTII'lrHe BO npocpV1J10T BO
TOLJKaTa A K:e 11'13Hecy8a:

Mo>Ke Aa HacTaHaT cnep,HIIITe Tplll cny4a111:

• CnyLJaj a) td > tk
Bo npocp111noT A npoToKOT pacTe ce AO oHoj MoMeHT AOP.eKa He AOj.qe 111 npsaTa KanKa
KOja enema BO HajOAAane4eHaTa T04Ka (6) OP.HOCHO Ce AOAeKa He nOMV1He BpeMeTO
tk.

nocne Toa speMe, ce .qo.qeKa .qo>K.qoT He npecTaHe, so KaHanoT K:e npoTe4ysa

MaKCIIIManeH npoToK Q = F · C · i Kora AO>KAOT K:e npecTaHe (speMe tk ), npoTOKOT K:e

53
j'

no~He P.a ce HaManysa. nocne speMeTo T, MepeHo

OP. no~eTOKOT Ha nafal-be Ha P.O>KIJ.OT Ke npecTaHe P.a
Te~e BOP.a so npocp111noT A OP. KaHanoT A-6.
• Cny~aj 6) td = tk
Bo osoj cny~aj, so no~eTOKOT Ha nafal-be Ha P.O>f<P.OT
npOTOKOT pacTa VICTO KaKO 111 BO cny~aj a). 80
MOMSHTOT KOra npOTOKOT ja IJ.OCTVIrHail HajrOilSMaTa
speiJ.HOCT, IJ.O>KIJ.OT npecTaHan P.a spHe, a npoTOKOT
so TO~Ka A no~Hysa P.a ce HaManysa 3a speMe tk,
OIJ.HOCHO 3a speMe T npecTaHysa P.a Te~e.
• Cny~aj s) td < tk
npoTOKOT paCTe IJ.O MOMeHTOT KOra td < tk. 3a TOa
speMe, npsaTa KanKa Koja snerna so TO~Ka 6, ce
I ywTe He e CTVIrHaTa so npocpVIIlOT A. 3a roneMVI
CilVIBOBVI HajroneMVIOT 11pOTOK KOj Ke ce nojaBVI BO
npocpVIIlOT A HeMa P.a ce npecMeTa co 4enaTa cnVIBHa
I nospWVIHa, TYKY co noMana CilVIBHa nospwVIHa - F'
OIJ.HOCHO F'<F. Bo osoj cny~aj npoTOKOT Ha
aTMocsepcKa BOP.a so npocpVIllOT A Ke ce npecMeTa
II II

I CO CileiJ.HVIOT V13pa3:

nospWVIHaTa F' Ce BVIKa CilVIBHa llOBpli.IVIHa CO

HajroneMo npoTeKysal-be. Bo npeTnocTaseHVIOT
VIP.eaneH cny~aj, co npasoaronHa CllVIBHa nospwVIHa
VI 3a AO>KIJ.OBVI co eiJ.HaKos VIHTeH3VITeT 3a 4eno
speMe Ha Tpael-be Ha P.O>KIJ.OT (td) nospWVIHaTa F' Ke
VI3Hecysa:
Cn. 33 ,lJ,MjarpaMM Ha AO.>K!fOT
(cnyYaj- a, cnyYaj- 6, cnyYaj- s)

61!11J.ejKVI tk 3a eiJ.eH CflVIB e HenpOMeHilVIBa, TOraw llOBpWVIHaTa CO HajroneMO

npoTeKysal-be e npasonponop4VIOHanHa Ha npo1113BOIJ.OT OP. speMeTo Ha Tpael-be Ha
IJ.O>KIJ.OT (td) VI BKYilHaTa flCVIBHa llOBpWVIHa (F).
AKO Ce aHallVI3VIpaaT KpVIBVITe Ha peiJ.OBVI Ha pa~yHCKVI IJ.O>KIJ.OBVI, MO>Ke P.a Ce
3aKny~lil CJleAHOTO: npVI ycsoeHa y~eCTaHOCT Ha IJ.O>KIJ.OT, VIHTeH3VITeTOT Ha IJ.O>f<P.OT
pacTe Kora speMeTpael-beTo onafa. npoTOKOT HVI3 npocpVInOT A pacTe ce AOP.eKa e
td > tk. AKO td < tk, npOTOKOT llOHaTaMy He pacTe CO VICTaTa 3aKOHVITOCT.

AKO Ce YCBOVI AeKa VIHTeH3VITeTOT Ha IJ.O>KIJ.OT MO>Ke IJ.a Ce V13pa3VI CO CfleiJ.HaTa

paseHKa
A
i=--
td +B

54

I
a cn~t~BHaTa nospw~t~Ha co HajroneMo npoTef<YBat-be e F' = k · td KaAe e k =!
tk
KOfiiA41t!HaTa Ha 80Aa Koja K:e npoTeKy8a 80 npocp~t~noT A K:e IA3Hecy8a:
A
Q=C·--·k·td;
td +B
AKO Clt!Te KOHCTaHTIA ce 3aMeHaT CO 9AHa D = C · A · k , MO>Ke A3 ce Hamtwe Cfi9AHIAOT
IA3pa3:
n.!L
Q= D·td =-B-
td +B !L_+l
B
OA npeTXOAHaTa pa8eHKa ce rneAa AeKa lim Q = 0 Kora td ~ 0
AKo ce no6apaaT eKcTpeMHIATe speAHOCTIA Ha npeTXOAHIAOT 1113pa3, MO>Ke Aa ce
Harllt!WIA Cfi9AHIAOT IA3pa3:
dQ D

d; ~(;+!)
noCTOIA C3MO 9AeH 9KCTpeM Ill TOa KOra !L_ = oo. CnpeHfMa TOa, npOTOKOT 80
B /
HI.13BOAHI.10T npocp1.1n "A" e HajroneM Toraw Kora speMeTo Ha Tpaet-be Ha AO>KAOT e
9AH3KBO CO Bp9M9TO Ha T9491-b9 ( td = tk) Cfl. 34.
OA npeTXOAHI.1Te KOHcTaTa4"""" MO)Ke Aa ce 3aKny41.1 ASKa, HajroneM npoToK 80
HI.13BOAHI.10T npocp1.1n (T04Ka A) K:e ce A06~t~e Kora Tpaet-beTo Ha AO)KAOT e SAHaKBO
1.1n1.1 noroneMo OA speMeTo Koe e noTpe6Ho BOAaTa Aa CTI.1rHe OA HajoAAane4eHaTa
T04Ka (6) Ha Cfii.18HaTa noBpW1.1H3 td ~ tk .
Q (lis)
210

~
~180
~
1) pa<-4yHCKB Kp11BB HB ,QO)I(,QOT (3a o,qpe.qeHO p)
~50 2) nporoK HH3 pa3rna.qyaaHHOT npocjJHn
1-
Q
t::t:
~120
t::t Q..,......
c:ts

I "-. .- . . __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
:X: 90 ......./ i .............
1-
Q)
1-
~
. ..
~ 60
~
:X:
~ 30

i
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
tk Tpaefbe Ha IJO.>KIJOT td (min)

Cn. 34 UHTeH3UTeT Ha ,qo>K,qor u nporoK HU3 pa3rne,qyaaHuor npocj:mn (A)

55
 -I
.l
-..:...<J

]. .

BpeMeTo noTpe6Ho ,o.a ,o.ojAe BOAaTa AO aHam13111paHIIIOT npocp111n (speMeTo Ha

1 Te4el-be - tk) MO:>Ke Aa ce noAen111 Ha ABa Aena 111 Toa:
)j

KaAe e:
• t1-speMe noTpe6Ho 3a Aa BOAaTa AOjAe AO KaHanoT, Koe ce BIIIKa ywTe 111
speMe Ha snerysal-be Ha BOAaTa so KaHanoT,
8'cj
• t2- speMe Ha Te4el-be Ha BOAaTa Hlll3 caMIIIOT KaHan,
;j
Osoj 36111p OA t1 111 t2 ce HapeKysa KaKo speMe Ha KOH4eHTpa4111ja. BpeMeTo Ha
snerysal-be Ha BOAaTa BO KaHam13a41110HaTa Mpe:>Ka 3aBIIICIII OA: natJsOT Ha TepeHOT,
l. BIIIAOT Ha nospwiiiHaTa, OAAaneYeHocTa · Ha cniiiBHIIIKOT, IIIHQJIIInTpa4IIIOHIIITe
KapaKTepiiiCTIIIKIII Ha noYsaTa 111 APYrD. Mo:>Ke Aa ce ycso111 Ha cneAHIIIOT Ha4111H:
• t1 = 5 MIIIH. - 3a HenponyCTJ1111Ba CJ1111BHa nOBpWIIIHa Ill ryCTO nOCTaBeHIII
CJ1IIIBH1114111,
• t 1=10-15 MIIIH.- 3a ryCTO HaceneHIII yp6aHIII nospWIIIHIII CO MaJ1111 natJsOBIII Ha
I •
noBpWIIIHaTa Ha TepeHOT,
t/=20-30 MIIIH.- 3a CTaM68HIII 30HIII CO CJ1111BH1114111 Ha rDJ18MO Mefyce6HO
pacTojaH!IIe.
I 4.3.6. npecMeTyBal-be no SNIP

Co rpaP.e:>KHIIITe HopMIII so Pyc111ja (SNIP ll-32-74) ce npenopayysa A111MeH3IIIOH111pa1-beTo

Ha aTMoccpepcKaTa KaHa111113a4111ja Aa ce spw111 co AO:>KA Koj IIIMa HenpoMeHnlllsa
ja4111Ha 80 TeKOT Ha Tpael-beTo. BpeMeTo Ha AO:>KAOT e ycsoeHo Aa e eAHaKBO co
speMeTo Ha KOH4eHTpa4111ja 80 CJ111180T 3a nocMaTpaHIIIOT npocp11111. Ao:>KAOT Koj wTo
nafan npeAXOAHO Ill nocne BpeMeTO Ha KOH48HTpa4111ja ce 3aHeMapy8a IIICTO KaKO Ill
Kaj pa41110HaJ1HaTa M8TOAa.
I BpeMeTo 3a KOH4eHTpa4111ja (tk) K:e ce A06111e co cneAHIIIOT 1113pa3:

I KatJse e:
• tp - speMe 3a ABIII:>Kel-be Ha BOAaTa no nospwiiiHaTa Ha TepeHOT,
• tr - speMeTo 3a A8111:>Kel-be Ha 80AaTa no p111romne, AO Haj6J1111CKIIIOT
CJ1111BHIIIK,
I • tt- speMeTo 3a Te4el-be Ha 80AaTa Hlll3 KaHanoT.
3a npecMeTy8al-be Ha 8peMeTo tp ce KOpiiiCTIII cneAHaTa cpopMyna:
I t
l . No,6 . 1o,6
= t 'o,J5 . io,s . Jo,s [MMH]
P

I
I

KaAe e:
• n - K08cpiii41118HT Ha pana8111HaTa no n08pW111HaTa Ha TepeHOT,
• L - A011:>K111Ha Ha naTOT Ha ABIII:>Kel-be Ha 80AaTa no no8pWIIIHaTa Ha TepeHOT
1113pa3eHa BO M,
• t- K08cp11141118HT Ha noKpiii8HOCT Ha CJ111180T,

56
 • i- MHTeH3111TeT Ha pp)K!J.OT, 80 MM/MIIIH.,
n
L1
• Jz- n8.A Ha no8pW111HaTa HaTepeHOT.

Co noroneM 6poj IIICI1111TY8al-ba, yT8p!J.eHo e !J.eKa o8a 8peMe ce ABIII)KIII OA 5 AO 10

MIIIHYTIII. 3ap3!J.III T03 ce npenopayysa Cf19{J.HOTO:

• tp =
5 MIIIH. - KOra 80 CTaM6eHIIIT9 6IJOKOBIII !liMa 33TBOpeHa aTMOCcpepCK3
KaHaf111133l\lllja,

• tp = 10 MIIIH.- KOra He nOCTOIII 33TBOpeHa KaH3f1111334111ja.

BpeMeTo 3a !J.BIII)Kel-be Ha 80!J.3Ta no p111roiJ111Te (tr) ce npecMeTY83 co p388HK3T3:

L
t, =1.25 ·-'
V,
K3Ae e:

• Lr- AOfl)KII1HaTa Ha p111rof1111Te, 80 M,

• Vr- 6p3111H3 Ha 80!J.3T3 H3 KpajOT O!J. p111roiJaT3 (npe!J. Cf11118HIIIK), 80 M/MII1H,

• 1 ,25 - K09cf:>11141119HT KOj ro 38Ma 80 063111p 8fllllj3HII18TO Ha nOCTeneHOTO
~ I 3roiJeMys31-be Ha 6p3111HaT3 H3 80!J.aT3.

BpeMeTo H3 !J.8111)Kel-be Ha 80!J.aTa Hlll3 KaHanoT npe!J.flO)KeHo e !J.a ce npecMeTY83 no

cne!J.H3Ta cpopMyna:
I
.~ K8.Ae e:

• r- K09cf:>IIIL\1118HT KOj 338111CII1 OA n3AOT H3 TepeHOT,

r = ··1 ,2 - 3a H3cen6111 co Har1116 Ha TepeHOT noroneMa OA 5%o,
r = 1 ,2 - 2,0 - 33 pa8HII1 TepeHIII,

• Li - !J.Of1>KII1H3 Ha !J.9f1HII1L\aT3, 80 M,

• Vi- 6p3111H3 Ha 80!J.3Ta 80 K3H3f10T, 80 M/M111H.

08aa cpopMyna e npe!J.f10)K9H3 33 A3 ce 3eMaT so o63111p p33f1111KIIITe Ha 6p3111HII1Te 80
KaHam.ne, 80 nOLJ9TOKOT Ha {J.O)KAOT KOra K3HaJ10T He e 110f1H Ill 80 MOMSHTOT KOra

I K3HaiJOT e nOA np111TIIICOK.

noroneMII1T8 38f19HIII 1108pWII1HIII, KOIII H9M33T K3H3f111133L\111ja, He Ce 39M33T BO

npeABIIIA. AKo 111MaaT Harll16 cnpeM3 coo6paK.ajH1114111Te noroneM OA 8%, Toraw Tpe6a
I A3 ce 3eMe caMo nojacoT noKp3j coo6paK.ajHII14111Te so WIIIPOYII1H3 OA 50 AO 1OOM.

I 4.3. 7. MeToAa co speMeHcKM KoeQ:>M4MeHT Ha spHe>KMTe <p

Bo repMaHII1j3, 33 npecMeTYB31-be H3 HajroneMII1Te npOTOL\111, APYWTBOTO 33

K3HaiJII13341110Ha TeXHIIIKa (Abwassertechnische Vereinigung - ATV) j3 npenopaLJysa
M9TO!J.3T3 Ha Reinhold- M9TO!J.3 CO speMeHCKIII K08cpllll\1119HT. KaKO OCHOBHa Bp9!J.HOCT
Ha jaLJII1HaTa Ha AO)KAOT e 3eMeHo 100 lls.ha Koja npeTCTasysa npoceYHa jaLJII1Ha Ha
AO>Kfl.OT, co no8Topy8al-be eAHaw ro!J.II1WHO 111 Tpael-be 15 MII1HyTIII. C111Te ocTaHaTIII
ja4111HII1 Ha AO)K!J.OBIIiTe ce A06111s3aT co MHO)Kel-be Ha 08aa speAHOCT co speMeHCKII10T

57
.J

Koecp111L\111eHT Ha spHe)KII1Te <p • HerosaTa speAHOCT ce A06111sa co cneAHaTa

eMnll1pii1CKa paseHKa:

<p =
38
·( ~- 0,3691 111HII1 np1116m1)KH0
24
td+9 vn )

Osaa paseHKa sa)KVJ sa nosTopysal-be Ha AO~OBII1 n=0,05 P..O n=4 111 3a speMeTpael-be
1<J ~ 150 min.

Ha en. 35 npVIKa)Kat-ia e cpyHKL\1110HanHaTa 38.BII1CHOCT Ha speMeHCKVIOT Koecpii1L\111eHT

Ha spHe>KII1Te, speMeTp~el-beTo 111 y4ecTaHocTa Ha fJ.O)f(AOT.
Bo Ta6enaTa 14, ,qa,qeH e speMeHCKVIOT Koecpii1L\1119HT <p 3a pa3HVI spe,qHoCTII1 Ha
y4eCT8.HOCT Ha {J.O)KAOT.
Bo per111oHV1 KaAe ja4VIHaTa Ha neTHaeceTM111HYTHVIOT ,qo~ ce pa3HII1Kysa o,q 100
n/c.xa Tpe6a ,qa ce 3eMe coo,qseTHaTa spe,qHoCT 3a i 15•
Co KOp111CT91-b9TO Ha OBOj K09cpVIL\1119HT, M9POA8.BH8.T8. npOT04Ha KOHII14111H8. ce A06111B8.
co. cne,qHaTa paseHKa:
Q = If/ ·i!S . rp. F
Koecp111L\1119HTOT <p ce npecMeT)'sa 38. ceKoj KapaKTepVICTII149H npeceK 3a Koro ce
npecMe-rysa Q, co co6VIpa1-be Ha speMeTo Ha Te4el-be no B03BOfJ.HVITe KaHanll1 ,qo
110CM8.Tp8.HVIOT npeCeK.
1,8
9- 1.6 '[\ \ t--
~-~
\ \ ~·\ \ ~\
\
1- ;\ <p = 38 .( .J1 - 0,369 ) r----
I :s:
w
::t:
::r w 7,2
'·' td +9 n
24 t---
:s:l-
~~ ':\ \ \~\\.. <p = no,3s (T + 9) r----
I ~WQ8
::t:.
1.0.
i\ \ 1\ '\1'0~
:s:a.
\ l\ l"~ ~
I'\ ·"'-
~In ,. 1.?
(.) ct 0.6
~ 2'1'--.,'l ~r:.::::
"'-.;
ffi::t:
0.' r-:- ~ t-- '-
._::-
:E
w
a.
In 0.2
I"': ~rr--
~ - r:::::
r'"'
t:- ~ ~

0
0 5 to 15 20 30 ~ 50 60 '10 80 90 100 110 120 130 ~~ 150
: . ~

T (min)
Cn. 35 C/JyHKLfMOHanHa 3aBMCHOCT Ha apeMeHCK/IfOT Koecp~~tLfMeHT ( rp),
rpaefbeTO Ha AD)K,qor (T) MyL~ecraHocra Ha ,qo)K,qor (n)
I HajKp8.TKO speMe Ha T9491-be Tpe6a ,qa Ce 39M9 BO 38.BII1CHOCT OfJ. Cp9fJ.HII10T 118./J. H8.
TepeHOT BO npaBeL\ H8. K8.H8.HOT, K09 38.BVICVI 111 OA npOL\9HTyanHaTa 38.CT8.119HOCT H8.
HenponycTm,saTa cnVIBHa nospwVIHa (Ta6. 15). BpeMeTo Ha snerysal-be Ha so,qaTa so
K8.H8.HII1T9 BO OBaa M9TOfJ.8. He ce 39M8. BO npe,D.BVIA. Kaj MaHJ..1 GHII1BOBVI, KOra BpeMeTO
H8. T94el-be e 110Kp8.TKO OfJ. H8.jKp8.TKOTO npeCM9T8.HO speMe H8. Tpael-be H8. fJ.O~OT ce
3eMa rp=rpKoHcr Koja spe,qHocT OfJ.rosapa Ha td MHH'

58
 Ta6ena 14
Tpaet-be
. Ha speMeHCKIII K0ecp1114111eHT (jJ
P.O>KP.OT
min n = 0,2 n = 0,3 n =0,5 n = 1,0 n -2,0 n = 3,0
0 4,754 4,164 3,462 2,664 1,993 1,651
1 4,279 3,732 3,116 2,398 1,794 1,486
2 3,889 3,392 2,832 2,180 1,631 1,351
3 3,566 3,110 2,597 1,998 1,495 1,238
4 3,291 2,870 . 2,398 1,844 1,380 1,143
5 3,056 2,665 2,226 1,713 1,281 1,061
6 2,852 2,487 2,077 1,599 1,191 0,991
7 2,674 2,332 1,948 1,499 1,121 0,929
8 2,516 2,195 1,833 1,410 1,055 0,874
9 2,377 2,073 1,731 1,332 0,996 0,825
10 2,252 1,964 1,640 1,262 0,944 0,782
11 2,139 1,866 1,558 1,199 0,897 0,743
12 2,037 1,777 1,484 1,142 0,854 0,708
13 1,945 1,696 1,416 1,090 0,815 0,675
14 1,860 1,622 1,355 1,043 0,780 0,646 .
15 1,783 1,555 1,298 1,000 0,747 0,619
16 1,712 1,493 1,246 0,959 0,717 0,594
17 1,646 1,435 1,198 0,922 0,690 0,571
18 1,585 1,382 1,154 0,888 0,664 0,550
19 1,528 1,333 1,113 0,856 0,641 0,531
20 1,475 1,287 1,074 0,827 0,618 0,512
22 1,380 1,244 1,005 0,773 0,579 0,479
24 1,296 1,131 0,944 0,727 0,544 0,450
26 1,222 1,066 . 0,890 0,685 0,512 0,425
28 1,157 1,009 0,842 0,648 0,485 0,402
30 1,097 0,957 0,799 0,615 0,460 0,381
32 1,044 0,910 0,760 0.585 0,437 0,362
34 0,995 0,868 0.725 0,558 0,417 0,346
36 0,951 0,829 0,692 0,533 0,399 0,330
38 0,910 0.794 0,663 0,510 0,382 0,316
40 0,873 0,761 0,636 0,489 0,366 0,303
42 0,839 0,732 0,611 0,470 0,352 0,291
44 0,807 0,704 0,588 0,452 0,338 0,280
46 0,778 0,678 0.567 0,436 0,326 0,270
48 0,751 0,655 0,547 0,421 0,315 0,261
50 0,725 0,632 0,528 0,406 0,304 0,252
60 0,620 0,541 0,452 0,348 0,260 0,215
70 0,542 0,472 0,394 0,394 0,227 0,188
80 0,581 0,419 0,350 0,269 0,202 0,167
90 0,432 0,377 0,315 0,242 0,181 0,150
100 0,393 0,342 0,286 0,220 0,165 0,136
110 0,360 0,314 0,262 0,201 0,151 0,125
120 0,332 0,289 0,242 0,186 0,139 0,115
130 0,308 0,268 0,224 0,173 0,129 0,107
140 0,287 0,250 0,209 0,161 0,120 0,100
150 0,269 0,235 0,196 0,151 0,113 0,093

59
;-,
'· 1
,j
J

Ta6ena 15.
CpeAeH Har~6
Ha TepeHOT Jt<l% 1%~Jt~4% 1 4%gt~10% It>lO%
llpOL,\SHT Ha
i
:! Henponycn~saTa ::;SO% >50% ::;SO% >50%
nospw~Ha

HajKpaTKO
CMSTaHO BpeMe Ha
15 10 M~H.
Tpaet-be Ha 5 M~H.
M~H.
AO)f<AOT td min.

Koe¢1.141.1eHTOT Ha oTeKysal-be 3aBV~CI.1 OA speMeTpael-beTo 1.1 ja4VIHaTa Ha AO)f(AOT,

CP8AHII'10T naA Ha TepeHOT 80 npase4 Ha KaHanoT 1.1 npOL\eHTyanHaTa (%)
3acTaneHOCT Ha HenponycTnV~BV~Te nospw1.1HI.1. Bo 1.13pa3oT 3a onpeAenysal-he Ha
npoTOKOT ( Qmax) Tpe6a Aa ce 3eMe HajroneMaTa speAHOCT 3a Koecp1.141.18HTOT Ha
oTeKYBal-be ('I' maJ OA en 36. Bo osoj cny4aj e npeAnOcTaBeHo AeKa no4BaTa e
3aCV~TeHa co BOAa 1.1 HepaBHI.1H1.1Te ce 1.1cnonHeT1.1 co BOAa~3a HeKonKy rpyn1.1 Ha
naAOBI.1 Ha TepeHOT KOecp1.141.19HTOT Ha OTeKYBal-be e AaAeH Ha cn.36.
¢ - rpyna 1: Jt -< lp% - rpyna 3: 4%::; Jl ::; 10%
¢ - rp~tna 2: 1% ::; Jl ::; 4% - rpyna 4: Jl >- 10%
HAJrDflEM KOE<1Jf1!l111EHT HAJfOflEM KOE4>f1!l111EHT
HA OTEKYBAfbE '±' max ·.'· ., :'±'
f,-tl·: . : ·--:. ·•.. .. HA..._ OTEKYBAfbE
·~ ·.
max

·.:.
.
tl§
~~
,· '·:_' -> .. ,. . ~

fPYnA 1 fPYf1A2
CPE,qef HAKJIOH CPE,IIEH HAKIIOH
HA TEPEH HATEPEH
.IT<1%
l%~J, ~4%

. . 20 'fJ . oo,
HEnPOnYCTniiiBA nOBPWUHA · f%/
m m

. HAJfOflEM KOE<tJf1!liiiEHT
. HA OTEKYBAfbE '±' m.u::.

II

rPYnA 1
CPEI!EH HAKIIOH CPE,qef HAKJIOH
HA TEPEH HA TEPEH
4%<J, SlO% JT > 10 'Yo
. -::-··.

20 4IJ . . 60 ·.· .
HEnPonYCTnJABA nOBPllmHA {%)
ao . 20 40 ·
. HEnPOnYCTfliiiBA nbBPWIIIHA f%1
oo oo ·m
Cn. 36 Koecj:mqueHT Ha oreKyaal-be
(F-Henponycrnnaa noapwnHa ao %, Cmax-HajroneM Koecfmf..lneHr Ha oreKyaaH>e)

60
 4.3.8. MeTOAa co apeMeHcK~ cpaKTop Ha oTeKyaal-be

08aa MeTOAa VICTO TaKa ja npenopaYy8a repMaHCKOTO APYWT80 3a KaHanVI3a4VIOHa

T9XHVIKa (ATV). 80 OBaa M9TOAa, HaMeCTO 8p9M9HCKVIOT K09cpV14VI9HT Ha BpH9:>KVIT9 -
<p, ce 39Ma 8p9M9HCKVIOT cpaKTOp Ha OT9KY8al-be - c.
MaKCVIManHVIOT npoTOK 80 ceKoj npece~ OA KaHanVI3a4VIjaTa, ce A06l-18a Kora
CMeTaHOTO 8peMe Ha Tpael-be Ha AO>KAOT e 9AHaK80 Ha 8p9M9TO Ha TeYel-be Ha
80AaTa 80 KaHanVITe. BpeMeTo Ha 8nery8al-be Ha 80AaTa 80 KaHanVITe VI 08Ae ce
3aHeMapy8a. HajKpaTKOTO 8peMe Ha Tpael-be Ha AO>KAOT ce 3eMa OA Ta6ena 15.
no 08aa M9TOAa VICTO TaKa OCH08HaTa npeCM9TK08Ha ja4VIHa Ha AO>KAOT ce 39Ma 100
1/slha, co Tpael-be OA 15 MVIH. VI co nosTopy8al-be Ha AO>KAOT, eAHaw fOAVIWHO.
KonVIYl-1HaTa Ha 80Aa no o8aa MeTOAa ce onpeAenysa co cneAHaTa pa8eHKa:

Q = 100 · 8 't' max · F

· "'

BpeMeHCKVIOT cpaKTop Ha OTeKysaJ-be (B) 80 3aBVICHOCT OA cpeAHVIOT naA Ha TepeHOT

VI -rpael-beTo Ha AO>KAOT 3a TPVI pa3nVIYHVI rpynVI e npVIKa>KaH Ha en. 37, 38 VI 39.
CpeAHVIOT n~ Ha TepeHoT e noAeneH 80 TPVI rpynVI VI Toa:
• a/ - rpyna 1: Jt < 1,<f%
• 6/ - rpyna 2: 1% s; Jt s; 4%

• 8/- rpyna 3: Jt > 10%

2,Q£ BPEMEHCKI!f 4JAKTOP HA 01'EKYBAibE

rPYnA 1
11 8r--------___, (CPE,tiEH HAKIIOH HA TEPEH)
J,< 1%

t-+~r~-Wro,.....----i/S = 225 (Vs. ha)

i1l~ 180 (Vs. ha)
~""+-'1+-'II:"M~-+--+­
i/J = 150 (Vs. ha)
~~~~~~t- i!J= 130(Vs. ha)
i15 = 100 (Vs. ha)
~~~~~~..ca..:~l:.fl'ooo-=-- iJS = 75(Vs•. ha)

o.2t-H-H-t-+~P~~~
0,0 '-'-..........
~.......L.--i--,..,___ _.__ _'---_ _

0 5 D '620 30 40 00 00 100 120

TPAEfbE HA ,QO)K,ijOT td

Cn. 37- BpeMeHCKM cj:JaKrop 3a oreKyaal-be- lpyna 1

(t0 Tpaelbe Ha ,llO.>K,llOT, 8-BpeMeHCKU cfJaKTOp Ha OTeKyBaii>e)

61
 c BPEMEHCKitf C/JAKTOP·HA OTEKYBAibE
~0~----------~------~--~~
rPYnA 2 ltf rPYnA 3
2,8 t - - - - - - - - - - - ! ( C P E , t 1 E H HAKIIOH HA TEPEH)
1%:!: J,:!: 10%
2,6 2.60
2,4 I--IL....f-~----------------1

2)~~------------------------~
2,0 1 - - t - + - f t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i

i 15 = 225 (1/s. ha)

t=t...r-:~\-~---~i~ _=
5 180 (1/s. ha)
i1s= 150 (lis. ha)
~~~~~~~~~
i15 = 130(1/s. ha)
~"'l'+~~~,...._.;~."-:,...,___, i1 ~~ 100 (1/s. ha)
i15 = 75(1/s. ha)
0,8 t-t--+"rl--''k-~..r'1~~~
0,6 1-t-t-~r-~--*'~~.r--::::o.....::--------1

0,4~t+=~~~~~~
0.2H
o.o~~~~~----~--~--~--~
0 5 D152l 30 40 SO 00 100 120
td
TPAEIDE HA ,ijO>K,qOT
Cn. 38- BpeMeHCKYf cjJaKrop 3a oreKyaaH>e - lpyna 2 vt lpyna 3
(tarpaefbe Ha ,qo.>K,qor, 8-apeMeHCKitf cj)aKrop Ha oreKyaafbe)

C BPEMEHCKitf C/JAKTOP HA OTEKYBAibE

3,0 r:::--------;:========;--,
2~ rPYnA4
2, 8 l----liF\---------1 (CPE,llEH HAKIIOH HA TEPEH)
J,> 10%

2,0 1 - - - f - - f r - t \ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
1,8 =-~-+---------------;
r...,l

1,6 1--f'-f\--t\-'l-\-----.,;,.'i,,, = 225 (lis. ha)

ij, = 180 (lis. ha) ·
~~~~'c--"""'~ i15 = 150 (1/s. ha)
~.-~-~~~1<'""7"~..::..__,,-i15 = 130(lls. ha)
i1~~ 100 (lis. ha)
Fli!i;r+:ilr!-.ftir-l~!lf"-l'or';,.,_,"'- i15 = 75(lls. ha)

~Sr+~~~~~~~~~------__,

0,4~++::P~~~~
0,2H-
~o~~._M-~~~--~--_.--~--~
. 0 5101520 30 40 60 60 100 120
td
TPAEfbE HA ,qb>K,qOT
Cn. 39- BpeMeHCKvt cjJaKrop 3a oreKyaaH>e - lpyna 4
(t,rrpaefbe Ha ,qo.>K,qor, 8-apeMeHCK/11 cj)aKrop Ha oreKyaafbe}

62
 4.4. 80A8 OA TOnel-be Ha CHer

Bo aTMoccpepcKII1Te BOA111 MO:>Ke Aa ce s6pojaT 111 80A111Te cTsopeHII1 co Tonet-be Ha

cHeraT. Konii14111HaTa Ha aTMocsepcKa BOAa OA Tonet-be Ha cHer 3as111c111 OA s111c111HaTa
Ha cHeraT 111 OA 6p3111HaTa Ha Tonet-be. YecTo naTII1, np111 Tonel-be Ha cHeraT, 3eMjaTa
MO:>Ke Aa 6111Ae 3aMp3HaTa, a CO TOa KOfiii14111HaTa Ha BOAa KOja Ce 8nll18a 80 3eMjaTa
Aa 6111Ae M111HII1ManHa.
Bo HeKoll1 cny4all1 MO:>Ke Aa ce AeCll1 KOfi1114li1HaTa Ha 80Aa A06111eHa OA Tonet-be Ha cHer
Aa 6li1Aell1cTa 111 noroneMa OA KOnli141!1HaTa A06111eHa OA AO:>KA. 06~r1:>KHO
8peMeTpaet-beTo Ha Tonet-beTo Ha cHeraT e nOAOnro OA 8peMeTpaet-beTo Ha AO:>KAOT.
Kaj Hac Hee aHanli13111paHa KOnli14111HaTa Ha 80Aa WTO ce A061118a np111 Harne Tonel-be Ha
cHeraT. CnpeMa Mepet-baTa so Pyc111ja 3a cnii1B08111 P..O 1,5 KM 2 , Ko4ep111H ja pan
cneAHaTa cpopMyna:

QCH =(;~~ -0,70)-F

3a noraneMII1 cnii1808111
QCH = 4,0. p0,7

Bo 08111e eMnll1p111CKII1 cpopMynll1 03HaKII1Te npeACTa8y8aaT:

QcH- KOnii1YII1Ha Ha BOAa A06111eHa OA Tonet-be Ha cHer, a 1113pa3eHa 80 M3/c,
F - Cnii18Ha n08pW111Ha 1113pa3eHa 80 KM 2
Osaa KOnli14111Ha Ha BOAa A06111eHa co Harno Tonet-be Ha cHeraT, no raneMI!1Ha Mon<e Aa
ce cnopeA111 co 111HTeH31118HII1Te AO:>KAOBII1 3ap3A111 uno Tpe6a Aa ce 80AII1 cMeTKa np111
A111MeH31110H111pat-beTQ Ha aTMoccpepcKaTa 111n111 onwTaTa KaHaniii384IIIOHa Mpe:>Ka.

4.5. lf1Hcplr1nTpa4MOHir1 BOAM

Konli1YII1HaTa Ha 1!1HcplllnTpa41110HIIITe BOAII1 388111CII1 OA noroneM 6poj cpaKTOp111 KOII1

TewKo Mo:>Ke npe41113Ho Aa ce Ae¢111H111paaT 80 cpa3aTa Ha npoeKTll1pat-be.
liiHcp1!1nTpa4111jaTa Ha 80AaTa MO:>Ke Aa HacTaHe Hlll3 S111A08111Te OA 4esK111Te, Hll13
cnoe81!1Te Ha 4e8KII1Te Ill Hlll3 Sli1A08111Te Ha Cli1Te APYfll1 o6jeKTIII WTO ce 80 COCTa8 Ha
KaHanll13a41110HIIIOT C111CTeM.
Co pa38111TOKOT Ha TexHonorll1jaTa Ha npo111380ACT80 Ha 4e8Kii1 111 MaTep111jan111 (a36ecT
4eMeHT, nnacT111Ka 111 AP-) 111Hcp111nTpa41i1jaTa Ha nOA3eMHaTa BOAa Hli13 S111A08111Te Ha
4eBKII1T8 e CBeAeHa Ha Mli1H111MyM.
VIHcpll1nTp84111jaTa Ha nOA3eMHaTa 80Aa 80 KaHanl!13a41110HII1Te Mpe:>Kii1 BO HajroneM
npo4eHT AOafa Hll13 cnoesli1Te Ha 4e8Kii1Te, cnoesli1Te Ha 4e8Kii1Te co o6jeKTI!1Te.
Hej31!1HaTa KOnli1Y1!1Ha 3aBII1Cii1 OA K88niiiTeTOT Ha li138eAyBat-be, TeXHII1YKOTO peweHII1e
Ha cnojHIII4aTa, 6pojoT Ha cnoesli11i1 T.H.
111cTo TaKa, AOCTa 3HaYajHii1 ce 111 naTI!IliJTaTa 3a 111HcplilnTpa4111ja Ha nOA3eMHaTa BOAa
Hlil3 Sli1AOB1i1Te OA o6jeKTlt1Te Ha K8H8nlt13a41110Hlt10T Cli1CTeM. npli1 Hlii8HO 1113BeAy8at-be
noTpe6Ho e Aa ce o6pHe BHII1MaHii1e Ha 80AOHenponycTnii180CTa Ha 6eTOHOT, HaYlt1HOT
Ha lil38eAyBat-be Ha cnoe81i1Te, cpyr111Te, arn111Te l 1 TH.

I 63

I
llpVI fJ.VIM8H3VIOHV1pa1-be Ha KaHaJlVI3a4VIOHVIT8 Mpe>KVI Tpe6a p.a Ce 38M8 BO 063VIp VI
osoa Konw-IVIHaTa Ha l-1H¢winTpll1paHa nop.3eMHa sop.a, 3aTda i..uTO Taa VI Tpe6a p.a ce
op.sop.HVI op. yp6aHVI3VIpaHOTo nop.pa4je.
npo4eHaTa Ha KOllVI4VIHaTa Ha no,D.3eMHa sop.a Koja K:e ce VIHcpVInTpVIpa so
KaHanVI3a4VIjaTa Tew~o e op.Hanpep. p.a ce HanpasVI co HeKoja noroneMa TOYHOCT.
OBaa KOJlVILIVIHa 3aBVICVI OA reonOWKOVIT COCTaB Ha n04BaTa, Hl'tBOTO Ha nOp.38MHa
sop.a, OA HVIB8JleTaTa Ha KaHaJlVI3a4l-10HaTa Mpe)f{a, OA Tll1nOT l-1 fJ.OJl)f{VIHaTa Ha
4eBKV1Te, Ha4VIHOT Ha cnojy8al-be, VI APYrVI cpaKTOpVI.
Op.pep.eHVI VICTpa)f{ysal-ba so CAA VI PycV~ja, nOKa)f{ysaaT p.eKa so KaHanVI3a4VIOHaTa
. Mpe)f{a npl-1cpaTJlii1BO e AOKOllKY BO Hea VIHcpVIllTpVIpa 30 AO 160 m3/d km nOA39MHa
sop.a HVI3 HeV~cnpasHVI cnoesVI, nyKHaTVIHVI VI AP· Co npVIMeHa Ha noKBallVITeTHVI 4eBKV1
VI CO nop.o6py8al-be Ha KBallVIT9TOT Ha V13Bep.6a Ha KaHaJIVI3a4VIjaTa VIMa T9Hp.8H4VIja
npen<Op.HVIT8 KOJlVILIVIHVI p.a 6VIp.aT noMaJlVI.
nocTojaT VI p.pyrVI ynaTCTBa VI npenopaKVI 3a KOJlVILIVIHaTa Ha VIHcpV111Tpa4VIOHa BOp.a.
TaKa Ha npVIMep, cnpeMa p.pyrVI aMepVIYKVI npenopaKVI ce VICTaKHysa p.eKa so
cnyYaesVI Kora KaHanl-13a4VIOHaTa Mpe)f{a e nona VI3Hap. HVIBOTO Ha nop.3eMHa sop.a, a
n01108VIHa VICnOp. HVIBOTO, p.eKa npVIcpaTJlVIBa KOJlV14VIHa Ha nOp.39MHa BOp.a e p.o 70
m 3ld km . AKO 3HaYaeH p.en Op. KaHaJlVI3a4VIOHaTa Mpe)f{a e CTaJlHO VICnOp. HVIBOTO Ha
nop.3eMHa sop.a, ce npenopaYy8a p.a ce cMeTa co noroneMa KOllVIYVIHa Ha nop.3eMHa
. sop.a, VlllVI npVIMeHa Ha cne4V1jaJ1HV1 cnoes111, waxTVI (npVIMeHa Ha BOAOHenponycTni!1BVI
MaTepV~janVI) VI p.pyro.

Kora KaHaJlVI3a4VIOHaTa Mpe)f{a e CTaJlHO VICnOp. Hl-180TO . Ha nop.38MHa BOp.a,

npOC84HaTa KOJll-14VIHa Ha l-1Hcpl-1llTpal..\l'tOHa BOp.a 3a 49Jll-10T KaHaJlVI3a4VIOH8H CVICT8M
MO)f{8 p.a V13Hecysa 140 m3ld km, a Ha noep.VIHVI M8CTa MO)f{e p.a p.OCTVIrHe l-1 p.O 2000
m31d km.
AMepVIYKVITe VICKYCT8a noKa>Ky8aaT p.eKa cKopo 90 % OA V1HcpV1nTpa4VIOHaTa
nOA38MHa sop.a p.oafa op. nowo Vl38ep.eHVITe KYKHVI cnoe8l't VI HV13 npVIKllYYHVITe pa4BVI
VI 3apap.V1 TOa, Kaj HVIB, npVI npr.1Kl1Y4YBal-be Ha .rpa_.qcKaTa KaHaJlf.13a4VIOHa Mpe>Ka ce
spwl-1 Xr.1yp.paynl-14KO f.1Cnfr1TYBal-be nop. npr.1Tf.1COK Ha KYKHfr1Te npr.1KllY404VI.
3a onpep.enysal-be Ha KOlll-14l-1HaTa Ha nop.3eMHa l-1Hcpl-1nTpl-1paHa sop.a, so
AMepV14KaTa nl'tTepaTYpa ce cpeTHy8aaT,., cnep.Hr.1Te npenopaKf.1:
• 13 p.o 1300 m3ld km Ha KaHallf.13a4l-10HaTa Mpe)f{a
• 1.3 p.o 5.2 m 3ld em km Ha em op. p.VIjaMeTapoT VI Ha km p.Oll)f{f.1Ha op. 498K.aTa
• 10 p.o 20 lid zit.
• 2300 p.o 11500 lid ha KaHallf.13l-1paHa no8pwl-1Ha.
• p.o 45 lid km mm ( km p.Oll)f{f.1Ha l-1 mm AV~jaMeTap Ha KaHancKaTa 1..18BKa}
Bo npaKca, LleCTO ce 3eMa, KOllVILifr1HaTa Ha l-1Hcpr.1nTpai..IVIOHa sop.a p.a 6VIp.e 3 p.o 5 %
op. MaKCf.1ManHaTa K01lf.14f.1Ha Ha 6f.1Tosa OTnap.Ha sop.a f.1llVI 10 p.o 15 % op.
cpep.HOAH9BHf.1T8 KOJll-14f.1Hf.1 Ha f.1CTf.1Te BOp.VI.
3acny~sa Ha osa p.a ce nocseTl-1 noce6Ho BHf.1MaHfr1e so Cfr1Te cpa3l't, npoeKTr.1pal-be,
f.13Bep.6a KOHTpona 3a speMe Ha peanl-13a4r.1jaTa Ha KaHallfr13a4fr10Hfr10T Cf.1CTeM.
KaHallVI3aBVIjaTa Tpe6a Aa 6r.1p.e KBanf.1TeTHO HanpaseHa VI 80 cnyLJaVI Kora
Hf.18eneTaTa ce Haofa l-13Hap. Hf.180T6Ha nop.3eMHa 80p.a, 6fr1AejKl-1 80 cnpoTf.1BHO 6l-1 ce
spweno 3arap.y8al-be Ha nop.3eMHl-1Te sop.r.1 co HeLJfr1CTa KaHancl<a sop.a.

64
 r 11 ABA IV ·

X~APAYfl~4K~ nPECME1K~ HA
KAHAfl~3A(.tl40H~TE MPE>K~

1. OC06HH!t1 HA TE4EI-bETO HA ~HAJ1CK!t1TE BOA!t1,

Te4e~eTO Ha OTilaAHaTa BOAa BO KaHan~3aq~OH~Te C~CTSM~ ce OCTBapyBa CO

Cll060AHO BOAHO orneAallO, OAHOCHO 6e3 np~T~COK. Bo Clly4aj Ha np~MeHa Ha .
nyMnH~ CTaH~4~. HSKO~ KOJlSKTOp~ BO KaHan~3aq~oHaTa Mpe>Ka MO>KaT Aa .
pa6oTaaT ~ 110A np~TL>1COK. Cno60AHOTO Te4e~e BO KaHam13al\~jaTa, OAHOCHO 6e3
np~T~COK, e noTpe6Ho MefyAPYro ~ 3apaA~ aeplitpa~e Ha KaHancK~Te BOA~ ~
KaHan~3a4~0H~OT C~CTSM.

0TI1CiAH~Te BOA~ BO KaHan~3a4~0H~Te C~CTSM~ ce KapaKTep~3~paaT KaKO

HepaMHOMepH~ KaKo no' OAHOC Ha BpeMe, TaKa~ no OAHOC Ha npocTop. CnpeMa
TOa, MSTOA~Te KO~ ce KOp~CTaT 3a AScp~H~pa~e Ha T848~8TO Ha OTilafl.H~Te BOA~
BO KaHan~3a4~0H~Te C~CTSM~ BO 110TI10JlHOCT He OAroBapaaT Ha peanH~Te YCllOB~
KO~ BllaAeaT BO C~CTSM~Te.

0Cf:!OBH~Te KapaKTep~CT~K~ Ha OTilafl.H~Te BOA~ 11p~ T84e~e BO

KaHan~3a4~0H~Te Mpe>K~ ce: KOI1~4~Ha Ha OTilaAHa BOAa (Q) BO [/s ~n~ m /s, 3

cpeAHa 6p3~Ha Ha Te4e~e (V) BO mls, X~Apayn~4K~ pa.q~yc Ha KaHanoT (R) BO m,

X~Apayn~4K~ HaKJlOH (HaKJlOH Ha KaHanOT) ( J) BO %o ~n~ m/km, KOecp~4~8HT~ Ha
X~Apayn~4Ka panaB~Ha Ha l\SBKl-1Te, KOecp~q~eHT Ha B~CK03HOCT Ha OTilaAH~Te
BOA~ ~ APYro.

Bo COCTaBOT Ha OTilafl.H~Te BOA~ ~Ma np~CaCTBO Ha paCTBOpeH~ ~ HepaCTBOpeH~

opraHcK~ ~ M~HepanH~ MaTepl-1~. OA X~Apayn~4K~ acneKT, pacTBopeH~Te
np~MSC~ He GTBapaaT H~KaKB~ npo6neM~ np~ T84e~eTO. HepaCTBOpeH~Te

I np~MecL-1, BO 3aB~CHOCT OA H~BHaTa cne4~¢~YHa Te>K~Ha MO>KaT Aa nn~BaaT,

ne6AaT ~n~ Aa ce Tano>KaT. nn~Ba4K~Te np~Mec~. AOKonKy ce 3roneM~ H~BHaTa
KOI1~4~Ha MO>KaT Aa ro peMeTaT Te4e~eTo Ha KaHanCKI..ne BOA~- MacH~Te

I np~Mec~ MO>KaT Aa ce np~nenyBaaT Ha S~AOB~Te Ha 4e8K~Te, a co Toa Aa ja

3roneMyBaaT X~Apayn~4KaTa rnaTKOCT Ha 4eBK~Te, a co Toa Aa ro HaManaT
nponycH~OT Kana4~TeT Ha c~cTeMOT. CenaK, HajroneM~ npo6neM~ np~ Te4e~eTo
BO KaHan~3aq~jaTa CTBapaaT TallO>Kll~B~Te np~MeC~ BO OTilafl.H~Te BOA~. KO~
MO>KaT noA OAPSASH~ X~Apayn~4K~ ycnoB~ Aa ce Tano>t<aT Ha AHOTO OA 4SBK~Te.
Tano>Kll~B~Te np~Mec~. CTBapaaT cnpyAOB~ OA HaHoc no AHOTO Ha 4SBK~Te, a co
Toa ro HaManyBaaT npocp~noT Ha 4SBK~Te ~ ja 3roneMyBaaT panaB~HaTa. Co Toa
BO 3Ha4ajHa MepKa ce HaManyBa nponyCH~OT Kana4~T8T Ha C~CTSMOT. aapa.q~ TOa,
np~ A~MeH3~0H~pa~e Ha KaHan~3a4~0Hl-10T c~cTeM noTpe6Ho e Aa ce ~36epaT
COOABSTHl-1 6p3l-1Hl-1 l-1 HaKJlOH~ Ha KaHan~Te 3a AS He Ce CTBapaaT ycnOB~ 3a
Tano>Kel-be.
Bo 3aBl-1CHOCT OA KOlll-14~HaTa Ha KaHancKa BOAa, TonorpacpcKl-1Te ~ APYr~
TepeHCK~ ycnoB~, KaHan~3a4~jaTa Tpe6a x~Apayn~4K~ TaKa Aa ce A~MeH3~0H~pa
3a Aa Henpe4eHo BO ceKoe BpeMe ce o6e36eA~ noTpe6HaTa nponycHocT ~
AB~>Ke~e Ha np~CYTH~Te MaTep~~ BO OTnaAH~Te BOA~-

Bo KaHan~3a4~0H~Te 4eBK~ ~ KoneKTOp~ MO>KaT Aa ce cpeTHaT cneAH~Te cpopM~

Ha Te4e~e Ha OTilaAH~Te BOA~:

65

II
 . av Bh
1. pa8HOMepHO CTa41i10HapHO TS'-Iel-be ( - = 0, - = 0 ), KOe ce cpeTHy8a npli1
Bt Bt
Te'-lel-be noA li1 6e3 npli1Tii1COK, ace ja8y8a npli1:
• Kora KOilli1'-lli1HaTa Ha OTnaAHa 80Aa li1 nonpe'-IHii10T npeceK ce KOHCTaHTHiil,
rpaAii1eHTOT Ha eHepreTCKaTa Illi1Hii1ja e KOHCTaHTeH li1 napaneneH Ha
Hli18eJleTaTa Ha KaHaJlOT,
• Kora pana81i1HaTa Ha 4e8Kii1Te 80 HaK8aceHii10T o6eM no Hanpe'-1Hii10T
npeceK li1 no AOI1>Kii1HaTa e HenpoMeHilli18a,
• Kora HeMa npenpeKii1 80 4e8KaTa no AOI1>Kii1HaTa Ha Tel.fel-be.
. av Bh .
2. Hepa8HOMepHO CTa41i10HapHO Te'-lel-be ( - = 0, -
Bt Bt
*
0 ), npli1 KOe npOTOKOT e
KOHCTaHTHa roneMii1Ha, a ce MeHy8a nonpeYHii10T npeceK Ha KaHanoT,
rp~li1eHTOT Ha eHepreTcKaTa Illi1Hii1ja He e napaneneH co Hli18eneTaTa Ha
KaHanoT, li1 cpeAHaTa 6p31i1Ha He e nocTojaHa no AOI1>Kii1HaTa Ha KaHanoT.

I 3. HepaBHOMepHO HeCTa41110HapHO Te'-lel-be ( av * 0

at ' ot
Bh *0)
' npli1 KOe
IJPOMeHI111181.1 ce no 8peMe 111 npocTop Cli1Te napaMeTpL-1 KOII1 ro Aecf:>L1HL1paaT
I teYel-beTo Ha KaHancKaTa 80Aa. COsa · Te'-lel-be e Hajcno>KeHa cpopMa Ha
Te'-lel-be, a e peanHo 1.1 ce cpeTHy8a KaKo 80 onwT, TaKa 111 80 cenapa41i10HeH
KaHaJllr13a41110HeH Clr1CTeM. np1.1Yii1HII1 3a TOa Ce Hepa8HOMepH1.10T AOTeK Ha
oTn~HaTa 80Aa no 8peMe li1 npocTop, npoMeHnlr1Bir1 reoMeTplr1CKii1
KapaKTepL1CTL1KII1 Ha KaHanli13a41.10HL10T cl.1cTeM li1 APYrD.
AoKonKy ce nocMaTpa Hepa8HOMepHoc'ra Ha AOTOKOT Ha OTil~Ha 80Aa 80
KaHam13a41.10Hii10T ClilCTeM ce 3a6ene>Kysa AeKa npoMeHI.1Te ce penaTiilBHO 6narli1 li1
80 noAonr 8peMeHCKL1 li1HTep8an. CnpeMa Toa, ~eYel-beTo 80 KaHai11r13a41r10HaTa
I Mpe>Ka MO>Ke Aa ce Cli1MYI11r1pa BO KpaTKiil BpeMeHCKii1 lr1HTep8anll1 KaKO K8a31.1
CTa41.10HapHO.
3ap~ll1 CilO>KeHaTa cpopMa Ha HepaBHOMepHOTO 111 HeCTa41110HapHO Tel.fel-be,
Ii KaHam13a41.10HI.1Te Mpe>KII1, .80 npaKca, npeTe>KHo · ce npecMeTysaaT KaKo
pa8HOMepHO Tel.fel-be 80 Typ6yneHTeH pe>KII1M.

I KaHanll13a41.10HI.1Te Mpe>KII1, ce no'-lecTo ce npecMeTy8aaT li1 co cpopM1i1Te Ha

Hepa8HOMepHO HeCTa41.10HapHO Te'-lel-be, noce6HO 80 MaTeMaTII1'-IKL1Te MOAei1111 3a
Cli1MYI11i1pal-be Ha TeYel-beTo 80 KaHanll13a41.10HII1Te cll1cTeMI.1. Ho ce ywTe, nop~111

I cno>KeHaTa cpopMa Ha Toa TeYel-be, He Haofa now1.1poKa npaKTL-1'-IHa np1.1MeHa 3a

6p3o A111MeH31.10H1.1pal-be Ha KaHanii1Te.
Tpe6a Aa ce HanoMHe . AeKa np1.1 A111MeH31110HII1pal-be Ha reoMOTpii1CKI.1Te
I KapaKTepli1CTII1KII1 Ha KaHaJlli13a4111jaTa ce TprHy8a OA MaKCL1MaJ1Hir1Te npOTO'-IHL-1
KOI11.1'-IIr1Hir1 KOL-1 Ce jasysaaT 80 Cli1CTeMOT.

I 2. OCHOBH~ <!>OPM~ HA nonPE~H~ nPECE~~

~ X~APAYn~~K~ KAPAKTEP~CT~K~
HA KAHAII~TE

ct>opMaTa Ha nonpeYHL10T npeceK Ha KaHanlr1Te Tpe6a TaKa Aa ce 11136epe 3a Aa MO>Ke

Aa r1.1 3~080111.1 cneAHII1Te ycnos111:

ii
66
 1. KaHanlll3a4IIIOHL!ITe· 4SBKIII Tpe6a Aa ro 1113Ap>KaT npiiiTIIICOKOT o,q 3eMjlllwTeTo
K3KO Ill CT3TIII4KIIIT9 Ill AIIIHaMIIILfKIIITS TOBaplll WTO ce jasysaaT HaA HIIIB OA
1 yniii4HIIIOT coo6paK:aj (asTo6yclll, KaMIIIOHIII, Tpone6yclll, TpaMBallllll AP·)·
J
2. nonpe4HIIIOT npeceK Tpe6a Aa oso3MO>KIII HajnosonHIII X111Apayniii4KIII ycnos111 3a
IIICTeKysal-be Ha BOAaTa. X111Apayniii4KIII HajnosoneH nonpe4eH npeceK e oHoj KOj
np111 IIICTa nospWIIIHa IIIMa HajroneM X111Apayniii4KIII P3AIIIYC, a CO TOa Ill
MaKCIIIManHa nponycHa cnoco6HOCT.
3. EKcnnoaTa4111jaTa Aa 111M e necHa OAHOCHO KaHaniiiTe necHo p..a ce 4111CTaT 111
OAP>KysaaT.
4. Aa 6111AaT wTo noeKOHOMIII4HIII.
Bo KaHaniii334IIIOHaTa npaKTIIIKa MO>Ke Aa ce cpeTHaT cneAHIIITe cpopMIII Ha nonpe4eH
npeceK Ha KaHaniiiTe cn.21 .
a) 6) I
I

-v-
I

e) >K) i

I
s) M): j)
I 3} I
I I

_@([1 I
~--~!--~~
Cn. 40 nonpe'-leH npeceK Ha KaHanure
(a-Kpy>KeH, 6-nonyKpy>KeH, s-nonyemmcacT, r-6aHKeTOBI.1AeH, A-iai4eBI.1AeH,
f-elllo1ncacT, e-nonyKpy>KeH npOAOil>KeH, >K-jajL\eBI.1AeH npeBpTeH, 3-YCTaCT,
s-nonl.1roHaneH, 1.1-npasoaroneH, j-Tpane3acT)

I KpY>KHIIIOT nonpe4eH npeceK e co H~Ao6plll X111Apayniii4KIII KapaKTepiiiCTIIIKIII np111

OABSAYBal-be Ha nocTojaH npoTOK. Kaj cenapa41110HaTa KaHan1113a41110Ha CIIICTeMa,

I Mpe>KIIITe 3a 6111TOBIII 111 IIIHAYCTpiiiCKIII OAnaAHIII BOAIII IIIMaaT Man111 sap111ja4111111 Ha

npOTOKOT 111 3aToa 3a HIIIB, cKopo peAOBHO ce ynoTpe6ysaaT KPY>KHIII nonpe4HIII
npece4111. Kpy>KHIIITe nonpe4HIII npece4111 ce noroAHIII so eKcnnoaTa4111ja, 6111AejK:111

I HIIIBHOTO 4111CT91-b9 Ce BpWIII neCHO, CO KOp111CT91-b9 Ha cne4111janHa HaMeHCKa onpeMa

(49TKIII, TOnKIII Ill en.).
Jaj40BIIIAHIIIOT nonpe4eH npeceK ja IIIMa Taa oco6111Ha Aa np111 Man nonHe>K, 6p3111HaTa
I Ha BOAaTa e noroneMa OA KonKy Kaj KPY>KHIIIOT nonpe4eH npeceK. Osoj nonpe4eH

67
,
1
~·

npeceK e norOASH 3a npOT04~ KO~ AOCTa Bap~paaT, KaKO WTO ce npOT04~Te BO

onwTaTa KaHan~3a4~0Ha c~cTeMa, cenapa4~oHaTa c~cTeMa 3a aTMocsepcK~ BOA~.
Kaj HeKo~ ~HP.YCTp~cK~ OAilafi.H~ BOA~ ~ T.H. Kaj Hac ce ynoTpe6ysa jaj40B~P.eH
· nonpel.feH npeceK l.f~j OAHOC Ha B~C04~HaTa Ha KaHaJlOT (H) cnpeMa W~pOl.f~HaTa Ha
KaHaJlOT (8) e 1,5 (HI B = 3/2 =1,5 ). .
np~ roneM~ KOn~l.f~H~ Ha OTilaAHa BOP.a a ~ ~3pa3~T~ ~ sap~ja4~~ Ha npOTOKOT,
MO)f(aT Aa ce np~MeHarnonpel.fH~ npece4~ co K~HeTa (en. 40 r) Koja OB03MO)f(ysa
nonosonH~ x~.a.payn~l.fK~ ycnos~ Ha Tel.fel-beTo np~ noMan~ npoT04~·

YcTacT~OT npocp~n. non~roHanH~OT, npasoaronH~OT ~ tpane3acT~OT nonpel.feH

npeceK· ce np~MeHysaaT 3a roneM~ npoTOl.fH~ Kon~4~H~_ Ha BOAa. Bo ycnos~ Kora
HeMa AOBOnHo s~c~Ha 3a nocTasysal-be Ha rnasH~Te KaHan~3a4~0H~ KoneKTOp~
npeAHOCT ~MaaT npocp~n~Te CO ll0~3pa3eHa W~pOl.f~Ha BO OAHOC Ha B~C~HaTa KaKOB
.wTo e ycTacT~OT ~ non~roHanH~OT npocp~n.
Bo ~HP.YCTp~cKo npo~3BOACTBO Kaj Hac r~ ~Ma KPY)f(H~Te ~ jaj4eB~P.H~Te nonpel.fH~
npece4~. X~Apayn~l.fK~Te KapaKTep~CT~K~ Ha nonpel.fH~OT npeceK Ha KaHan~Te
Hajl.feCTO ce ~3pa3ysaaT co Kp~saTa Ha npoTOKOT ~ Kp~saTa Ha 6p3~HaTa. Kp~saTa
Ha npOTOKOT npeTCTasysa OAHOC Ha npOTOKOT np~ OllPSASneH nonHS)f(, cnpeMa
npoTOKOT np~ nonH npocp~n Ha KaHanOT. Kp~saTa Ha 6p3~HaTa npeTcTasysa
OAHOCOT Ha 6p3~HaTa Ha BOAaTa np~ onpeAeneH nonHe)f(, cnpeMa 6p3~HaTa np~
I nonH npocp~n Ha KaHanoT.
HajroneM npaKT~l.feH ~HTepec npeTcTasysaaT KaHaJl~Te co· Kpy)f(eH, jaj4eB~AeH ~
ycTao6pa3eH nonpe4eH npeceK. H~sH~Te X~Apayn~l.fK~ KapaKTep~cT~K~ ce AB.ASH~
Ha cn.41, cn.42 ~ cn.43.
s 0

100
0 10 2fJ •30 1.0 SO GO 70 80 gq 100 110 120
JOI) 3.H:!r: G,!!S3r
I R

O,!illl)r
I I I I I l.LL
95 -f- -·- '-·-i'- h"'t '"\\- - (15 3,0S3r: 5,38:!1' O,!i731'
'cf!. 90
85
-~
--
!\
-1. ·-·1--.
l
~ -- -r- 1.,.-
Q' J I \
-1-': r- -; 1- ,--
!)I)

l!!i
!!,!J78r:l
:!,S47r:l
o~;oo7r

4,G93r
0,50Gr
0,60ir

- ~1./ r--
·-~1'
~ 80 l ·I
T
,..... RO !!,Gos,.% 4,4!101' 0,60Sr
lb7s ,- .·- -t· ;r; 4,1!)0r 0,6031'
I ~ 1- f.I.L i- :!.!i!!S,'l
l='
1- 70
g ts
f---b•2r- /
/
v 11V' rH/- :-- 70 Z,3!i0r~ 3,965r 0,5931'

~60
-~-- f-f- f-f- . -'- ~+- ·- ··r- r- f-1-
I --p 115
60
!!,IG!!rZ
1,9fl0r::
3,7511'
3,5451'
0,5iG,.
0,555r

I ~55
osa
co
·- 1--r- 1---'-:-1- -:z ·-,-
Qj '/ 1/
-~- -I-

L ,___
.
I,_
55
50
1,771,.2
1,57 tr::
3,342r 0,5301'
3,142r• 0,500r
)E4S ~'-~- 1---i-1- -~
"'I- f-'- "'I- ·- -iS 1,3ill·:l 2,94lr 0,4661'

I ~40
ac - -"',_
3$ ·-!---
'L
_,_,_ f-
/
II

-vi...!. ~-- 1-•r'- -r-!-·-

4D
35
'·' 13;.::
0,9801':
:!,738r
!!,5321'
(),4281'
0,387r
30 30 0,792r2 2,3181' 0,3421'
'/

I 2S .,...
-- ·-~- -14 1- ·--- 1-1- -1-'- ~5 O,Gt4,.~

0,447,.::
!!,094r 0,2931'
20
rs
I
I
- 1-
/
f- ... !!0
15 0,:!!)51'2
l,SG4r
l,S91r
0,241r
O,l8G,.

I
/ 10 0,164r2
10 I'
l,!!S'lr 0,127r
1/
s 1-f-
1-..-
r- 1- ·--· -·- 1- 1- ~~- -- .
G 0,059r2 0,902r 0,056r
0
10 20 JO 4IJ SO 60 70 80 90 TOO 110 120
KOecp~L\~eHT Ha npOTOK L!1 6p3~Ha
llq=Qi/Qo Li1 llv=VrfVo %

Cn. 41 f/,MjarpaM Ha npoTOK 111 6p3MHa 3a Kpy>KeH nonpeYeH npeceK

I
I 68

I
~--

!'
-·

0 10 20 30 40 so 50 70 80 90 100 110 !20

...
., 1 s I 0 R
100

!)3,3 4,430rZ 6,643,. O,GG7r

S6,7 4,1-&7rS 0,0761' 0,683r

so 3.B02T2 $,6121' 0,677r
73,3 3,422rl 5,191r 0,659r
06,7 3,03!!1'1 4,788t' 0,83 lr
60 2,G:!-fr2 4,3681- 0,598r
,.J
53,3 2,23trl 3,98llr 0,560r

4G,7 l,S-i7rZ 3,580r 0,516r

41) 1,-IBt,.Z 3,1G9r O,<t08r
~,.
33,3 l,t:at= 2,749r O,U3r
~l
26,7 0,820rZ !!,319r 0,3.54r

!!0 0,530rZ 1,875r 0,287r

1,413r 0,2l!!t"

6,67 0,112rZ 0,9:!7r 0,1211'

ro . 20 30 . '-" so oo 70 eo gq roo no rzo

KOeCp111L\1119HT Ha npOTOK Ill 6p3111Ha
llQ=Qh/Qn 111 llv=VJVo %
Cn. 42 ,4~-tjarpaM Ha nporoK M6p3~-tHa 3a jaj1..1ea~-tp,eH no[7pe4eH npeceK
,.
ft/1 s 0 R
0 10 20 :JO 1.0 SfJ 60 70 80 90 100 ITO 120
!00 I I I 100 2,378~ 6,603r 0,42-tr
I I I I N..
. ~r >r.....L..-'-1.-
iss r- I- ·- "' 1-1- ·-'-+- ...... .:..~
- t:
93,3 2,319r2 4,890r 0,493r
Q' i~~ -\I-
1..--L-,
90 1-1- .

0~
f-
BS I-
80 I-
15 ~
fi:· lt'\l
~
f -?~r ~·
~ ./ 1
r --
1- 1-- ~ 1-
~--~ I-

+- f-. F1h
I
i/ /
,/,

'---1-\ -
=" ~
I=
811,7

80
2,22-&r1

2,o;a,.~
o&,310r

-I,Ol4r
0,516r

0,5lSr

$:z: 70
H
,_ bc.Zf',-• I IV'~
IL;-- t 1
~1-
73,3 1,926r:! 3,73r 0,51ir

!=" 65 1-1- r-- 1- ..1.- j __,.. + 1- -+ 1- H.,.; 1-· li6,7 1,759f-2 3,509r O,SO:!r
. I
,..... so f I ! .~ if
GO
0
;a ss I- 1-
,_ - .. 1- r-r; 17 r-1- .J
1-!-1-
,_ ·'fL
-'I 1-
1,578r2 3,29!!r 0,48r

I J 53,3 1,39!!r2 3,07r 0,453r

J: 50
l./
·- ,_,_ 1- 1-
ct3
~ 45 1- ;- 1-1- 40,7 1,1!)8,.2 2,803r 0,418r
I- 1...
+.1I-!- f-.
0 v I
m 1,0 Q. 41) 1,003r2 2,661r 0,377r
~
())
35 1-1- 1- f-1-- 1- f... I- --I ·.,.. i- . ·- -
~-
33,3 0,807r2 !!,461r 0,326r
J: 30 l7
~
0 25 I-1-
,_v- 1-- 1- ~- 1- 1- ,_
,I
VJ ~ I - ·-1-
v
'-"1- - ·-1- ,__ !!Ci,7 0,608r:l 2,2!i8r 0,269r
c 1/
:2o :?0 0,415r2 2,038r 0,203r
·- ,_ 1- ·- ,_ 1- 1- ·- -1-
1..,;
15 1- ~ 1-1- 1-1-- ·- I-
13,8 0,235r:l 1,7G0r 0,133r
10 II
""' .
1- ,_ ·-1- 1-f-1- ,_ 1--Q
~
1-- 1-... I- 1- !-
·~
s f- !- O,G7 0,084r2 1,2118r O,OOGr
~---'" •
0
10 20 30 I#J so &o 70 ao 90 roo no no_
KOecp1114111eHT Ha npOTOK 111 6p31!1Ha
11Q=Qh/Q0
TJv=VJV0 % 111
Cn. 43 /1,~-tjarpaM Ha nporoK vt 6p3MHa 3a ycrao6pa3eH nonpe'-leH npeceK

69
 O.q .q111jarpaMOT Ha KplllsaTa Ha npoTOKOT ce rne.qa .qeKa np111 .qse pa3111114111TIII
11011H9>KHIII BIIIC04111HIII Hlll3 KaHaJlOT npOTeKyBa IIICTIII npOTOK. np111 11011H npocp11111 Kaj
KPY>KHIIIOT 111 jaj4eB111AHIIIOT nonpe4eH npeceK so.qHoTo KOm149CT80 e noMa11o Hero np111
no11He>K 0,95 D. OsY!e Kplll8111 ce TeopeTCKIII 111 ce .qo6111eH111 no cpopMy11111Te Ha We3111 111
KyTep. Co eKcnepY~MeHTIII e .qoKa>KaHo .qeKa MaKCIIIManHIIIOT npoToK ce jasysa np111
no11H npocp11111 Ha KaHanoT (lllcnpeKIIIHaTIIITe 11111H111111). Pa311111KaTa noMefy TeopeTCKIIITe
111 eKcnepiiiMeHTanHIIITe Kp1118111 3a Kpy>KeH 111 jaj4e8111P.eH nonpe4eH npeceK ce
4Y8CT8111Te11HIII 3a no11He>K noro11eM o.q 0,55 o.q 8111C04111HaTa. Ce npenopa4ysa
eKcnep111MeHTa11HIIITe KpiiiBIII .qa ce KOplllcTaT np111 no11He>K noro11eM o.q 50% D.
KaHanlll3a4IIIOHIIITe Mpe>KIII ce 11138e.qysaaT o.q: 6eTOHCKIII, apM111paHo6eTOHCKIII,
as6eCT4eMeHTHYI, n11aCTIII4HIII, no11111eT11111eH 111 .qpym MaTep111ja11111. O.q Koj MaTep111jan K:e
ce 11136epaT KaHanlll3a4IIIOHIIITe 4esK111 npe.q ce 3a8111CIII o.q:
• X9MIIICKIIIOT COCTaB Ha KaHaJlCKIIIT9 80A111,
.• paCI10110>KIIIBOTO IIIHP.YCTpiiiCKO np0111380P.CT80 Ha 49BKIII,
• 4111H91-b9TO Ha 1113B9P.9HIIIT9 KaHaJllll,
i • arpeciiiBHOCTa Ha no.q3eMHaTa so.qa,
• MeCHIIITe yc11os111 111 .qp.,
I ro119MIIIT9 K0119KTOp111 Ill Cl194111jaJ1HIIITe 11011p94HIII npece4111 061114HO ce 111389AY8aaT
MOH011111THO, a CIIITe APYflll MOHTa>KHO.

3. A03BOflEHA 5P3~HA HA BOAATA 80 KAfl~TE

nplll A111M9H31110HIIIpat-be Ha KaHanlll3a41110HIIITe Mpe>KIII, 6p3111HaTa Ha BOAaTa Tpe6a Aa

6111A9 80 rpaHIII4111T9 110Mefy MIIIHIIIMaJlHaTa Ill MaKCIIIMa11HaTa A0380119Ha 6p3111Ha.
I KaHanCKIIITEi so.q111, so ce6e toAp>KaT pa3HIII HepacTsopeHIII opraHCKIII 111 HeopraHCKIII
MaTepllllll KOIII cnpeMa csojaTa cne4111cp1114Ha Te>KIIIHa MO>Ke Aa n11111saaT 111 11e6AaT so
80AaTa 11111111 Aa ce 811e4aT 111 Tano>KaT no AHOTo Ha KaHa11111Te.
I MIIIHIIIManHaTa A038011eHa 6p3111Ha Ha 80AaTa 80 KaHaniiiTe Tpe6a Aa oso3MO>KIII
TpaHCI10pT Ha CIIIT9 MaTepllllll KOIII ce HaofaaT 80 KaHaJlCKaTa BOAa, OAHOCHO

I MIIIHIIIMa11HaTa 6p3111HaTa Tpe6a Aa 6111Ae e.qHaKsa 11111111 noro11eMa OA 6p3111HaTa np111

Koja ce spw111 caMOIIICnlllpat-be. MIIIHIIIMa11HaTa 6p3111Ha 3aBIIICIII OA XY1Apaym14KIIIOT
paAIIIYC, 1108pWIIIHaTa Ha >KIIIBIIIOT nonpe49H npeceK Ill KOH48HTpa4111jaTa Ha MaTep111111T9

I WTO rill HOCIII OTna.qHaTa BOAa CO ce6e (neCOK, 3rypa, CTaKJlO, MaC110 Ill AP·)
Bpc OCHOBa Ha o.qpe.qeHIII IIICTpa>Ky8al-ba HanpaBeHIII 3a PyCKIIITe HOpMIII Ill nponiiiCIII
{SNiP ll-32-74), BO Ta6enaTa 6p. 16 np011111WaHIII ce spe.qHOCTIII 3a MIIIHIIIMaJlHa 6p3111Ha
I 3a cpeKanHa 111 aTMocsepcKa KaHa111113a4111ja, np111 nonH npocp11111.
Ta6en 6p. 16

I AllljaMeTap D
(mm)
6p3111Ha Vmin
(rnls)
.q111jaMeTap D
(mm)
6p3111Ha Vmin
(m/s)
! 150-200 0,7 900-1200 1,15
I 300-400 0,8 1300-1500 1,30
450-500 0,9 >1500 1,50
I 600-800 1,0

I 70

I
:~
I
I
.J

CnpeMa npenco.qH~Te HOpM~ ~ npon~c~ {SNiP II-32-74), ce npon~wysa ~

M~HL-1ManHaTa 6p3L-1Ha np~ .qenL-1MW-!HO L-1CnonHeT KaHan (Kaj onwT KaHanL-13a4L-10HeH
CL-1CT9M 80 CY80 8p9M9). Bo KaHan~ Keif:\9 npOTOKOT Ha OTnap.Ha 6~T08a 80.qa e
noroneM o.q 10 n/c, noTpe6Ho e .qa ce nposepL-1 ML-1H~ManHaTa 6p3~Ha np~ cy8o
8peMe, Koja He Tpe6a .qa 6~.qe noMana OfJ. 8pefJ.HOCT~Te 80 Ta6ena 6p. 17
Ta6en 6p. 17
nonHe:>K 80
KaHanoT Vmin
(m/s)
h (em)
10-20 0,75
21-30 0.80
31-40 0.90
41-60 0.95
61 - 100 1.00
101 -200 1.50

CnpeMa H.<P. <l>efJ.opo8 M~H~ManHaTa 6p3Li1Ha np~ Koja ce OfJ.Hecy8aaT c~Te T8pfJ.L-1
YeCTL-14K~
ce onpe(J.eny8a co cne{J.HaTa cpopMyna:
Vmin = 1,57 · ifR [mls]
Kap.e e: -
R - XL-1[J.payn~4KL-1 pap.Li1yC, 80 m,
n =3,5+0,5·R - kopeH08 noKa3aTen
M~H~MaJIHaTa fJ.OS8oneHa 6p3~Ha 3a ~cTano:>KeHa ~ 6L-1onowKa npeYif1CTeHa 80.qa, 80
498KL-1Te ~ KaHan~Te e 0,50 mls. ML-1HL-1ManHaTa 6p3L-1Ha Kaj CL-1QJOHL-1 e 1.0 m/s, aKo
CL-1QJOHOT 9 3a aTMOC89pCKL-1 BOfJ.L-1 ML-1H~ManHaTa 6p3~Ha MO:>K9 {J.a Ce YCBOL-1 0.9 m/s.
3a onwTaTa KaHan~3a4L-10Ha c~cTeMa, M~HL-1ManHaTa fJ.03BoneHa 6p3L-1Ha Kora
npOT94yBaaT OTna{J.H~Te ~ aTMOCcpepCKL-1T9 BOfJ.L-1 npL-1 1108TOpyBat-be Ha fJ.O:>K.qOT
9{J.HaW rDfJ.L-1WHO e 0,80 m/s, a npL-1 npOTSKYBat-be Ha 6~TOBL-1T9 BOfJ.L-1, ML-1HL-1ManHa
fJ.03BoneHa 6p3Li1Ha e 0,60 m!s.
M~HL-1ManHaTa fJ.03BoneHa 6p3Li1Ha Ha TanoroT so 49BK080A nOA npL-1TL-1COK ce [J.a{J.eHL-1
so Ta6enaTa 6p. 18
Ta6en 6p. 18
COfJ.p:>KL-1Ha Ha BO{J.a Vmin
so TanoroT % (m/s)_
98 0,70-0,80
97 0,80-0,90
96 0,90-0,95
95 1,00- 1,10
93 1,26- 1,30
90 1,50- 1,60

71
 . . . MaKCt.1MaJ1Ht.1Te 6p3t.1Ht.1 so KaHant.13a'-lt.10Ht.1Te Mpe>Kt.1 ce YTBPAYBaaT 3a Aa He AOjAe
t' -AO MeXaHt.1YKO OWT9TYBal-be Ha 49BKt.1Te t.1flt.1 Ht.18HO pa3M9CTYBal-be llOA ASjCTBO Ha
sne4Ht.1Te c1.1nt.1 Ha BOAaTa t.1 HepacTsopeHt.1Te MaTept.1t.1. MaKCt.1MaJ1Ht.1Te 6p3t.1Ht.1 KOt.1
I ce A03sonysaaT so KaHant.1Te 3as1.1caT OA cneAHOTo:
• MaTept.1janoT OA Koj ce HanpaseHt.1 49BKt.1Te,
• · rycTt.1HaTa Ha BOAaTa wTo ce ABt.1>Kt.1 Ht.13 Ht.1B,
• llaAOT Ha KaHanOT (Ht.1B9fi9TaTa),
• TexHt.1KaTa Ha cnojysal-be Ha 4eBKt.1Te 111 AP·
MaKCt.1ManHaTa A03soneHa 6p3t.1Ha 3a MeTanHIII 4eBKt.1 8 M/c, a 3a Ct.1Te ocTaHant.1
BIIIAOBt.1 Ha 4eBKt.1 e 5 M/c.
CnpeMa PycKIIITe HOpMt.1 t.1 npont.1ct.1 (SNiP II~32-74}, so Ta6enaTa 6p. 19 AaAeHIII ce
speAHOCTt.1Te 3a MaKCt.1ManHaTa A03soneHa 6p3111Ha.
Ta6ena 6p. 19 MaKCUManHa f1,03BOneHa 6p3UHa v max (m/s)
KaHaJlt.13a'-lt.10H9H Ct.1CT9M
Bt.1A Ha 49BKt.1 cenapa4V10HeH 3a OTnC!AHV1 onwT V1 cenapa4V10HeH 3a
BOAV1 aTMoceepcKV1 BOAV1
He MeTanHIII L\9BKt.1 4 7
MeTanHt.1 L\9BKt.1 8 10

3a aTMoccpepcKt.1 KaHaflt.13a4r..10HIII Mpe>Kr..1, MaKCr..1ManHt.1Te 6p3t.1Ht.1 MO)f(aT Aa

AOCTt.1rHaT 7 AO 10 M/c, a 3a OABOAt.1Te Kaj npenr..1BHt.14t.1Te KOt.1 pa6oTaT no8peMeHo,
MO)f(e Aa ce A03sonaT t.1 noroneMt.1 6p3t.1Ht.1, AYPt.1 t.1 10 AO 14 M/c. Kaj Hac soo6t.14aeHo
e, KaHant.13a4t.10Ht.1Te Mpe>Kt.1 OA 6eTOHCKt.1 498Kt.1 Aa ce At.1MeH3t.10Ht.1paaT co
MaKCVIManHa 6p3t.1Ha AO 3,0 Mlc.

4. A03BOEJIHVI AVIJAMETPVI VI nAAOBVI HA KAHAIIVITE

CnpeMa TeXHt.14Kr..1Te HopMr..1 t.1 npas111na 3a npoeKTt.1pal-be t.1 rpaAel-be Ha
KaHant.13a4r..10Hr..1 Mpe)f(t.1, HajManr..1 A03soneHr..1 ALt1jaMeTpt.1 Ha nonpe4Ht.1Te npece4t.1 Ha
KaHant.1T9 ce Cfi9AHt.1Te:
a) 3a ynt.14Ha KaHant.13a4r..10Ha Mpe>Ka <P250 MM,
6) 3a KBapTanHa t.1 6nOKOBCKa Mpe>Ka <P150 MM,
s) 3a KYKHt.1 npr..1KnY40'-Ir..1 <P150MM e8eHryanHo <P125 t.1 100 MM.
ALt1jaMeTapoT Ha 498Kt.1Te ce t.136t.1pa so 3aBt.1CHOCT OA n~oT Ha KaHant.1Te t.1
npoT04HaTa KOflt.14t.1Ha Ha BOAa. KonKy e noMan P.Lt1jaMeTapoT, TOnKy naP.OT Tpe6a Aa
e noroneM 3a Aa He AOafa AO TaJ10)1(91-b9 Ha 49CTIII4Kt.1T9 WTO ft.1 HOCr..1 80P.aTa CO
ce6e.
HajMant.10T HaKnOH Ha KaHanoT ce onpeAenysa 3apaP.t.1 cnpeYysal-be Ha Tano)f(el-be
Ha cycneHAt.1paHt.1 MaTept.1t.1 KOt.1 ce COAP)f(aHr..1 so KaHancKaTa 80Aa. 08a ce
nocTt.1rHy8a co o6e36eAyBal-be Ha OAPSAeHa TpaHcnopTHa cnoco6HOCT 80 KaHanoT,
OAHOCHO 6p3t.1Ha Ha A8Lt1)f(el-be Ha BOAaTa 80 KaHanoT ..
CnpeMa npenopaKr..1T9 Ha rpeMaHCKOTO APYWTBO 3a KaHant.13a4t.1ja, 80 Ta6enaTa 6p.
20 AaP.SHt.1 ce speAHOCTt.1Te 3a HajMan A0380neH HaKnoH Ha KaHanoT no cpopMynt.1Te
. Ha Darsi- Vajsbah I Prantl- Colbruk, 3a pa3nr..14Hr..1 speAHOCTt.1 Ha ancOllYTHaTa panas1.1Ha
{k) so mm.

t 72

I
 Ta6ena 6p. 20 MMHMManHitf P,03BOneHit1 HaKflOHM Ha KaHanltfTe J min (m/km)

J min (m!km) J min (mlkm)

D D
(mm) k (mm) (mm) k (mm)
0.25 0.40 1.00 1.50 0.25 0.40 1.00 1.50
200 2.85 3.10 3.90 4.40 800 1.02 1.12 1.35 1.50
250 2.15 2.35 2.95 3.30 900 1.18 1.27 1.55 1.70
300 2.20 2.40 3.00 3.35 1000 1.02 1.12 1.35 1.50
400 1.55 1.70 2.10 2.30 1200 0.82 0.90 1.08 1.18
500 1.50 1.62 2.00 2.20 1500 0.80 0.86 1.04 1.14
600 1.45 1.60 1.65 2.15 1600 0.98 1.08 1.30 1.40
700 1.20 1.32 1.60 1.75 3000 0.47 0.50 0.60 0.64

Ha en. np1.1KruKaHL!l ce rpacpL~~4Kif1Te L!1 L!138eAeH1.1 MaTeMaTL!14KL!l 3a8L!ICHOCTL!l 3a

Mlf1Hif1ManHif10T HaKnoH Ha KaHanoT 80 3a81f1CHOCT o.n. AL~~jaMeTapoT 1.1 anconYTHaTa
pana81.1Ha Ha L\88KL!!Te (k) 80 mm.

I 4.5
0

J '""' (mlkm)

~
4

I 3.5

I ~\ 0 k=0.25mm, JMw =62.106D-4.$J6S

~\\
3
0 k =0.40 mm, J Mia= 69.8.14 D" 41012 '
0 k = 1.00 mm, J M"' = 94.086 D-4.•m

I
2.5

~~ ~ 0 k = 1.50 mm, J ""• = 119.27 D -4.1JT7

1.5 ~~
~~
0
•

~ ,__--
t:--
I
0.5

I 0
D (mm)

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

I Cn. 44 rpacj:JW.IKa 3aBit1CHOCT Ha MltfHitfManeH P,03BOfleH HaKflOH Ha KaHanOT

CnpeMa o.n.pe.n.eHif1 noH081f1 lf1CTpa>f<Y8al-ba Hanpa8eHif1 80 repMaHL~~ja o.n. MaKe

(MaqKe), Mlf1HL!!ManHL!IOT HaKnOH Ha KaHanOT ce onpe.n.e.ny8a BO 3aBit1CHOCT Of\
TaHrSHL\If1aJIHOTO Hanperal-he Ha cMonKHysal-be Ha Slf1.£\0T o.n. KaHanoT 3a Aa He ce
nojasL~~ Ta.no>Kel-be so KaHanlf13ai...\L~~OHI.1Te LleBKif1. 3a .n.a He ce nojasL!l ra.no>Kel-be,
Hanperal-bSTO Ha CMO.nKHyBal-be rpe6a .n.a 61.1.£\8 r-0 ~ 1 (N I m 2 ). no OBa MSTOA
Mlf1HL!!ManHL!IOT HaKnOH Ha KaHa.nOT e BO 3aBif1CHOCT L!1 Of\ 3anpeML!IHCKaTa
KOHL\eHrpal...\lf1ja Ha cycneHAif1PaHI.1 Marep1.11.1 (c). Wro ce OAHecysa AO osoj
Koecp1.11...\lf1eHT, asTopoT ce onpe.n.en1.1n 3a:
• c = 0.03 % 0 3a cenapai...\L!IOHSH Clf1CTeM 3a 61f1T0Bif1 1.1 lf1HAYCTp1.1CKif1 OTnaAHif1

I BO.£\L!llf1

I 73

I
 • c = 0.05 % 0 3a OllWT ll1 cenapal...!LIIOH9H Cli!CT9M 3a aTMOCB9pCKLI! BOIJ.lll.

3anpaKTLI14Ha npV~MeHa, MaKe rlll npeiJ.nmKV~n cneiJ.Hli!Te P.Ba L113pa3lll.

• 3a Ka.Hanlll 3a cenapal...!LIIOH9H Cli!CT9M 3a 6li!T08Iillll li!HAYCTpli!CKLII 80AL11:

Q = Vnnn. · F = 22 ' 89 · R 3 • J 3
• 3a KaHafllll 3a OllWT ll1 cenapal...!li!OH9H Cli!CT9M 3a aTMOC89pCKLII 80/].ll! :
3 3
Q = V.
mm
· F = 13 ' 73 · R • J
Ka.IJ.9 WTO:

Q e npOTOK Ha 80/].a 80 m3Is,

F e )l(ll!8 npeceK Ha KaHanoT 80 m2 ,
Vmin e Mli!Hli!ManHa IJ.038oneHa 6p3li!Ha Ha 80IJ.aTa 80 mls,
Xli!IJ.paynli14Klll paiJ.li!YC 80 m,
R e
J e HarV~6 Ha nli!HV~jaTa Ha eHeprV~ja ( HaKnoH Ha KaHanoT) 80 %o,
OP. npeTXOIJ.Hli!Te L113pa3lll ce 3a6ene~8a P.SKa HaKnOHOT Ha KaHanoT 3a8li!Cll! OP. F ,
R, KaKo ll1 OP. 6p3V~HaTa 80 KaHanoT.
Co npeTXOIJ.Hli!Te L113pa3lll ce o6e36e1J.y8a TpaHcnopT Ha OTnap.HaTa 80IJ.a 6e3
Tano)l(et-he 3a non He)!( 0,3 :$ h/ D :$ 0,9 80 KaHanoT. 3a onceroT Ha non He)!(
0,1 :$ hj D :$ 0,3, KOj 49CTO ce Cp9THy8a 80 npaKCa, llp91J.fi0)1(9HO e npeCMSTaHLIIOT
Mli!Hli!ManeH HaKfiOH IJ.a C9 3rOfi9Mll! 3a KOp9KL!LIIOH9H K09cp111L!li19HT 80 8li!Cli!Ha OIJ.
ck = 1,15.
3a.P.a 6V~.qe ll!cnonHeT ycno80T r-0 min ~ 1 (N 1m 2 ) , npVI Manlll nonHS)I(ll!, noTpe6Ho e P.a
6li!P.9:

3a hj D = 0,2 (OIJ.HOCHO R = 0,4824 · Dj 4) ce 1J.06ll!8a ycn080T:

J min ~ 0,845 %o
D
Ka/].9 WTO De IJ.VIjaMeTap 80 M.

3a npaKTLI14Ha npli!M9Ha, 3a 1J.9cpVIHL11pat-be Ha Mli!Hli!MaJIHLIIOT HaKnOH, 3a npeTXOIJ.HLIIT9

IJ.8a cny4alll (cenapal...!li!OH9H KaHanV13aL!VIOH9H CVICT9M 3a 6VIT08VI Vlli!HIJ.YCTpliiCKiil 80/].111;
OllWT Ill Cenapal...!IIIOH9H KaHanlil3aL!VIOH9H CIIICT9M 3a aTMOC89pCKiil 80/].111) IJ.a.IJ.9Ha 9
Ta6enaTa 6p. 21 3a npeTnocTa8eHa ancony-rHa pana8111Ha k = 1 MM, a nonHe)l(
h/ D = 0,5. 3a APYrliiTe 8pe1J.HOCTIII Ha pana81!1Ha Ha KaHanoT, Tpe6a Aa ce npecMeTa
Mli!HI!IMafiHIIIOT HaKnOH Ha KaHanOT CO KOp9KL!IiiOH9H K09cpL11L!Iii9HT cr OIJ. Ta6enaTa 6p.
22.
npuMep. 1 Aa ce onpeAen111 MliiHL~~ManeH HaKnOH Ha KaHan OA cenapaL!IIIOHeH
KaHanlil3a41110H9H CIIICT9M 3a 6li!T08VI 80Alll CO D = 900 mm, k = 0,40 mm, CO Haj49CTa
o6nacT Ha nonHel-he h/D > 0,3.
OA Ta6enaTa 6p. 21 ce P.061!18a J = 1,05 %o. 3a k = 0,40 OA Ta6enaTa 6p. 22 ce
A061118a cr = 1,039. CnpeMa TOa MVIHI!IManHLIIOT HaKnOH K.e 6111A9:
I
I 74

I
 J min = J · c, = 1,05 ·1,039 = 1,09 %o
npuMep. 2 Aa ce onpeAen111 MVIHVIManeH HaKilOH Ha KaHan OA onwT KaHanVI3a4VIOHeH
CVICTSM co D = 600 mm, k = 1,50 mm, co HajyecTa o6nacT Ha nonHel-be h/D < 0,3.
OA Ta6enaTa 6p. 21 ce p.o6111sa J = 1,37 %o. 3a k = 1,50 op. Ta6enaTa 6p. 22 ce p.o6111sa
c, = 0,983. CnpeMa TOa MVIHVIManHVIOT HaKnOH K:e 6VIAS:

Jmin = J ·c, · c· = 1,37 · 0,983 ·1,15 = 1,55 %o

J . =1 SS ~ 0,845 = 0,845 = l 48 %o
nnn ' D 0 600 '
'
3HaYVI ce ycsojysa 3a MVIHVIManeH HaKnoH Ha KaHanoT J min = 1,55 %o.
Ta6. 6p. 21 MvtHvtManeH HaKnoH u MvtHvtManHa 6p3vtHa Ha KaHanure
onwT "" cenapal...\I.10HeH Clf1CTeM cenapal...\lf10H9H CI.1CT9M
3a aTMocaepcKif1 BOAI.1 3a 61f1TOBif1 BOA14
D c = 0.05 %o c =0.03 %o
(mm)
Vmin Jmin t Omin Vmin Jmin t 0 mm
.

I (m/s) (%o) (%o)

2 2
(Nim ) (m/s) (Nim )

200 0.50 2.04 1.00 0.50 2.04 1.00

300 0.56 1.51 1.11 0.53 1.36 1.00
400 0.67 1.45 1.42 0.60 1.18 1.16
500 0.76 1.40 1.72 0.69 1.14>- 1.40
600 0.84 1.37 2.02 0.76 1.12 1.65
700 0.91 1.33 2.28 0.83 1.10 1.89
800 0.98 1.31 2.57 0.89 1.07 2.08
900 ' 1.05 1.29 2.85 0.94 1.05 2.32
1000 1.12 1.26 3.09 1.00 1.03 2.53
1100 1.18 1.25 3.37 1.06 1.01 2.72
1200 1.24 1.24 3.65 1.11 1.00 2.94
1300 1.28 1.22 3.89 1.17 0.99 3.16
1400 1.34 1.20 4.12 1.21 0.98 3.36
1500 1.39 1.19 4.38 1.26 0.97 3.57
1600 1.44 1.18 4.63 1.30 0.96 3.77
1800 1.54 1.16 5.12 1.39 0.95 4.19
~ 2000 1.62 1.14 5.59 1.45 0.93 4.56
~
2200 1.72 1.12 6.04 1.55 0.92 4.96
2400 1.79 1.10 6.47 1.62 0.90 5.30
2600 1.87 1.10 7.01 1.68 0.89 5.58
2800 1.96 1.09 7.49 1.76 0.88 6.04
3000 2.03 1.08 7.95 1.82 0.87 6.40

npuMep. 3 Aa ce onpep.en111 MVIHif1ManeH HaKnoH Ha KaHan op. cenapa41110HeH

KaHMV13a4VIOHSH CVICTSM 3a aTMOCBepCKVI BOAVI CO D = 300 mm, k = 0,10 mm, CO
HajYecTa o6nacT Ha nonHel-be h/ D < 0,3 .

I
I 75

I
 OA Ta6enaTa 6p. 21 ce A06~sa J = 1,51 %o.3a k = 0,10 OA Ta6enaTa 6p. 22 ce A06~sa
cr = 1,084. CnpeMa TOa M~H~ManH~OT HaKnOH K:e 6~Ae:

J min = J. cr. c· = 1,51·1,084·1,15 = 1,88 %o

J . = 0,845 = 0,845 =2 81 %o
nnn D 0 300 '
'
3Ha4~ ce ycsojysa 3a MIIIHIIIManeH HaKnoH Ha KaHanoT Jrnin =2,81 %o.
Ta6. 6p. 22 KopeKLJMOHeH KoecjJMLJMeHr 3a pa3nM4Ha anconyrHa panaavtHa
AnconyrHa panaBL!IHa
0.10 0.25 0.40 1.00 1.50 3.00
k (mm)
KOp9KL\LIIOH9H
1.084 1.056 1.039 1.000 0.983 0.947
K09QJLIIL\Lii9HT Cr

3a onpeAenysal-be Ha MIIIHIIIManHIIIOT Ill MaKCIIIManHIIIOT n~ Ha KaHaniiiT9 ce KOpiiiCTIII Ill

nonpocTaTa 111 npaKTIII4Ha eMnlllplllcKa cpopMyna, Koja AaBa 3aAosoniiiTenHIII
pe3ynTaTIII.
1
J. = - J =_!_
nnn D max D
Ka,qe e:
D - AllljaMeTap Ha 1..\SBKaTa, ~3pa3eH so mm, 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha
MIIIHIIIManHIIIOT A03BOneH naA.
D - AllljaMeTap Ha 1..\SBKaTa, ~3pa3eH so em, 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha
MaKCIIIManHIIIOT A03soneH naA.
npeTXOAHaTa cpopMyna 3a ASQJIIIH~pal-be Ha MIIIHIIIManHIIIOT 1;1 MaKCIIIManeH A03BOneH
HaKnoH Ha KaHanoT ce so 3as~cHocT caMo OA AllljaMeTapoT. CnpeMa Toa,
pe3ynTaTIIITe A06111eHIII OA HIIIB ce opllleHTa4~0HIII, 6111AejKIII Ha onpeAenysal-beTo Ha
M~HIIIManHIIIOT Ill MaKCIIIManeH HaKnOH Bn~aH~e IIIMa BIIIAOT Ha 1..\SBKIIITe, 6p3111HaTa,
anconYTHaTa pana6BIIIHa 111 APYro.
M~H~ManHIIITe A03soneHIII naAOBIII, V13pa3eH~ so npoMIIIIl~. so 3aB~CHOCT OA
A~jaMeTapoT Ha 4eBK~Te ce A8.A9HVI so Ta6ena 23.

I D
Ta6ena 23 MMHMManeH MMaKCMManeH f103BOneH HaKnOH Ha KaHanMTe

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 >1250
mm
I Jmin o/oo 7,0 5,0 4,0 3,4 2,8 2,5 2,2 2,0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,5
Jmax% 7,0 5,0 4,0 3,4 2,8 2,5 2,2 2,0 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,0 0,5

3a oTsopeHIII 111n111 3aTsopeHIII rpas111Ta41110H111 KaHanlll KOIII OABeAysaaT IIICTano>KeHIII

OTna,qHIII BOAIII, MO>Ke Aa ce A03BOillll, MIIIHIIIManeH n~, KOj o6e369AYBa MIIIHIIIManHa
6p3111Ha OA 0,40 M/c.
Kora TepeHCKIIITe ycnos111 He A03BonysaaT Aa ce npoeKTIIIpaaT KaHanlll co
I M~HaiiiManHIII A03BoneHIII naAOBIII 111n111 npaKTIII4HO ce Hano>Kysa Aa ce ycsojaT na,qos111

I 76

I
 noMan~ o~ M~H~ManHo ~o3soneH~Te, Toraw Tpe6a ~a ce npe~s~~~ ~ o6e36e~~
nep~o~w-tHo npoM~Bal-be Ha T~e KaHan~3al.\~OH~ noTe3~ o~ Mpe>KaTa.
3a OTKp~eH~ aTMOCcpepCK~ KaHan~3a4~0H~ Mpe.>K~, YflW-fH~ p~ron~ ~ O~BO~H~
KaHan~. M~H~ManH~OT nelA ce ycsojysaaT no Ta6ena 24.
Ta6ena 24.
Pe~. Jmin
nono.>K6a Ha KaHanoT
6llOJ %o
1 P111rom11 np111 accpanTHIIl nospwlllH 3
2 P~ro11111 np111 Yl11114111 OA MaKaAaM 4
3 P111ronlll np111 Ka11APMIIIpaHII1 nospwlllHIIl 5
4 CaMocTOjH~o~~ p111ron111 1.11 KaHanlll 3

MaKc~ManH~OT ~o3soneH HaKnoH Ha KaHan~Te e 3as~ceH o~ orpaH~LJysal-beTo Ha

MaKC~ManHaTa ~03BOJ1eHa 6p3~Ha 80 KaHafl~3al.\~OH~Te L\e8K~ .
CnpeMa MaKc~ManH~ A038oneH~ 6p3~H~ 80 HapeAHaTa Ta6ena 6p. 25 ~aAeH~ ce
MaKc~ManH~Te ~o3soneH~ HaKnoH~ Ha KaHan~Te 80 3a8~CHOCT OA A~jaMeTapoT,
6p3~HaTa ~ anconYTHaTa pana8~Ha Ha 4esK~Te.

Ta6ena 25. MaKcuManHu p,o3aoneHu HaKnoHu Ha KaHanure

D vmax Jmax (%o) 38 k (mm) •

(mm) (mls) 0.25 0..40 1.00 1.50
4 89 . 0 100.0 125.0 141.0
7 262 . 0 295 . 0 380. 0 431.0
,700
8 343. 0 386.0 496.0 569.0
10 536. 0 603 . 0 775 . 0 879. 0
4 28 . 0 31..0 38..5 42.0
7 85 . 0 95.0 117.0 13 1.0
500
8 112 . 0 122 . 0 153.0 171.0
10 175. 0 191..0 239 . 0 269 . 0
4 12 . 0 13 . 2 16. 0 17 . 7
7 36 . 0 40.0 49.0 54.0
1000
8 48 . 0 52.0 65.0 70 . 0
10 75 . 0 82 . 0 100.0 111.0
I 4
7
7. 4
22. 0
8. 0
24.5
9. 8
29 . 5
10.7
33 . 0
1500
8 29.0 32 . 0 39.0 42 . 0
I 10
4
46 . 0
3. 2
50 . 0
3. 5
61..0
4.2
67..5
4.6
7 9. 8 . 10 . 6 12 . 8 14 . 0
3000
8 12 . 8 13 . 9 16.5 18 . 0
10 20. 0 22 . 0 26. 0 28 . 5

I 77

I
 S.nonHE~ 80 KAHAn~3A4~0H~TE 4EBK~

nonHe:>K 80 KaHamne npeTcTasysa op,HocoT noMefy BliiC041f1HaTa Ha sop,aTa 1.1

Blf1C041f1HaTa Ha 488KaTa (h/H lf1nlf1 h/D). CTeneHOT Ha nonHel-be 80 KaHanlf1Te 3aB!f1Cif1
op, Blf1P,OT Ha KaHanlf13a4liiOHif10T Clf1CTeM 1.1 OA roneMli!HaTa Ha Alf1jaMeTp1.1Te Ha
48BK!f1T8.
Cenapa41.10Hl11Te Clf1CTeMll! 3a 6!f1T08lll "' li!Hp,ycTpliiCKI.-1 sop,ll! ce P,lf1MeH3liiOH1.1paaT co
nonHe:>K OA 0,5 P.O 0,8. Toa ce ja8ysa KaKo noTpe6a 3aToa WTO 80 npocTopoT HaP.
Hlii80TO Ha 80fJ.aTa ce fJ.81f1:>KaT nnlf18a4Kif1T8 npefJ.M8Tif1 VI raC08li!Te KOI.-1 ce
ocno6op,ysaaT co pacnafal-beTo Ha opraHCKli!Te MaTepllllll wTo ce HaofaaT 80
KaHancKaTa BOfJ.a. Bo 3a8li!CHOCT OA p,llljaMeTapoT Ha 488Kli!Te ce npenopa4y8aaT
cneAHli!Te nonHe:>Klll 80 KaHanliiTe (Ta6.26).
Ta6ena 26.
D hiD
mm
150. 300 ~0.6
350.450 ~0,70
500.900 ~0.75
> 900 ~0.80

Kaj onwTaTa KaHanll!3a4li!OHa CliiCTeMa 1.1 Kaj cenapa4V10HaTa Clf1CTeMa 3a

aTMOccpepcKlll 80fl.lll, fJ.If1MeH31f10H1.1pa1-beTo Ha KaHanlf1Te ce 8pW1.1 co nonHe:>K 6nll!cKy
P.O 1,0. MliiHif1ManHif10T nonHe:>K 80 KaHan!f1Te e 2 em np~.-1 Koj BOP.aTa Tpe6a P.a !f1Ma
TaK8a 6p31.1Ha 3a P.a He ce p,0380nlll Tano:>Kel-be Ha 4eCTlii4Kli!Te WTO rlll HOClll co ce6e.
I 6. AfiA604111HA HA BKOilYBAI-bE HA KAHAJl~TE

I Ana604li!HaTa Ha 8Konysal-be Ha KaHanlf13a4liiOHif1Te 488Klll ce fJ.81f1:>Klll OA Mli!HliiManHaTa

fJ.03BoneHa fJ.na6041f1Ha, wTo e eP.HaKsa Ha Ana604liiHaTa Ha cMp3Hysal-be Ha no4BaTa
p,o MaKCif1ManHa P.na604li!Ha Koja 3a8111CII1 OA ycno8l11Te 3a npli!Kny4ysal-be 1.1 3a
I lf138ep,yBal-be Ha KaHanlt1Te VI HII18HaTa 8KOHOM!f14HOCT (cn.45). 3a HaWI.-1 ycn081f1
Mli!Hif1ManHaTa fJ.na6041f1Ha Ha BKOny8al-be e 0,80M. MepeHO HaA ropHOTO TeMe OP.
KaHanlll3a4liiOHaTa 4e8Ka.

I
L

I h,.,
PW1
z,

H h..,

I d
ymNeH
KaHan
HaKJlOH Ha
KaHallOT i
PW2

/IBOpi!WBff npi!K/l}"'OK

I Cn. 45 ,[Jna6o..,JAHa Ha BKonyaal-be Cn. 46 ,[J,aopJAweH npJAKny..,oK

I MaKCif1ManHaTa p,na60'-Il11Ha Ha 8Konysal-be Ha KaHanliiTe npep, ce 3aBif1Cif1 OA

Xlt1AporeonowKif1Te ycnos~.-1. so KaHanlf13a41f10HaTa npaKca Taa ce P.Bif1:>Kif1 OA 6 p,o 8 M

I 78

I
 3a cysLt1 noYBLt1 111 4 AO 5 M 3a noYBLt1 co nOA36MHa BOAa. Ana6oYvtHaTa Ha Koja we ce
nocTasysaaT KaHanLt13a4Lt10HLt1Te 4eBKLt1, a so 3aBLt1CHOCT OA ycnosLttTe 3a
npLt1KnyYysal-be Ha BHaTpewHvt Lt1 ABOpLt1U.IHLt1Te KaHanLt13a4Lt1Lt1 (cn.46) ce onpeAenysa
Ha C116AHLt10T HaYLt1H:
~ H = hks + i · (l + L) + z1 - z2 + d
,,;.\
--~

K~ee:

• hks - HajMana Ana6oYvtHa Ha Koja ce nocTasysaaT KaHanvt3a4Lt10HLt1Te

46BKLt1, npLt1 Lt1311630T OA 3rpaAaTa MLt1H. 0,80 m,
• L - A011>KLt1Ha Ha ABOpLt1wHaTa KaHanvt3a4Lt10Ha 4esKa OA vt3ne3oT Ha
HajoAaneYeHaTa 3rpaAa AO rpaHLt1YHaTa ynvtYHa 11Lt1Hvtja so m.
• l- A011>KLt1Ha Ha KaHa11Lt13aL..jLt10HaTa 4esKa OA peryna4Lt10HaTa nvtHLttja Ha
yn1t14aTa AO sKnyYysal-beTo co ynLttYHaTa KaHaflLt13a4Lt1ja,
• i -n~ Ha ABOpvtWHLt1Te KaHanLt1 (1-3%),
• ZJ- KOTa Ha K0110B030T H~ Y11Lt1YHLt10T KaHan,
• ~ - KOTa Ha TepeHOT HaA ABOpLt1WHaTa KaHanvt3a4Lt10Ha 46BKa OA
MajOAAaneYeHvtTe npLt1KnYY04Lt1,
• d - pa3nLt1Ka noMefy AHOTO Ha ABOpLt1WHLt10T KaHan Lt1 AHOTO Ha
ynLttYHaTa KaHanLt13a4Lt10Ha 4esKa Ha MeCTOTO Ha HLt1BHOTo

I nosp3ysal-be.

I
I

I
I

I
I 79
 7. <I>OPMYfll1 3A Xl1.QPAYflVI4KO .Ql1MEH3~0Hl1PAI-bE HA
KAHAnl13AL.{~OHII1TE M PE)f(~

7.1. 0CHOBHI.1 cjlopMyfll.1

npoT04HaTa KOllM4MHa Ha BOAa WTO ja nponywTaaT KaHanMTe ce npecMeTYBa co

paseHKaTa Ha KOHH1HYMTeT:

Ka.qe e:
ro - nospWIIIHa Ha nonpe4HMOT npeceK Ha so.qaTa so 48BKaTa, so m2•
V- 6p3MHa Ha· so.qaTa, so m!s.

6p3MHaTa Ha so.qaTa ce npecMeTYBa co paseHKaTa Ha We3M.

R=m
0
K8Ae e:
• C - Koe¢M4M9HT Ha 6p3MHaTa - We3Mes Koe¢M4M9HT,
• R - XM.qpaynM4eH P8AMYC, so (m),
• J- 118A Ha KaHMOT,
• 0- HaKsaceH o6eM, so m.
3a onpe.qenysal-he Ha Koe¢M4M9HTOT Ha 6p3MHaTa ce KOpMcTaT noroneM 6poj Ha
eMnMpMCKM cpopMynM, Mefy KOM no3Ha4ajHM ce cpopMynMTe OA: KYTep, 6a3eH,
MaHMHr, nasJlOBCKM MAP·

a) KYTep: C=
m·.JR 3a 6eTOHCKM 48BKM m=0,35
m+.JR
6) 6a3eH C= 87·.fi
1+_[_
.JR
r) MaHMHr: C =..!:_ ·Rlt6
n
B) llaBJlOBCKM: C=..!:.·RY
n
K8Ae e:
• n - Koe¢M4MSHT Ha panasMHa Koj ce ABM)I(M so rpaHM4M o.q 0.013 AO 0.0144
BO 3aBMCHOCT OA BM!J.OT Ha MaTepMjanOT O!J. KOj Ce HanpaBSHM 48BKMT8 M
KaHanMTe. Bo npaKca, Haj4ecTo ce 3eMa 0,013
• y- CTeneHos noKa3aTen Koj ce onpe.qenys no cpopMynaTa

y = 2,5-rn- 0,13 + 0,75jR( .rn- 0,1)

Mlllll ynpOCTSHO CO Cl18!J.HMT8 paseHKM:
i 3a R<1 y =1,5-J;
80

I
 3a R>1 y =1,3-rn
AKo ce 3aMeHL4 cpopMynaTa Ha MaHL4Hr so paseHKaTa Ha We3L4, a noToa so
pa88HKaTa Ha KOHTL4HYL4T8T Ke ce pp61-1e:
V = _!_. Rv6 . ..jR. J = _!_. Rzt3 . J112 V = .!._. Ro,67 • Jo,s
n n n
OAHOCHO:
Q = (J). _!_. R0,67 • Jo,s
n
npeTXOAHaTa paBeHKa MO)Ke Aa ce L43pa3L4 BO cpyHK4L4ja OA AL4jaMeTapoT Ha 488KaTa,
Dz ·tr
D 2 ·tr (j)
AOKilKY ce 3aMeHL4 3a (J) = - - , R =- = 4 =D 1-1 ce noAenaT 1-1 noMHa)KaT
4 0 D · tr 4
KOHCTaHTL4Te ce A061-1sa:
I Q = 0,3117 . D
n
2,667 • Jo,s
(m 3/s), D 80 (m).

I npeTXOAHL4Te paBeHKL4 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha We3L48BL40T Koe¢L44L48HT ce npL4IlL44HO

8AHOCTaBHL4 T.e. BO HL4B ce 38Ma BO 063L4p CaMO panaBL4HaTa Ha 48BKaTa. 3apaAL4 TOa
ce npenopa4yea paseHKaTa Ha Darcy Koja L4Ma nocno)KeHa cpopMa Ho e 1-1 no
I o6jeKTL4BHa. 3a K08cf:>L44l-18HTOT Ha Tpl-181-be npL4 nonH npocpL4Il Ha KaHaJlOT ce KOpL4CTL4
cpopMynaTa Ha Prandtl- Colebrook.
¢OpMyJlaTa Ha Darcy 3a naAOT Ha XL4APOAL4HaML44KaTa Jll4HL4ja ja L4Ma CJ18AHaTa
cpopMa:
1 V2
I
.. J=J...·-· - .
D 2g

• J -n~Ha KaHanoT
• A. - Koe¢L44,.,eHT Ha Tpl4el-be
• D -AL4jaMeTap Ha 48BKaTa, 80 m
• V -6p3V1Ha Ha BOAaTa so mls
• g - 38Mjl4HO 3a6p3yBal-be BO m/?-
AoKOilKY ce L43pa3L4 We31-1esaTa cpopMyna no rp~L4eHTOT J 1-1 aKo Toj V13pa3 ce
nopaBHVI co cpopMynaTa Ha Darcy ce 80cnocTasysa spcKa noMety Koe¢VI4VI8HTOT Ha
TpVIel-he A. L4 We3VIeBVIOT Koe¢VI4L48HT Ha 6p3L4HaTa, OAHOCHO ce A06VI8a:

J... =
8
~f OAHOCHO C =If
¢opMynaTa Ha Prandtl - Colebrook, 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha Koe¢VI4VIeHTOT Ha TpV!el-be e:

1 [ 2,51 k ]
.[i = - 2 ·log· Re· .[i + 3,71· D

81

I
 • A. -Koecp1o14Lo1eHT Ha TpL-1el-be,
• Re -pejH011AC08 6poj,
• k- pana8Lo1Ha Ha 498KIHe 80 eKcnnoaTa4Lo10HL4 ycno811t, 80 m.
PejHonco8Lo10T 6poj ce npecMe-ry8a co cneAHL-10T Lo13pa3:
V·D
Re=--
v
KaAe v e K09QlL-14Lo19HT Ha KL-1H9MaTCKa 8Lo1CK03HOCT Ha OTnaAHaTa 80Aa Lo1 ce 39Ma
1.31x106 m2/s Lo1CTO KaKo 3a 4L-1CTa 80Aa np1o1 TeMnepa-rypa OA 10°C.
1

Bo 3a8L-1CHOCT OA PejH011AC08Lo10T 6poj ce KapaKTepL-13Lo1pa pe>KL-1MOT Ha Te4el-be Ha

J OTnaAHaTa 80Aa. Toj Lo1Ma 693AL-1M9H3Lo10HanHa 8P9AHOC. npL-1 cno60AHO T9491-b9 6e3
npL-1Tii1COKI T9491-beTo K:e 6L-1Ae 80 -ryp6yneHT9H pe>KL-1Ma 3a Re > 580 I AOAeKa npL-1
I Te4el-be noA npL-1TL-1COK -ryp6yneHT9H pe>KL-1M ce nocTL-1rHy8a 3a Re > 2320.

AoKOllKY ce nocMaTpa KapaKTepoT Ha Te4el-beTo 80 KaHanL-13a4L-10HL-1Te 498KL-11 80

I 3a8L-1CHOCT OA ¢PYA08Lo10T 6poj Fr I MO>KaT Aa ce Lo1381le4aT HeKOllKY 3aKny404L-1 1o1 Toa:
• np1o1 roneML-1 6p3L-1HL-1 1 6e3 o63L-1p Ha nonHe>KOT 80 KaHanLo1T9 1 Te4el-beTo e

I 6ypHol a <l>PYA08Lo10T 6poj ce HaMany8a co 3roneMy8al-be Ha npeceKoT Ha

KaHaJlOT.
• npL-1 MaJlL-1 6p3Lo1HL-11 693 Or119A Ha nOllH9>KOTI T9491-b9TO e MLo1pHOI a Lo1CTO
I TaKa, <l>PYA08L-10T 6poj ce HaMany8a co 3roneMy8al-be Ha npeceKoT Ha
KaHanOT.
• Bo pa8HL-14apcKL-1 TepeHL-1 1 KaHanLo13a4L-1jaTa pa6on1 80 ML-1peH pe>KL-1M 1 co
I Lo1CK11Y40K Ha H9KOLo1 KpaTKL-1 CTpMHL-1 nOT93Lo1 KaAe WTO MO>Ke Aa ce noja8Lo1 Lo1
6ypeH pe>KL-1M.

I • Bo APYrL-1 Hacen6L-11 MHory 4ecTo ce cpeTHy8aaT 1o1 eAHL-10T 1o1 APYrL-10T pe>KL-1M
Ha T9491-b9 80 KaHallL-13a4L-1Lo1T9, CO TOa WTO 6ypHL-10T p9>KL-1M Ha T9491-b9
no4eCTO ce cpeTHy8a 80 noManL-1Te npocpLo111L-11 a ML-1PHL-10T 80 noroneML-1Te.
I npL-1 XL-1Apay11L-14Ka npeCM9TKa Ha KaHanLo13a4Lo10HLo1 498KL-1 nOA nplltTLo1COK (nOTLo1CHLo1
KoneKTOpL-1, CL-1QlOHIItl c~~tcanHL-1 498KL-1 1o1 AP-), noTpe6Ho e Aa ce 3eMaaT 80 npeA8L-1A 1o1
noKanHL-1Te 3ary61o1 Ha npL-1TL-1COK. noKanHL-1Te XL-1ApaynL-14KL-1 oTnopL-1 Tpe6a Aa ce
I 8K1ly4aT 80 XL-1ApayllL-14KaTa aHa11Lo13a npL-1 npecMe-rysal-be Ha KpaTKL-1 498K080AL-1 KaAe
~To lllltHL-1CKLo1Te 3ary61o1 Ha npL-1TL-1COK ce H93Ha4Lo1T911HL-11 OAHOCHO ce noManL-1 OA
110KaJlHLo1T9 3ary6Lo1.
I noKallHLo1T9 X1.1ApayllL-14KL-1 OTnOp1.1 ce onpeAe1ly8aaT CO 1.13pa30T:
vz
b..hlok = L;):':> · -
g
2
Ka.qe e:
• ~ -Koe<PL-14L-19HT Ha noKaneH oTnop (Ta6ena 27),

I
I 82

I
 Ta6. 27 Bpep,Hocr Ha KoecfJ/11Lf/119HTOT 3a noKaneH ornop ;

peA.
6p.
B~A Ha X~Apaaynw-leH oTnop ~
1 ~3ne3 OA ~esKa 1.00
2 Konei-fo 30 ° 0.07
3 KOn8HO 45 ° 0.18
4 KoneHo 75 ° 0.063
5 KOn8HO 90 ° 0.098
6 nospaTHa KnanHa 5.00
3aT8apa~ (CO CT8118H Ha OT80p8HOCT)
7.1 7/8 d 0.07
7.2 6/8 d 0.26
7.3 5/8 d 0.81

i
'
' 7.4
7.5
1/2
3/8
d
d
2.06
5.52
f-7
BpeAHOCT~Te 3a oTnop 80 Ta6. 28- ce A06~eH~ OA
noKanH~OT x~Apaynw-IK~
eKcnep~MeHTanH~ ~cTpaJKy8al-ba Hanpa8eH~ 3a OAP8A8H~ ~cn~TY8aH~ cp~l'"~H3~.
AeHec 80 npo~380AH~Te npo4ec~ ce npo~388AYBaaT pa3n~4HLi1 T~llOBLil Ha KpLi18~HLi1,
3aTsapa4Li1 Li1 APyro. CnpeMa Toa, Koe¢~4Li18HT~Te Ha noKaneH oTnop, Mo>KaT Aa
6Li1AaT pa3n~4HLi1 ~ 3a co8naAysal-be Ha LilCTa KpLi18~Ha. noTpe6Ho e Aa ce LilMa
Li1HcpOpMa4Li1Lil 3a K08QJ~4Li1HT~T8 Ha noKaneH OTnOp Ha COOA88THaTa 8rp~eHa
XLi1APOMexaHLi14Ka onpeMa.

7.2. OcH~BHM 3aAa'-n1 KOM ce cpeK.aeaaT eo npaKTMKaTa

np~ ALi1M8H3LilOHLi1pal-beTO Ha KaHan~3a4~0H~Te Mp8>KLi1, 80 KO~ ce OA8Li18a
paMHOMepHO A8Lil>K81-b9 Ha BOAaTa, OCH08H~T8 napaMeTpLil KOLil ce npeCM8TYBaaT ce
cneAHLilTe:
• - llpOT04HO 80AHO KOn~48CTBO Q [!Is]
• - 6p3~Ha Ha 80AaTa V [mls]
• - A~jaMeTap Ha 4esKaTa D [mm]
• - n~ Ha KaHanoT J [%o]

I • - nonHe>K 80 KaHanoT hiD

HeKOLil OA 08Lile napaMeTpLil ce no3HaT~. a HeKOLil Tpe6a co npecMeTKa Aa ce
onpeAenaT. Bo npaKT~KaTa ce cpeK:asaaT cneAH~Te 3~a4~ (Ta6. 28).
I Ta6ena 28.
PeA. Ce 6apa
I
no3HaTO
6poj
1 Q, J, hi D D, V
2 J, D, hi D Q, v
I 3
4
V, J, hiD
Q, D, hi D
Q, D
J, v
5 Q, D, J v, hiD
I
I 83

I
 np111 Kpy>KeH nonpe4SH npeCeK (en. 47) Ha KaHaniiiTS, npecMeryBal-bSTO Ha
noTpe6HIIITe napaMeTplll ce spw111 Ha cneAHIIIOT Ha4111H:

s
I
I ,

Cn. 47 Kpy>KeH nonpe4eH npeceK Ha KaHanor

CnpeMa 03HaKIIITe Ha en. 47, MO>KaT Aa ce Han111waT cneAHIIITe 1113pa3111:

X = r · cos rp S = 2 · r · sin rp
2 ' 2
nospwiiiHaTa Ha >KIIIBIIIOT npeceK Ha KaHanoT, K:e ce 1113pa3111 co cneAHaTa paseHKa:
(J)o =(J)i -(J)ll •

Ti
r
2
r2 2·r·sinrp/2·cosrp/2 1 2.
wi = ." ·rp =2·rp, mil= 111n111 wll = ·r ·smrp
2 2 2
a) CnpeMa Toa, 3a nospw111Ha Ha >KIIIBIIIOT nonpe4eH npeceK Mo>Ke Aa ce Han111we:
r2. qJ r2 .
w =----smm 111n111
o 2 2 r

6) 3a HaKsaceH o6111M
I 0=
2·r·:r
·rp=r·rp
2·:r

I 2 .
R =m-
o
=
r (rp - srnrp
. ) =-
r · rp - sm rp
I 0 2·r ·rp 2 rp

tr r
r) We3111es Koecp1114111eHT

I ~
C= R'" = ~ {~'-;n~
I A) Ana604111Ha Ha nonHe>KoT
I

i h =r- x =r · (1- cos~)

I 84

I
 f) 6p3111Ha Ha 80AaTa

n
.

,J
V=C·.fR:J =: {;)"' {~-~n~r .J"'
e) npoTOYHa KOfiiiiYIIJHa

;:a. Q = lV. V = _!_ .(.!..)s/3.rs'3 (cp- sin cp)s/3 . JJ/2

- n 2 cp2'3
~..
3a Aa ce onpeAen111 nonHe:>KOT np111 Koj ce ja8y8a MaKCIIIManHaTa 6p31.1Ha, OAHOCHO
MaKCIIIManeH npoTeK, pa8eHKaTa 3a V OAHOCHO 3a Q ce A111¢epeHl\IIIPa no <p 111
'~
?
_..!

;J A0611JeHIIITe 1113pa3111 ce 11139AHa4y8aaT co Hyna. .

Ce A061118a AeKa MaKCIIIManHaTa 6p3111Ha l(e ce ja81.1 npe111 aron <p =4,49 p~llljanHIII
OAHOCHO <p =25]D3Q' Ha KOj OArD8apa nonHe>K h=0,813.D.
MaKCIIIManHa 6p3111Ha lf13~ecy8a:

vmax = 1,16· VD
• K~e VD e 6p3111Ha np111 nonH npocp111n Ha KaHanoT.
MaKCIIIManHIIIOT npoTOK ce ja8y8a np111 aronoT <p =5,376 rad =308°1 0' OAHOCHO np111
nonHe>K h=0,954.D.
MaKCIIIManHIIIOT npoTOK 1113He3y8a:

• KaAe QD e npoToK np111 nonH npocp1.1n Ha KaHanoT.

EKcnepiiiMeHTanHli'ITe aHanlll3111, KaKo wTo 6ewe 111 nopaHo Ha6ene>KaHo, He ce
C08nafaaT CO TeopeTCKIIITe npeCM9TKIII, OP.HOCHO M8KCIIIM8flHIIIOT npOTOK ce ja8y8a
np111 nonH npocp111n Ha l\98KaTa, a He np111 nonHe>K OA 0,954.D.
3ap~111 roneMIIIOT 6poj noTe31.1 o.n. KaHancKaTa Mpe>Ka, 3a pewa8al-beTo Ha 08111e
3~84111 CO KOpiiiCTel-be Ha 1113H9C9HIIIT9 cpopMynlll CTaHy8a AOCTa CfiO>K9HO Ill
HenpaKTIII4HO, na 38TOa, 80 npaKca, ce KOpiiiCTaT Ta6enlll, HOMOrpaMIII Ill AllljarpaMIII CO
KOIII Ha neceH Ha41f1H 111 co A080nHa T04HOCT ce AOafa AO peweHif1eTo.

7.3. AI.1MeH31.10H1.1patbe Ha KaHan~ne co Ta6enl.1, rpatjlMKOHM,.. HOMorpaMM

3a 6p3o 1.1 necHo A111MeH3IIIOHIIIpal-he Ha KaHaniiiTe OA KaHaniii384IIIOHaTa Mpe>Ka, 80
npaKTI.1KaTa H8j49CTO Ce KOp1.1CTaT Ta6enlll, a nopeTKO rpacp111KOHI.1 Ill HOMOrpaMIIJ.
Ta6en111Te ce 1113pa6oTeHIII 3a c111Te no cpopMa pa3niii4HIII nonpe4Hif1 npece4111 111
Alf1MeH31111f1 KOIII ce cTaHA8PAH111111 KOIII IIIHAYCTpiiiCKIII ce npOIII3BeAy8aaT. CKopo caMo 3a
HecTaHA8PAHIIITe A111MeH3111111 npecMeTysal-heTo ce 8pWIII nocTanHo co npeTXOAHO
011111W8HIIIT9 cpOpMynlll.
Bo Ta6en111Te, o61114HO 3a ceKoj P.llljaMeTap Ha 498KaTa (lllnlll APYrlll A111M9H311111l Ha
noiiiHaKBIII nonpe4HIII npece4111) 3a pa3niii4HIII n~os111 e Aa)J.eHa nponycHaTa
cnoco6HOCT Ha 49BKIIlTe (npoT04HaTa KOniii4111Ha np111 nonH npocp111n) ,., 6p3111HaTa Ha
BOAaTa lf1CTo TaKa 3a nonH npocp111n. Bo Ta6enaT 6p. 29, .n.aAeHIII ce X111Apayniii4Kif1Te 111
reoMeTpiiiCKIII KapaKTepiiiCTIIIKIII 3a jaj40B111AeH npeceK Ha KaHanoT co D I H = 2 I 3 = 1.5.

85
 Kon~Y~HaTa Ha BOAa co Koja ce spw~ A~MeH3~0H~pa~e Ha KaHanoT e o6~YHO
noMana OA nponycHaTa cnoco6HOCT Ha KaHanoT. 3aToa Tpe6a Aa ce npecMeTaaT
X~Apayn~YK~Te KapaKTep~CT~K~ np~ npOT9KYBa~e Ha OYeKyBaH~OT npOTOK (V, h).
Os~e napaMeTp~ ce npecMeTYBaaT co noMow Ha A~jarpaM~Te Ha en. 41, cn.42 ~ en.
43 ~ Ha en. 48, Ha Cil9AH~OT Ha\.f~H:
3a ll03HaT npOTOK Q ~ ycsoeH naA Ha KaHanOT J OA Ta6enaTa Ce 4~Ta Haj6n~CK~OT
npOTOK ~ COOAB9THaTa 6p3~Ha Ha BOAaTa BO KaHaJlOT llplil nonH npOq)I!IJl (Qn Ill Vn).
Ce npae111 OAHOC noMefy KOili!IY~HiiiTe Q Iii Qn 111 ce A06Lttsa Koe¢lil41i19HTOT Ha
npOTOKOT:

qo= ~

Bp3 ocHosa Ha osoj Koe¢1i141i19HT OA AliljarpaMoT Ha cn.48 ce 41i1TaaT Koe¢1i141i19HTOT

Ha llOilH9)1(0T qh Iii K09cplil41i19HTOT Ha 6p31i1HaTa qv .
120

110 Q , V ("-'J

100

90
V"1[h)

00

"'
60

50
()-Jtlo)

...
30

20

I 10

10 20 30 60
nonHUC h (%)

80 110 100

I Cn. 48 /l,MjarpaM Ha nporoK l4 6p3MHa 3a jaju,eaMp,eH nonpe4eH npeceK

Koe¢1i141i19HTOT Ha 6p31!1HaTa, npeACTasyea OAHOC noMefy 6p31i1HaTa nplil nonHe)f( h(V)

I 6p31i1HaTa nplil nonH npocpliln (Vn) .

Iii

Koe¢1i141i19HT Ha noHe)f(OT, npeACTaeyea OAHOC noMefy BliiCOYiiiHaTa Ha BOAaTa so

KaHanoT (h) Iii s~co4~HaTa Ha KaHanoT (D lilnlil H).
I qv=V
v qh ==-
h
D D
i OA oe111e paeeHKiil ce npecMeTYBa cTsapHaTa 6p3~Ha V Iii COOAB9THiiiOT nonHe)f(OT h.

I Ta6em1Te 3a X1i1Apayniii4KO AIIIMeH3IIIOHIIIpatbe Ha KaHaitiiiTe MO)f(e Aa 6111AaT cpeAeHiil

111 Ha APYr Ha4VJH Iii Toa: 3a ceKoj cTaHAapAeH AllljaMeTap, 3a pa3HIII naAOBiil ~ 3a

I pa3nii14Hiil llOJlHe)f(~ BO KaHaJlliiTe, npeCMeTaHII1 CB CliiT9 npOT04Hiil KOillil\.fiiiHiil Iii

6p31i1HII!Te Ha BOAaTa.

I 86

I
-- - - - em B!li%11 mzz:l IIF1l.iJ ~ ~

- ~ i::;~ ~®'/.I ...

-,~.·:r,;~ ~~ t :CC:..Ci;;J j,;',;.:,.,;.;;;4 &:;::::cc.'l

TASEflA 29. X~.QPAYfl~4KO .Q~MEH3~0H~PAtbE HA JAJLIEB~.QH~ KAHAfl~3AL.I~OH~ LIEBK~

( no Kutter b = 0.35 }

...., A~MEH3~~ HA I..IEBK~TE D/H smlsm

20/30 30/45 40/60 50175 60/90 70/105 80/120 901135 100/150 110/165 120/180 130/195 140/210 150/225
~
c: 6 P 3 ~ H A v mls II POT OK Q lis
v Q v Q v Q v Q v _Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q
mlkm I 2 3 4 s 6 ' 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14

0,2 0,14 6 0,19 20 0,24 44 0,28 81 0,32 133 0,36 202 0,39 290 0,43 399 0,46 530 0,49 685 0,52 865 0,55 1073 0,58 1308 0,61 1574
0,3 0,17 8 0,23 24 0,29 53 0,34 99 0,39 162 0,44 247 0,48 355 0,52 488 0,56 649 0,60 839 0,64 1060 0 ,68 1314 0,71 1602 0,75 1927
··-
0,5 0,22 10 0,30 31 0,38 69 0,44 127 0,51 210 . 0,57 319 0,62 458 0,68 630 0,73 838 0,78 1083 0,83 1368 0,87 1696 0,92 2069 0,96 2488
0,6 0,24 11 0,33 34 0,41 76 0,49 139 0,55 230 0,62 349 0,68 502 0,74 690 0,80 917 0,85 1186 0,91 1499 0,96 1858 1,01 2266 1,05 2725
0,8 0,28 13 0,38 39 0,47 87 0,56 161 0,64 265 0,72 403 0,79 579 0,86 797 0,92 1059 0,99 1370 1,05 1731 1,10 2145 1,16 2617 1,22 3147
1,0 0,31 14 0,43 44 . 0,53 98 0,63 180 0,72 296 0,80 451 0,88 648 0,96 891 1,03 1184 1,10 1531 1,17 1935 1,24 2399 1,30 2925 1,36 3519 I~ I

1,3 0,35 16 0,48 49 0,59 109 0,70 201 0,80 331 0,90 504 0,99 724 1,07 996 1,15 1324 1,23 1712 1,31 2163 1,38 2682 1,45 3271 1,52 3934 ~:

1,5 0,38 17 0,52 54 0,65 119 0,77 220 0,88 363 0,98 552 1,08 794 1,17 1091 1,26 1451 1,35 1875 1,43 2370 1,51 2938 1,59 3583 1,67 4309
2,0 0,44 20 0,60 62 0,75 138 0,89 255 1,01 419 1,13 638 1,25 916 1,35 1260 1,46 1675 1,56 2166 1,65 2736 1,75 3392 1,84 4137 1,92 4976
2,5 0,49 23 0,67 70 0,84 154 0,99 285 1,13 469 1,27 713 1,39 1024 1,51 1409 1,63 1873 1,74 2421 1,85 3059 1,95 3793 2,05 4626 2,15 5563
(X)
........ 3,0 0,54 25 0,74 76 0,92 169 1,09 312 1,24 513 1,39 781 1,53 1122 1,66 1544 1,79 2052 1,91 2652 2,03 3351 2,14 4155 2,25 5067 2,36 6094
4,0 0,62 28 0,85 88 1,06 195 1,25 3.6 0 1,43 593 1,60 902 1,76 1296 1,92 1782 2,06 2369 2,20 3063 2,34 3870 2 ,47 4797 2,60 5851 2,72 7037
5,0 0,69 32 0,95 99 1,19 218 1,40 403 1,60 663 1,79 1008 1,97 1449 2,14 1993 2,31 2649 2,46 3424 2,61 4327 2,76 5363 2,90 6542 3,04 7868
6,0 0,76 35 1,04 108 1,30 239 1,53 441 1,75 726 . 1,96 1104 2,16 1587 2,35 2183 2,53 2901 2,70 3751 2,86 4740 3,03 5875 3,18 . 7166 3,33 8619
7,0 0,82 38 1,13 117 1,40 258 1,66 476 1,90 784 2,12 1193 2,33 1714 2,53 2358 2,73. 3134 2,91 4051 3,09 5119 3,27 6346 3,44 7740 3,60 9309
8,0 0,88 40 1,20 125 1,50 276 1,77 509 2,03 838 2,27 1275 2,49 1833 2,71 2521 2,92 3350 3,12 4331. 3,31 5473 3,49 6784 3,67 8275 3,85 9952

9,0 0,93 43 1,28 132 1,59 293 1,88 540 2,15 889 2,40 1353 2,64 1944 2,87 2674 3,09 3553 3,30 4594 3 ,51 5805 3,71 7196 3,90 8776 4,08 10556

10 0,98 45 1,35 139 1,68 308 1,98 569 2,27 937 2,53 1426 2,79 2049 3,03 2818 3,26 3746 3,48 4842 3,70 6119 3,91 7585 4,11 9251 4,30 11127
11 1,03 47 1,41 146 1,76 323 2,08 597 2,38 983 2,66 1495 2,92 2149 3,18 2956 3,42 3928 3,65 5079 3,88 6417 4,10 7955 4,31 9703 4,51 11670
12 1,07 49 1,48 153 1,84 338 2,17 624 2,48 1026 2,77 1562 3,05 2244 3,32 3087 3,57 4103 3,82 5304 4,05 6703 4,28 8309 4,50 10134 4,71 12189
13 1,12 51 1,54 159 1,91 352 2,26 649 2,58 1068 2,89 1626 3,18 2336 3,45 3213 3,72 4271 3,97 5521 4,22 .6976 4,45 8648 4,68 10548 4,91 12686
14 1,16 53 1,59 165 1,98 365 2,34 674 2,68 1109 3,00 18117 3,30 2424 3,58 3335 3,86 4432 4,12 5729 4,38 7240 4,62 8975 4,86 10946 5,09 13165
15 1,20 55 1,65 171 2,05 378 2,43 697 2,77 1148 3,10 1746 3,41 2509 3,71 3452 3,99 4587 4,27 5931 4,53 7494 4,78 9290 5,03 11330 5,27 13627
16 1,24 57 1,70 176 2,12 390 2,51 720 2,87 1185 3,20 1804 3,52 2592 3,83 3565 4,12 4738 4,41 6125 4,68 7740 4,94 9594 5,20 11702 5,44 14074
17 1,28 59 1,76 182 2,19 402 2,58 742 2,95 1222 3,30 1859 3,63 2671 3,95 3675 4,25 4884 4,54 6314 4,82 7978 5,09 9890 5,36 12062 5,61 14507
18 1,32 60 1,81 187 2,25 414 2,66 764 3,04 1257 3,40 1913 3,74 2749 4,06 3781 4,37 5025 4,67 6497 4,96 8209 5,24 10176 5,51 12412 5,77 14928
19 1,35 62 1,86 192 2,31 425 2,73 785 3,12 1292 3,49 1965 3,84 2824 4,17 3885 4,49 5163 4,80 6675 5,10 8434 5,38 10455 5,66 12752 5,93 15337
20 1,39 64 1,91 197 2,37 436 2,80 805 3,20 1325 3,58 2016 3,94 2897 4,28 3986 4,61 5297 4,93 6848 5,23 8653 5,52 10727 5,81 13083 6,09 15735
~.\1'.:./f/J ....~,(fM

-- .......,. - -- -
Ali1MEH3111111 HA L\EBKIIITE D/H smlsm
....,
20/30 30/45 40/60 50175 60/90 70/105 80/120 901135 100/ 150 110/ 165 120/ 180 13011 95 140/210 150/225
~
c 5P3111HA v mls IlPOTOK Q lis
v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q v Q
mlkm I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

21 1,42 65 1,95 202 2,43 447 2,87 825 3,28 1358 3,67 2066 4,04 2969 4,39 4084 4,72 5428 5,05 7017 5,36 . 8867 5,66 10992 5,95 13406 6,24 161241
22 1,45 67 2,00 207 2,49 457 2,94 844 3,36 1390 3,76 2115 4,13 3039 4,49 4180 4,84 5556 5,17 7182 5,49 9075 5,79 11250 6,09 13722 6,38 16503!
23 1,49 68 2,04 211 2,54 468 3,01 863 3,44 1421 3,84 2162 4,23 3107 4,59 4274 4,94 5681 5,28 7344 5,61 9279 5,92 11503 6,23 14030 6,53 16874
24 1,52 70 2,09 216 2,60 478 3,07 882 3,51 1452 3,92 2209 4,32 3174 4,69 4366 5,05 5803 5,40 7502 5,73 9479 6,05 11751 6,36 14332 6,67 17237
25 1,55 71 2,13 220 2,65 488 3,13 900 3,58 1482 4,00 2255 4,41 3239 4,79 4456 5,15 5922 5,51 7656 5,85 9675 6,18 11993 6,50 14627 6,81 1759J
26 1,58 73 2,17 225 2,70 497 3,20 918 3,65 1511 4,08 2299 4,49 3304 4,88 4544 5,26 6040 5,62 7808 5,96 9866 6,30 12231 6,62 14917 6,94 17941
27 1,61 74 2,21 229 2,76 507 3,26 935 3,72 1540 4,16 2343 4,58 3367 4,98 4631 5,36 6155 5,72 7957 6,08 10054 6,42 12464 6,75 15201 7,07 18283
28 1,64 75 2,25 233 2,81 516 3,32 952 3,79 1568 4,24 2386 4,66 3428 5,07 4716 5,45 6268 5,83 8103 6,19 10239 6,54 12692 6,87 15480 7,20 1861 8
29 1,67 77 2,29 237 2 ,86 525 3,37 969 3,86 1596 4,31 2428 4,74 3489 5,16 4799 5,55 6379 5,93 8246 6,30 10420 6,65 12917 7,00 15754 7,33 18948
30 1,70 78 2,33 241 2,91 534 3,43 986 3,92 1623 4,39 2470 4,83 3549 5,24 4881 5,65 6488 6,03 8387 6,41 10598 6,77 13138 7,12 16024 7,45 1927.<
32 1,75 81 2,41 249 3,00 552 3,54 1018 4,05 1676 4,53 2551 4,98 3665 5,42 5041 5,83 6700 6,23 8662 6,62 10945 6,99 13569 7,35 16549 7,70 19904
34 1,81 83 2,48 257 3 ,09 569 3,65 1050 4,18 1728 4,67 2629 5,14 3778 5,58 5197 6,01 6907 6,42 8929 6,82 11282 7,20 13986 7,57 17058 7,94 20516
(X) 36 1,86 85 2,56 264 3,18 585 3,76 1080 4,30 1778 4,81 2705 5,29 3887 5,75 5347 6,19 7107 6,61 9188 7,02 11609 7,41 14392 7,79 17553 8,17 2111 1
(X)
38 1,91 88 2,63 272 3,27 601 3,86 1110 4,42 1827 4,94 2780 5,43 3994 5,90 5494 6,35 7302 6,79 9439 7,21 11928 7,61 14786 8,01 18034 8,39 21690
40 1,96 90 2,69 279 3,36 617 3,96 1138 4,53 1874 5,07 2852 5,57 4098 6,06 5636 6,52 7491 6,97 9685 7,40 12237 7,81 15170 8,22 18502 8,61 22253
42 2,01 92 2,76 285 3,44 632 4,06 1167 4,64 1920 5,19 2922 5,71 4199 6,21 5776 6,68 7676 7,14 9924 7,58 12540 8,01 15545 8,42 18959 8,82 22803
44 2,06 95 2,83 292 3,52 647 4,16 1194 4,75 1966 5,31 2991 5,84 4298 6,35 5912 6,84 7857 7,31 10157 7,76 12835 8,19 1591 1 8,62 19405 9 ,03 23339
46 2,10 97 2,89 299 3,60 661 4,25 1221 4,86 2010 5,43 3058 5,98 4394 6,49 6044 6,99 8034 7,47 10386 7,93 13123 8,38 16268 8,81 19842 9,23 23864
48 2,15 99 2,95 305 3,68 676 4,34 1247 4,96 2053 5,55 3124 6,10 4489 6,63 6174 7,14 8206 7,63 10609 8,10 13405 8,56 16618 9 ,00 20268 9,43 24377
50 2,19 101 3,01 311 3,75 690 4,43 1273 5,07 2095 5,66 3188 6,23 4581 6,77 6302 7,29 8376 7,79 10828 8,27 13682 8,73 16961 9,19 20686 9,62 24880
52 2,24 103 3,07 318 3,83 703 4,52 1298 5,17 2137 5,78 3252 6,35 4672 6,91 6427 7,43 8541 7,94 11042 8,43 13953 8,91 17297 9,37 21096 9,81 25372
54 2,28 105 3,13 324 3,90 717 4,60 1323 5,26 2177 5,89 3313 6,47 4761 7,04 6549 7,58 8704 8,09 11252 8,59 14219 9,08 17626 9,55 21498 10,00 25856
56 2,32 107 3,19 330 3,97 730 4,69 1347 5,36 2217 5,99 3374 6,59 4848 7,17 6669 7,71 8864 8,24 11459 8,75 14479 9,24 17950 9,72 21892 10,18 26330
58 2,36 109 3,24 335 4,04 743 4,77 1371 5,46 2257 6,10 3434 6,71 4934 7,29 6787 7,85 9021 8,39 11662 8,91 14736 9,41 18267 9,89 22280 10,37 26796
60 2,40 110 3,30 341 4,11 755 4,85 1394 5,55 2295 6,20 3493 6,82 5019 7,42 6903 7,99 9175 8,53 11861 9,06 14988 9,57 18580 10,06 22661 10,54 27254
65 2,50 115 3,43 355 4,28 786 5,05 1451 5,78 2389 6,46 3635 7,10 5224 7,72 7185 8,31 9550 8,88 12345 9,43 15600 9,96 19338 10,47 23586 10,97 28367
70 2,59 119 3,56 369 4,44 816 5,24 1506 5,99 2479 6,70 3773 7,37 5421 8,01 7456 8,63 9910 9,21 12812 9,78 16189 10,33 20068 10,87 24476 11,39 29438
75 2,68 123 3,69 382 4,59 845 5,43 1559 6,20 2566 6,94 3905 7,63 5611 8,29 7718 8,93 10258 9,54 13261 10,13 16757 10,70 20773 11,25 25335. 11,79 30471
85 2,86 131 3,93 406 4,89 899 5,78 1660 6,60 2732 7,38 4157 8,12 5973 8,83 8216 9,50 10920 10,15 14118 10,78 17839 11,39 22114 11,98 26972 12,55 3243g
90 2,94 135 4,04 418 5,03 925 5,94 1708 6,80 2811 7,60 4278 8,36 6147 9,08 8455 9,78 11237 10,45 14527 11,09 18356 11,72 22755 12,32 27754 12,91 33380
95 3,02 139 4,15 429 5,17 951 6,11 1754 6,98 2888 7,81 4395 8,59 6315 9,33 8686 10,05 11545 10,74 14925 11,40 18859 12,04 23379 12,66 28514 13,27 34294
100 3,10 142 4,26 441 5,30 975 6,27 1800 7,16 2963 8,01 4509 8,81 6479 9,58 8912 10,31 11845 11,01 15313 11,69 19349 12,35 23986 12,99 29255 13,61 35185
 3a AL1MeH3l10HL1pal-be Ha KaHanl13a4l10HL1Te Mpe>KII1 ce KOpl1cTaT 11 rpacpl1KOHL1 co
norapL1TaMcKa pacnoAena. 3a ceKoj AL1jaMeTap, HanpaseH e rpacpl1KOH so Koj ce
BH9C9HII1 cneAHL1Te napaMeTpl1: naAOT Ha KaHanoT J, nonHS:>KOT hiD, npOTOKOT Q 111
6p3111HaTa V (cn.49).

~
~
..

I
I
I
I
npOTOK

I Cn. 49 rpacjJuKoH 3a onpe,qenyaa/-be Ha xu,qpaymtl.{Hure

KapaKrepUCTUKU Ha 6eTOHCKa 4eKBa (/)200 MM
Ha np111Mep: KaHan co n~ J=2% 111 npoToK Q=20l!s OA AL1jarpaMOT 3a 6eToHcKa 4esKa
I <t>200 mm ce l.ll1TaaT cneAHL1Te XL1Apaynl1l.!Kl1 napaMeTpl1:
• V =1,40m Is, 17h = 0,47, OAHOCHO cneAyBa h = 77h · D = 0.47 · 20,0 = 9.40 sm.
I
I 7.4. .QMMeH3MOH&>1pal-be Ha OTBOpeHM K3H311&>1

3a 3aWTII1Ta Ha HaceneHII1Te MecTa OA HaABOpewHII1 aTMoccpepcKII1 BOAII1, KOII1 ro

nonnasysaaT yp6aHoTo noApaYje, a e Hepa41110HanHo Aa ce BHecysaaT so
I KaHan113a411jaTa 3a aTMOCcpepCKL1 BOAL1, ce KOpii1CTaT OTBOpeHII1 }fo60AH111 (111BII1l.!HL1)
KaHanl.1.
0TsopeHII1Te KaHanll1 ce KOpii1CTaT 11 3a OABSAYBal-be Ha npel.ll1CTeHaTa OAn~Ha BOAa
I OA nocTpoeHII1eTo 3a npel.ll1c-rysal-be AO pe411m1eHTOT.
HajMHory ynoTe6ysaHL1 o6n11411 Ha nonpel.!HII10T npeceK Ha oTsopeHII1Te KaHanl1 ce
Tpane3aCTir10T 1.1 npasoaronHII10T (en. 50).

I 89

I
 a) 6)

...... ···· · ··t--~~;::-----1

a a

Cn. 50 nonpe4eH npeceK Ha KaHanor

(a-rpene3acr, 6-npaaoaroneH)
noTpe6HL-1Te napaMeTpL-1 ce npecMe-ry8aaT co cne.qHL-1Te cpopMynl-1:
a) no8pWL-1Ha Ha nonpe4HL-10T npeceK
CtJ =h·(a+m·h)

i 6) HaKsaceH o6eM
2
0 =a+ 2 · h -.J1 + m
I
R _ m _ h·(a+m·h)
-0- a+2h.Jl+m 2
r) We3L-198L-10T Koe¢L-14L-19HT no MaHL-'tHr

c =_!_·Ril6
n

I
V=C·.JR-J

I f) npOT04Ha KOfiL-14L-1Ha
Q=m·V=OJ·C·.JR·J
I XL-1.qpaynl-14KL-1 Hajno8oneH nonpe4eH npeceK K:e ce .qo6L-1e Ha cne.qHL-10T Ha4L-1H:
• WL-1p04L-1HaTa Ha AHOTO o.q KaHafiOT ce L-13pa3y8a 80 3a8L-1CHOCT OA
I no8pWL-1HaTa Ha nonpe4HL-10T npeceK.
(t)
a=--m·h
I •
h
80 pa8eHKaTa 3a HaK8aceH o6eM Ke ce 3aMeHL-1 8pe.qHOCTa Ha "a•• "' l{e ce
.qo6L-1e cne.qHL-'tOT L-13pa3:
I 0 = CtJ -m ·h +2· h.Jl +m 2
h

I AKO Ce npL-'tcpaTL-1 .qeKa 8pe.qHOCTL-1T9 3a co L-1 m ce KOHCTaHTHL-1 f0fi9ML-1HL-1, TOraw

HaK8aceHL-10T o6eM 3a8L-1CL-1 caMo o.q Ana6o4L-1HaTa Ha 8o.qaTa 80 KaHanoT.

I 3a .qa ce .qo6L-1e onTL-1ManHaTa 8pe.qHocT Ha h, nocne.qHL-10T L-13pa3 3a HaK8aceH o6eM

ce .ql-1cpepeH4L-1Pa no h "' paseHKaTa ce L-13e.qHa4y8a co Hyna.

I 90

I
 dO m
-=---m+2.Jl+m 2 =0
i dh h2
..•I
·~
.;;>

!E._= 2..J1 + m2 m
.. h2
-

il
'
'
AKO ce 3aMeH~ ~3pa30T 3a ro , roralll paseHKara K.e ja A06~e cneAHaTa cpopMa:

a+ mh = 2...fl + mz - m
h
OA osaa paseHKa ce ~3pa3ysa OAHOCOT Ha w~po4~Hara Ha AHOTO OA KaHanor
cnpeMa B~C04~HaTa Ha BOAaTa 80 KaHanOT.

~ =2(...ft+m 2
-m)

Bo ASCHara crpaHa OA paseHKara KaKo Heno3Hara ce ja8y8a caMo Har~6or Ha

crpaH~Te OA KaHanoT "m" Koj 3aBI!1CI!1 OA B~AOT Ha o6norara. 3a pa3n~4~T~ B111AOB~
Ha o6nora Har~6or "m" e AaAeH 80 ra6ena 30.
Ta6ena 30.
PeA.
8111A Ha o6nora Ha KaHanoT m
6poj
1 $111H necoK 3.0-3.5
Cna6o 361!1eHa rni!1Ha 111 necoKn111so rni!1HecTa
2
no4sa .2.0-2.5
3 rni!1Ha CO cpeAHa 361!1eHOCT 1.5
4 361!1eHI!1 rni!1HI!1 1.0- 1.5
5 AP06eH 4aKan 1.5
,6 KaMeHa o6nora (S1!1AaHa) 1.0
H 7 6eTOHCKa o6nora 0.5- 1.0

I AKO CTpaH~Te Ha KaHanOT ~MaaT HaKnOH m = ] , HajnOBOnH~OT OAHOC Ha OCHOBaTa

"a"~ 8~C04~Hara "h" K.e 6~Ae:

a= 0,83 · h
I AKo rpane30~AH~OT nonpe4eH npeceK ce npersop111 so npasoaroneH, OAHOCHO aKo ce
3eMe m = 0, roraw onT~ManH~OT OAHOC Ha crpaH~Te OA KaHanor e:

I a
a =2·h·-=2 ~n111 h = a/2;
h

I Co APYr~ 36opos111, HajnosoneH npasoaroneH nonpe4eH npeceK e OHoj Kaj Koro

W~p04~HaTa Ha KaHanOT e 9AHaKBa Ha ABS BI!1C04~H~ Ha BOAaTa.

I
91

I
 rJlABA V
l
J
nPOEKTif1PAt-bE HA KAHAJU13A41f10Hif1TE MPE>Kif1

1. nPVIH4VInVI HA nPOEKTVIPAI-bE

npoeKT111pa1-beTO Ha KaHanll13al.\1110HII1T9 Mpe>KII1 BO HaceneHII1T9 MSCTa Ce BpW111 Bp3

OCHOBa Ha npOCTOpH111T9 111 yp6aHII1CTII1~KII1 nnaHOBII1 BO KOj e 06pa60T9Ha yp6aHaTa
noBpW111Ha 3a npOW111pyBal-be Ha HaceneHOTO MSCTO 3a nnaHCKII1 nep1110A OA 20 AO 30
rDA111HII1. Bo cOOABSTH111Te yp6aHLIICTII1~KII1 nnaHOBII1 111 noAnor111 A9¢111H111paHa e
yp6aHII1CT111~KaTa rpaHII1L\a Ha HaceneHOTO MSCTO, C006paKajHaTa 111HcppacTpyKTypa,
APYfLIITe 111HcppacTpyKTYPHII1 C111CTeMII1 (BOAOBOA, rac111cp111Ka4111ja, TonnoTHO rpeel-be,
eneKTP111~HII1 111HcTana4111111, TenecpoH 111 AP·}, rycTII1HaTa Ha HaceneHII1eTo no nooAenHII1
peoHII1 111 APYro. KaHanll13al.\1110HaTa Mpe:>+<a ce pa3pa60TYBa Ha CII1TYa41110HII1 nnaHOBII1
so pa3Mepa 1:100, 1:250, 1:500, 1:1000, 1:2500 111 1:5000 so 3aBII1CHOCT OA
roneMII1HaTa Ha HaceneHOTO MecTo 111 cpa3aTa Ha npoeKT111pa1-be. 3a L113pa6oTKa Ha
I LIIAejHLJITe 111 rnaBHLIITe npoeKTLII noTpe6HII1 ce pery11a4LIIOHII1 111 HII1Be11al.\LIIOHLJI nnaHOBII1 Ha
y111114111Te.

I 3a Aa ce np111cTan111 KOH Ae¢LJIHL11pa1-be Ha KaHan1113a4111oHaTa weMa Ha

KaHanll13al.\1110HaTa Mpe:>+<a noTpe6Ho e Aa ce Ae¢111H111pa yp6aHII1CTII1~KOII1T oncpaT Ha
nospw111HaTa Koja e npeAMeT Ha KaHanll13a41110HII10T cll1cTeM. noHaTaKa, Tpe6a Aa ce
I 111MaaT Ha pacnonaral-be HeonXOAH111Te nogaTOL\111 3a nnaHII1pal-be Ha KaHa111113al.\1110HII10T
c111cTeM, KOII1 6ea cnoMeHaTII1 so rnasa III. V1cTo TaKa, Tpe6a Aa ce Hanpasll1 aHa111113a 111
ga ce Ae¢111HII1pa B111AOT Ha KaHariLJI3a41110HII10T CLIICTeM Koj Ke ce npLIIMeHII1, OAHOCHo
gan111 Ke ce npii1MeHII1: onwT, cenapa41110HeH 11111111 no11ycenapa41110HeH C111CTeM.
np111 npoeKT111pal-beTO Ha KaHamt13al.\1110HII10T CII1CTeM, npsa 111 OCHOBHa pa60Ta e Aa ce
Ae¢111HII1paaT 6pojoT 111 rpaHII14111Te (BOAOA911HII1L\111) Ha KaHanll13al.\1110HII1Te peOHII1.
I KaHanll13al.\1110HII1Te peoHII1 npeTCTasysaaT A9110BII1 OA KaHan1113a4111oHaTa nospw111Ha
orpaHII1~eHII1 co BOAoge11H1114111 . CeKoj OABOgHII1TeneH peoH 111Ma csoj K011eKTop. Kaj
Hace11eHII1Te MecTa so pasHLJIHa, KaHanll13al.\LIIOHII1Te peoHII1 ce cpopM111paaT TaKa ga
I oso3MO>KaT OABOAHYBal-be Ha wTo noro11eMa nospwLIIHa no rpasii1Tal.\LIIOHeH naT, a np111
Toa K011eKTOpii1Te Aa 111MaaT WTO noMano BKonysal-be. Ko11eKTOp111Te OA noegLIIHII1Te
peOHII1 ja AOBeAysaaT BOAaTa so rnaBHII10T K011eKTOp, a Toj ja OABeAysa so
I nOCTp09HII19TO 3a npe~II1CTYBal-be Ha BOf~aTa. PeOHII1Te og KOj BOgaTa HSMO>Ke Aa ce
OAB9A9 no rpaBLJITaqii10H9H naT 111MaaT CBOj K0119KTOp (nOAKOneKTOp) OA KOro BOgaTa
co noMow Ha nyMnHa cTaHII1L\a, ce AOBeAysa so rnaBHII10T KoneKTop (en. 51). Co
I gecpii1H111pa1-beTO Ha KaHa111113al.\1110HII1T9 peOHII1, BCYWHOCT Ce ogpeAyBa Aa11111
KaHanCKII1Te BOA111 K:e ce npe~II1CTYBaaT co SAHa 111n111 noseKe npe~111CTII1TS11H111 cTaHII1L\111,
noToa, Aan111 so KaHanll13a!J1110HaTa weMa Ke 111Ma nyMnHII1 cTaH1114111. AoK011KY ce
I HanO>KII1 noTpe6a OA npii1MeHa Ha nyMnHII1 CTaHII1L\111, onpasAaHocTa Tpe6a ga ce
AOKa>+<e co COOABeTHa TeXHII1~Ko eKoHoMcKa aHanll13a. Os111 aHanLJI3111 ce
cnpoBeAysaaT spc COOABeTHLJI yp6aHII1CTII1~KII1 pery11aq1110H111 111 H111Bena41110H111 n11aHos111
I 80 pa3Mep 1: 1000 111 1: 2500 CO 11130XII111CLJI Ha 1, 2 11111111 5 M, BO 3aBII1CHOCT OA
TepeHCKII1Te ycnos111. Ha en. 51 A~eH e npii1Mep Ha noAe116a Ha HaceneHoTo MecTo Ha
4 KaHanll13al.\1110HII1 peOHII1. OA nps111Te Tp111 peoHII1, KaHancKaTa BOAa rpaBII1Tal.\1110HO ce
I OABeAyBa, AOAeKa OA ~eTBPTII10T peoH, KaHancKII1Te BOA111 ce OABegysaaT co
nyMnal-be go rnaBH1110T KOneKTOp.

I npoeKT~pa1-b9TO Ha KaHanl!13al.\1110HaTa Mpe>Ka 3anO~HyBa HajnpBO CO nOCTaByBal-be

Ha rnaBHII10T K0119KTOp no HajHII1CKII1Te KOTII1 BO HaceneHOTO M9CTO. noc11e TOa ce
gecpii1H1!1pa M9CTOfi0110>K6aTa Ha fiOAKOJ19KTOpLIIT9 KOII1 ja AOBeAyBaaT KaHa11CKaTa
I 92
I
 soAa AO rnasHI..ne KOneKTOpVI. Bo noTKoneKTOpVITe ce sKnyYysa ocTaHaTaTa
OCHOBHa KaHam13a4VIOHa Mpe)Ka. npoeKTOT Ha KaHanL!I3a4VIOHaTa Mpe)Ka, Tpe6a Aa
oso3MO)KVI Hej3VIHa eTanHa AOI.13rpCIA6a.

I Cn. 51 KaHanM3BLJMOHM c111creM

(1 - Yp6aHJ.1CTIII4KIII oncpaT Ha HaC9119HOTO M9CTO, 2- rpaHIII41-1 Ha KaHa111/13a41110HIIIT9 peOHIII,

I 5-
3 - OCHOBHa KaHa111113a41-10Ha Mpe>Ka,
rnaBeH KaHa111/13a41110H9H K0119KTOp,
8- npeYIIICTIIITanHa cTaH1114a, 9-
4- KaHam13a41110Hl-1 nOAK0119KTOplll,
6 - nyMnHa CTaH1114a, 7 - nOTIIIC9H
111cnycT so pe4111n111eHT, 10 -
K0119KTOp,
pe4111n111eHT)

I Bo 3aBIIICHOCT OA MeCHL!ITe ycnosL!I, MO)Ke Aa ce pa3pa6oTysaaT HeKonKy sap111jaHTHIII

peweHIIIja 3a reHepanHaTa weMa Ha KaHonVI3a4VIOHIIIOT CIIICTeM, a noToa ce
I np111cTanysa KOH AecpVIHVIpal-be Ha ynVIYHVITe KaHanVI. OcHoseH npV1H4111n npVI
TpaCL!Ipal-beTO Ha KaHanVI3a4LIIOHaTa Mpe)Ka e OAB9AYBal-beTO Ha OTfiClAHLiiTe BOALil
HCIABOP OA HaceneHoTo MecTo, Aa 6VIAe no HajKpaTOK naT Lil no MO)KHOCT
I rpaBIIITa4LiiOHO. npL!I TpacLilpal-beTO Ha Mpe)KaTa Tpe6a Aa ce Lil36erHysaaT 1411111
CB8AYBaaT Ha MLiiHLiiMYM npeceYyBal-baTa CO peKVI, )K9Jl83HIIIYKVI JlLiiHLiiLil, naTHLil
MarVIcTpanVI VI APYrLil nOA38MHVI o6jeKTVI OA ocTaHaTVITe L!IHcppacTPYKTYPHVI CIIICTeMVI.
I 3a ceKoe npeceYysal-be Ha KaHanVI3a4LiiOHVITe 49BKL!I co APYrlll llVIHL!ICKVI o6jeKTVI
nOTpe6HO e L!l3rpaA6a Ha CKanL!I KaHanlll3a4VIOHVI 06jeKTVI KOL!I ja OT8)KHysaaT Li1
nocKanysaaT eKcnnoaTa4111jaTa Ha KaHanLil3a4VIOHVIOT CVICTeM

2. PACnPEAEIISA HA OTnA.QH~TE BOA~ nq nOTE3~

I CeKoj KoneKTop LilllVI noTe3 OA KaHallVI3a4LiiOHaTa Mpe)Ka cny)KL!I 3a OAB9AYBal-be Ha

KaHancKaTa BOAa Koja AOTeKysa AO Hero. KonL!IYVIHaTa Ha KaHancKa BOAa Koja
AOTeKysa AO ceKoj noTe3 e npoMeHnlllsa KaKo no speMe, TaKIII VI no npocTop.

I 3a XVIApaynVIYKo ALiiM8H3IIIOHV1pa1-be, KaHanVI3a4VIOHaTa Mpe)Ka . ce pa3rpaHysa Ha

n08AVIHLil nOT83111. 06VIYHO nOA nOT83 BO KaHanVI3a4LiiOHaTa Mpe)Ka ce nOApa36VIpa

93
I
 I
i
,;

ppmK~Ha Ha KaHan no Koj Konw-I~HaTa Ha KaHancKa BOAa He ce MeHys. lloTe3~Te ce

cosnafaaT co KaHan~Te OA eAHa AO Apyra pacKpcH~4a Ha yn~4~Te. AoKonKy TaKa
Ae¢~H~paH~Te noTe3~ ce co roneMa AOmK~Ha, ~CT~Te MO)f(aT Aa ce noAenaT Ha ABa
~n~ noseK:e noTe3~.

So eAeH noTe3 OA KaHan~3a4~0HaTa Mpe)f(a, Kon~LJ~HaTa Ha oTnaAHa BOAa Koja

AOTeKysa so Hero, MO)f(e Aa 6~Ae TpaH3~THa ~ concTseHa. TpaH3~TH~OT npoTeK ce
sKnyLJysa so cnpoT~BOAH~OT LJsop OA noTe3oT, a ce cTsapa OA np~naAH~Te
TpaH3~TH~ nospw~H~ AO cnpoT~BOAH~OT LJsop. ConcTBeH~OT npoTOK e npoTOK Koj ce
CTBapa OA COilCTBeHaTa np~llaAHa llOBpW~Ha Ha llOTe30T. llp~ llOHaTaMOWH~Te
aHan~3~ ce cMeTa AeKa concTseH~OT npoToK Ha oTnaAHa BOAa ce ynywTa fta .
noLJeTOKOT OA noTe30T, OAHOCHO so cnpoTBOAH~OT LJBop. CnpeMa Toa, npoTOKOT Ha
OTilaAHa BOAa 110 AOfi)f(~HaTa Ha llOTe30T Ce CMeTa AeKa e KOHCTaHTeH, OAHOCHO,
noTe3oT Ha csojaTa AOfi)f(~Ha e co KOHCTaHTeH A~jaMeTap.
llp~ y-rspAyBat-be Ha noTe3~Te (AenH~4~Te) Tpe6a Aa ce BOA~ cMeTKa ~ Ha naAOB~Te
OA KaHan~Te. lloTe3~Te OA KaHan~3a4~0HaTa Mpe)f(a ce AenH~4~ OA KaHan~Te co
I KOHCTaHTeH HaKnOH Ha KaHanOT. CnpeMa TOa, np~ npOMeHa Ha ll~OT Ha H~BeneTaTa
Ha KaHanoT (TOLJKa B), noTpe6Ho e Aa ce cpopMLt1pa APYr noTe3, 3aToa wTo ce
MeHysaaT X~Apaynlt14Klt1Te KapaKTep~CT~K~ Ha llOTe30T OAHOCHO MO)f(e Aa ce
I npoMeHlt1 lt1 nonpe4Hlt10T npeceK Ha KaHanoT (en. 51)

I _j L
PW-1 PW-2 PW-3
A B s

I I
I A
Jl
I 11lpeH v

I PW-1
fk

I Cn. 51 npoMeHa Ha naf:fOT Of:l HltfBeneTaTa Ha KaHanOT

I (PW-peB/113/11DHa waxra, Jt-nap, Ha repeH, Jk-nap, Ha HMBenerara Ha KaHanor)

Konlt14lt1HaTa Ha BOAa Koja noM~Hysa Hlt13 noTe3 co cnpoTlt1BOAeH LJsop i ~ H~3BOAeH

I LJsop j (qij ), AOafa OA ropH~Te cn~BHlt1 nospwlt1Hlt1 KaKo TpaH3LHHa (q;·) lJ1 OA
concTseH~OT cm,.,s KaKo concTBeHa Kon~4lt1Ha Ha BOAa (q;op.). CnpeMa Toa, npoToKoT
Ha noTe30T K:e 6Lt1Ae qI}.. = q~I} · + q~op
I}
..

llplll ~360pOT Ha AOfi)f(lt1HaTa Ha llOTe30T, OAHOCHO HeroeaTa Cfilt1BHa llOBpWlt1Ha Tpe6a

I Ce BOA~ CMeTKa 3a CfieAHOTO:

I
94
I
 • fJ.L!1jaMeTapoT Ha 4esKaTa onpeAeneH co sKynHL110T npoTOK Li1 caMo co
TpaH3Li1THLI10T npoTOK He Tpe6a .n.a ce pa3nLi1KYBaaT 3a noseKe o.n. e.n.eH
cTaH.n.ap.n.eH fJ.L11jaMeTap o.n. LI1HAYCTpL!1cKoTo npo1!13BOfJ.CTBO Ha 4eBK111Te,
• npoMeHaTa Ha .qllljaMeTapoT Ha 4eBK1!1Te .qa 6111.0.e nocTeneHa co srpa.qysal-be Ha
Cl!lTe nocnefJ.OBaTenHI!l CTaH.qapfJ.HI!l fJ.I!ljaMeTpl!l OIJ. lilHIJ.YCTpl!lCKOTO
np01113BOIJ.CTBO Ha 4eBKL11Te.
• osa He sa>KLI1 Kora ce npL11KnyYaT L!1 .qpyr111 cTpaHI!lYHI!l npoTOYHI!l KOnl!lYI!lHI!l 111nl!l
KOH4eTp111paHI!l npoT04111 o.q lllH.qycTpll1ja Li1 AP·
AKo Ha noTe30T A - 5 ce onpe.n.en111 .qL!1jaMeTapoT ct> 500 mm co BKynHaTa KOnl!lYIIlHa Ha
so.qa (qij), act> 300 mm caMo co TpaH31!1THaTa KOnl!lYI!lHa Ha so.qa (q:·) Koja AOTeKysa
so ysopoT A, Toraw noTe30T, 3a XL11fJ.paynL!1YKo A111MeH31!lOHL11pal-be Tpe6a .qa ce noAen111
Ha .qsa eBeHryanHO Ha Tp111 noTe31!1 "A-B" 111 "B-6" (en. 52)

..... -
I It I I, I
Ll
I, ItI
Cn. 52 ,llon.>KMHa Ha nore3MTe

I.
.

AomKI!lHaTa Ha noTe3oT ce 4Li1Ta AlllpeKTHO o.q yp6aHI!lCTI!l4K111Te nnaHOBI!l T.e. o.q

Cl!lTYa4111VITe 111 TOa. BO npasa roneMII1Ha 6VIAejKVI na.qOBI!lTe Ha KaHnl!lTe ce penaTI!lBHO
Manlll.
npl!lna.qHI!lTe Cni!IBHI!l llOBpWII1HI!l Ha nOefJ.II1HI!lTe nOTe31!1 3a 6~TOBVI 111 aTMOC¢epCKI!l
so.q111 ceKoraw 4enocHo He ce cosnafa. AKo 6111TOBI!1Te so.q111 ce cTsapaaT no
I AOn>KI!lHaTa Ha yni!IYHII1Te 4eBKOBOAiil, aTMoc¢epcKVITe so.q111 ce cTsapaaT OA
nplllnaAHaTa nospu.1111Ha 3a ceKoj noTe3, np111 WTO Tpe6a Aa ce so.q111 cMeTKa 1113a na.qoT
Ha TepeHoT. Co .qosonHa TOYHOCT so npaKTI!lKaTa, ce 3eMa aKo o.qso.qHIIlTenHaTa
I nospWI!lHa wTo np111nafa Ha ceKoj noTe3 ce onpe.qen111 no MeTo.qaTa Ha "Kpososl!l",
o.qHOCHO Kora OA ceKoja ja3onHa T04Ka ce nosneYaT ClllMeTpanVI Ha arnl!lTe.
CII1MeTpanii1Te ja Ae¢1!1HI!lpaaT np111na.qHaTa nospw111Ha Ha ceKoj noTe3 no np111H4111n0T
I 3a pewasal-be Ha KpOBHI!lTe nospwi!IHI!l so Bl!lCOKorpa.q6aTa (en. 53}.
0ABOAH111TenHaTa nospwl!lHa ce onpeAenysa Ha cneAHI!lOT HaYI!lH:
I • co nnaHI!lMeTpl!lpaH>e,
• co co61!1pal-be Ha nospwii1HII1Te OA npas111nH111 reoMeTpl!lCKII1

I •
(Tpl!laronHI!ll.\111, npasoaronH1114111, Tpane3111 111 en.),
aHanl!lTI!l4KI!l CO n03HaBal-be Ha KOOp1J.II1HaTI!lTe Ha CII1T9 KapaKTepl!lCTI!l4HVI
TOY Kill.
I PacnpeAen6aTa Ha KOnl!l41!1HaTa Ha OTilaiJ.Ha BOAa 110 llOT931!1 OIJ. KaHaJ11113a411lOHaTa
Mpe>Ka ce onpe.qenysa cnpeMa npo4eHryanHaTa MeTOAa. np111 Toa, npo4eHryanHaTa

I aHanL!13a Mo>Ke Aa ce cnposeAe cnpeMa npL11naiJ.HI!lTe cnlllBHI!l nospwlr1HI!l no noTe3111

111n111 cnpeMa AOn>KIIlHVITe Ha noTe31!1Te.

I 95
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·,_

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Cn. 53 npuna{iHa cnuaHa noapwuHa

(1 ,2,3, ... ,11, - ja30I1HI.1 T04K1!1,f np111nelAHI.1 CI11.1BHa nospw1.1Ha ha)

LIIMeHo, concT89HIItOT 111 TpaH3111THIItOT npoTOK Ha OAPSASH noTe3 K.e ce npecMeTaT co

cneAH111Te 1113pa3111:
q jj
tr.
=~1= .Jrtr.
ij- fzlc ...
lA sop.
q jj =~1= . Jrsop.
ij- fik

BKynHIItOT npoToK ce A06111e KaKo 36111p OA npeTXOAHIItTe A8a npoT04111:

l qii = q;- + q~op. = c; ·JJ"-J-Ik + c; ·J;~flk = c; ·(JJ"_·fzlc + JJ~ftk) (lis)

I c; npeTCTa8y8a Cll94111cpii14Ha KOnii14111Ha Ha OTilaAHa 80Aa,

J;~~
I t;_·fik
npeTcTa8y8a concT8eHa cp111KTII18Ha nplltnaAHa no8pWII1Ha 80 xa,
npeTCTasy8a TPA-1:\~~~ ~ cp111KTII18Ha np111naAHa no8pW111Ha so xa,

I Ce4111¢1114HaTa KOnllt4111Ha Ha oTnaAHa BOAa c; ce 1113pa3y8a 80 llslha Kora so

aHanllt3aTa ce 8n.ery8a co no8pWII1HII1Te 111n111 so llslm ', Kora 80 aHanllt3aTa ce 8nery8a
co AOn>KIItHIItTe Ha noTe311tTe.
I Ce4111¢1114HaTa KOnii14111Ha Ha OTnaAHa 80Aa c;, 80 3a8111CHOCT OA Toa Aanlll
np111naAH111Te no8pWII1HIIt 111n111 AOmKII1HIItTe no noTe3111 ce aHanllt3111paaT, ce npecMeTYsa
I co cneAHII1Te 1113pa311t:

c; = Qotp. l/s/ha ,111n111

I L.Fflk

I Qotp. npeTCTasysa MaKCIIIManHa BKynHa KOnii14111Ha Ha OTilaAH111 BOAIIt OA

HaceneHOTO MSCTO,
L.Fflk npeTcTasysa BKynHa cplltKTIItBHa KaHanllt311tpaHa nospwii1Ha,
I Uflk npeTCTa8yBa BKynHa cplltKTII1BHa AOn>KIItHa Ha KaHanll13a411tOHaTa Mpe)l(a.

V13pa3111Te cp111KTII18Ha nospw111Ha 111n111 AOn)l(lltHa ce soseAysa 3a BKny4ysal-be Ha

I rycTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHII1eTo so aHanll13aTa 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha KOnii14111HII1Te Ha
oTnaAHIIt BOAIIt no noTe3111 OA KaHan1113a4111oHaTa Mpe)f(a. LIIMeHo ce soseAysa

I 96
I
 Koe¢1114111eHT Ha rycTIIIHa kg Ylllja spe.qHocT e noMana, SAHaKsa 111n111 noroneMa OA
eA111HIIl4a 80 3a80IIICHOCT OA rycTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHIIle so aHanlll311lpaHIIIOT Aen. Co osoj
K09cp11141119HT Ha rycTIIIHa, cp111KH1BHO ce 3roneMysa lllnlll HaManysa BP9AHOCTa Ha
cTsapHaTa no8pW111Ha 111n111 AOn>KIIlHa Ha COOABSTHIIIOT noTe3, a co Toa ce A0611lsa
~
~~~ peanHaTa Konw-tlllHa Ha OTna.qHa BOAa OA noTe3oT.
<PL-1KTIIl8HaTa no8pW111Ha 111n111 AOn>KIIlHa 1.<1 Hlll8HaTa cyMa ce A0611l8a KaKo npolll380A Ha
K09cp11141119HTOT Ha ryCTI/lHa Ill CT8apHaTa n08pW111Ha lllnlll AOn>KIIlHa Ha nOT930T.
pop. k r
j ij- fik = g-ij • j ij

rPfik = k g- 1 · JrI + k g - 2 · f 2 + · · · + k g -1. · Jr.i + · .. + k g- n · JI'n (ha:I'1

lL fik = k g-1 ·lI + k g-2 ·l2 + · .. + k g-1. ·l.1 + · .. + k g - n ·ln (m:I1

~ I'
BpeAHOCTa Ha Koe¢1114111eHT Ha rycTIIIHa kg ce Ae¢111HIIlpa 80 3a8111CHOCT OA rycTIIIHaTa
Ha HaceneHIIle (zitlha) 80 noeAIIIHIIl peoHIIl OA KaHanlll311lpaHaTa no8pW111Ha. EAeH OA
HaYIIIHIIIT9 3a A9cp111HIIlpal-be Ha K09cplll41f19HTOT Ha ryCTI/lHa 9 ryCTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHIIle
Aa ce noAen111 co 100. 111MeHo AOKnKY rycTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHIIle Ha OAP9AeH Aen e 100
zitlha , K0¢1114111eHTOT K:e 6111A9 kg = 1, AOKonKy rycTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHIIle e 60 zitlha ,
I K09cplll41118HTOT K9 6111A8 kg = 0,6, AOKOnKy ryCTIIIHaTa 9 250 zit/ha, K09cplll41f19HTOT K9
6111Ae kg = 2,5 111 TaKa HaTaKa. CnpeMa Toa, SAHa lf1CTa no8pUJIIIHa 111n111 AOn>KIIlHa, 80
I 3aB!f1CHOCT OA rycTIIIHaTa, cp1.<1KTIII8HO K:e ce 3roneMIIl 1.<1n111 HaMe,nlll, a co Toa K:e ce
A0611le peanHaTa KOnlllYIIIHa Ha oTna.qHa 80Aa OA noTe30T.

I Koe¢1114111eHTOT Ha rycTIIIHa Ha HaceneHIIle K:e lllMa 8nllljaHIIle caMo Ha onpeAenysal-be

Ha 6111T0811l OTna.qHIIl 80AIIl, 6111A9jKIIl CaMO Tille 3a811lCaT OA ryCTIIIHaTa Ha HaceneHIIle Ha
o.qpeAeHa no8pW.I'1Ha. np111 npecMery8al-be Ha aTMOC8epcKIIITe 80A111 80 npecMeTKIIITe
I ce 8nery8a caMo co CTsapHIIITe np111na.qH111 cnlf18HIIl no8pWL-1HIIl.

3. CIIITYAl..liiiOHIII n11AHOBIII
I Ha ClllTYa4111ja 80 noroAHa pa3Mepa ce lll3pa60TY8a ClllTYa411lOHO peweH!f1e Ha
KaHanlll3a411lOHaTa Mpe>Ka. Ha cnlllKa 54 e .qa.qeHo yp6aHif1CTif1YKO peweHif1e Ha
I KaHan!f13a411lOHa Mpe>Ka Ha eAeH Aen o.q HaceneHo MecTo co 811lCIIIHCKa npecTasa Ha
TepeHOT lll3pa3eHa co lll30XIIlnceH nnaH. Ce no8neKy8a TpacaTa Ha KaHanlllTe no
OC080HaTa Ha yn1114111Te Ill Ce cpOpMIIlpa AlllCn03111411lOHOTO peweHIIl9 Ha
I KaHanlll3a411lOHaTa Mpe>Ka. Bo 3aBif1CHOCT OA naAOT H~ TepeHOT OAHOCHO
H1.<18ena41110HIIIOT na.q Ha yn1114111Te, ce Ae¢1f1HIIlpa cMepoT Ha A8+t>Kel-be Ha 80AaTa. Ha
ceKoj KaHan Tpe6a Aa ce 3Hae Ka.qe 3anoYHy8a (Hero8a Haj811lCOKa KoTa) 111 Ka.qe
I 3a8pwy8a (Hero8a HajHIIICKa KOTa). Ce HyMeplllpaaT ClllTe ja3onH!f1 TOYKL-1 no
pacKpCHIIl4111Te OA yn1114111Te, a noToa ce Ae¢111HIIlpa np111na.qHaTa cnlllBHa nospwlllHa 3a
ceKoj noTe3 OA KaHancKaTa Mpe>Ka, co WTO ce Ae¢111HIIlpa weMaTa 3a XlllApaynlllYKO
I A111M9H311lOHIIlpa!-be.
no Ae¢1/lHIIlpal-be Ha ClllTe reoMeTplllCKIIl 111 XlllApaynlllYKIIl KapaKTep1.<1CT!f1KIIl Ha

I KaHanlll3a411lOHaTa Mpe>Ka ce 1113pa6ory8aaT noce6HIIl KaHanlll3a411lOHIIl weML-1 1.<1

CL-1TYa4111, 80 KOja Ce 8H9C9HIIl A061119HIIIT9 pe3ynTaTIIl 3a CeKOj nOT93, OAHOCHO ce
sHecy8aaT: Konw-llllHIIITe Ha oTna.qHIIl 80A111, AllljaMeTplllTe no noTe31il OA

I KaHanlll3a411lOHaTa Mpe>Ka, AOn>KIIlHIIITe, HaKnOHOT Ha KaHanlllTe 80 npOMIIlnlll,

nonHe>KOT Ha KaHanlllTe 111 APYrO.

I 97

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I
I
I Cn. 54 C~~trya£.lMja 3a x~~t,qpaynw-IK/11 aHan/113111

I llp111 1113pa6oTKaTa Ha rnaseH npoeKT, ce KOPII1CTaT C111T)'a41.11111 so noKpynHa pa31V1epa,

Ka.qe so .qeTanHII1 CII1T)'a41110HII1 nnaHOBII1 ce sHecysaaT CII1Te reoMeTp111CKII1
KapaKTep111CTII1KII1 Ha KaHan1113a4111oHaTa Mpe>Ka. Bo .qeTanHII10T nnaH ce .qecp111HVIpaaT
I CVIT9 o6jeKTVI VI CVITe peBVI3VIOHVI VI KaCKClAHVI UJaxTII1, CTpaHII14HVI npVIKnY404VI,
cnii1BH1114111, IJ.II1jaMeTpll1, pacTojaHII1e, HaKnoH Ha KaHanii1Te 111 .qpyro. Ao.qeKa so
111.qejH111Te peweHII1ja ce BHecysa KaHancKaTa Mpe>Ka 111 Wax.TII1Te no 4BOPHII1Te TO'-lKII1 o.q
I KaHanll13a4Lt10HaTa flilpe>Ka. np111 111360pOT Ha llOJiO>K6aTa Ha Yflii14HII1T9 peBVI31110HII1
Wax.TL-1, noKpaj KPLt1TepLt1yMII1Te 3a 1113se.qysal-he 111 OP.P>KYBal-be Ha ynll1'-lHaTa
KaHanll13a4Lt1ja, Tpe6a IJ.9 ce BOIJ.II1 CM9TKa 111 3a npLt1Kny4yBal-beTO Ha 6fiOKOBCKaTa,
I .qsop111wHaTa 111n111 KYKHaTa KaHanll13a4Lt1ja (en. 55 }

I
N" 245 N"247 l'f249

I
I Cn. 55 ,[len o,q ,qeraneH c~~trya£.lMOHeH nnaH

I
98
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4. HA.QOJl>KHl4 nPO<l>l4Jll4
HCiAOJl>KHVJOT npocp111n npecTasysa sepTVIKaneH npeceK Ha KaHanoT no npase4 Ha
HerosaTa Tpaca. naAOT Ha KaHanOT MO>Ke Aa 6VJAe eAHaKoB, noMan, noroneM VJnVJ
o6paTeH OA naAOT Ha TepeHOT (en 56).
a) 6) s) r)

Cn. 56 O,qHoc Ha na,qor Ha repeHOT vt KaHanor

(a-eAHaKOB, 6-noMan, e-noroneM, A-o6paTeH)

HajMaJIVJ VJCKOnVJ Ha 3eMja OA posoBVJTe, 3a nonarat-be Ha KaHanVJ3a41110HVITe 4eBKVJ, ce

I A06VJsaaT Kora HlllseneTaTa Ha KaHanoT ce VJ3BeAe napanenHo co cpeAHVJOT naA Ha
TepeHOT.
AKo naAOT Ha TepeHOT e AOCTa Man, ce HaMeTHysa ycsojysal-be Ha noroneM naA OA
naAOT Ha TepeHOT, CO WTO AOafa AO noroneMO BKOnysal-be Ha ({aHaJlOT. 111CTO TaKa
noroneMo BKonysal-be Ha KaHanoT ce jasysa VI npVI o6paTeH 11~ Ha KaHanoT OA
11CiAOT Ha TepeHoT. TaKBOTO BKonysat-be HeMo>Ke Aa 6VJAe noroneMo OA 7 AO 8 M. AKo
KaHanoT MO>Ke Aa npOAOn>KVJ no rpaBVJTa4VJOHVJ naT, noHaTaMOWHOTO Heroso
VJ3BeAyBal-be MO>t;<e Aa ce npeABVJAVJ ryHencKVJ, a aKo HeMo>Ke Aa npOAOJl>KVJ
I rpasVJTa4VJOHO, ce npeABVIAYBa nyMnHo nocTpoeHVJe co Koe BOAaTa Ke ce VJCKa~VJ
6nVJCKY AO nospLLIVJHaTa Ha TepeHoT.
AKo naAOT Ha TepeHoT e noroneM OA MaKCVJManHo A03BoneHVJOT n~ Ha coOAB9THVJOT
I AVJjaMeTap Ha KaHaJlOT, Ce 11P9ABVIAYBaaT KaCKaAHVI peBVI3VIOHVI UJaxTVJ, BO KOVI ce
YHVJwrysa eHeprVJjaTa Ha BOAaTa (en. 57). Ao KOnKy KacKaAaTa so KaCKCiAHaTa
WaxTa, VJMa noroneMa BVICO~VJHa OA 1 M, MO>Ke Aa ce npeABVIAVI 6p30TOK Ha nOT930T
I npeA KaCKCiAHaTa WaxTa (en. 58). noT930T Ha KOro e np9ABVIA9H 6p30TOK, Tpe6a Aa
ce VJ3BeAe co '-lenw-IHVJ VJnVJ JlVJHO>Kene3HVJ 49BKVI, nopaAVJ noroneMVJTe 6p3VIHVJ OA

I. MaKCVJManHo A03BoneHVJTe. Cna6a CTpaHa Ha 6p30TOKOT e Toa WTO nocne 6p30TOKOT

(TO~Ka 'P) 3ano'-1Hysa noTe3 co noMan naA, so Koro ce snowysaaT XVIApaynVJ~KVJTe
YCJlOBVI 3a pa6oTa Ha KaHanCKaTa Mpe>Ka, OAHOCHO 6p3VIHaTa Ha BOAaTa ce HaManysa
co wTo ce cTsapaaT ycnoBVI 3a Tano>Kel-be.
I A

I
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Cn. 57 KaHan co KacKa,qvt Cn. 58 KaHan co 6p30TOK

I
99
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 np111 111360pOT Ha A111jaMeTapoT 111 naAOT Ha KaHaJ11113a41110HII1Te 4eBKII1, HeOnXOAHO e Aa
ce 111Ma so npeABVIA noTpe6aTa OA nocTojaHo 3roneMysal-be Ha 6p3111HaTa Ha BOAaTa
co OAAaneYysal-beTo OA nep111cpep111jaTa, np111 WTO VICTOBTeMeHo Tpe6a Aa ce 11136erasa
111 Alla60KOTO BKOnysal-be Ha 4eBKII1Te, KOe npeAVI3BVIKyBa HenoTpe6HII1 VI CKan111
3eMjaHII1 pa6oTII1.
3a AeQJII1HII1pa1-be Ha BVICVIHCKaTa nOJlO>K6a Ha KaHallVITe, Ce V13pa60TYBaaT HaAOmKHVI
npOQJVIJlVI BO B006VIYaeHa MepKa 3a BVICVIHVI 1:100, a 3a AOJl>KVIHVI 1:1000. 80 HII1B ce
BHecysaaT CII1Te noTpe6HII1 reOMeTp111CKVI VI XVI.i\paynVILfKVI KapaKTepii1CTII1KII1 Ha
noeA111HVITe noTe3VI OA KaHanVI3a4VIOHaTa Mpe>Ka (cn.59). Bo HaAOn>KHVIOT npocp111n ce
rneAa TepeHCKaTa nVIHVIja, HVIBeneTaTa Ha KaHanOT, AJla60I..IVIHaTa Ha VICKOn, HII1BOTO
Ha noA3eMHa BOAa, reonowKVIOT cocTas Ha noYsaTa, BKPCTYBal-be oc APYrll1
111HcppaCTpyKTypHV1 CVICTeMVI, o6jeKTVITe Ha KaHanOT, paCTOjaHVIeTO nOMefy
KapaKTep111CTII1LfHVITe TOLfKVI, paCTOjaHVIeTO noMefy o6jeKTVITe, npaB4VITe VI
npeKpWHVITe arnVI, naAOT VI AVIjaMeTapoT Ha KaHanoT, KaKo VI npecMeTaHVITe
XVIApaynVIYKVI KapaKTepVICTVIKVI Hg KaHanoT (Q, V, hiD).

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Cn. 59 Hap,on>KeH n~Jocf:mn

Co npVIKnyYyBal-be Ha CTpaHVILfHVI KaHanVI, HVI3BOAH0, KOnVI'-IeCTBOTO Ha OTnaAHVI BOAVI

ce 3roneMysa, nopaAVI WTO ce HanO>KYBa VI 3roneMysal-be Ha nonpeYHII10T npeceK Ha
HVI3BOAHVITe KaHanVI. Toa 3roneMyBal-be Tpe6a Aa cTaHe co cnywTal-be Ha AHOTO Ha
KaHanOT Kaj TO'-IKVITe Ha BJlVIBal-beTO A,B,C,D,E, (Cil. 60-a), a Tpe6a Aa ce 3ana3111
paMHOMepHVIOT HaKnoH Ha TeMeTo MN. BaKBOTO peweHVIe oso3MO>KYBa OABeAyBal-be
Ha oTnaAHVITe BOAVI npVI nonH npocpVIn, 6e3 Aa ce CTBOPVI XVIApaynVI'-IeH npVITII1COK so
i KaHancKaTa 4esKa. Ao KOilKY ce Vl3spwVI noKal..lysal-be Ha ropHoTo TeMe Ha KaHanVITe,
a ce 3aAP>KII1 paMHOMepeH HaKJloH Ha AOJlHOTO TeMe A 1 E 1 (cn.60-6), ce cTsapaaT
ycnosVI 3a 4e11VIOT KaHan Aa 6111Ae noA npVITVICOK (nVIHVIja ln1-N1). KaHanoT HeMa Aa
I pa60TVI nOA npVITVICOK aKO HVIBOTO Ha BOAaTa VIMa nOJlO>K6a a1, b 1, c 1, d 1 HO TOa ro

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nponycHaTa MO.>KHOCT Ha KaHanOT.

a)

Cn. 60 nocTeneHo 3roneMyBafbe Ha nonpe4HMDT npeceK Ha KaHanoT

(a-npaBI!1llHO peweHI!1e, 6-HenpaBI!1llHO peweH1!1e)

CnpeMa Toa, cnojysal-beTo Ha KaHan~Te co pasnw-IH~ A~jaMeTp~ MO.>Ke Aa ce Hanpas~

co nopasHysal-be Ha ropHoTo TeMe Ha 4esKaTa (cn.61-a) ~n~ co cnojysal-be Ha H~BOTO
Ha BOAaTa BO KaHaJlOT (en. 61-6). nopasHyBal-beTO Ha A011HIIIT9 TeM~I-ba Ha 49BKIIIT9 e
Henpas~nHo pew~HIIIe, 6111.qejK:~ ce cTsapaaT ycnos111 sa noToneHo IIICTeKysal-be so

I cnpOTIIIBOAH~OT Aen OA KaHan~sa4~0HaTa Mpe.>Ka.

~ ~
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I
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I Cn. 61 Cnojyaafbe Ha 4eBKM co pa3nM4HM p,~~tjaMeTpM
(a-nopaBHyBal-be Ha ropH1!1Te T9MI!1t-ba Ha L\9BKI!1T9, 6-nopaBHyBat-be Ha HI!1BOTO Ha BOAa BO L\9BKII1Te,
B· nopaBHyBal-be Ha ADllHOTO TeMe Ha L\9BKI!1Te. a) Ill 6) npaBI!1JlHO peweHIIIe, B) HenpaBI!IllHO peweHIIIe)

I
101
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 5. llOJlO>K6A HA KAHAJl~TE 80 llOriPE4H~OT llPECEK HA YJI~4~TE

Bo roneMVITe HaceneHVI MSCTa, 6pojOT Ha nOA39MHVIT9 VIHCTanaqllllll e AOCTa roneM, a

TOa 6apa np111Ap)f(yBal-be Ha SASH peA nplll nOCTaByBal-beTO Ha VICTVITe BO nonpeYHIIIOT
npeceK Ha Yflllll.\VITe. Bo nOAYfiiiiYHOTO nnaTo MO)f(e Aa ce cpeTHaT noroneM 6poj Ha
VIHCTaJial...\111111 Mefy KOVI cnafaaT Cfi9AHVITe:
• BOAOBOAHVITe Mp9)f(VI (B),
• KaHafllll3al.\VIOHVITe Mp9)f(VI, cpeKanHa (<l>K), aTMOCB9CKa (AK)
• TOilfiOBOAHVITe LIIHCTaflal...\111111 err),
• raCOBVIAHVIT9 VIHCTaflal...\111111 (r),
• eneKTpVIYHVI VIHCTaflal...\111111 CO BVICOK VI HVICKVI HanOH (EK),
• TenecpoH (TK) Ill APYrlll
KaHaJIVI3aqiiiOHVIT9 VIHCTanaqllllll ce CO HajroneMVI npeceq111 VI H8.jT9LLIKVI 3a 1113BSAYBal-be.
Tpe6a Aa ce 11136erasaaT sepTVIKanHVITe noMepet-ba Ha HVIBeneTaTa Ha KaHanVITe
3apa{J.111 o6jeKTVI OA OCTaHaJIVITe VIHcppaCTPYKTYPHVI CIIICTSMVI. Tille ce BOAaT no
CP9AVIHaTa Ha YfiVIL\VITe VI TOa HajAna60KO OA CVITS OCTaHaTVI VIHCTaJial...\111111 (en. 62).
no ynllll.\VITe ce nocTasysa no eAeH Vlfllll ABa KaHanlll COOAB9THO 3a cpeKanHa 111
aTMocsepcKa KaHan1113a4V1ja. KonKy KaHanlll K:e VIMa so nonpeYHVIOT npeceK Ha
yn111qaTa, 3a OABSAYBal-be Ha KaHancKVITe BOAVI, 3aBVICVI OA X111Apaynlll:4 '<VITe 111
TSXHIIIYKO - 9KOHOMCKVIT9 aHaJllll3a KOVI Tpe6a Aa ce HanpaBaT. 0BVI9 aHaJIV13111 Tpe6a
Aa A8.!J.aT OArosop Ha npawal-heTo Kora 6111 ce npVIMeHVIne {J.Ba KaHanlll, OAHOCHO np111
Yflllll...\111 CO KOja WlllpOYVIHa. np111 TOa, Tpe6a Aa ce VIMa npeABVIA, KOra SASH Kpy)f(eH
KoneKTop co {J.VIjaMeTap D1 cnposeAysa OAPSAeHa KOfiVIYVIHa Ha oTna{J.Ha BOAa Q1
nplll AaA9HVI YCfiOBVI, VI aKO VICTaTa KOfiVI4VIHa Ha BOAa npVI VICTVITe YCJIOBVI ce
cnposeAyBa co {J.Ba KoneKTOpVI co AllljaMeTap D 2 , Tara AVIjaMeTpVITe ce co cneAHVITe
COOAHOCVI:
D 1 = 1,30 · D 2 lllfiVI D 2 = 0, 77 · D 1
011WTVIOT Vlfllll cenapal.\VIOHVIOT KaHafllll3al.\VIOH9H CVICTeM, 110 Yflllll.\VITe, rill VIMa
Cfi9AHVIT9 eneMeHTVI:
• yn111YeH KonoeKTop - eAeH Vlfllll ABa,
• KYKHVI npiiiKnYYOl...\111 - SASH Vlfllll ABa
I • spCKVI Ha CTpaHVIYHVI ynVIYHVI np111KfiY40L\VI - e{J.eH Vlfllll ABa .
Bo TeXHVIYKO-eKOHOMCKaTa aHanlll3a Tpe6a Aa ce BKny4aT spefJ.eHOCTVITe Ha CVITe

I 081119 eneMeHTVI VI BpC OCHOBa Ha TOa Aa ce OAfiY4111 KaKBO T9XHVIYKO peweHVIe Ke ce

npVIMSHVI.
Kora Yflllll.\VITe ce nowlllpOKVI OA 20 m noroToso OA 30 m, 3a Aa ce CKpaTaT
I KaHanlll3al.\VIOHVITe np111KnY404111 ce npeABIIIAYBaaT no ABa KaHana 3a cpeKanHaTa
KaHaJIVI3al.\VIja, a noHeKoraw 111 3a aTMocsepcKaTa KaHanlll3al.\VIja.

I KaHaJIVI3al.\VIOHVIT9 L\SBKVI KOra nOMVIHysaaT nOKpaj BOAOBOAHVITe 49BKVI VIJIVI KOra rill
npece4ysaaT VICTVITe Tpe6a Aa ce nocTaBaT Ha Mefyce6Ho pacTojaHVIe He noManKy OA
40cm.

I
I 102

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> 15.0 > IS.CJ

I Cn. 62 KapaKTepucm4eH nonpe4eH npeceK Ha ynu4uTe co no,peMHaTa uHcjJpacTpyKTypa

CO pa3fllr14HU WUpUHU ( 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, 20-30, ~>30M)
(¢K-cpeKanHa KaHaJ11!13a4111ia. AK-aTMoceepcKa KaHaJ11!13a4111ja, 8-BOAOBOA, BHEK- BIIICOK HanoH, HHEK-H11130K HanoH, TK-

I TenecpoHCKIII Ka6nlll Tr-Tonnlllcpi!IK~IIIja, r-racl!lcp1!1Ka4111ja)

103

I
 np111 MHOry pa381119HII1 nOA39MH111 111HCTanal\111111 Kaj roneMII1T9 rpaA08111 111 TOa Kaj ryCTO
HaceneHII1 L\9HTpanHII1 rp~CKII1 nOApaL!ja L!9CTO naTII1 Ce npeA8111AY8aaT MOHTa)f(HII1 111flll1
MOHOfiii1THO 111389A9HII1 KOfi9KTOp111 (TYH9fl111) 80 KOII1 ce CM9CTY8aaT noroneM 6poj OA
111HCTana4111111Te (en. 63 cn.64).
He ce npenopaL!y8a raco80A1t1Te Aa ce lt1389AY8aaT 80 KoneKTOp1t1Te T.e. 3aeAHO co
APYrlt1Te 1t1HCTana41t11t1, 61t1AejKII1 Tlt1e ce 3aAYWfllt181t1 111 eKcnno31t18Hit1. Bo KoneKTOplt1Te
(TYHemne) noTpe6Ho e Aa lt1Ma ecplt1KacHa 89HTJt1flal\lt1ja 1t1 oc8eTny8aJ-be 3a Aa MO)f(e
Aa ce spwlt1 nposepKa Ha lt1cnpa8HOCTa 111 peMOHT Ha 111HcTana41t11t1Te.

I
I
I

I
I
I
I Cn. 64 KoneKropu 38 UHCT8nawm
Cn. 63 KoneKropu 38 UHCT8na4uu

I (1-arMocaepcKa KaHan!A3a4uja, 2-cjJeKanHa KaHanu3a41-1ja,

3-ane3Ha peau3140Ha waxra 4-eneKrpw-tHI-1 Ka6nu, 5-
renecjJoHCKI-1 Ka6nu, 6"ao,qoao,q, 7- ronnucjJuKa41tfja, 8- ocHoaa
(1-arMocaepcKa KaHant-J3aqt-Jja, 2-ronnt-JcjJt-JKa£41-fja,
3-TenecjJoHCKt-1 Ka6nt-J, 4-KOH3onu, 5-MOHTa)KHM
apM. 6eroHCKH eneMeHTH, 6-ocHoaa M6 20

I PacnopeAOT Ha 1t1HCTana41t11t1Te Tpe6a Aa ce nplt1KIDKe 80 C111TYa4111ja 80 KpynHa

pa3Mepa 1t1 npeKY KapaKTeplt1CTit1L!Hit1 nonpeL!Hit1 npece41t1 (en. 65).
3a npel\lt13HO nOCTa8y8aJ-be Ha CII1T9 nOA39MHit1 lt1HcppaCTPYKTYPHit1 CII1CT9Mit1, noTpe6HO
I e Aa ce 80AII1 npe41113eH nOA3eMeH KaTacTap Ha 1t1HCTana4111111Te. Bo noH080 8peMe 3a
Taa 4en pa381119HII1 ce noce6Hit1 cne4111anH111 naKeTII1 "reorpacpcKit1 lt1HcpopMa41t10Hit1
CII1CT9MII1 (rl.1C), KaAe WTO ce''hpa8aT 3anlt1CII1 80 eneKTpOHCKa cpopMa 3a Clt1T9
I 111HCTana41t11t1. AoKOfiKY npa81t1f1Ho ce nocTa81t1 llt1C cll1cTeMOT, co Toa ce CT8apa

I 104

I
 . I
MO)I(HOCT ceKoj p..a lllMa npernep.. Ha ClllTe lllHCTanal\llllll, a nplllToa, p..a rill KOfperlllpa Ill
p..ononHyaa caMo CBOIIlTe lllHCTana411llll.
nonPE4EH nPECEK

T1<
tnl
l2hr
0
AK .. B
10.0 <U< 8.5

CIIITYAL.4IIIJA
T1<
-- n·-· --·-·-·--·-·----·- --·- -·-·-·--n .
Tf B <U< EK AK EK <U< B Tf TK
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Cn. 65 nono>K.6a Ha MHCTaflal..IMMTe BO YflMLIMTe

Ha pacKpCHIIll\lllTe p..oafa p..o npeceKyaal-be Ha roneM 6poj lllHCTana411lll1 (en. 66). 3a p..a
M0)1(9 p..a C9 lll3BpW111 H9CM9TaHO pa3MIIlHyBal-be Ha 111CTII1T9, llOKpaj XOpii130HTanHII10T
I pacnopep.. noTpe6Ho e npel\lll3HO p..a ce cornep..aaT HII1BH111Te BII1CII1HCKII1 no110)I(6111. np111
TOa p..a ce BO{J.II1 CM9TKa 3a {J.II1jaMeTapOT 111 p..e6911111HaTa Ha S111{J.OBII1T9 O{J.
111HCTanal\lllii1T9 KaKO 111 3a MII1HII1ManHOTO fJ.03BOneHO paCTOjaHII19 llOMefy HillS.
I Bo saKBII1 cny4aes111, noTpe6Ho e cTporo np~fJ.p)f(yaal-be KOH nnaH111paHII10T pacnopep..
Ha 111HCTanal\111111T9 KaKO BO OCHOBa TaKa 111 no OP.HOC Ha P.11a604111HaTa, 611lp..9jKIIl BO
cnpOT111BHO 611l HaCTaHan xaoc BO llO{J.39MHII1T9 111HcppacrpyKrypHII1 C111CT9MIIl.
no3Haaal-beTo Ha pacnopefJ.OT Ha nOfJ.39MHII1Te 111Hcrana4111111 e noce6Ho 3Hal..laeH nplll
1113aep..ysal-be Ha HOBlit 111Hcrana4111lll 11111111 HII1BHa peKOHCTPYK4111ja. AoKonKy ce 111Ma Ha
pacno11aral-be KBan~~treTHIII 111HcpopMa411llll 3a nop..39MHII1Te lllHcrana4111111, pp TOnKy 6111
111Ma11e llOMana WT9Ta Ill TpOWOL\IIl 3a CaHIIlpal-be Ha OWT9T9HIIIT9 II1HCTana411111l 3a BpeMe
Ha pa6oTaTa. noce6Ho e osa 3Ha4ajHo 3a eneKTpii14HIIlTe Ka61111l (op.. a111coK 111nlll HII130K

I HanoH), 6111.qejK:111 HacraHaTIIlTe rpewKII1 MO)I(aT p..a npe.qii13BII1Kaar 111 HecpeK:a no op..Hoc
Ha pa60THIIl4111T9 KOIIl 1113Be.qysaaT OfJ.P9A9Ha llOA39MHa II1HCTana4111ja
noce6Ho BH111MaHII1e op.. c111re 111Hcrana4111111, rpe6a Aa ce nocseTII1 Ha KaHan1113a4111jaTa
(6111110 cpeKanHa 11111111 aTMocaepcKa), 6111AejK:111 111CTII1Te ~~tMaaT HajroneMII1 A111M9H311llll 111 ce
nocTasyaaaT Haj{J.Jla6oKo so npocplllnOT Ha yn1114aTa 3apap..lll o6e36eAyBal-be Ha
rpaa111Ta41110H111 ycnOBIIl Ha . T9491-b9 Ha KaHa11CKIIlT9 BOAIIl. np111 HlllBHa 1113B9A6a lllnlll
I peKOHCTPYK4111ja, Haj49CTO ce cpeTHyBaMe CKOpO CO CII1T9 npeTXOAHO CllOMeHaTIIl
APYrll1 lllHCTana411lll1 KOII1 ce noalllCOKo nocTaaeHII1 OA KaHan1113a4111jaTa.

I 105

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Cn. 66 Pacnopef:l Ha ~~rHcrana411r11rTe Ha pacKpCHM4a

(<t>K-cpeKanHa KaHan1!13a41.<1ja, AK-aTMOCBepcKa KaHanl.<13a41.<1ja, B-BOAOBOA, EK-eneKTpW-IH1.<1 Ka6nlll, TK

TenecpOHCKI.<1 1.<1HCTMa41!1ia, Tr-Tonnl!lcp1.<1Ka41!1ia, r -rac1.<1cp1!1Ka41!1ia)

106
 r IlABA VI

06JEKTIII HA KAHAI11113AL\IIIOHIIITE MPE)KIII

3a ~cnpa8Ha cpyHKLI~ja ~ pe8~3~ja Ha KaHaJ1~3a4~0HaTa Mpe>Ka 80 eKcnnoaTall~jaTa,

Ha Hea ce np~caTH~ roneM 6poj Ha o6jeKT~, a KaKo no3HaLfajH~ K:e r8 Ha8eAeMe
C119AH~Te:

1. Pe8~30H~ ~ KacKaAH~ waxT~,

2. npel1~8H~l.l~.

3. Lt1cnycT~ 80 pe4~n~eHT~,

4. C~cpOH~ ~ HaTer~,

5. 06jeKT~ 3a npeM~H noA >Kene3H~LfK~ n~H~~ ~ naTH~ Mar~cTpan~.

6. AK8aAYKT~.

7. PeTeH3~0H~ 6a3eH~ ~ AP·

1. PEBIII31110HIII WAXTIII
I Pe8~3~0H~Te 1.111~, KaKO Lf9CTO ce HapeKy8aaT, KOHTp011H~ WaXT~ ~MaaT ynora 3a
KOHTpona Ha pa60T9J-b9TO ~n~ Hepa6oTp9J-b9TO Ha KaHaJ1~3al.I~OH~OT C~CTeM.
I CnopeA TexH~LfK~Te cTaHAaPA~. T~e ce nocTa8y8aaT Ha DAP9AeHo pacTojaH~e Kora
KaHanoT e 80 npa8a J1l-1Hl-1ja ~nl-1 Kora l-1Ma xopl-130HTanH6 l-111l-1 8epTl-1KanHo
npeKpwy8aJ-be Ha TpacaTa Ha KaHanoT. Pe81.13~0HI.1Te waXT~ ce nocTa8y8aaT l-1 npl-1
I npoMeHa Ha A~jaMeTapoT Ha 498K~Te ~ npl-1.cnojy8aHJe Ha A8a ~nl-1 no8eK:e KaHanl-1 80
9AHa TOLfKa.

I Mefyce6HOTO pacTojaHl-1e Ha waxTl-1Te Kora KaHanoT e 80 npa9e4 3a8~c~ OA

A~jaMeTapoT Ha 498KaTa. Bo HawTa KaHanl-13al.ll-10Ha npaKca, Kaj HenpoOAH~Te
KaHanl-1, waXTl-1Te ce nocTa8y8aaT Ha Mefyce6Ho pacTojaH~e OA 30 AO 60 M., a Kaj

I npOOAH~Te KaHanl-1 OA 60 AD 100M.

CnpeMa 6yrapcKl-1Te nponl-1Cl-1, pacTojaH~eTo noMefy waXTl-1Te, Kora KaHanoT e 80

npa8a nl-1Hl-1ja, ce 3eMa cnpeMa Ta6ena 31.
I Ta6ena 31.

A~jaMeTap Ha PacTOjaH~e noMefy

I 1..49BKaTa, BO mm
AO 800
waxT~Te,

50-70
so m

I 800- 1400
> 1400
80- 100
100- 150

CnpeMa PycKl-1Te HOpM~ ~ cTaHAaPA~ (SNiP), pacTojaH~eTo Ha KOe ce nocTa8y8aaT

waXT~Te, Kora KaHanoT e 80 npa8ell e AaAeHo 80 Ta6enaTa 31 . Bo 3a8~CHOCT OA
i noKanHl-1Te ycno8~, A03BoneHo e pacTojaH~eTo Ha waxT~Te Aa ce HaMany8a l-111~
3roneMl-1 AO 10 % OA speAHOCT~Te AaAeH~ 80 Ta6enaTa 31 ;~.

I
I 107
 Ta6ena. 31- 0v
AllljaMeTap Ha 150 200-450 500-600 700-900
1000- 1500-
>2000
KaHaJ10T (MM) 1400 2000

paCTOjaH!IIe Mefy 35 100 150 200 250-300

50 75
WaxTIIITe (M)

80 3aBl!1CHOCT OIJ. Cli1TYa4l!10HOTO peweHllle Ha KaHanlll3a4liiOHaTa Mpe>Ka VI

KOHcplllrypa4llljaTa Ha TepeHOT T.e. Hl11Bena4VIOHVIOT nnaH Ha ynlll4l11Te, peBVI3VIOHVIT9
waxTVI (en. 67) MO>Ke .qa 6t~~.qaT:
• noYeTHVI (npOMVIBHlll) UJaXTVI,
• o6VIYHVI waXTVI KOVI ne>KaT Ha npasa nli1Hll1ja,
• WaXTl!1 BO Kpl11Bli1Ha,
• co6ll1pHVI waxTVI so KOVI ce cnojysaaT .qsa lllnlll noseK:e KaHanlll,

I • KaCKaAHli1 WaXTVI

I
I
I Cn. 67 nono>K6a Ha peallt3IIIOHIIITe waxr111

I AKo KaHanliiTe ce Ha li1CTa KOTa, ace cnojysaaT co ocTap aron, caMVIOT npliiKnyYoK ce
lii3Bpwysa co .qse peBVI3VIOHVI waxTVI 3a .qa ce cTsopaT nosonHli1 XVIIJ.paynliiYKVI ycnos111
3a li1CTeKysal-be Ha so.qaTa (cn.68).

I a) HenpaBIIIJlHO 6) npaBIIIllHO

I
I
I
I Cn. 68 npiiiKny"'yaafbe Ha KaHanllt np111 ocrap aron

I 108

I
 1.1. 06W·IHII'I peBII1311'10Hioll WaXTII'I

PeBII131110HII1Te waxTII1 cny)l(aT 3a spwel-be KOHTpona Ha cpyHK41110HII1pat-beTo Ha

KaHanll13aqll1jaTa, OAHOCHO OA peBII131110HII1Te WaXTII1 Ce 111HTepBeH111pa BO cny4aj KOra
KaHanvr3a4111jaTa He cflyHK41110HVIpa KaKO WTO Tpe6a.
PeB11131110HVIT9 WaXTII1 ce COCTOjaT o,q: cflyH,qaM9HT (AHO Ha WaXTaTa), KII1HeTa, Ten.o,
KOHyceH Aen, rpno, seHe4, KanaK, cKan111111 AP· (en. 69).

I .-·-·- ·-. -·-.- ·- ·-· -·-·-.-· -·-. -· -·

120 .

Cn. 69 CocraBH!A eneMeHT!A Ha peB!A3!AOHa waxra

a)- cfJyHp,aMeHr (p,Ho), 6)- KHHera, a)- reno, r) - KOHyceH p,en, p,)- rpno, f)- aeHe1..4 (npcreH), e) -KanaK
Pesii131110HII1Te waXTII1Te so ocHosa MO)I(e Aa 111MaaT KPY)I(Ha, npasoaronHa,
nonll1roHanHa, ndnyKpy)I(Ha 111 ,qpyra cpopMa. 3a Manii1Te KaHanll1 AO QJ 600 mm,
waXTVITe ce 1113BeAysaaT so KPY)I(Ha cpopMa co AV'ljaMeTap 100 em. 3a noroneMII1
AV1jaMeTp111 Ha 49BKII1Te o61114HO waXTV1Te ce npasaT npasoaronHII1 co W111p04111Ha (D+40)
em 111 AOfi>KII1Ha so npase4 Ha 49BKaTa 100 em. Ha en. 70 np111Ka>KaHII1 ce waxTII1 co
I nonll1roHanHa 111 nonyKpy)I(Ha cpopMa so ocHosa.
a) 6)

I
I
I
I
~.roo~ooa~p~~oo~rewurn

(a-nom1rOHanHa, 6-nonyKpy>KHa)

I 109

I
 OcHoBaTa 11111111 cfJYHAaMeHTOT Ha waxTaTa ce nocTasysa Ha 31J.pasa no.n.nora. Ce
1113BeiJ.yBa OIJ. apMIIIpaH 6eTOH CO .n.e6e11111Ha OIJ. MIIIHIIIMYM 15 CM.
AHoTo Ha waxTIIITe ce ocpopMysa so BillA Ha KIIIHeTa, ~111ja cpopMa 3aBIIICIII o.n. 6pojoT 111
nono:>K6aTa Ha KaHaniiiTe KOIII ce sKny~ysaaT so waxTaTa (cn.71 ). KIIIHeTaTa ce
1113pa6orysa oA 4eMeHTeH ManTep co HaKnoH o.n. SIIIIJ.OBIIITe Ha waxTaTa KOH KaHanoT
CO HaKJ10H OIJ. MIIIHIIIMYM 2 % (cn.72). PaiJ.IIIYCOT Ha 3aKp111BeHOCT Ha KIIIHeTaTa He
Tpe6a .n.a 6111.0.e noMan o.n. .n.sa ~J.IIIjaMeTplll Ha sne3HaTa 4esKa.
a) 6) 6)
i l !

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I Cn. 71 KuHem Ha AHOTO Ha waxrure Cn. 72 /113rneA Ha KMHera BO
a) waxTitf ao npaae4, 6) waxTitf ao KpMBMHa, a) co6upHM waxru npeceK

TenoTo Ha waXTaTa IIIMa IJ.IIIjaMeTap He noMan o.n. 100 eM., a BIIICO~IIIHaTa 3aBIIICIII o.n.
TepeHCKIIITe YC110BLII.
I KoHyCHIIIOT .n.en Ha waxTaTa !liMa s111co~111Ha 70cM. Osoj .n.en !liMa cpopMa Ha
Henpas111neH npece~9H KOHyc co e.n.Ha 111B1114a B9pT111KanHa. AonHaTa ocHosa e
I 9~J.HaKBa CO OCHOBaTa Ha T9110TO OIJ. waxTaTa, a ropHaTa 9 CO OTBOp ~lllj IJ.IIIjaMeTap e
70 CM.
rpnOTO Ha WaXTaTa IIIMa IIICTIII IJ.IIIjaM9Tap KaKO 110Ma111110T IJ.IIIjaMeTap Ha KOHYCHIIIOT
I IJ.911 T.e. 70 CM. Ill BIIICO~IIIHa 20 IJ.O 40CM. Co BIIICIIIHaTa Ha rpnOTO Ha WaXTaTa ce BpWIII
HLIIB911111pa1-b9 Ha KOTaTa Ha KanaKOT Ha WaXTaTa, OIJ.HOCHO, H9roBaTa BIIICIIIHa 9
npOMeHJ1111Ba 3a ~J.a C9 llOCTIIIrHe llOTp96HaTa KOTa Ha KanaKOT.
I 89H9L!OT Ha WaXTaTa npeTCTasysa apMIIIpaHO 69TOHCKIII npcTeH Ha KOro 9
npllll..IBPCT9HO 119:>KIIIWT9TO o.n. KanaKOT. KanaKoT 111 119:>KIIIWT9To C9 1113pa6oT9HIII o.n.

I 111119HO :>K911930. no OIJ.HOC Ha llOTp96HaTa HOCIIIBOCT Ha KanaKOT, aBO 3aBIIICHOCT Ka~J.9

ce Haofa WaXTaTa, llOCTOjaT TpLII BIIIIJ.OBLII Ha Kallal..llll Ill TOa:
• Kana4111 3a HOCIII80CT IJ.O 400 KN (40 t) KOj C9 llOCTa8ysaaT no
I co6paK:ajHIIIL!IIITe (Cn. 73). Bo KaHanlll3a4IIIOHaTa npaKca OBIII9 Kana4111 C9
Hape~9HIII Kana4L11 o.n. T9:>KOK TLIIn. T9:>KIIIHaTa Ha 081119 Kana4111 e pa3nLII~Ha so
3aBIIICHOCT OIJ. WTO MaT9pllljan C9 1113pa60T9HIII (CIIIB 11L48 L/111111 HO~J.ynap9H
I 111118). CB9T111110T OT80p Ha 081119 Kana4111 e 50 CM.
• Kana4111 3a HOCIIIBOCT .n.o 250 KN (25 t) KOIII C9 nocTasysaaT no TpoToaplll (en.

I 74-a). Os111 Kana4111 ~ecTo ce Hap9KysaaT Kana4111 o.n. cp91J.9H Tllln.

I 110

I
 • Kana41,11 3a HOei,IIBOeT AO 150 KN (15 t) KOI,II ee noeTasysaaT no napKOBII1 (en.
74 -6). Ost.1 Kana41,11 LJeeTo ee
HapeKy8aaT Kana41,11 OA neeeH
Tl,lln.

3 .•••. :isJ
F . I

Cn. 73 KaHanu3a£.lUOHU KanaK 3a - 400 KN - re.>KoK TUn

a) 6)

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Cn. 74 KaHanu3a£.lUOHU KanaK3a: a)- 250 KN- cepp,eH run 6)- 150 KN- neceH TUn
I
Tosap1,11Te OA ynii1LJHI,IIOT eoo6paK.aj npeKy KanaKOT 1,11 8eHe40T paMHOMepHo ee
npeAa8aaT Ha S1,11A081,11Te OA waxTaTa.
CKan1,11Te 3a enery8al-be 80 waxTII1Te ee npasaT OA 6eToHeKo >Ke.iie3o OA ct>18 AO ct>22
MM (en. 75-a) 1,11 ee noeTaBy8aaT waxMaTHO Ha Mefyee6Ho paeTojaHI,IIe OA 30 AO 40 eM,
a OAAaneLJeHI,II OA SI,IIAOT 3a 12 eM. CKanH1,114111Te, noAo6po e .n.a ee 1113se.n.aT 1,11 OA
eneMeHTI,II o.n. n111eHo >Kene3o (en. 75-6).

a) 6) 6)

~
~2mm

I
Cn. 75 CKanu 3a cneryaafbe ao peB/113/11DHU waxru
(a-6eTOHCKo *ene3o, 6-nllleHo)f{ene3HIII)
Pe81431,110Ht.1T8 IJJaXTII1 ee 1,11388AY8aaT KaKO MOHOni,IITHI,II OA 6eTOH 117 MOHTa>KHII1 OA
I 6eTOH, a36eeT 4eMeHT, nnaeTI,IIKa"' APYr MaTepV1jan.
Pe81!131!10HI,IIT8 WaXTiil KOra ee 1,113881J.Y8aaT KaKO MOHOni,IITHV1, 80 TOj enyLJaj ee
I np111npeMa ene41,11janHa n1,11MeHa onnaTa 1,11 ee n1,11ja-r Ha rm4e MeeTo. Ce 1,1138SAY8aaT Ha
MeeTa KOI4 He ee npl,lleTanHI,II 3a TpaHenopT Ha roT081,11 eneMeHTI,II 1,11n14 Kora cpopMaTa
1,11n1,11 A111MSH31,11V1Te Ha waxTaTa Tpe6a ee pa3nW-lHI,II OA npecpa6p1,11Ky8aHII1Te eneMeHTII1
I (en. 76).

111

I
.,j

6eTOHCKit1Te MOHTa)I(Hitl waxTitl ce lt13Be.qysaaT OA cpa6p~t~KysaHit1 eneMeHn-1.

EneMeHTit!Te ce lt13pa6o-rysaaT so cpa6p~t~Ka, ce TpaHcnopT~t~paaT 1t1 MOHT~t~paaT co
cnojyBal-be CO 48M8HT8H MaJlTSp Ha Jllt148 MSCTO ( CJ1.77).

eneMeHT E3

I
I Cn. 76 5eroHcKa MOHonwrHa
waxra Cn . 77 5eTOHCKa MOHTa>KHa WaXTa

VICTO TaKa, nplt1M8Ha BO KaHaJllt13a41t10HaTa npaKCa HaofaaT lt1 MOHTa)I(Hitl p8Bit131t10Hit1

waxTitl o.q a36eCT4eMeHT61t1 eneMeHTitl (en. 78).
Bo ycnos~t~ co np~t~cacTBO Ha no.q3eMHit1 BOA!tl, MO)I(aT .qa ce np~t~MeHaT 1t1 pes~t~31t10H!t1
I waxTitl o.q non~t~eT~t~neH (riE) ~t~nltl .qpyr~t~ Blt1AOB!t1 Ha nnacTiti~Hitl MaTep~t~jan~t~. Ha en. 79,
np~t~Ka:>+<aHa e KOM61t1Hit1paHa pes~t~31t10Ha waXTaOA nE 1t1 6eToH 3a noroneM~t~ npocpt~~nltl
Ha KaHan~t~3a41t10Hit1 48BK!t1 (en. 79)
I KH

KanaK
no,AnO>tUtH Jl)CT8H

I CKa.nM

KOHycett .Qen
3om•......
np&OAeH npcrat-t

I CpeAtH 8n&UIHT

I
%
c.an. TenooAnE
.c

MoKTIVIOia pa~aa

I ~a1011H4 OA 6eTOH

I en. 78 MoHTa>KHa
Tewem.a nnoota
5eTOtiCKa CTOnn

waxra o,q AI..( eneMeHTI!1 Cn. 79 KoM61!1H1!1paHa

5eroHcKo nocronje

waxra o,q nE 111 6eroH

I np~t~
npoMeTHitl yn1t141t1,
TpOTOaplt1T8 CJl. 80.
rnasH~t~Te KOJleKTOp~t~ ~t~MaaT pes~t~31t10H!t1 waxT~t~ co sne3 o.q

I 112

I
 Cn. 80 Peart3UOHH waxru co crpaHu'-leH ane3 011 rporoap

I TexHV14KOTO peweHVIe Ha peBV13VIOHVITe waXTVI so cnyYaj Ha npeceKyaal-be Ha

cpeKanHa co aTMocaepcKa KaHanVI3al_\VIja ce npVInaroAyaa Ha TepeHCKVITe ycnoaVI. Ha
cnVIKa 81 npVIKa.>KaHo e peweHVIe Ha peBVI3VIOHa waxTa sa aTMocaepcKa VI cpeKanHa

I KaHanVI3al_\VIja.

I
I
I
I
I
I
I Cn. 81 PeBU3HOHH If;Lnprt BKpcryaaH>e Ha r:jJeKanHa H aTMocaepcKa KaHanu3a4uja
~~~

I
I 113

I
 1.2. KacKaAHlll peBlll3liiOHlll waxTlll

Pes'~3L40HIIITe KacKaAHIII waxTIII ce 3Ha4aeH eneMeHT OfJ. KaHam13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka, ce

KOpV1CTaT 3a COBna{J.yBal-be Ha CTpMHIII TepeHIII, OAHOCHO 3a COBnaAyBal-be Ha
pa3niiiKaTa O{J. HaKnOHOT Ha TepeHOT Ill MaKCIIIManHO A03BOneHIIIOT . HaKnOH Ha
~
·..
] KaHanoT. Co KacKaAIIITe ce YHIIIWTYBa BIIIWOKOT Ha noTeH4111janHa eHeprlllja. 3Ha4111,
,,
BIIICIIIHCKaTa pa3n111Ka llOMefy HaKnOHOT Ha TepeHOT Ill HIIIBeneTaTa Ha KaHanOT ce
COBna{J.yBa CO peBIII31110HIII KaCKaAHIII WaXTIII (en. 82).
np111 onpeAenysal-be Ha BIIICIIIHaTa Ha KaCKa.£\aTa, llOKpaj KniiiMaTCKIIITe Ill
X111Apayniii4KIIITe ycnos111 noTpe6Ho e Aa ce aHanlll3111paaT 111 eKOHOMCKIIITe 3aBIIICHOCTIII
({J.na6111Ha Ha BKonysal-be).
MIIIHIIIManHaTa {J.na604111HaTa Ha BKOnyBal-be "h" e ycnOBeHa O{J. MIIIHIIIManHa
Ana6o4111Ha Ha BKonysal-be Ha KaHanlll3a4IIIOHIIITe 4eBKIII hmin=80 em. BIIIC04111HaTa Ha
BOfJ.OilaAOT (KaCKaAaTa) (H) e BO 3aBIIICHOCT O{J. {J.IIIjaMeTapoT Ha 49BKaTa.
MaKCIIIManHIIITe speAHOCTIII Ha KaCKa{J.aTa so 3aB~CHOCT OfJ. AllljaMeTapoT Ha 4esKaTa
{J.a{J.eHIII ce so Ta6ena e AaAeHa so Ta6ena 32.
-
Ta6ena 32.
D (mm) H (m)
I AO 200 4
200-400 ~.)
i 450-600 2

JI > Jk 1lfJZX

I
I
I
I
I L

I Cn. 82 Hap,omKeH npocjJun co KacKap,Hu waxru

I KacKaAHIIITe waXTIII co noManlll AllljaMeTplll Ha KaHancKaTa 4esKa, KacKaAaTa MO>Ke {J.a

ce 1113BefJ.e co sepTIIIKanHa 4esKa Koja MO>Ke {J.a 6111Ae nocTaseHa HaABOp OA waXTaTa
I (en . 83) 111 BHaTpe so waXTaTa (en . 84). Kora KacKaAaTa ce 1113BeAyBa co sepTIIIKanHa

I 114

I
 49BKa Ha.[\BOp 0.[\ waxTaTa, 8epn1KanHaTa 49BKa Ce 111389.[\yBa CO 9A9H CTaH.[\ap.[\9H
AllljaMeTap noMan OA AllljaMeTapoT Ha AOBOAHaTa 498Ka 80 KacKaAaTa.

i
I
Cn. 83 KacKap,Ha waxra co aepTIItKanHa 4eaKa Cn. 84 KacKap,Ha waxra co aepTIItKanHa
Hap,aop op, waxrara 4eaKa sHarpe eo KacKap,ara
3a noroneMIIITe AllljaMeTplll y 3a noroneMIIITe KacKaf\111 3a.qori)f(l-1TenHo ce npa8l-1
Xlllf\payniiiYKa npecMeTKa, anoHeKoraw noTpe6Ho e .qa ce HanpasaT 111 Mo.qencKIII
IIICnlllryBat-ba. Kaj noronneM!.1Te KacKa.qHIII waxTIII (D > 400 mm 111 H 60 em),
cnojy8al-heTo Ha HIII80IIITe ce npas111 co npiiiMeHa Ha HajnosonHa x111.qpayn111YKa cpopMa
(en. 85).

lnPECEK A-51

I
I Cn. 85 KacKap,Ha waxra co xup,paynuYKa cpopMa Ha p,HoTO

I
I 115

I
 3a saKBJ..1Te waxTif1 HeonXOAHO e Aa ce cnposeAa Xlf1Apaynlf14Ka npecMeTKa. Ha en. 86
AaAeHif1 ce eneMeHTif1Te KOJ..1 ce Tpe6a Aa ce A061f1jaT co Xlf1Apaynlf14Kif1Te npecMeTKif1.

I
I 1-------~----..t
. /21---'---*1

I Cn. 86 KacKa,qHa waxra co xn,qpaynw-IKa cj:JopMa Ha ,qHoro

Kplf1Tif14HaTa Afla604J..1Ha Ha KacKaAHaTa waxTa, nplf1 Koja ce o6pa3ysa noTnonH CKOK,
ce onpeAenysa co cneAHif1Te pa8eHKJ..1:
I 'T'
1 o
= hc + q; 2 2 lf1
B = 0.4 5 l· qo -0 5 · h
,..-r:- • c
2 • g · qJ • he V he
I Ana6041f1HaTa Ha 80AaTa K:e 61f1Ae: p = B- hn

I KaAe wTo:
• To - npeAcTa8y8a cpeAHa cne4J..1cf:>J..14Ha eHeprlf1ja Ha npoTOKOT 80 OAHOC Ha
XOpV130HTanHaTa paBHVIHa KOja MVIHy8a HVI3 HajHVICKaTa T04Ka Kaj
I cTecHaTaTa Ana604VIHa
v2
T0 =H+p+h0 + -
. . 2g
I • H - 8VICVIHCKa pa3f1VIKa nOMefy AHOTO Ha BJ193HaTa VI VI3J193HaTa 498Ka,
• B - 8VICVIHa Ha nOTOnfJHOCTa Ha CKOKOT,
I •
•
he - Ana604VIHa 80 CTecHeTVIOT npocpVIn,
rp - 6p3VIHCKVI K09cf.JV14VI9HT, KOj 3a np9J1VI8HVIK CO npaKTW-19H npOcpVIJ1 CO
Mana AOfl)I(VIHa VI rnaTKa no8pWV1Ha e SAHaKOB Ha SAV1HV14a.
I • q 0 - npoTOK Ha SAVIHV14a WVIpVIHa OA KoneKTopoT ( q I d), K~e npoTOKOT ce
3eMa 80 m 3/s, a .qVJjaMeTapoT 80 m,

I •
•
p - 8VICVIHa Ha nparoT 80 m,
hv - 8VICVIHa Ha nOf1H9)1(0T 80 A080AHVIOT KOJ19KTOp 80 m,
• hn - 8VICV1Ha Ha nOf1H9)1(0T 80 OABOAHVIOT KOf19KTOp BO m,
I
I 116

I
f~
·~;
;; ~
PeWasat-beTo Ha npeTXOAH~Te paseHK~ ce spw~ no ~TepaT~BeH naT. 3a Taa 4en
:1 C.K. Kono6aHOB ~Ma cocTaseHo HOMorpaM (en. 87). Ha an4~caTa e HaHeceHa
[j speAHOCTa 3a q0 , a Ha OPA~HaTaTa speAHOCTa 3a he . VlcnpeK~HaT~Te n~H~~ ce 3a
To , a nonH~Te n~H~~ ce 3a speAHOCT~Te 3a B.

F5.l
[j

I
I

I
B
I Cn. 87 HoMorpaM 3a XUfltpaynw-tKO npecMeryaal-be Ha KBCKBfltHU waxru
npecMel)'Bat-beTo ce ~3spwysa no cneAH~OT peAocneA:
npsaTa ~Tepa4~ja 3ano~Hysa co onpeAenysat-be Ha cpeAHa"ia cne4~ctm~Ha eHepr~ja,
6e3 Aa ce 3eMe so npeAB~A s~c~HaTa Ha nparoT
. v2
1'o=H+Izo+-
2g
3a saKa npecMeTaHo T~ ~ q0 , OA MOHorpaMOT ce OT~~Tysa BPSAHOCTa 3a B', noToa
ce npecMel)'Ba p' = B. - hn .

. . . v2
I nocne To a ce OA~ Ha BTopa ~Tepa4~Ja co npecMel)'Bal-be Ha T0 = H + p + ho + -
2g
~

A06~Bat-be Ha B" ~ p" = B" - hn . Co npecMel)'Bal-be ce 3acTaHysa Kora Ke ce

I nOCT~fH8 CaKaHaTa TO~HOCT no OAHOC Ha B~Cif1HaTa Ha cnan~WT8TO p .

I 117

I
j
J

Aon)KLt1HaTa Ha waxTaTa ce onpeAenysa co cneAHL<10T Lt13pa3:

L = 2 ·!1 , co npeAnOcTaseHo /1 = /2
vz
KaAe l 1 =l.15·~H0 (H+0.33·H0 ), H 0 =hv+ -
2g
KOPAL<1HaTLt1Te Ha npenL<1BHL<1KOT co npaKTLt14eH npocp1<1n ce onpeAenysaaT co cneAHL<10T
L<13pa3:

xi =It ·Jfi
·roneM~HLt1Te · 11 Lit H 3a o.qpe.qeH cny4aj ce KOHcTaHTHL-1, 3Ha4Li1 co 3a.qasal-be Ha
spe.qHOCTL-1 3a y ce A06Lt1saaT speAHOCTLt1Te 3a x.
npL-1 cosnaAyBal-be Ha roneML-1 BL<1CL<1HCKL<1 pa3nLI1KLI1, MO)KaT Aa ce npL~tMeHaT no
Ce4Li1cpL114HLi1 CTeneHaCTL-1 KaCKa.qHL-1 WaXTL-1 KaAe 3a HLitBHa npL~tMeHa nOTpe6HO e Aa ce
HanpasaT Lit OAPeAeHL~t Mo.qencKL~t L~tCnL~t-ryBal-ba. Ha en. 88 Lit en. 89 npL~tKa)KaHL~t ce ABa
TL<1na Ha KacKaAHL-1 waxTL-1 3a cosna.qysal-be Ha noroneML~t BLI1CL!1HCKLI1 pa3nLi1KLi1.
lnPECEK E-F I lnPECEK c-o l

I
I ..
I
I
-~oo-

I
I
I Cn. 88 Co6MpHa u KacKa,qHa waxra 3a coana,qyaal-be Ha noroneMa aucuHa

I 118

I
~~~··---~ ·-·- ·-··· - -- - ·- - ------ ··· - -- - :· ..

[nPECEK E-F I

~
~
.
.

I
I nPECEKC-D

Cn. 89 KacKa,qHa waxra co cjJopMa Ha npaKTMYeH npocjJMn

np~o1 roneMt.1 npoT04t.1 111 npoqmn~o1 Ha KaHant.1Te, KacKaAt.1Te npeTcTa8y8aaT

KOMnneKCHio1 111 AOCTa Cn0)1(9Ht.1 o6jeKTio1, 80 KOII1 ce t.1389AY8a cnant.1WTe CO np111ryweH
npar 1o1 AOCTa roneMa A011)1(t.1Ha Ha waxTaTa KaKo wTo e Ha en. 89.
I Kora 111MaMe KacKaAio1 co roneMio1 npoT041o1, a Mana 8t.1CII1Ha Ha KacKaAaTa,
pa36t.18al-beTo Ha eHepr111jaTa MO)I(e Aa ce Hanpa8t.1 co apMt.1paHo6eToHcKa nperpaAa
nocTa8eHa nonpe4HO 80 waxTaTa 111cnpeA 11131le3oT Ha ocH08HII10T KaHan.
I
1.3. Ao>KAOBHM waxn1 - C11MBHM4M

I AO)I(A08Ht.1Te waxTt.1 ce npeA8t.1AY8aaT Kaj onwTaTa KaHallt.13a41110Ha ct.1cTeMa 111nt.1 Kaj

aTMoccpepcKaTa KaHa111o13a4t.1ja OA cenapa41o10HaTa CII1CTeMa. OA no8pW111HaTa Ha

I yn~o14111Te, TpoToapii1Te, nnowTaAt.1Te t.1 cnlo14HO, BOAaTa AOafa 80 ynl!14eH Clllo18HIIIK

OAHOCHO 80 AO)I(A08Ha waxTa. AO)I(A08Hii!Te waxTt.1 MO)I(e Aa 6t.1AaT nocTa8eHt.1 Ha
yn1114111Te 11111111 TpoToapiiiTe, a 80 3a8t.1CHOCT OA Toa cniii8Ht.1l..lt.1Te t.1MaaT xopt.130HTanHt.1

I 1o111111 8epT111KanHII1 peweTKI!I. Cni!IBHIII4lo1Te ce nocTa8ysaaT Ha pacKpCHIII4111Te 111 no

ynt.1l..llo1Te Ha onpeAelleHo Mefyce6Ho pacTojaHI!Ie Koe 3a8111CII1 OA lo1HTeH31o1TeToT Ha
AO)I(AOT 111 roneMII1HaTa Ha OA80AHY8aHaTa no8pW1o1Ha en. 90.

I
I 119

I
 j
_,'

-@ - ===@====-
~~k :dltl1:
~'Fr ~'Fr
=11k _djt~
J
~~~~~~rr
- -
I ·~~rr
Cn. 90 nonoJK6a Ha cmtaHut..ture Ha Cn. 91 nonoJK6a Ha cnuaHut..ture Ha pacKpcHut..ta
I pacKpCHIIIt..ta
CnpeMa Hal.flllHOT Ha OABSAYBal-be Ha aTMoccpepcKII1Te BOA111, ynii1LfHII1Te cnii1BHII14111

I MO>Ke Aa ce 1113BeAaT Ha cne.qHIIlOT Hal.flllH:

• ynlllLfeH cnii1BHII1K 6p3 ca.q 3a 3aAp>Kysal-be Ha sneLfeH111Te MaTep111111 6e3
ClllcpOHCKO 3aTBapat-be Ha OABOAOT en. 91 .
i • ynlllLfeH cnii1BHII1K co caA 3a 3a.qp>t<ysal-be Ha sneLfHII1Te 111 nn111saLfKII1Te
MaTepll1111111 6e3 c111cpOHCKO 3aTsopat-be Ha OABOAOT cn.92,

I • ynii1LfHII1 cnii1BHII14111 co caA 3a necoK 111 co c111cpoHCKO 3aTsapat-be cn.93

I
I
I
I
I
I
I Cn. 92 Ynw-teH cnuaHuK co ca,q 3a necoK
a 6e3 cucfJoH
Cn. 93 Ynw-leH cnuaHUK co ca,q 3a necoK
ucucfJoHco cucfJoHcKu o,qao,q

I 120

I
.-.-~ ..

:.:.~

q· l{,
CL!tcpOHCKO L~~cnywTal-he Ha aTMocsepcKaTa so.qa MO>Ke .qa ce Llt3BpWL!t Lit KaKo Ha cn;-52.

T1
.....
ll)

1
t-
llL l II
0·
T ~

-&=tal
co
I- ...§ ~

ll
I
I . .
k-. .
I..
11,s
~ 40 ....
11,s
..,
~~~~-----75------~~~ .
1-rr I II
i 51,0

Cn. 94 CvtcfJoHCKvt vrcnycr Ha arMocaepcra ao,qa

I noseK:e TL!tnosL!t Ha peweTKLI!Te 3a cnLI!BHLII'-\Lit ce npasaT ·o.q nL~~eHo >Kene3o Lit L~~MaaT
npasoaronHa L~~nL!t KPY>KHa cpopMa cn.95.
Ao>K.qosHvtTe waxTvt ce vt3se.qysaaT o.q 6eToH L~~nvt a36eCT'-\8MJ~HT, MOHTa>KHO L~~nvt
MOHOnvtTHO CO .qvtjaMeTap OA 40CM.

c:;::==
== i
·~~&

==r
==
=c::::::::::::J

Cn. 95 PewerKvt 3a ynvt4eH cnvraHvtK

~
Ynw-tHvtTe cnvtsHvtBvt MO>KaT Aa 6L~~AaT vt cTpaHvt~o vt3Be.qeHvt, ojAHOCHo co
CTpaHvt4HO npvtcpaKal-be Ha aTMOCBepcKaTa BOAa (en. 96).
0ABO.qHaTa 4esKa OA cnvtsHvtKOT .qo ynvt4HvtOT KoneKTOp Ha aTMocsepcKaTa Lltnvt
onwTaTa KaH.anvt3a'-\Litja vtMa .qL~~jaMeTap Cl>150 vtnLII Cl>200 MM (en. 97).

I
I 121

I
 .·..
~ - .- 4

nPECEK A~!i. · .'· · .. .

I Cn. 96 CnuaHMK co cTpaHMl.leH npuKnylloK

I
Yn~<~'ieH
TpoToap TpoToap
I Cni'IBHI'IK

I
I
I
I Cn. 97 npuKnyllyBal-be Ha C/1fi1BHIIIL/fi1Te co ynul.IHa KaHanu3aL/fllja

I ·1.4. Waxn1 3a cHer

I 3a OACTpaHyBal-be Ha CHeraT OA yn111~111Te ce OCTaBaaT cne~l!1janHII1 OTB0p111- WaXTII1 Ha

KaHanll13a~ll1jaTa 3a oTnaAHII1 BOA111. PacTojaHII1eTo noMefy waxTII1Te 3a cHer ce AB111:>KII1
OA 500 AO 1000 M.
I TeMnepaTYpaTa Ha oTnaAHaTa BOAa so KaHanii1Te o61!14HO He e noHI!1CKa OA 10°C. Co
ycppnysal-beTo Ha ceHroT so KaHaJIII1Te, BOAaTa ro HOCII1 111 ro pacTonysa, a no noTpe6a
MO:>Ke Aa ce spw111 pa361!1Bal-be Ha cHeraT co BOAa OA XII1ApaHTII1Te Ha BOAOBOAHaTa
I Mpe:>Ka.

I
I 122

I
'"----··------ --- ··-·--· ~· -

...~
..

2. nPEnvtBHVI~VI

npe111t1BHVI4111T9 ce o6jeKTVI KOitl MO>K9 .qa Ce cpeTHaT Kaj OrtWTII1T9 lt1

nonycenapa41110Hit1T9 KaHaJ11113a41t10Hit1 Clt1CT9Mit1. npeKy HII1B, .0.911 OA aTMOCB9pCKit1T9
BOAVI ce 111CnywTaaT BO P94VIrtlt19HTOT, a .qe11 ce HOCI/1 KOH np9YII1CTit1T911HaTa CTaM1t14a.
MecTonono>K6aTa Ha npe11111BHII14111Te so KaHalllt13a41110HaTa weMa e np~t~Ka>KaHa Ha en.
98

Cn. 98 KaHanM3a4MOHa weMa co Mecronono)K6a Ha npenMBHMl..l/11

1 - yp6amtcrw-1Kitl oncpar, 2 - rpaHML(a Ha op,aop,HMreneH peoH, 3 - KaHanM3aL(MOHa Mpe>Ka, 4 - rnaaeH
KOneKTOp, 5 - npe'-lltiCTitiTenHa CT8Hitll.(8, 6 - pel.(ltlflltleHT, 7 - npeJmBHitll.(ltl
npen~t~BHII14111Te ce nocTasysaaT 3a .qa ce HaManaT A111MeH3111111Te Ha rnsH~t~Te
KoneKTOpltl HII13BOAHO o.q MecTonono>K6aTa Ha npe11111BHII1KOT. npenii1BHII141t1Te ce
KOp111CTaT 3a paCT9P9TYBal-be Ha HII13BOAH111T9 A911HII14111 o.q KaHaJllt1T9. npw-lltlHaTa 3a
BHecysal-be Ha i'lpen~t~BH1t141t1Te so KaHall~t~3a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka Mo~e .qa 6~t~.qaT
I eKOHOMCKII1 ltlllltl 3apa.q111 npocTopHIII orpaH~t~YyBal-ba (TecH111 npocp11111111 Ha Ylllt141t1).
VlMeHo, co BHecysal-be Ha npelllt1Bil1 Ha KaHalllt13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka ce HaManysaaT
npocp11111111Te Ha Hlt13BOAH111Te KaHallltl, a co Toa ce HaManysaaT 111 noTpe6H~t~Te
I ltlHBeCTit141111t1 3a lt13rpa.q6a Ha KaHa111t13a4111jaTa.
MecTonono>K6aTa Ha npenl.1BH1t14111Te Ha KaHa111113a41tlOHaTa Mpe>Ka 3as~t~clt1 o.q noseK.e
I YCllOBitl, KaKO WTO ce: TOnorpacpCKitl, CaHitlTapHitl, Xltl.qporeOJlOWKitl, rpaBit1Ta41t10HO
ltlCTeKysal-be Ha npen~t~sHaTa so.qa 111 .qp. np111 nocTasysaH>e Ha npen~t~Bitl Ha onwT~t~Te
KaHaJllt13a41t10Hit1 Clt1CT8Mit1 noTpe6HO 9 .qa Ce HanpasaT T9XHit1YKO 9KOHOMCK1t1 lt1
I caH~t~TapH111 aHallil13111 3a .qa ce noTsp.qaT noTpe6aTa 111 ycnoB111Te Ha cpyHK4~10Hitlpat-be
Ha npen1.1soT.
Kon~t~4111HaTaHa so.qa co Koja ce A1t1M9H31t10H1.1pa npenli1BHit1KOT (en. 99) ce onpe.qenysa
I Ha C119AHII10T Ha4111H:

I
I Qpr- K01llt141t1Ha Ha so.qa Koja npen~t~sa (m3/s),
Qvk - BKynHa K01llt141t1Ha Ha BOAa KOja AOafa BO np91li11BH1t1KOT CO
AOBOAHitlOT KaHan (m3/s),
I Qsv- K01111141t1Ha Ha OTnaAHa BOAa so cyso speMe (m3/s),

I 123

I
 Qbit- 6111TOBI!1 OTnaAH1!1 BOAI!1 (m3/s),
3
Q;n- 1!1HAYCTp1!1CKI!1 OTnaAHI!1 BOAI!1 (m /s),
3
Qatm- aTMoccpepcKa BOAa (m /s),

n - K08QJ11141118HT Ha pa3pSAYBal-be Ha OTnaAHaTa BOAa.

'
i:_______,..
Q~k
.....,.-:::.
:

#
"""' " -·
'
nQ,v

i
~-· " "
'

:· -,~ Qpr
I

_t_.L_.
b
Cn. 99 WeMa Ha6o4eH npenua co npoT04HM KonM4111HM
Kaj aTMocsepcKIIITe npeil111s~. 3HaYaeH napaMeTap npeTcTasysa Koe¢1!141!1SHTOT Ha
.pa3pSAYBal-be ( n ), KOj npeTCTasysa COOAHOC Ha KOni!1YIIIHaTa OTnaAHI!1 BOAIII np111 cyso
speMe Qsv (6111TOBIII Qhu 111 IIIHAYCTpiiiCKIII Qmd ) cnpeMa KOniiiYIIIHaTa Ha aTMocsepcKIII
BOAIII Qalm.

. Koe¢11141118HTOT Ha pa3peAysal-be ce onpeAenysa Ha cneAHMOT HaYMH:

n == Qsv + Qatm == 1+ Qatm
Qsv Qsv
Koe¢1.14111eHTOT Ha pa3peAyBal-be 3aBIIICIII OA KaTeropllljaTa 111 Kana4111TeTOT Ha
pe4111n1!1eHTOT so Koj ce 111cnywTa npenlt18HaTa 80Aa 111 o6111YHO ce ABft1)f(lll 80 rpaHI!14111 OA
4 AO 10. CnpeMa HeKolll a8TOp1!1, neTocTeneHo pa3peAysal-be, 111n111 SASH Aen Ha
oTnaAHIII 80A111 so cy8o speMe 111 YeTIIIPIII Aena Ha aTMocsepcKIII 80AIII (1+4) e HajMana
speAHOCT co Koja Tpe6a Aa ce onpeAen111 npen1!18HaTa 80Aa.
Koe¢11141118HTOT Ha pa3peAyBal-be, MO)f(e Aa ce onpeAen1.1 ,., cnpeMa sKynHOTO
61.1onow~o onTeperysal-be 1113pa3eHo npeKy 5nK5 Koe ce 111cnywTa npeKy npenlt18Hit1KOT
so pe4111n111eHTOT. CnpeMa Toa, 8KynHoTo 6111nowKo onTepeTY8al-be Koe ce 111cnywTa
npeKy npenlt18Hit1KOT, HecMee Aa 6111Ae noronery~o OA 8KynHOTO rGAIIIWHO 6111onou.1Ko
onTeperysal-be Koe ce 111cnywTa npeKy npeYIIICTIIITenHaTa cTaHIIIL\a 80 pe4111r1111eHTOT.
CnpeMa ropHaTa npeTnocTa8Ka, Koe¢1441118HTOT Ha pa3peAy8ai-be A061!1sa noroneMIII
speAHOCTIII( 15 AO 20). AoKonKy npeTnocTa81t1Me ASKa KaHancKaTa BOAa np1.1 cy8o
speMe e co 350 mg/1 5nK5 , aKo Koe¢1.11..\IIISHTOT Ha pa3peAy8al-be e so rpaH1114a OA 15
AO 20, pa3peAeHaTa 80Aa e co 23 AO 17.5 mg/1 6nK5 , aKa Koe¢1!'11..\lt18HTOT Ha
pa3peAy8al-be e 5, pa3peAeHaTa 80Aa e co 70 mg/1 6nK5 WTO e AOCTa roneMo.
AoKony IIIMa noTpe6a OA nocTa8y8al-be Ha no8eKe npenlt181!1 Ha KaHanl!13a41!10HaTa
Mpe)f(a, K08cpllll.\1118HTOT Ha pa3p8AY8al-be Ha npeni!180T IIICnpeA npeYIIICTI!1TenHaTa
cTaHIIIL\a ce onpeAeny8a cnpeMa noTpe6Hv1oT cTeneH Ha 3araAeHOCT Ha oTnaAHaTa
8o.£\a Koja AOafa AO npeYit1CTIIITenHaTa CTaH1.14a. Bo 080j cnyyaj npenllleHaTa 80Aa ce
3aAp)f(ysa 80 peTeH31!10HI!1 6a3eHIII, KOI!1 lt1CTospeMeHo MO)f(aT Aa 1!1MaaT 111 ynora Ha
TanO)f(HI!14111. .
Bn111jaH1.1e Ha pa6oTaTa Ha npeni!1BHI!141!1Te IIIMa 111 Kana4111TSTOT Ha pe4111n111eHTOT.
VIMeHo, pe4111n111eHT1!1 co noMan npoTOK MO)f(aT Aa npiiiMaT noMano onTeperysal-be co
3araASHI!1 MaTepllllll. npeniii80T Tpe6a Aa nOYHe Aa cpyHK41110HIIIpa, nplll AO)f(AOBIII co
noroneM IIIHTSH3111TeT 111 np111 noroneMo pa3peAy8al-be. Pe4111n111eHT co noroneMit1

124
 6p3V1HV1, 80 nnaHVIHCKVI npeAenVI KaAe V!Ma noroneMa aepa4VJja, MO>Ke Aa npli!MVI
noroneMo 3araAy8at-be.
3a pel\VInVJeHTVITe 8a>KHa e 8KynHaTa KOnV14VIHa Ha 3araA8HVI MaTepVIVI, KOja Ce
3roneMy8a CO 3roneMy8at-be Ha V1HT8H3VIT8TOT Ha AO>KAOT VI noroneMa pa3p8A8HOCT
(Cn. 100).

10 20 30 50 100 200
PA3PEAYBAI-bE

Cn. 100 jJ,ujarpaM Ha BKynHo saraf:lyBafbe eo Of:lHOC Ha paspef:lyBatbero

OA AVIjarpaMoT Ha en. 1 00 ce 3a6ene>Kysa AeKa 80 AO>KAnV18 nepVIOA Koj OArosapa Ha
pa3peAy8at-be co Koe¢V14V18HT 10, AOKOnKy npenV180T 3ano4Hysa Aa cpyHK4VIOHV1pa
npV1 pa3peAy8at-be co Koe¢V14V1eHT 5, sKynHoTo 3araAyBat-be OA,KaHacKaTa BOAa Koe
CTVIrHy8a 80 pe4V1nV1eHTOT e 50 % . .QoKonKy ce noja8V1 50 cTpyKo pa3peAy8at-be, npVI
npenV18 Koj 3an04Hy8a Aa cpyHK4VIOHV1pa nptil n = 5 , 80 pe4111nV1eHTOT ce V!cnywTa 90 %
OA BKynHOTO 3araAy8at-be, aKo npem1BoT e AV1M9H3VIOHV1paH co n = 10, 80
pe4VJntileHTOT ce VlcnywTa 78 % OA BKynHOTO 3araAy8at-be 111 aKo npenVJ80T e
· AVJMeH3VIOHV1paH ·· co n = 20, 80 pe4V1nVJeHTOT ce VlcnywTa 60 % OA sKynHOTo
3araAyBat-be.
80 3aBVICHOCT OA TOa KOnKy KaHanVI ce 8Kny49HVI 80 npenVJ8HVIOT 0~9KT VI 80
3aBVICHOCT OA npa84VIT9 Ha KaHanVJTe VI HVIBHVITe AVJjaMeTpV1 T9XHV14KOTO peweHVJe Ha
npenVJ8HVIKOT MO>Ke Aa 6VJAe pa3nVI4HO (en. 101 ).

a) Q,. 6)

I
I

I Cn. 101 KapaKreplt1CTit1YHit1 cpopMit1 Ha npenlt1BHit1l..Jit1

I 125

I
 3a XL-l~J.payn~tt4Ka npecMeTKL-1 Ha npen~ttBHiftKOT, noTpe6Ho e .n.a ce . .n.ecp~ttH~ttpa
Kp~ttTif14HiftOT ~ttHT8H3~ttTeT Ha IJ.O>KIJ.. Kp~ttTif148H ~ttll~tt rpaH~tt4eH ~ttHTeH3~ttTeT Ha !J.O>KP. e
lftHT8H31ftT8T Ha IJ.O>KIJ. npltt KOj np8fiLi1BHiftKOT n04HyBa /).a cpyHK41f10HL11pa. 3a KOnlf141f1Ha
Ha BOIJ.a OIJ. IJ.O>KIJ.OBift CO lftHT8H31ftT8T LilCnO/). Kp1t1Tif14HLI10T npenlftBHiftKOT H8 8 80
cpyH41ttja, OIJ.HOCHO 4enaTa 80/).a C8 OIJ.B81J.Y8a /).0 np841ftCTiftT8nHaTa CTaH1t14a.

npelllft8HaTa KOnlf141f1Ha Ha 80/).a 1ft IJ.IftM8H31ftlftT8 Ha npenLi18HiftKOT (en. 99, 102 1ft 1 03)
ce 80 cne.n.HaTa 3a8Li1CHOCT:

Ka.n.e e:

- C - K08cp1t141f19HT KOj ja 38Ma 80 np81J.81ft!J. nOTOn8HOCTa Ha npenlft80T.

!..t. - 0,60 IJ.O 0,79- npenlf188H K08qJif141f18HT,

- b - Wlttp041ftHa Ha np8llLi18HiftKOT OIJ.HOCHO IJ.On>KiftHa Ha npenlf18HLI10T pa6

i - g- 38Mjk1HO 3a6p3y8al-be (9,81 m2/s)

- Cp8/).Ha 8Li1C04Li1Ha Ha np8llLi1BHiftOT Mna3

I 80 3a81ftCHOCT OP. 06fllf1KOT Ha npenlf18Hif10T pa6, K08cp1t14Li18HTOT Ha npelllf18 )l lftMa

pea3fllft4Hift 8p81J.HOCTift. Ha en. 105 IJ.a!J.8Hift C8 8p81J.HOCTLI1T8 Ha 080j K08qJLi141f18HT BO
3a81f1CHOCT OIJ. cpOpMaTa Ha np8fllf180T.

I I
Jl = 0.5 ll =0.52
~
ll =0.64 f.!=0.75 f.L=0.79

I Cn. 105 Bpe,qHocm Ha )l ao 3aB/11CHOCT o,q cpopMara Ha npen/ltBH/ItOT pa6

Co Koe¢~tt41f18HTOT C ce 3eMa 80 npe!J.81!1P. noToneHocTa Ha npenLI180T. V1MeHo,

8p81J.HOCTa Ha 080j K08cplt14Li18HT 8 80 3aBC8H OIJ. COOIJ.HOCOT Ha 81f1Cif1HaTa Ha
npen~ttBHiftOT Mna3 ( hpr) 1ft 81ftC~ttHaTa Ha noToneHOCT ( hpor ), Be!J.HOCT~ttTe Ha
K08qJLi141f18HTOT C8 npLi1fiO>K8HLi1 BO Ta6. 33.

Ta6. 33

I hpo/hpr
c
0.0

1.00
0.1

0.99
0.2

0.98
0.3

0.97
0.4

0.96
0.5

0.94
0.6

0.91
0.7

0.86
0.8

0.78
0.9

0.62
1.0

0.00

I 3a COBpWeH npenlf18Hif1K, 8p81J.HOCTa Ha K08qJif141f18HTOT 8 81J.Li1Hif14a C

Ha C = 0.0, Kora e hpr = hpor, OIJ.HOCHO Kora HeMa T8481-be BO npa884
=1.0. Bp81J.HOCTa
OP. npen~ttBHiftKOT

I KOH P841ftn~tteHTOT.

no IJ.On>K~ttHaTa Ha npefiL'lBHaTa lf1B1t14a, npeJILilBHiftOT Mfla3 ja M8Hy8a CBOjaTa 81ftC041ftHa

OP. h1 .n.o h2 (cn.1 06). 3a npenLI18Ha 81ftC04~ttHa so npeTXOIJ.HaTa pa88HKa ce 3eMa
I npoce4HaTa ( hpr ).

I
I 127

I
 Kaj c111Te npenii18HII14VI. ce cpopMVIpa npenii18Ha 111BIIIL\a co onpeAeneHa AOmKVIHa (b),
KOja BII1CVIHCKVI e nocTa8eHa Ha T04HO A8cpVIHII1paHa KOTa ( hx ).
Bo 3a8~CHOCT OA Ha4VIHOT Ha cpyHK41110HII1pa1-be, ce pa3nVIKy8aaT A8a OCH08HII1 TVIna
Ha npenVI8HII1L\111 111 Toa:
a) co8pWeHVI ( HenoToneHIII) npeniii8HII1L\III 111
6) Heco8pweHII1 (noToneHIII)npenVI8H111L\III
.CoapweH npenii18HII1K e OHOj Kaj KOrO HII180TO Ha 80AaTa 80 npenii18HII10T KaHan 8
noHIIICKO OA npem1BHaTa 11191114a (en. 102), a H·eco8pweH Kora H11180TO Ha 80AaTa 80
np8J'IVI8HII10T KaHane no8111COKO OA npenii18HaTa V18V14a Ha npenii18HVIKOT(cn. 103).

I
i
I
I Cn. 102 CoapweH npeni!1BHI!1K Cn. 103 HecoapweH (noroneH) npenfi1BHI!1K
Aanll1 K:e ce npeA8111AVI C08pweH 111n111 Heco8pWeH npenii18HII1K 3a8111CVI OA 8VICVIHCKaTa
I pa3n111Ka noMefy npenii18HII10T pa6 111 HVI80TO Ha 80AaTa 80 pe4111nV1eHTOT (en. 104). Ao
KOnKy e MO)I(HO, no>KenHo e Aa ce yc8ojy8a co8pweH npeniii8HII1K.
a)
I
I
I L = 50 m, cP = 800 mm, J = 1.7 %, Q = 17291/s, V = 3.44 m!s

I I .

~6)
/~

I _ . . .....,.~ ,/i•

..:: .

I
I Cn. 104 /11cnywTal-be Ha npenfi1BHI!1Te ao,qu ao pe4111n111eHT
(a-coapweH npemtBHMK, 6-HecoapweH/.-1 npenwBHMK

I 126

I
 ·······-·····--~~::h~
-
------
-- - --
-
-- -
-- 2 -
-- --
-· -
-- -
~- "'·-+t---==
1

-
~~ -- --

Cn. 106 Pacnpep,en6a Ha aop,eHara crpyja Hflr3 npen~~raHuor pa6

z.
aKo "2 =0 To raw hpr. = ~
2
llpem1BHaTa BVICOYVIHa Ke Ce pp6V18 KaKO pa3fiVIKa nOMefy BVIC!IIHaTa Ha VICnOnHSTOCT
Ha npocp111noT (h) np"'sKyneH npoTOK (Q.k) 111 BIIICIIIHaTa Ha lllcnnHeTocT Ha KaHanoT
(h:J nplll pa3p9!J.8H npOTOK n · Qsv, O!J.HOCHO:

hpr = h-hx
WlllpOYVIHaTa Ha npeniiiBHIIIKOT K:e ce onpe!J.enVI co cne!J.HIIIOT 1113pa3:
I
b= Qnp

l ~·C · r"·b·hpr'/
· J2·g·hpr
3
AKo co npecMeTKIIITe ce A06111e roneMa !J.On>KIIIHa Ha npeniiiBHIIIOT pa6, (noroneMIII OP.
5M), Toraw ce npe!J.BIIIAYBaaT !J.BOCTpaHIII npeniiiBH1114111. (cn.60).
nPECEK A -A

npemlBHI'I pa6oe11

Cn. 107 ,[1aocrpaHM npenMBHMK

KaHanoT OP. npeniiiBHIIIKOT P.O pe4111n111eHTOT WTO r111 OABeAyBa npeniiiBHIIITe BOP.III
o6111YHO IIIMa Kpy)f<eH 111n111 ycTao6pa3eH npocp111n. Ce A111MeH3IIIOHIIIpa 3a nonH nonpeYeH
npeceK:
8p3 OCHOBa Ha XIIIApayniiiYKIII !J.06VI9HIIIT9 !J.IIIM9H3111111 ce BpWIII KOHCTpylllpa~e Ha
npeniiiBHIIIKOT. KoMopaTa Ka!J.e ce spw111 npen111sa~eTo IIIMa !J.Ofi)f<IIIHa KonKy
noTpe6HaTa AOfi)f<IIIHa Ha npenlt1BHIIIOT pa6, a Blt1COYit1HaTa e 1,60 P.O 1 ,80 M. 3a
KOHTpona BO pa6oTaTa Ha npeniiiBHit1KOT Ce o6e369AYBa Bn93 O!J. ynlt1YHOTO nnaTO BO
cpopMa Ha peBIII31110Ha waxTa. llp111Mep Ha P.BOCTpaH npeniiiBHIIIK e npiiiKa)f<aH Ha en.
108
Ha en. 109 npiiiKa)f<aH e npem1BHIIIK 1t1 cnoeH o6jeKT 3a !J.Ba P.OBO!J.HIII jaj40BIII!J.HIII
KOfi9KTOp111 CO npeceK 80/120 Ill 100/150 em, O!J.BO!J.HIIIOT KOfi9KTOp, CO npeniiiBHIIIKOT e
pe!J.Y4111PaH Ha npeceK 60/90 em, a npen!'lBHaTa 4esKa e co Kpy)f<eH nonpeYeH npeceK
111 !J.IIIjaMeTap 100 em.

128
 nPECEK B- B

I Cn. 108 ,[JaocrpaH npemtBHft1K

I
I
I
I
I
I
I Cn. 109 npenft1BHft1K np111 cnoj Ha ,qaa jajl.../eBft1,l!Hft1 KoneKroplt1

I 129

I
 3.~CnYCT HA BOAATA BO PE4~n~EHT

Bo 3aBII'ICHOCT OA MeCTOTo Ha ll'lcnywTal-be Ha KaHancK~Te BOAII'I so pe411'1nll'leHT11'1Te ce

pa3nii'IKyBaaT ABa OCHOBHII'I cny~aja 11'1 TOa:
a) ~t~cnywTal-be Ha o6anaTa OA pe41t1nll'leHTOT
6) II'ICnywTal-be Ha AHOTO OA pe411'1n11'1eHTOT
lllcnywTal-beTO Ha BOAaTa BO peKa Tpe6a Aa Ce 11'13BpWII'I KOCO BO OAHOC Ha npaB940T
Ha T9~91-b9TO Ha peKaTa 11'1 Ha M9CTa KaAe WTO He nOCTOII'I onaCHOCT OA TanO>K91-b9 Ha
MaTepi!'II!'ITe OA OAnaAHaTa BOAa. lllcnycToT Aa ce npeAB~~'~AYBa Ha KOHKaBHaTa cTpaHa
Ha peKaTa co 4en Aa AOiAe AO 6p3o Mewal-be Ha KaHancKaTa co pe~HaTa BOAa (en. Ut~)
I
I y1. · . ..
np.CT.

Cn. 110 nono)K6a Ha ucnycror

npll'l 1!'1360pOT Ha M9CTOTO 3a II'ICnywTal-be Ha KaHanCKI!'ITe BOAII'I Aa ce BOAVI CMeTKa 3a
nocneAVI411'1Te OA 3araAyBal-be Ha >KII'IBOTHaTa cpeA~t~Ha. 3apaAVI Toa ~t~cnycTII'ITe ce
nocTasyE3aaT noAaneKy OA nna>KII'ITe 11'1 npl!'lcTaHII'IWTaTa, HII'I3BOAHO OA HaceneHII'ITe
MecTa aKo ce ~t~cnywTaaT so peKa 11'1 noAaneKy ll'lnll'l ~t~cnoA MecTaTa KaAe ce
npeABII'I/J.YBa 3acpaK:al-be Ha BOAa 3a nll'lel-be.
no OAHOC Ha Ha~I!'IHOT Ha VlcnywTal-be Ha KaHancKaTa BOAa BO P9411'1nll'leHTOT,
pa3JliiiKYBaMe:
• ~t~cnyc'fVIco cno60AHO (HenoToneHo) ~t~cnywaTI-be co OTsopeHI!'I KaHanll'l (en.
111 ). BaKBII'IOT Ha)I61H Ha II'ICI'lYWTal-be ce KOpii'ICTII'I BO Heyp6aHI!'I311'1paHII'I peOHII'I 11'1
Heperynll'lpaHO pe~HO KOpii'ITO.
• lllcnycTII'I co noToneHo ~t~cnywTal-be Ha KaHancKaTa BOAa so pe4~t~nll'leHTOT (en.
112). noToneHOTO II'ICnywTal-be Ha KaHancKaTa BOAa ce KOpii'ICTII'I BO
yp6aHII'I31!'1paHII1 Aenosll'l 11'1 peryn~t~paHo pe~Ho KOpii'ITO.

,.... nPECEK A-A

fq
___ _Jr--.J

Cn. 111 HenoroneHo ucnywraH>e Ha KaHancKM ao,qu ao pe4unueHT

130
:;.J

nPECEK A- A

I .
.

.
rn'

I
Cn. 112 noTOneHo ucnywraJ-be Ha KaHancKM BOf1111 ao peL.JunueHr
KpajoT Ha 111cnycHaTa I..\8BKa Tpe6a Aa e oc111rypaH 111 npw-tspcTeH co 6eTOHCKit1 Slt1A. Ha
en. 113 AaAeHo ce ABa np1t1Mep111 Ha Hajo61t14HO lt1cnywTal-be Ha KaHancKaTa BOAa 3a
Manlt1 npoTOI..\111, a Ha en. 114 e AaAeHo lt1CnywTal-be np111 noroneMa Blt1Cit1HCKa pa3nlt1Ka
Ha KaHanoT 111 Hlt1BOTO Ha BOAaTa so pel..\lt1nlt1eHTOT 111 Vlcnyunal-be co 6p30TOK .
..
II!
d

I
Cn. 113 Man 11cnycr
1 - 6eTOHCK111 s111,q, 2 - Kan,qapM111CaHa no,qnora, 3 - pe4111n111eHT
6
I

I
I lf'"'tr
I A-A

Cn. 114 /11cnycr co 6psoroK

6-6

I 131

I
 npL!! OrlWTaTa KaHanLI13a4LiiOHa CL!ICTeMa Li!CnyWTal-beTO Ha BD.£~aTa MO:>Ke Aa Ce BpWL!!
·co ABa KaHana. Bo cyso speMe oTnaAHL!!Te BOAL!I Li!CTeKysaaT npeKy AOnHaTa 4esKa
cn.115-a, a npL!! nojasa Ha AO:>KA, Li!CTeKyBal-bTO ce spwL!! npeKy roneMaTa (ropHaTa)
.48BKa.
Kora HL!IBOTO Ha BOAaTa so KOpL!!TOTO Ha peKaTa Li!Ma roneML!I A8HL!!Bena4L!!Lil MO:>Ke Aa
ce npeABL!!AaT Li1 noseK:e L!!CnycHL!I 48BKL!I nocTaseHL!I eAHa L-1cnoA APYra (cn.115-6). Ha
en. 116 AaAeHo e TeXHL-14KO peweHL-1e Ha L-1cnycT OA onwT KaHanL-13a4L-10HeH CL-1CTeM co
nOTOneHO L-1CTeKyBat-be Ha OTnaAHL-1T8 BOAL!I BO cyso speMe.
a) 6)

1 MAX.H.B

Cn. 115 Mcnycr co noael{e ancvtHCKvt vt3nvtavt

nPECEK 6-6

l
.I

Cn. 116 /llcnycr co noael{e ancvtHCKvt vt3nvtan

I Kora pe4HL-1Te BOAL-1 L-1MaaT MO:>KHOCT npeKy L-1cnycHaTa 48BKa Aa sne3aT so
KaHanL-13a4L!IjaTa ce npeABL!IAYBa nospaTHa KnOnHa (:>t<a6HLI1 noKnone4 en .117).

I
I Cn. 117 /llcnycr co noaparHa KnanHa

l 132

.
I
f
~
 .
ill
.

Ha en. 118 AaAeHo e TeXHII1YKO peweHII1e Ha 111cnyceH o6jeKT np111 BKpcrysal-be Ha

rnasHII10T 111cnyceH KoneKTop co APYr KaHan1113a4111oHeH KoneKTop.

nPECEK 6-6
nPECEK A-A

~..

Cn. 118 /ITcnycr nplt1 aKpcryaafbe co KaHanlt13aL{It10Ha L{eBKa

I npLr1 roneMLr1 peKLr1, e3epa 111n111 MOp1111-ba 111cnywTaH>eTo Ha oTnaAHaTa BOAa ce spw111 so
AHOTO. Kaj saKBOTO peweHII1e, BOAaTa OA 111cnycHaTa 4esKa MO>Ke Aa 1113nerysa Ha
I 9AHO 11111111 Ha llOBeKe M9CTa. lt1cnyCTII1T9 KOH49HTpll1paHII1. Ha 9AHO M9CTO 06111YHO ce
np111M9HysaaT 3a Manl!1 KOJ1111YII1H111 Ha OTilaAHa BOAa 111 Kaj Ana60KV1 llpii19MHII14111 (e3epa
111 MOpLr11-ba) en. 119. 3a 6p3o 111 ecp111KacHo MewaH>e Ha oTnaAHa'ra BOAa 111 BOAaTa OA
I pe4Lr1nLr1eHTOT 111cnywTal-beTo ce spw111 HLr13 noseK:e oTsop111 nocTaseHII1 no A011>KLr1HaTa
Ha 111cnycHaTa 4esKa.

I
I
Cn. 119 noroneH 1t1cnycr co efi_eH oraop
I (1 .-OTBOp 3a xasap1o1ja, 2.-p9BL.13L.10HL.1 OTBOp, 3.-aHKepL-1,
4.-69TOHCKIII 6JlOK, 5.-nOBpaTHa KJlanHa)
3a noAo6po 111 no6p3o MewaH>e Ha KaHancKaTa BOAa co BOAaTa OA pe4111n111eHTOT,
I MO>Ke Aa ce npeAB111A111 A111¢Y31110HO 111cnywTaH>e (cn.120). PacnopeAOT 111 A11a6oYII1HaTa
Ha A111¢Y30p111Te K:e 3as111c111 OA noKa11HLr1Te ycnos111 Ha pe4111n111eHTOT.
H.B

~"---•''
I
I 2 3

3
' ~

I
Cn. 120 j:Jmpy3eH noroneH 1t1cnycr
I (1 .-AL-1¢y3op, 2.-6eTOHCKL.1 npar, 3.-Ha6a'-!aj OA wnyHaK)

I 133

I
 a) • • • ••
6)

. ·~

Cn. 121 noroneH ucnycr co noaeK:e oraopu

a) !!McfJy30pV1 npM noTeCH/11 pe4H/11 KOpMTa, 6) npu nOWMpOKM pe4H/11 KOpMTa

I npV1 llOAOnrV1 llOABOAHV1 V1CnyCTV1 V1 npV1 V1CnyCTV1 CO V1CnpeKpWeHa Tpaca V1 HV1BeneTa

ce nocTasysaaT peBV13V10HV1 OTBOpV1 3a V1HTepseH4V1ja npV1 nowoTo ¢YHK4V10HV1pa1-be

I Ha V1CilYCTOT.

4. Clll<l>OHIII Ill HATErlll

I 4.1. C1r1cp0Hir1
Kora HV1seneTaTa Ha KaHanoT K:e HaV1.qe Ha npV1POAHV1 V1nV1 sewTa4KV1 npenpeKV1 (peKV1,
I AOnOBV1, )f<9n93HV14KV1 nV1HV1V1, naTHV1 MafV1CTpanV1 V1 .qp.) KOV1 C9 80 VlCTO HV1BO V1nV1
V1CilOA HV1BOTO Ha KaHanOT, Ce ynoTpe6ysaaT Cll94V1janHV1 06jeKTV1, Hape49HV1 CV1cpOHV1
(en. 122).
I PWI PW2

I
I Cn. 122 Hap,omKeH npeceK Ha curjJoH

I CV1cpOHV1Te pa6oTaT co nonH nonpe4eH npeceK, co V13BeceH npV1TV1COK WTO ce cTsapa

co BV1C04V1HaTa Ha BOAaTa o.q sne3HaTa pesV13V10Ha waXTa (PW 1 - en. 122). CV1cpOHOT
ce COCTOV1 OA Bn93Ha V1 V13n93Ha peBV13V10Ha WaXTa V1 9AHa, AB9 V1nV1 TpV1 CV1cpOHCKV1
I 49BKV1 CO V1CnyCTV1 Ha HajHV1CKV1T9 KOTV1 (cJi. 123).
Bne3HTa waXTa V1Ma .qsa .qena: cysa V1 so.qeHa KOMopa (en. 124 -a). Bo cysaTa
KOMopa Ce CM9CT9HV1 B9HTV1fiV1T9 3a V1CKny4yBal-be OA pa60Ta Ha CV1cp0HCKV1Te 49BKV1 V1
I seHTV1n Ha V1CnycHaTa 1..19BKa. Bo.qeHaTa KOMopa ja npV1cpaK:a so.qaTa o.q KoneKTopoT V1
ja ycMepysa KOH e.qHaTa V1nV1 APYraTa cV1cpOHCKa 1..19BKa. Bo osaa KOMopa ce
npeABV1AYBa V1 npenV1BHV1K. Bo so.qeHaTa KOMopa V1nV1 so HeKoja .qpyra npen<OAHa
i waxTa noTpe6Ho e .qa V1Ma rpy6a peweTKa 3a 3a.qp)f<yBal-be Ha KpynHV1Te nnV1Ba4KV1
MaTepV1V1 V1 .qpyrV1 11pe.qMeTV1 WTO fVl HOCV1 BOAaTa CO ce6e.

I
I 134

I
 3

Cn. 123 0CHOBB 111 npeceK Ha Clltl:j:JOHII1Cnop, roneM BOP,OTeK CO P,Be CII1C/JOHCKII1 J.leBKIIt
(1 - sne3Ha pes~<t3110Ha waxTa, ~<t3ne3Ha peB~<~3110Ha waXTa, 3 - cl.1cj::JOHCK~<~ 49BK1.1, 4 - npen~<~BHa 4esKa)

a) nPECEK A -A 6) nPECEK A- A

I
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.

OCHOBA
OCHOBA

E:·.,..___;.__'1t~~~~~. .
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Cn. 124 C~~tcfJOHCKIIt peallt31110HII1 waxTM

(a-sne3Ha, 6-~<~3ne3Ha)

1113ne3HaTa waxTa r111 np111cpaK:a 80P,IiiTe op, ClilcpOHCKL.ne 488Kiil 111 r111 npep,a8a 80
Hlii380P,HiiiOT p,en op, KoneKTopoT (en. 124-6). AKa c111cpoHoT ce KOPII1CTII1 3a npeMiiiH
nap, roneMII1 peKII1 Kap,e 11138ep,y8aH>eTo Ha 3eMjaHII1Te pa6oTII1 ce oTe:>KHaTII1 111 cKamt
C111cpOHCKaTa 498aKa Tpe6a p,a 111Ma 100% p939p8a, OP,HOCHO nOKpaj 498KaTa 80
I HopManeH noroH ce npep,8111p,y8a 111 p,pyra 498Ka · KaKo pe3ep8Ha (en. 123). HajMan
P,ll1jaMeTap Ha Cll1cpOHCKaTa 498Ka 9 200 MM.

I Cll1cpOHCKII1T9 498KII1 06W-fHO ce COCTOjaT OP, Tp111 p,ena:

I •
•
np8 p,en- 80 nap,
8TOP p,en- xoplii30HTaneH (co Man nap,)

I • TpeT p,en - 80 ycnoH

I 135

I
 AKo c111cpOHJ..1Te ce 3a cnpo8elw8al-be Ha KaHancKaTa 80Aa 111cnoA peKa, Toraw
ropHOTO TeMe Ha CJ..1QJOHCKaTa ~e8Ka Tpe6a Aa 6111AaT 8KOnaHJ..1 f..1CnOA AHOTO Ha
peKaTa HajManKy 0,50 M.
AKo KaHancKaTa ~e8Ka Hafi1Ae Ha noA39MHJ..1 J..1HCTana4111111 K0£.1 HeMO)Ke Aa ce
. Afi1Cno4111PaaT, no)KenHo e AO KonKy ~ MO)KHO Aa ce pa3Mf..1HaT co KacKaAHO cnyw~e
(en. 125-a)
AKO CJ..1QJOHOT ce KOp111CTJ..1 3a C08n~y8al-be Ha nOA39MHJ..1 J..1HCTana~J..1J..1 KaAe
8111Cf..1HCKaTa npoMeHa Ha Hf..18eneTaTa Ha KoneKTopoT He e roneMa ce 1113BeAyBa
CJ..1QJOH (en. 125-6,8).
... a) 6)
I
~
~
Cn. 125 npeceKyBal-be Ha KaHanoT CO nOIJ36MHIII IIIHCTanaLfl!llll
(a-KacKaAHO noM~HyBal-be, 6-npenpeK~ co noMan npeceK,
s-npenpeK~ co noroneM npeceK)

C111cpoH111Te KaKo o6jeKTII1 3a 11138SAYBal-be ce TeWKII1, a so eKcnnoaTa4111ja 6apaaT

noroneMo aHra)Kf..1pal-be np111 OAP)KYBal-beTo OA KaHanf..1Te 111 AOKOnKy 111Ma APYfll1
. MO)KHOCT£.1 Tpe6a Aa ce 11136era8aaT.
6p3111HaTa Ha 80AaTa 80 Cf..1QJOHcKaTa ~e8Ka Tpe6a Aa e noroneMa OA 6p3111HaTa 80
AOBOAH1110T KoneKTOp. npll1 Afi1MeH3J..10Hit1pal-beTO Ha CJ..1QJOHJ..1Te, 06W·lHO ce yc8ojysa
MII1Hit1ManHa 6p3111Ha Ha BOAaTa Aa ce AB111)Kit1 OA 1,20 AO 1,50 mls, a caMo so
111CKny4111TenHII1 cny4all1 MO)Ke Aa ce A03BOnf..1 MII1Hf..1ManHaTa 6p3111Ha Aa ce A8111)KII1 OA
0,9 AO 1,0 mls. A111jfaMeTapoT Ha 4eski:na ce onpeAenysa no cpopMynaTa:

d=J4·Q
JZ'·V

TaKa onpeAeneHII10T Afl1jaMeTap He OAf08apa Ha npo1113BOAHII1Te cTaHAaPAH111

'Ait1jaMeTpll1. Ce ycsojysa no6nf..1CKJ..10T cTaHAaPAeH A111jaMeTap 111 nocne Toa ce
npecMeTYBa CTBapHaTa 6p3111Ha BO C111cp060T CO cneAHII10T 1113pa3:
. 4·Q
v =_ ___;;:~

3.14·d 2
np111 ABJ..1)Kel-be Ha BOAaTa Hll13 C111cpOHOT ce CT8apaaT X111Apaynf..14KJ..1 3ary6111 K0£.1 ce
npecMeTYBaaT co cneAHaTa cpopMyna:
I Ml=L·J+I'-
v2
2g
I rpaA111SHTOT Ha XII1APOA111HaMf..14KaTa n111H111ja ce onpeAenysa OA cneAH1110T 1113pa3:
! 1 v2
J=A-·-·-
I d 2g
KaAe e:
I - L -A0n)Kf..1Ha Ha CJ..1QJOHOT

I 136
;:-;;- .... ·-. -··· ··· ....... .. -~ .. -· -~----.,.-- --- -- -- - · -- ..
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l

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- J- Xlt1Apaynlf1~Kif1 3ary61f1 Ha nplt1Tif1COK, Ha 1M'
- S - K08QJif141f18HT Ha JlOKa11Hif1 3ary61f1 (81183, 1!131183 lf1 K0118Ha 80 88HTIII/llll Ill
AP).
- A - K08QJif141f18HT Ha Tplt181-b8
- g- 38Mjlf1HO 3a6p3y8al-be mil
tili (1,05 + 1,1 0) · L · J
Co onlf1Tif1 e YT8PASHO ASKa 8KynHit1Te noKanHif1 3ary6111 Mo.>Ke Aa lf13Hecy8aaT pp 5%
OA A011.>Kif1HCKif1Te 3ary61t1 3a Clt1QJOHI!1 noroneMI!1 OA 60 M 111 AO 10% 3a clt1cpOHI!1 co
A01l.>K1!1Ha noMana OA 60 M.
Hlf180TO Ha 80AaTa 80 1!131183HaTa waxTa Tpe6a Aa 61t1Ae noHif1CKO OA HI!180TO Ha
~
.
.
80AaTa 80 81183HaTa waxTa 3a HajManKy tili(1,05 + 1,10) · L ·J (en. 122).

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Cn. 126 Cm:j:JoH ucnop, nop,3eMHa co6paK:ajHflf/..la

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C~~tcpOHif1Te ce npo6neMaTit1~Hif1 o6jeKTI!1 3a 8peMe Ha OAP>KY8al-be Ha
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KaHa/11!13a41110HI!1T8 Mp8.>Kif1. npOTO~Hif1Te KO/llf1~1f1HI!1 Ha OTnaAHa 80Aa 8ap~~tpaaT 80
rQ/18MI!1 rpaHif141f1, a CO TOa lf1MaMe VI npOM8Ha Ha 6p3lt1HaTa Ha 80AaTa 80 CIIIQJ0Hif1T8 80
roneM Alf1jana30H. Man,ne 6p3vtHif1 CT8apaaT no8011Hif1 ycno8vt 3a Tano.>Kel-be 80
u cvtcpoHOT. 3apaAIII OAP>KYBal-be Ha 6p3V!HaTa Ha 80AaTa 80 Clf1QJOHif1Te 80 OAPSAeHvt
rpaHif14VI, noTpe6Ho e Clf1QJOHOT Aa ce lf138eAe co HeKonKy 4eBK1!1 co pa31llf1YeH
Alf1jaMeTap. Co npoMeHa Ha npoTOKOT so Clf1QJOHOT ce spw111 nocTeneHo nOAIIIrHy8al-be
Ha Hlf1BOTO Ha 80AaTa BO B/183HaTa waxTa, a npeKy CTpaHIIIYHII1T8 npe/11!18111 CTany8aaT
80 cpyHK41t1ja 111 APYriiiTe Clf1QJOHCKII1 488Kif1. HajManaTa 488Ka e nocTaseHa HajHII1CKo 111

137
 cny)l(ll1 3a O.£:\Be{\ysal-be Ha npoTOKOT so cyso speMe. Apyrii1Te 48BKII1 ce aHra)l(ll1paaT
npVI 3roneMeH npOTOK (aTMOCBepCKVI 80{\VI). 3a nosp8M8HO np0"-1111CTYBal-be Ha
CVIQJOHII1T8, M0)1(8 P.a ce HanpaBVI npii1CTan BO Bn83HaTa WaXTa P.O HajHVICKVIT8 P.SnOBVI
Ha CVIQJOHII10T (en. 127)
npem1s111 OCHOBA

A r;zzr:m"'ll!P"""!' -~t::~:~:~~~".:~'::'~~:"~~-~- rFP""i'l"'"""l' A

L L.....,-_,r1aa:4=n~~~~~~~~~!!~~~~:~~~~~~~=~ li-L-4\r----..--J _j
l!:mmzzzfJ.r:rzrmzJJ -----\:"~~~~;;e~-;;;o~;~n-;;;;;;e-;~-- l!zzzm;...tlzz:r:IIZZill.il
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Cn. 127 CMcj:JoH co npMcran 3a l..l/lfCTefbe Ha cucj:JoHOT.

4.2. HaTerlr1

AKO CVIQJOHII1T8 KaKO o6jeKTVI BO KaHanVI3al.\VIjaTa Tpe6a no MO)I(HOCT {\a ce

I 11136erHysaaT, Toraw Vl36erHysal-beTo Ha HaTerVITe e yuJTe noroneMo.
HaTerVITe ce o6jeKTVI KOVI ja npecppnaaT BOAaTa npeKy npenpeKa Koja He e nos111coKa
0{\ 6-7 M VI ja VICnywTaaT BOP.aTa Ha nOHCKa KOTa Of\ KOTaTa npVI sne30T. Ha Cn.127
I P.aAeHa e weMaTcKa npe{\cTasa Ha HaTeraTa co 03Ha"--eHVI eneMeHTVI 3a XVIP.paynii1"--KO
{\VIM8H3VIOHV1pa!-be {\111M8H3VIOHII1pa!-be.

I C- BaKyM nyMna

I
I
I Cn. 128 Harera
0CHOBHVI eneMeHTII1 KOVI ja KapaKT8pV13VIpaaT HaTeraTa ce:
I I - P.On)I(VIHa Ha HaTeraTa
hnat- CVICanHa BVICO'-IVIHa

I d- f\111jaMeTap Ha HaTeraTa
H -BII1CII1HCKa pa3nii1Ka noMefy sne3HOTO VI 1113n83HOTO BOP.HO HVIBO

I
I 138

I
...,_-.~ . . . ... . -·-- - · . -· - -· ..... ---· ~···- · - .... · ·-·· · -··
'
..1

npoTOKOT Hf..13 l.\eKaTa Ke ce onpeA6111<1 CO KOp1<1CTel-be Ha paseHKaTa Ha KOHTVIHYL.-1T6T,

OAHOCHO:
Q = w · v (m 3/s)
3a onpep.enysat-he Ha npOTOKOT ce cocTasysa 6epHynf..1esa paseHKa 3a npecel.\VITe 1-
1 1<1 3-3 BO Op.HOC Ha 3-3.
2 2
pa H a . Vo pa 0 a . Vo h
-+ +--=-+ +--+
r 2g r 2g ,.,
Op. npeTXOAHaTa paseHKa ce rnep.a p.eKa 4enaTa BVICVIHa H ce Tpow, Ha
XV1p.paynVI4Kf..1 3ary61<1 Ha npLtiTf..1COK, Op.HOCHO: h,., = H
2 2 2 2
v L v v L
v ( A-+L-s )
~
.
. h =L·J+L-s-=A-·-+L-s-=-
w 2g d 2g 2g 2g d
AKa npeTXOAH1<10T 1<13pa3 ce 1<13pa3f..1 no OAHOC Ha 6p31<1HaTa ce p.o6111sa:
~
~
V= 2g·hw = ~2g·h,.,
A L +I( ~A L +I(
d d

V = (jJn • ~2g · h,., = (jJn • ~2g •H

Konf..141<1HaTa Ha BOAa Koja ja nponywTa HaTeraTa e:
Q = {J) • (jJn • ~2 •g · H
Kap.e cpn e p.e61<1TeH Koe¢1<141<1eHT Ha Cf..1CTeMOT,., ce onpep.enysa co paseHKaTa:

I
'
1

I 3a Aa MO>Ke Cf..1CTeMOT npas1<111Ho p.a pa6oTI<1 noTe6Ho e npel.\f..13HO onpeAenysal-he Ha

Bf..1C04f..1HaTa Ha HaTeraTa (hna1). 3a p.a ce onpeAen1<1 HajroneMaTa p.o3soneHa Bf..1C04f..1Ha
I Ha yc1<1cysat-he ce KOp1<1CTI<1 paseHKaTa Ha 6epHynf..1 3a npece41<1Te 1-1 ,., 2-2 so OAHOC
Ha paBHf..1HaTa 0-0 (en. 128), op. KaAe ce A061<1sa cneAHI<10T Lt13pa3:

I p a 0 a. Vo 2 p 2 h + V2 + h
-+
r +--=-+
2g r nat 2g w
I
I h
vak
=Pa-P2
r
I hnat =hvak --
2g
2
v - h =h -
w vak
( L v
A-·-+I~'-
d 2g ~ 2g
2
v -v-
2g
2
J 2

I
I 139

I
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hnat =hvak -~g

2 (
1-+2:~'
L
d ':>
) -v-
2g
2

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I 'Lsi - 36Yip Ha KoecpY14YieHTYITe Ha llOKanHYI 3ary6YI,
A. - KoecpYI~YieHT Ha TpYiel-be no AOll>KYIHaTa Ha ~eBKYITe,

I !1- AOll>KYIHa Ha HaTeraTa OA noYeTOKOT AO npeceK 2-2,

Pa - aTMOCcpepCKYI npYITYICOK,

I P2 - npYITYICOK BO npeCeK 2-2,

r - cne4Y1QJY1YHa Te>KYIHa Ha BOAaTa.
BaKyMoT (haaK) He cMee Aa e norolleM OA 8kl, HO 3a npaBYillHO QJYHK~YIOHYipal-be Ha
HaTeraTa ce npenopaYysa 6 AO 7 M.
6p3YIHaTa Ha BOAaTa so HaTeraTa ce ABYI>KYI OA 1,0 AO 1,5 M/c. AKo e no3HaTa
I KOllYIYYIHaTa Ha BOAa ce ycsojysa CTaHAaPAeH AYijaMeTap Ha ~esKaTa cnpeMa
ycsoeHaTa 6p3YIHa, a noToa ce npecMeTYBa cTsapHaTa 6p3Y1Ha Ha BOAaTa. Co Taa

I 6p3Y1Ha ce npecMeTYsaaT 3ary6YITe Ha npYITYICOK KOYI He Tpe6a Aa 6YIAaT norolleMYI OA

BYICYIHCKaTa pa3JlYIKa 110Mefy Blle3HOTO Yl Yl3lle3HOTO HYIBO Ha BOAaTa (H).
nywTal-beTo Ha HaTeraTa so pa6oTa ce spw111 co saKyM nyMna nocTaseHa so
I HajBYICOKaTa TOYKa (C) OA HaTeraTa (npeceK 2-2, Cll. 128).

5. 11PEM~H 110.Q >KEI1E3H~LIK~ Il~H~~' 11ATH~ MAr~CTPAil~ ~

I ·.qpyr~ nPEnPEK~

. noMYIHyBal-beTO Ha KaHallllt3a~YIOHaTa ~eBKa YIC110A ~lle3HYIYKa, naTHa 1!1llYI APYra

I llYIHYICKa npenpeKa MO>Ke Aa ce YI3BeAe Ha .QgeAHL110T HaYYIH:
1. Co CYIQJOHL!1 o6e~6eAeHYI OA AYIHaMYIYKYITe TosapYI (ell. 129),

I 2. Co 3aWTYITHa ~esKa 6e3 npeKpwysal-be Ha HYIBelleTaTa Ha KaHalloT (ell. 130),

3. Bo npoo.qHa rallepYija 6e3 npeKpwysal-be Ha HYIBelleTaTa Ha KaHanoT (ell. 131 ).

I Kora KaHallllt3a4YIOHaTa ~esKa nOMYIHysa YICnOA npyra co cYict:>oH, Tpe6a .qa e .qo6po
3aWTYITeHa Of\ f\YIHaMYIYKYI TOBapYI. 3a Taa 4ell, KaHanCKaTa ~eBKa ce 110CTasysa BO
apM~~tpaHo 6eTOHCKYI 6lloK Koj Clly>KYI 3a npYIMal-be Ha AL11HaMYIYKYITe Tosapllt OA

I >Kelle3HYI4aTa. 111CTO TaKa, npYI BaKOS HaYYIH Ha COBllaAyBal-be Ha npenpeKaTa, KOra

APYrYITe no3YI4YIYI Ha Yl3se.qysal-be Ha pa6oTYITe (3eMjaHYI pa6oTYI, 3acToj so co6paK:aj 111

I 140

I
 AP-) ce co noroneMa speAHOCT, 3aAOn>K111TenHo np111 1!13BeAyBal-be Ha pa6oTI!1Te Ha
CIIIQJOHOT ce nOCTasysa pe3epBeH 49BKOBOA (en. 129) KOj 6111 Ce KOpl!tCTen BO
BOHPSAHI!t np~~tnl!tKI!t (Kora e so Ae¢eKT npsl!toT 49BKOBOA).

BTop1110T Ha41!1H l!tMa npeAHOCT 3aToa WTO OAP>KYBal-beTo e MHory nonecHo so OAHOC
Ha npBI!tOT, noeKOHOMI!149H e BO 1!13rpaA6aTa BO OAHOC Ha ABaTa OCTaHaTI!t cny4al!t. 80
sTop~~toT cny4aj KaHan~~t3a41!10HaTa 4esKa 3a noMan~~t AlltjaMeTpl!t o6~~t4HO e OA n~~teHo
>Kene3o, a ce cTasa so 3awnnHa 4esKa cooTBeTHO noroneMa Koja MO>Ke Aa 6111Ae OA
4en111K, n~~teHo >Kene3o, apM111paH 6eToH 111 AP· (en. 131)

KOTII Ha TepeH

Cn. 129 C~~tcj:JOHCKM npeMMH Ha .>Kene3HM4Ka nMHMja

(1-BI193Ha peBI-13l-10Ha WaXTa, 2-3aTBOpa4Hl-14a, 3 -Cl-1cpOHCKI-1 49BKI-1,
4:3aWTI-1Ta OA AII1HaMI-14Kl-1 TOBapl-1, 5-l-13I193Ha pesll13l-10Ha waxla)
~
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I
I
I Cn. 130 npeMMH no,q npyra co 3aWTMTHa L.JeBKa
(1-peBl-13liiOH111 WaXTl-1, 2-BeHI1111, 3-3aWTI-1THa 4eBKa, 4-KOileKTOpCKa 4eBKa)

I
I
I ·-
nll1eHO>Kene3Ha' 4es Ka ranepl-1ja
I Cn. 131 npeMMH no,q npyra co npoo,qHa ranep~~tja

I 141

I
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j
j
3a Aa MO>Ke Aa ce 8pWl-1 l-1 8l'13yeneH HaA30p np111 npeMII1Hy8at-heTo Ha
KaHan1113a4111jaTa, KoneKTopcKaTa 498Ka ce nocTa8y8a 80 npOOAHa ranep111ja (TyHen)
(cn.131 ).
np111 noroneMl-1 Al-1jaMeTp111 Ha KoneKTOpii1Te, HaMecTo 498Ka 80 TYHenoT Ha eAHaTa
cTpaHa ce 11138SAY8a OT80peH KaHan, a Ha APYraT cTpaHa OA ryHenoT ce npeA8111AY8a
naTeKa no Koja ce noMl'!Hy8a npl-1 8pwel-be Ha KOHTpona. (cn.132)
Bne3HaTa 111 1113ne3HaTa waxTa Tpe6a Aa 6111AaT HajManKy 5M OAAane~eHII1 OA
H0>1<1114aTa Ha 3acTopoT, a 3aWTII1THaTa 498Ka 111n111 ranep111ja Aa e noHII1CKa OA
KOn08030T l'lnl-1 Wl'!HaTa HajManKy 2M. 3a >Kene3Hl'l~KII1T9 nii1Hl'll'l TOa e nonpe4l-13HO
npon111waHo co >Kene3HII1~KII1Te npon111c111.

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+ . . ..
.
- .
.
. . . .

. ...
i
,. · ,

.r/, ,f(.tu:.W,... ' ·.,.. > : - ~ :· :·. d-=!t...'Od.

'-·~:·~·~·--·~~.~--~~ ,: ~--~·~---~--~~
I ·.

I . :.·
Cn. 132 npeMMH nof1 npyra co npoof1Ha ranepMja

I Kora KaHanll13a4l'lOHaTa 498Ka ce 8Kpcry8a (ce npece~y8a 80 111CTO HII180) co

80A080AHa 498Ka, TOraw ce 8pWII1 1113M9CTY8al-be Ha 80A080AHaTa, a He Ha
KaHancKaTa 498Ka (en. 134).
I ~ ~
-------------------------------
I R=2D

I
I Cn. 133 npecer.waal-be Ha KaHanCKa qeaKa co 49BKa OA ao,qoao,q
a - BOfiOBOAHa 49BKa 1113H~ KaHMCKa, 6 - BOAOBOAHa 49BKa IIICnOA KaHMCKa.

I
Bo 3a8l'!CHOCT OA Ana6o~II1HaTa Ha 8Kony8al-be Ha KaHanl-13a41110HaTa 49BKa,

I BOA080AHaTa 49BKa MO>Ke Aa ce 1113MeCTII1 OA ropHaTa 111n111 OA AOnHaTa cTpaHa

(cn.133-a, 111 133-6).

I
I
142
--::---···-- -· -··-. ····~~ ~ - -· - ..... -

6. AKBAAYKTI/1

AKBaAYKT~Te ce npeAB~AYBaaT Ha OH~e M9CTa KaAe WTO ce npeAB~AYBaaT ~

C~qJOH~Te, HO Kaj HI!1B HI!1BeneTaTa Ha KaHanOT Cl!1 ro 3aAp>KyBa npaB91...\0T 111 e HaA
n~HI!1CKaTa npenpeKa. Ce cocTojaT OA cTon6osi!1Te (S~AaH~. 1-1en~YH~. 6eTOHCK~ ~n~
apM1!1paH06eTOHCK1!1) Bp3 KOI!1 ne>KI!1 apM1!1paH0-69TOHCKO noKp1!19HO KOp1!1TO {o6~4HO
caHAYYacT npeceK) so Koe ce nocTasysaaT KaHanll13al...\1110HI!1 L\9BKI!1 TepM~YKI!1
3aWT~TeH~. (en. 1345).

i
I Cn. 134 Ha!JDn>KeH npeceK Ha aKBa!JyKr
HaA KaHanoT o6~4HO ce npeAB111AYBa newaYKa naTeKa co 3aWT~THa orpaAa 3a Aa
MO>Ke npeKy Hero 6e36eAHO Aa ce noMI!1Hysa. Ha onpeAeneHL1 MecTa ce cTasaaT
MOHTa>KH~ Kanal...\111, a Ha L\9BKaTa nnoM6~paH~ oTsop1!1 3a Aa MO>Ke no noTpe6a Aa ce
1!1HTepseH111pa.
Ha en. 135 AaAeH e nonpeYeH npeceK Ha aKBaAYKT OA Koj ce rneAaaT
KapaKT9p1!1CT~YHL1T9 eneM9HTI!1.

I
I
I
I Cn. 135 nonpeYeH npeceK Ha aKaa,qyKr

I (1-TeMeJl, 2-CTOJ16, 3-6eTOHCKO KOp1!1TO, 4-KOJleKTOpCKa 4eBKa,

5-newa4Ka naTeKa, 6-orpaAa)

143

I
]·..··
'··
~.
7. PETEH31f10Hif1 5A3EHif1

1. 0CHOBHM KapaKTepMCTMKM

80 COCTaBOT Ha KaHam..,3a41!10HII1 CII1GT9M111 Ce nOL!SCTO Ce CpSTHyBaaT 111 peTSH31110HII1T9

6a3eHII1. HajL~ecTa np111MeHa HasoraaT Kaj cenapa41110H111Te KaHa111113a41110HII1 CII1CTeMII1 3a
aTMOC8epcKa KaHan1113a4111ja, a MO>Ke Aa ce npii1MeHy8aaT 111 80 onwTII1Te
KaHaJ11113al\1110HII1 CII1CT9MII1.

Pen3H31110HII1Te 6a3eHII'1, 8brna8HO c11y>KaT 3a HaMany8al-be Ha wn11140T OA

X111ApOrpaMOT Ha OTSL!y8al-be Ha 80AaTa, OAHOCHO spwaT 1113B9CHO 3aAp>Kysal-be Ha
OAPSAeHa K011111LIII1Ha Ha BOAa 111 Hej3111HO noKacHo 111 nocTeneHo 111cnywTal-be so
KaHaJ11113al\1110HOT CII1CTSM.

HajL~ecTo, peTeH31110HII1Te 6a3eHII1 ce npii1MeHysaaT so C119AH111Te c11yL1aes111 :

• Ha MSCTa KaAe WTO OTBOp9HII1 KaHa11111 3a aTMOCBepcKa BOAa ce 111CnywTaaT BO

I KaHa111113al\1110HII10T CII1CT9M, a H9rDBII10T Kanal\111TSTOT He 9 BO COCTOj6a Aa ro np111MII1

L\9111110T npOTOK,

I • Ha MSCTa KaAe BO KaHaJ11113al\1110HII10T CII1CTSM B11erysaaT nOMa11111 6yii1L!apCKII1

BOAOTSL\111,

• MO>KaT Aa ce npii1MeHaT 111cnpeA npeL!II1CTII1T911HII1 111 nyMnHII1 cTaHII14111 3a

o6e36eAyBal-be Ha nopaMHOMepHa pa6oTa 111 HaManysal-be Ha 11'1HCTa11111paHII1Te
Kana4111TSTII1,

• 3a MexaHII1LIKO npeL!II1crysal-b9 Ha aTMocsepcKII1Te BOA111,

• so cnyL~aj Kora 111Ma npowV1pysal-be Ha KaHanll13al\V10HaTa Mpe>Ka (OABOAHY8al-be Ha

HOBII1 nOBpUJII1H111) 11111111 3rD119MyBal-be Ha K09QJII14V19HTOT Ha OTeL!yBal-be CO

I •
ypeAy8al-be Ha yp6aHaTa nospwV1Ha,

LleCTO ce np111MeHy8aaT 111 npeA A01lrV1 OA80AHV1 K0119KTOpV1 111 so HeKOII1 APYrll1

I cny'-laesll1.

PeTeH31110HII1Te 6a3eHII1, 80 np111H4111n Mo>KaT Aa 6111AaT KaKo OT8opeHII1 11111111 3aTsopeHII1

o6jeKTII1. 3aTsopeHII1Te peTeH31110HII1 6a3eHII1 AOafaaT so npeAB111A Kaj onwTII1Te

I KaHaJ1V13al\1110HII1 CII1CT9MII1 nopaA~ CaHII1TapHO T9XHII1'-lKII1 pa31103111, 111Cnp9A nyMnHII1

cTaHII14111 Kaj cpeKanHII1 KaHam.,3a41110HII1 C111CTeMII1 111 AP· 0TsopeHII1Te peTeH31110HII1
6a3eHV1 ce HajL~eCTII1. Bo 3aBII1CHOCT OA TepeHCKII1Te yc11os111 , Mo>Ke Aa 6111AaT

I 111CKOp11'1cTeHII1 npV1pOAH111, Aenpecii18HII1 111 HII1CKospeAH111 nospwVIHVI 11111111 89WTa'-lK11'1 co

Vl3rp~6a Ha p9TSH3VIOHVI 6a39HVI.

I PeTeH3VIOHII'1Te 6a3eHII1 so 3a8VICHOCT OA TonorpacpcKVITe VI MSCHVITe yc11oBV1, a no

OAHOC Ha yc11oBV1Te Ha 8paK:a1-be Ha 38,qp>KaHaTa BOAa so KaHa11VI3a4VIOHVIOT CVICTeM,
MO>KaT Aa 6VIAaT:

I • rpas111Ta41110H11'1, Kora 3aAp>KaHaTa 80Aa no npVIpOAeH (rpa8VITa41110HeH) naT ce

BpaK:a BO KaHa111113al\VIOHII10T CII1CT9M VI

I • nyMnHII1, Kora 3aAp>KaHaTa BOAa Ha 8SWTa'-lKVI naT (co nyMnal-be) ce spaK:a so

KaHaJIII13al\VIOHVIOT CVICTSM.

nyMnHII1Te peTeH3VIOHVI 6a39HII1 Tpe6a Aa ce Vl36erHysaaT AO K011KY A03B011ysaaT

I TOnorpacpCKVITS 111 MSCHVITS yC110BVI Ha KaHa1111'13a411'10HVIOT CVICTSM.

I 144

I
 2. Mo>KHIII weMIII 3a no.no>K6a Ha peTeH3IIIOHIIITe 6a3eHIII

80 npaKH1KaTa ce cpeKa8aaT HSKOnKy OCHOBHVI MO>KHVI WSMVI Ha peTSH3VIOHVI 6a3SHVI .

Pa3nVIKaTa nOMefy HVI8 e 80 M8CTOnonO>K6aTa VI BVICVIHCKaTa nOCTa8SHOCT 80 OAHOC
Ha KaHanVI3a4VIOHVIOT CVICTSM (en. 136).
a)
nPECEK A·A nPECEK A-A

~ ·I
A

!--
~--------,--
-{[)"""'
·

A 6
6) nPECEK 6-6
nPECEK 6-6

6
~
nPECEK B- B

I e! s) I I :e
-T · --- - ---- - ~ - --------- - --- - ---·--_- -- ---- - -~- - --- ~--

I
Cn. 136 PereH3l10Hl1 6a3eHu
~
a) crpaHM'-IHO nocraaeH co npenuBHMK, 6) LleHrpanHo nocraaeH co 3a,qp)KaHa Huaenera, a)
~
LleHrpanHo nocraaeH co cnywreHa Huaenera

I Bo 3a8VICHOCT of].' Ha'-IVIHOT Ha nonHel-be, npenVIBal-be VI npa3Hel-be Ha peTeH3VIOHVITe

6a39HVI ce Cp9THy8aaT pa3nVI'-IHVI W9MVI Ha p8T9H3VIOHVIT9 6a39HVI. Ha en. 137
npVIKa>KaHVI ce TpVI MO>KHVI W9MVI Ha pacnopeA VI M9CTOnOnO>K6a Ha p9T9H3VIOHVIT9
6a39HVI.
I CnyYajoT "a" npeACTasysa peTeH3VIOHeH 6a3eH AVIP9KTHO nocTa8eH Ha
KaHanVI3a4VIOHVIOT 49BKOBOA. no CP9AVIHaTa Ha peTeH3VIOHVIOT 6a39H 110MVIHy8a

I KaHanCKaTa 49BKa HVI3 KOja nOMVIHyBa np8aTa VI HS'-IVICTa KOnVI'-IVIHa Ha 8TMOCB9pCKa

BOAa. npa3H91-b9TO Ha peTeH3VIOHVIOT 6a3eH e no rpaBVITa4VIOH9H naT. npeA
peTeH3VIOHVIOT 6a3eH VIMa pacnpe.o.enVITeneH o6jeKT (PO). Co osoj o6jeKT ce

I o6e36e.o.ysa npenVIBal-be Ha noroneMVI AOTS'-IHVI KonVI'-IVIHVI Ha BOAa o.o. npeA8VIP.9HVITe.

PeTeH3VIOHVIOT 6a3eH e o6e36e.o.eH co npenVIB 3a VI36VIcTpeHa so.o.a.

0cH08HaTa weMa "6" npe.o.cTasysa peTeH3VIOHeH 6a3eH VIHP.VIpeKTHO nocTa8eH so

I OP.HOC Ha KaHancKaTa 49BKa. npa3H91-b9TO Ha p9T8H3VIOHVIOT 6a39H e no
rpasVITa4VIOHeH naT. V1cTo TaKa VI osaa weMa e o6e36e.o.eHa co pacnpe.o.enVITeneH
o6jeKT VI co npenVIs 3a VI36VIcTpeHVI 80AVI. Bo .o.seTe weMVI "a VI 6" XVIAporpaMoT Ha
VICT9KY881-b9 9 80 QJYHK4VIja OP. .o.na60'-IVIHaTa Ha 80P.aTa 80 p9T9H3VIOHVIOT 6a39H
Qot. = f(h) ·
0cH08HaTa weMa "a", npe.o.cTasy8a VIHAVIP9KTHO nocTa8eH peTeH3VIOHeH 6a3eH so
OP.HOC Ha KaHanCKaTa 498Ka, KaKO VI OCHOBHaTa WeMa "6" CO Taa pa3nVIKa WTO
npa3H91-b9TO Ha peT9H3VIOHVIOT 6a39H 9 110 BSWTa'-IKVI naT CO nyMnal-be. Osa OCH08Ha
I W9Ma 9 CO norOJ19MVI VIHB9CTVI4VIOHVI 8J10>KY8al-ba VI noroJ19MVI 9KCI1J10aTa4VIOHVI
TpOWKOBVI.

145

I
 a)
0(.\
·----·-·---~P
I __.
I
_____. I PO ·-·
··-
· -·----~-··-
I
A4
... J
...
n[.\ m ns

P5

ns

I B) All
_____. J PO
• I!
I
01.\

I ~
llnc
P5
PO
peTeH3~oHeH
pacnpeAe.n~Te.neH
6a3eH
o6jeKT
- nC nyMnHa CTaH~I.Ia

I -,-1
........
P5 ns
.t\4
npe.n~B3a ~cTa.nmKeHa BOAa
AOBOA9H 49BKOBOA
04 OABOA9H 49BKOBOA

I
I
nl.\
m
...
.......
-- ...
ns
n4

Cn. 137 PereH31110HII1 6a3eHu

npe.n~B9H 49BKOBOA

a) {1UpeKTHO nocraaeH co rpaaura14UOHO npa3Hefbe, 6) UH{1UpeKrHo nocraseH co rpasura14UOHO

npa3Hefbe, a) ) UH{1upeKrHo nocraaeH co nyMnHo npa3Hefbe
I 3. 3anpeMMHa Ha peTeH3MOHM 6a3eHM

I HajroneMLI!OT .qen o.q XVIP.POTeXHLIILIKVITe npecMeTKLil Ha peTeH3LiiOHVITe 6a3eHI!1 ce

cseAysaaT Ha onpeAenysal-be Ha HVIBHaTa 3anpeMVIHa. OsL~~e npecMeTKVI ce
3aCHOBaaT BO YTBp.qysal-be Ha XLII.qponOWKI!1Te Li1 TOnorpacpCKLIIT9 no.qaTOL\Lil KOVI ro

I .qecpLi!H1!1paaT Bn93HI!10T XLil.£\pOrpaM Li1 6apaHLIIOT 1!13Jl939H XVI.qporpaM 0.£\ peT9H3VIOHLIIT9

6a39HLII CJl. 138.

I Cl>OpMaTa Ha X111ApOrpaMOT Ha .£\OTeKyBal-be 3aBI!1CVI 0.£\ VIHT9H3Li!T9TOT 1!1 Tpael-beTO Ha

.£\0~.£\0T, OA 06Jli!1KOT Li1 8111.£\0T Ha CJl~BHaTa nospill~Ha KaKO VI 0.£\ 6p3~HaTa Ha
T9LI91-b9 Ha BOAaTa BO KaHaJ1Li13a4VIOHHaTa Mpe~a. X111.qporpaMOT Ha OTeL!yBal-be

I 3aBI!1CI!1 0.£\ XLII.£\payfl1!1LIKVIT9 VI reOM9TpVICKLIIT9 KapaKT9pVICTVIKVI Ha peT9H3VIOHI!10T

6a3eH 1!1 H1!13BOP.HaTa KaHaJlCKa Mpe~a.

I 146

I
 Q/~'.:.:.:· - ..... -. ---·-+

- - ".. ~

W=?

,qoeo,qeH KoneKTOp

Cn. 138 OcHoaHa npecMeTKOBHa weMa HapereH3MOHeH 6a3eH

npVI OTeYyBal-be Ha aTMOCBepcKa BOAa OA yp6aHVIT8 nospWIIIHIII BO OAPeAeH
speMe6CKIII IIIHTepsan ce AOCTIIIrHysa MaKCII!ManHa OPAIIIHaTa Ha XIIIAPOrpaMOT Ha
oTeYysal-be ( Qmax ), KaKo WTO noKa>Kysa XIIIAPOrpaMOT 1 Ha CJIIIIKaTa 139. lll3ne3HIIIOT
XIIIApOrpaM ( 2 Ha CJIII!KaTa 139) BO speMe Ha peTeH311!jaTa, MO>K8 Aa IIIMa cpopMa
~
i npiiiKa>KaHa CO KpiiiBIIITe 2.1 IIIJIIII 2.2 3aBIIICHO OA TeXHIII'-IKOTO peweHII18 Ha IIICT8Ky8al-be
OA peTeH31110HIIIOT 6a3eH, OAHOCHa OA BJIII!jaHII18TO Ha HII180TO Ha BOAa 80
peTeH31110HIIIOT 6a3eH Ha KOJIIII'-IIIIHaTa Ha BOAa KOja 111CT8Kysa OA Hero.
I Q

~
II

I
Cn. 139 Bne3eH u M3ne3eH xup,porpaM
3anpeMIIIHaTa Ha peTeH31110HIIITe 6a3eHIII K:e ce .n.o6111e KaKo pa3JIII1Ka Ha cyMapHaTa
JIIIIHIIIja OA XIIIAporpaMYT Ha AOTeK Ha BOAa 80 peTeH31110HIIITe 6a3eHIII 111 cyMapHaTa
nii!HII1ja OA XIIIAPOrpaMOT Ha OTeYy8al-be, ce .n.o MOMeHTOT Kora:

Qdot. ~ Qot.
3anpeMIIIHaTa Ha peTeH31110HIIIOT 6a3eH K:e 1113Hecy8a :

dW
dt = Qdot.- Qot. dW = (~ot. - Qot _) · dt

Ka.n.e wTo:

I • Qdot. - AOTeK Ha BOAa so peTeH31110HII10T 6a3eH,

• Qot. - KOJIIII'-IIIIHa Ha 80Aa KOja He ce 3acpaKa CO peT8H31110HIIIOT 6a3eH,

I • dt - 8peMeHCKIII IIIHTepsan

I 147

I
 i
cl

' 3anpeMt.1HaTa Ha peTeH31f10Ht.1T 6a3eH ce onpep,eny8a co lf1HTerpt.1pal-be Ha ropHaTa

pa8eHKa 80 op,pep,eH 8peMeHCKif1 lf1HTep8an :
'·
W = f(Qdot. -Qo,) · dt
to
AKO 8p8M8HCKif1T L!IHT8p8an dt e KOHCT3HTHa roneML!!Ha, 80 TOj cny'-laj lf1HTerpanOT Ha
ropHaTa cpyHKL\L!Ija MO>Ke p,a npeML!!He 80 cyMa, op,HocHo 80 cnep,HaTa cpopMa:
;~

W =D.( • Ii=to (Qdot.- Qot)

08oj Ha'-IL!IH Ha onpep,eny8al-be Ha 3anpeML!!HaTa Ha peTeH3L!IOHL!!Te 6a3eHt.1, ce
ynoTpe6y8a npL!! MaTeMaTL!I'-IKO MOp,ent.1pal-be L!l KOMnjyTepCKO npeCMSTY831-b8.
Xt.1p,porpaMoT Ha oTe'-ly8al-be op, op,pep,eHa cnL!I8Ha yp6aHa cpep,L!!Ha MO>Ke p,a ce
npt.1Ka>Ke co noep,HOCTa8Ha cpopMa, (cn.140) Haj'-lecTo TpL!!aronHa L!lnL!I Tpane3Ha, a 80

I 3a8L!ICHOCT OP, 8peMeTpael-bSTO Ha P,O>KP,OT ( fd) L!l 8peMeTpael-b8TO Ha

KOHL\8HTpal.\t.1jaTa Ha OT8'-IY831-b8 (tk ).

I Q (/Is)

I
I
I
Cn. 140 noe,qHOCTaaeHa cjJopMa Ha XM,qporpaMOT
I 3a TaK8Lil cny'-laL!I, 3a onpep,eny8al-be Ha 3anpeML!!HaTa Ha peTeH3L!IOHL!IOT 6a3eH ce
ynoTpe6y8a cnep,HaTa cpopMyna:

I W = {k · (Qmax -Qat/
Qmax

I Kap,e wTo:
• Qmax - MaKCL!!ManHa OpP,L!!HaTa OP, rpacpL!!KOHOT Ha XL!IP,pOMOp,ynOT,
I • Q01 .- KOnL!I'-IL!!Ha Ha 80p,a Koja oTe'-ly8a, op,HOCH6 Koja He ce 3acpaK:a co
peTSH3L!IOHL!IOT 6a38H,

I • tk - 8peMe Ha KOH4eHTpa4L!!ja p,o pa3rnep,y8aHL!IOT npocpL!!n.

3a onpep,enysal-be Ha cTeneHoT Ha perynL!!pal-be Ha npoTOKOT op, XL!!p,porpaMoT Ha
I OTe'-ly8al-be ce so8ep,ysa KoecpL!Il.\L!IeHT Ha peryna4Lilja Koj ja L!!Ma cnep,HaTa cpopMa:

a=~~­
I Qmax

I 148

I
·~~-- - ­

...'

KonKy e noMan Koe¢1!141!16HTOT Ha peryna4111ja TOilKY e noTpe6Ha noroneMa

3anpeM~HaHa p8T8H31!10H~OT npOCTOp 1!1 o6paTHO.
Bpc OCH08a Ha pe3ynTaTI!1T8 OP. npoyYy8al-baTa- Ha T60p8TCK~ ~ CT8apH~ X~P.pOrpaM~
Ha oTeYy8al-be, 3anpeM~HaTa Ha peTeH3~0HI!1Te 6a3eHII1 MO>Ke .n.a ce npecMeTa co
cne.n.HaTa cpopMy na:

KaP.e WTO:
• k - K06QJII1L!I!16HT KOj 3a81!1CI!1 OP. K08QJI!1L!Ii16HTOT Ha peryna4111ja k = j (a)
3a8~CHOCTa Ha K06QJI!1L!Ii16HTOT 6 80 QJYHKL\I!1ja OP. K06QJ~L\I!18HTOT Ha peryna4~ja 6
np~Ka>KaHa Ha en. 141
1,20
:k
1,10

1,00 i\
0,90 \
0,80
'\
.:.: 0,70
t'\. lk = -0,49Ln( a)- 0,01 J
.. 0,60
:X:
~

l 0,50
Cll
~
0,40
.,
' ~
~
i'-..':1::
~ ........
..

I 0,30 '

I
0,20

0,10
" ~

""'~ ::1(

0,00 I~
I 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
KBC/JH4H9HT H8 peryna4Hj8
0,6
a
0,7 0,8 0,9

Cn. 141 lpacjJMKOH Ha KoecjJML.fMSHTOT Ha perynaL.fMja

Co HaMany8al-be Ha Koe¢1!141118HTOT H\ perynall111ja ce 3roneMy8a 3anpeMI!1HaTa Ha

I
p9T9H31!10HII10T 6a38H, np111 WTO OP. l¢.Ha CTpaHa CS 3f0Il6My8aaT nOTp86HII1T6
1!1H88CT~LI~VI 3a 1!1388P.6a Ha 6a38HOT, HO OP. .n.pyra CTpaHa TOa p83YilT1!1pa CO
-
HaMany8al-be Ha npocp~Ili!1Te Ha H~380P.HaTa KaHancKa Mpe>Ka, a co Toa 111 noManVI
1!1H86CTI!1LIII1111 3a 1!13rpa.n.6a Ha KaHancKaTa Mpe>Ka.
3a onpe.n.eny8al-be Ha onT~ManHaTa 3anpeM~HaT Ha peTeH31!10H~Te 6a3eHI!1 noTpe6Ho
,
]
9 P.a C6 HanpaBI!1 T6XHI!14KO - 9KOHOMCKa aHaill!13a CO KOja Ke Ce 36MaT 80 np6P.8111P. 1!1
Cnope.n.aT 1!1H89CT11141!10HI!1T9 BilO>Ky8al-ba 3a 1!13B9P.6a Ha p8T9H31!10H8H 6a3eH ~
fa HI!1380P.HaTa KaHancKa Mpe>Ka. 08aa aHanll13a Tpe6a .n.a ce Hanpa81!1 3a HeKonKy
pa3n~YH~ KOSQJI!IL!I!ISHTI!I Ha peryna4111ja, a .n.a ce yc80I!1 Koe¢111LI~eHT Ha perynall111ja, a
CO TOa ~ 3anp8MI!1HaTa Ha 6a36HOT, CO HajMail~ 8KynHI!1 1!1H86CTI!1l...\~OH~ BilO>Ky8al-ba .
B 3a llt386P.6a Ha peTSH31!10HI!10T 6a38H ~ Hllt380P.HaTa KaHailCKa Mpe>Ka.

'
d 149
 rJlABA VII
MATEPI/1JAJ11;1, I/13BE.QYBAJ-bE HA O.QP)f(YBAJ-bE HA
KAHAJ11;13Altii10HATA MPE)f(A

1. l.\EBKI/1111 MATEPI/1JAJ11;1 3A KAHAJ11113AL\1110HATA MPE)f(A

3a Aa ce o6e36eA111 HopMHanHo cpyHK4IIIOHIIIpal-be Ha KaHam13a4IIIOHaTa Mpe>Ka,

4esK111Te 111 APYriiiTe MaTep111jan111 KOIII ce srpaAysaaT Tpe6a Aa r111 lllcnonHysaaT
cneAHIIITe ycnos111:
1. Aa ce 4BPCTIII, 3a Aa MO>Ke Aa r111 npiiiMaT 111 npeAaAaT Ha TnOTO HaAsopewHIIITe
cTanHIII Tosaplll (3eMja, Konoso3, nOA3eMHa BOAa 111 AP·) 111 npoMeHniiiBIII 111
AIIIHaMW-lKIIITe (coo6pat<aj) KaKo 111 Aa 1113Ap>KaT Ha sHaTpeWHIIIOT npiiiTIIICOK OA
BOAaTa. 3roneMeH BHaTpeweH npiiiTIIICOK OA BOAaTa ce jasysa Kora K:e AOjAe AO
3a4enysal-be Ha HeKolll HIII3BOAHIII noTe3111 OA KaHam1Te 111n111 np111 nojasa Ha
IIIHTeH3111BHIII AO>KAOBIII 3a KOIII KaHaniiiTe ce CO HeAOBOneH npeceK 3a Aa ja
esaKy~~tpaaT BOAaTa.

2. Aa ce oTnopHIII Ha a6el-be Koe ce jasysa OA sne4HIIIOT HaHoc no AHOTo OA

KaHan~~tTe.

3. Aa ce oTnopHIII Ha Kopo3111ja op; noA3eMHIIITe BOAIII, KaHancKIIITe BOAIII, nYTa4KIIITe

cryp111111 AP·

I 4. Aa ce BOAOHenponycHIII OAHOCHO Aa He ja lllcnywTaaT KaHncKaTa BOAa so

nOA3eMjeTo, HIIITY naK nOA3eMHaTa BOAa Aa sne~sa so KaHaniiiTe
HeKOHTpOnlllpaHO.
I KaHancKaTa BOAa He cMee Aa 1113nerysa OA KaHan~~tTe 3aToa WTO spw111
3araAyBal-be Ha llOA3eMHaTa BOAa. LllcTo TaKa, nOA3eMHaTa BOAa He Tpe6a Aa

I snerysa so KaHan~~tTe 3aToa wTo 6ecKop111CHO ro 111cnonHysa nonpe4HIIIOT npeceK

Ha KaHan~~tTe 111 ro 3a3eMa npocTopoT OA BOAaTa 3a Koja KaHan1113a4111jaTa e
HaMeHeTa.

I 5. BHaTpewHIIITe nospwii!HIII Aa ce rnaTKIII 3a Aa ce HaManaT X111Apayniii4KII!Te

OT110p111 Ha Tplllel-be CO WTO K9 ce 3roneMIII ecpii!KaCHOCTa npllt TpaHC110pTIIIpal-beTO
Ha sne4HIIIOT HaHoc, nn111Ba4KII!Te npeAMeTIII, MaCTIIITe 111 APYfO.
I 6. Aa ce nocTojaHIII Ha TeMenpaTYpa 111 HaA 40° C.
7. Aa ce esTill Hill, necHVI 3a TpaHcnopT 111 srpaAysal-be.
I Bo KaHanlll3a4IIIOHaTa npaKTIIIKa ce cpeK:asaaT cneAHIIITe BIIIAOBIII Ha 4eBKIII 111
MaTep111jan111:

I •
•
KepaMIII4KIII 49BKIII
6eTOHCKIIIIII apM111paH06eTOHCKIII 49BKIII
• a36eCT4eMeHTHIII 4eBKIII
I • flllleHO >Kene3HIII 49BKIII
• nnaCTIII4HIII 4eBKIII
I • llOflllleCTepCKIII 4eBKIII
• Tecan 4eBKIII

I •
•
llOflllleTIIIfleHCKIII 49BKIII
APYrlll BIIIAOBIII Ha 4esK111 (4eniii4HIII, onoBHIII 111 T.H.)

I 150

I
 1.1. KepaMI.1"1KI.1 4eeK1.1
KepaMI!IYKI!ITe 48BKI!I ce 1!13BeAyBaaT co AOn>KI!IHa OA 30,50,75 111 100 em., a
AllljaMeTapoT o6111YHO 111M e OA 75 AO 400 mm. no noTpe6a Mo>Ke Aa ce np01!13BeAaT 111
48BKI!I co noroneM AllljaMeTap Ho Toraw 4eHaTa 3HaYIIITenHo ce 3roneMysa.
MaTepllljanoT OA KOI!I ce 1!13B8AYBaaT ce COCTOI!I Of.r rni!IHa 57-75%, WaMOT 28-19% Ill
MeneH Ksap4H111 necoK 15-6%. WaMOTOT npeTcTasysa orHeoTnopHa rni!IHa, neYeHa Ha
900°C 111 MeneHa. L\eBKI!ITe ce npo1113Be.twsaaT no MaWI!IHCKI!IOT naT 111 ce neYaT Ha
TeMnepaTypa AO 1400 °C. np111 neYel-beTo ce noc111nysaaT co MopcKa con 3a Aa ce
cpopMI!Ipa rna3111paHa nospwi!IHa. Ha en. 142 npiiiKa>KaHa e KepaMI!IYKa 4esKa co
nOTpe6HIIIT8 03HaKI!I.

I L m

Cn. 142 KepeMU4Ka LfeBKa

I (D, d- Ha,qaopeweH n BHarpeweH ,qnjaMerap Ha qeaKara, Db d1 - Ha,qaopeweH n aHarpeweH
,qnjaMerap Ha HarnaaKara (MycjJ), m - ,qon>KnHa Ha npeKnonyaafbe)

TexHonowKI!IOT npo4ec 3a npo1!13BOACTBO Ha KepaMI!IYKI!I 48BKI!I e AaAeH Ha en. 143

I
I
I
I paCTOBap
o,q saroH

I cywe~t.e Ha

~~· ~~jT!!l !!09, ~ijii@

KOHTPona ~
K113C~¢~411P31t>e

I I

Hani1B31t>B Ha My¢OT
co nonyp~TaH

I Cn. 143 TexHonowKn npoL.fec Ha npon3BOACTBO Ha KepeMn4Kn LfeBKa

I 151

I
 KepaMW·IK~Te L!8BK~ ce cnojysaaT co HarnasKa (Mycp). 3anT~Bal-beTo ce spwVI 1/3 co
6~TYM8H~3~paH KOHOil (BP8L!a) ~ 2/3 CO 3an~BHa MaCa - HajLJSCTO accpanTeH MaCT~KC
Koj 80 )K8WKa cocToj6a ce CVIna 80 Harna8KaTa (en. 144). 3an~8HaTa Maca e co
TeMnepaTYpa 170 °C 3a p.a 6111p.e p.ocTa TSLJHa. 3anVJ8HaTa Maca ja 3an~8aMe 80
np~npeMeH 3an~8eH o6paLJ (en. 144), Koj LJecTo ce npa8VI op. rllVIHa, 3a ceKoja L!88Ka
(Mycp) noce6HO, TaKa p.a OKOny L!88KaTa llOCTa8y8aMe COOp.88THa 8P8L!a KOja ja
npeKPCTY8aMe Ha TeMeTo, npeKy Toa nocTa8y8aMe npcTeH op. rn~Ha. Kora K:e ja
V138D8LJ8M8 8P8L!aTa, Ha T8M8TO OCTaHy8a OT80p H~3 KOj llOKaCHO ja 3anVI8aMe
3anVI8HaTa Maca.
Bo nocnep.Ho 8peMe Ha na3apoT ce cpeTHy8aaT nnacTVIl.JHVI 3an~8HVI npcTeHVI co KOVI
ce noep.HOCTa8y8a ~ 3a6p3y8a pa6oTaTa (en. 145). V1cTOTaKa, 80 nocnep.Ho 8peMe ce
KOpVICTVI VI 8pCKa CO ryMeH VlnVI nnaCTVILJ8H npCT8H WTO ro nop.o6py8aaT 3allTVIBal-b8TO
· VI ro CKPTY8a 8p8M8TO 3a MOHTVIpal-be. npeTXOAHVIOT Ha4VIH Ha cnojy8al-be
npeTCTa8y8a enaCTVILJHa BpCKa. nocTOVI VI KpyTa 8pCKa Kap.e WTO VICI10nHy8al-beTO Ha
MycpOT ce 8pWVI CO 48M8HT8H ManTep 80 OAHOC 1:2

Cn. 145 Cnojyaafbe Ha KepeMH4KH 4eaKH co

nnacrH<JeH 3anHaeH npcreH
Cn. 144 Cnojyaafbe Ha KepeMnYKn 4eBKltf
(1 o6pa'-l 3a 3aTBopaH>e, 2 ,qMcraHqep, 3 3anMaeH
co 3annaeH o6pall o,q rnnHa o6pa1.1, 4 3anHBHa onwl1aKa, 5 3anl1BHa Maca)

3a cnojy8al-be Ha KepaMVILJKVITe L!88KVI ce npoV138ep.y8aaT VI cpacoHCKVI napLJVII-ba VI

TOa: KOneHa CO aron Op. 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° VI 90° (en. 146), cnpaTHVI naK08VI, pep.yK4VIVI,
ep.HOKpaK~ VI p.BOKpaKVI npa8VI, naLJHVI VI KOCVI paLJ8VI VI p.p.(cn. 147) .

lear- ~Jo,t,..-
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Cn. 146 KepaMltfYKn KoneHa n naKoan

I 152

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I
I
I
Cn. 147 KepaMMliKM cjJacoHcKM napliWba
a) cnpaTHM naKOBM, 6) pe,qyJiMpM, B) npaaoaronHM e,qMHa'!HM M,qao;HM npMKflY40JiM, r) fla'!HM
e,qMHai./HM M,qaorHM npMKflY'-IOJiM, ,q) KoCM e,qMHa'!HM M,qaOTHM nJ?MKflY'-IOLJM
-
KepaMIIIL!KI.H9 49BKIII ce OTnOpHIII Ha KOp03111ja Ill a6el-be. noKpaj TOa WTO Ce KOpiiiCTaT
I 3a 1113B9AYBal-be Ha KaHalllll3a41110HIIIT9 Mp9)f(lll (HajMHOry 3a ABOp111WHIIIT9) Ce KOpiiiCTaT
Ill BO npiiiCYCTBO Ha arpeCIIIBHIII nOA39MHIII BOAIII Ill 3a pa3HI.1 1.1HAYCTpiiiCKI.1 arpeCIIIBHIII
o.n.naAHI.1 BOAIII 3apaAI.1 HI.1BHaTa OTnOpHOCT Ha X9MIIICKIII Blll.1jaHIIIja.
I HeraTIIIBHa CTpaHa Ha KepaMIIIL!KJ.1T9 49BKIII e HIIIBHaTa KpTOCT, OAHOCHO ce MallKY
OTnOpHIII Ha AIIIHaMIIIL!KIII BllllljaHI.1ja.

I 1.2. 6eTOHCKI.1 1.1 apM1.1p3H0-6eTOHCKM 4eBKM

I HajpacnpocTpaHeT MaTepllljan 3a 1113se.n.ysal-be Ha KaHalll.13a4IIIOHIII 49BKIII (noce6Ho

rnaBHIII KOJl9KTOp111) e 6eTOHOT Ill aKO e nOMallKY OTnopeH Ha X9MIIICKIII BJlllljaHIIIja 1.1
a6pa3111ja o.n. KepaMI.1LIKIIITe 49BKIII. 6eToHoT e noce6Ho oceTlli.1B Ha jarnepo.n.Ha

I KIIIC9ll111Ha uarnepo.n. ABOOKCIIIA C02) Ill Ha cympyp BOAOPOA (H2S) KOIII ce AOCTa
np111cyTHIII noce6Ho np111 aHaepo6HIII npo4ec111 TpaHccpopMIIIpal-be Ha opraHcKaTa
MaTeplllja KOja 9 npiiiCYTHa BO OTnaAHIIIT9 BOAIII. 3a nplllnpeMal-be Ha 6eTOHCKIII 49BKIII

I 3a KaHan1113a4111ja noTpe6Ho e .n.a ce ynoTpe6ysa cyncpypo-pe3111CTeHTeH 4eMeHT.

6eTOHCKIIIT9 49BKIII BO cnope.n.6a CO KepaMIIIL!KIIIT9 fiiiiiiMaaT Cll9AHIIIT9 npeAHOCTIII:

I •
•
noeBTIIIHIII ce o.n. KepaMIIILIKIIITe,
MO)f(aT Aa ce 1113B9AYBaaT Ill Ha rpaAIIIlliiiWTe, CO WTO ce 9lliiiMIIIH111pa
TpaHcnopTOT KaKo 3HaL!ajHa cTasKa o.n. LIIIIHel-beTo Ha 49BKIIITe,
I • 6eTOHCKIIITe 49BKIII
KepaMIIIL!KIIIT9,
ce np01113se.n.ysaaT so noroneMIII npocp111n111 OA

I • 6eTOHCKIIIT9 49BKIII Ill KOJl9KTOplll, MO)f(aT Aa C9 llllljaT CO OnJlaTa Ill Ha lllll49

MecTo (noce6Ho 3a noroneMIIITe npocp111n111)

I 153

I
 I
I
..J

-6eTbHCKJ.ne ~ apM~paHo-6eTOHCK~Te4eBK~ MO>Ke Aa ce npo~3BeAyBaaT ~ 3a

arpec~BH~ BOA~ co cne4~janeH 4eM8HT ~ aA~T~B~. Cep~cK~ ce npo~3BeAyBaaT co
Kpy>KeH ~ jaj40BOAeH nonpeLJeH npeceK.
Kaj Hac Kpy>KH~Te 48BK~ ce npo~3BeAyBaaT co A~jaMeTp~ 100, 150, 200, 250, 300,
400, 500, 600, 800, 1000, 1200 ~ 1500 MM ~ AOn>K~Ha OA 1 AO 1.5 M(Cn. 148), a
B~6ponpecoBaH~Te 48BK~ AO 2,5 M (en 149). noroneM~Te A~MeH3~~ 48BK~Te r~
npaBaT T8WK~ 3a TpaHCnOpT ~ MOHT~pat-be np~ WTO noeKOHOM~'-IHO e ~3BeAyBal-b8 Ha
n~48 M8CTO (MOHOJl~THO).

I ell. (MM) 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1200 1500
d (MM) 60 90 90 90 80 100 120 120
D (MM) 620 760 880 980 1060 1200 1440 1740
01 (MM) 740 950 1050 1150 1230 1430 1690 1990

I a (MM)
b (MM)
60
60
60
100
60
100
60
100
65
100
80
125
100
130
100
130
C (MM) 120 120 120 250 80 300 300 300

I d1 (MM)
8 (MM)
100
80
140
70
140
70
140
70
130
80
150
100
150
100
150
100

I L (MM)
G (Kr)
1500
445
1500
820
1500
930
1500
1050
4000
2450
1500
1350
1500
1588
1500
2800

I Cn. 148 ApMMpaHo 6eTOHCKM 1..1eBKM

0B~e 48BK~ He ce OTnOpH~ Ha arpec~BH~ BOA~· AKO Ce KOHCTaT~pa A8Ka OTnaAHaTa

BOAa e arpec~BHa, 48BK~Te OA BHaTpewHaTa cTpaHa ce npeMaLJKyBaaT co 6~TYMeH
I ~n~ enoKC~AHa cMona. 0Baa ~3011a4~ja He e MHory c~rypHa 3aToa WTO Mo>Ke Aa ce
~
yH~WT~ co a6el-be KOe ro npeA~3B~KyBa Bne'-IH~OT HaHoc. AKo naK arpec~BH~ ~
. &-
nOA3eMH~Te BOA~ ~11~ KaAe WTO MOHT~paaT, TOraw
3eMj~WTeTO 3aWT~THaTa

I ~3011a4~ja ce ~3B8AYBa OA HaABOpewHa CTpaHa Ha 48BK~Te.

6eTOHCK~Te KaHan~3a4~0H~ 4eBK~ ce ~3BeAyBaaT OA nopTnaHA 48MeHT, co M6 He
noMana OA 40, necoK, LJaKan ~ BOAa. HajroneM~Te 3pHa Ha arperaToT He Tpe6a Aa
I 6~AaT noroneM~ OA eAHa TpeT~Ha OA Ae6en~HaTa Ha S~AOB~Te Ha 48BK~Te.

ApM~paHo-6eToHCK~Te 48BK~ ce apM~paaT co nOAOll>KHa ~ nonpeLJHa - cn~pan H o

i nocTaseHa apMaTYpa, LJ~j nonpeLJeH npeceK e yTBPA8H co cTaT~'-IK~ npecMeTK~.

6eTOHOT Kaj HeapM~paH~Te 4eBK~ ce Ha6~Ba co B~6p~pat-be ~n~ 48HTp~cpyr~pat-be, a
naK Kaj apM~paH~Te caMo co 48HTp~cpyr~pat-be .
I
I 154

I
 L

(MM)
<l>
ll~\ (~~) (~~) c~!, ~~~' IC~M) (;;,., (~) (~M) (~M) (~) I~Ml 1 ~m
100 150 1000 16 25 25
150 206 1000 40 28
200 1000 55 30 27
250 1000 79.5 25 29
300 362 372 390 480 362.9 2000 95 95 9.4 16 265 45 31

I 400

500
466
582
476
592
494
610
604 473.2 2500
730 589.2 2500 100
103 95
95
9.4
9.4
16
16
514
690
55
60
29
'44
600 694 706 728 858 703.4 2500 113 110 11.3 16 888 65 47

I 800 925 938 960

1000 1152 1168 1194 1410 1163 2500 136.5 126 14.1
1128 934.5 2500 116 110 11.7 18 1526 84
24 2459 108
55
63

I 1200 1400 1416 1442 1702 1411 2500 134.2 126 14.1
1500 2092 2500 155 126 14.1
24 3552 130
24 5457 160
79
80

~ Cn. 149 Bu6po npecoaaH!tf 6eroHCK!tf apMupaHo 6eTOHCKM /..19BK!tf

~
Cnojysal-beTo Ha L\eBK~Te MO>Ke Aa 6~Ae co nepo ~ >Kne6 (en. 150-a), 4eno co 4eno
(en. 150-6) ~n~ naK co HarnasKa (Mycp) (en. 150-s).
I Hajecp~KacHo
3anT~BH~ npCT8H~ ~n~
cnojysal-be e co HarnasKa, np~ WTO 3anT~Bal-beTo ce spw~ ryMeH~
Ha Cn~48H Ha4~H KaKO Kaj KepaM~4K~Te L\eBK~.

I a) 6) a)

I
I
I ;
.i..• .. .• .. .. .. -·- ·- ·- - ·- ·- ·- - ·- ·- -·-·-·- ·- ----·---·- ·- ·-
;
-'-·-·--- ---·-·- -·-·-·-·-···- -·-·-·- ---·-·-·-·-·-·- -·-·· ·-·-·-·'-··
Cn. 150 HaL(!tfH Ha cnojyaal-be Ha 6eTOHCK!tf LleBK!tf

I a) Ha nepo u )Kne6, 6) L(eno Ha L(eno, a) co HarnaaKa unu Mya

Bo cnopeA6a co KepaM~4K~Te L\eBK~. Kaj 6eToHCK~Te L\eBK~ ce ~3BeAysaaT noManKy
cpacoHcK~ cnojH~ nap4~1-ba. 6eTOHCK~ KoneHa ce npo~3BeAyeaaT 3a npocp~n~ AO 300

I MM (en. 151-a) . Ce npo~3BeAysaaT ~ Koc~ np~Kny4H~ pa4B~ 3a KPY>KH~ (en. 151-6) ~

jajl\OB~AH~ npocp~n~ (en. 151-e) 3apaA~ cno>KeHOCTa Ha Kanan~Te, peTKO ce
npo~3B8AYBaaT 6eTOHCK~ cpaCOHCK~ nap4~1-ba, 3apaA~ TOa Ha M8CTaTa KaAe Ce spw~

I npeKpwysal-be Ha KaHan~Te, cnojyeal-beTo co APYr~ KaHan~ ~ T.H. ce npeAB~AysaaT

o6jeKT~ KaKo uJTo ce (KacKaAH~ ~ pes~3~0H~ waxT~ ~ AP·)·

I 155

I
 a) 6) B)

Cn. 151 5eroHCKH cpacoHCKH nap'-lmoa

a) KOneHO, 6) KOC npHKflY'-IOK Ha Kpy)I(Ha l..leBKa, B) KOC npHKflY'-lOK Ha jajl..leBH,liHa l..leBKa

I Ha en. 152 npiiiKroKaH e TexHonoWKIIIOT npOt-tec 3a npoiii3BOACTBO Ha 6eTOHCKIII 4eBKIII.

I
I np~eM Ha c~poe~Ha
~3pa6oTKa
Ha 6eTOH

(necoK.4eMeHT, BOAa.~~T~B~)

--+

I
I ·,

I Cn. 152 TexHonomja Ha npon3ao,qcrao Ha 6eTOHCKH 4eBKH

I
156

I
 1.3. Aa6ecT-4eMeHTH~ 4eaK~

A368CT-48M8HTH~1T8 48BKVI C8 BVIKaaT YWT8 VI 8T8pHVITOBVI 48BKVI 3apa,£J.VI (HVIBHaTa

,D.onroTpa.jHOCT (etemel). Ce V13pa6oTVIBaaT OA cMeca Ha BVICOKOKsanVITeTeH nopTnaHA
48M8HT, KBap4HO 6paWHO, a368CTHVI BfiaKHa VI BO,LJ.a. A368CTOT 8 MVIH8pan O,D.
MarMaTCKO nOT8KfiO, KpVICTafiVI3VIpaH BO a368CTHVI BfiaKHa, KOVI BO MaTepVIjanOT C8
pacnop8A8HVI KaKO apMaTYpa, KOVI VIMaaT BVICOKVI BP8AHOCT Ha L!BPCTVIHa Ha
3aTerHysal-be VI ce KapaKTepVIa3VIpaaT no roneMaTa xeMVICKa nocTojaHOCT VI
HeropnVIBOCT. A36ecTHVITe snaKHa ce AOfirVI 40 AO 50 MM, a VIMaaT Ae6enVIHa 0,03 AO
0,04 MM.

J Ce npOV13Be,D.ysaaT co ,D.VIjaMeTpVI OA 100 P.O 1500 MM. VI AOmKVIHa OA 3 AO 5M. 3a

1:
.
:l KaHanVI3aL!VIja ce npoV13Be,D.ysaaT so ,D.Be KnacVI VI Toa:

a) - neceH TVIn KC-L 3a ,D.VIjaMeTpVI OA 250 AO 1300 MM

6) - T8)1(0K TVIn KC-T 3a ,D.VIjaMeTpVI OA 100 AO 1300 MM

Pa3fiVIKaTa noMefy KfiaCVIT8 ce COCTOVI BO ,D.868fiVIHaTa Ha SVI,D.OBVIT8 O,D. 48BKMT8 T.e.

BO HOCVIBOCTa Ha T8M8HOTO OnTOBapyBal-be. Bo 3aBVICHOCT O,D. C06paK.ajHOTO
OnTOBapyBat-be Ce onpe,D.enysa MVIHVIManHaTa BVICVIHa Ha HaCVIn VI3HaA ropHOTO T8M8
Ha 48BKaTa.

I A36eCT48M8HTHVITe 48BKVI rVI VIMaaT cne,D.HVITe A06pV1 oco6VIHVI:

1. VIMaaT rnaTKa BHaTp8WHa nOBpWVIHa WTO OB03MO)I(yBa noroneMa

I 2.
nponyCHOCT

necHo ce o6pa60TYBaaT

3. VIMaaT nOMana T8)1(VIHa BO OAHOC Ha 6eTOHCKVIT8 48BKVI CO WTO VI ce

HaManysaaT TpOWKOBVIT8 3a TpaHCnOpT VI MOHTa)l(a.

4. OTnOpH,,VI C8 Ha K0p03VIja

5. nYTa'-fKVITe CTPYVI HeMaaT wTeTHO BnLiljaHVIe 1t1 Hee noTpe6Ha KaTO,D.Ha

3aWTVITa

6. -rapaHTVIpaaT noTnonHa BOAOAP)I(nVIBOCT

7. -nOCTOjaHVI ce Ha HVICKVI VI BVICOKVI TeMnepaTYpVI

I KaKO rnaBeH H8,£J.OCTaTOk ce CMeTa TOa WTO ce AOCTa OC8TfiVIBVI Ha y,D.apVI 3apaAVI
WTO noTp86HO 8 roneMO BHLt1MaHVI8 npVI pa60TaTa.

A368CT-48M8HTHVIT8 48BKVI C8 cnojysaaT CO CnOjHVI4VI KOVI Ce V13pa6oTyBaaT O,D. VICTVIOT

I MaTepVIjan KaKo VI 48BKVITe, KpajoT Ha 48BKaTa Tpe6a ,D.a ce o6pa6oTVI 3a cnojysal-be
Ha 48BKVIT8 (en. 153)
a) 6)

I
Cn. 153 A36ecr LleMeHTHa 4eaKa
I (a- o6pa6oreH Kpaj 3a cnojysaH>e, 6- 1113rne11 Ha a36ecnJeMeHTHa LjeBKa co cnojKa)

I 157

I
 Bo TproscKaTa Mpe>Ka ce cpeTHysaaT noseK:e BV~AOBVI Ha cnojKV~ co pa3nW-IHVI VIMW-ba
(so 3aBV~CHOCT OA npoV~3BOAV~TenoT), KaKo : "cV~MnneKc", "sV~TnaK", "wap", "AanMa
peKa" VI AP· Ce V~3pa6oTYsaaT VI cnojHVI4VI OA nV~eHo >Kene3o (cnojHV~4a "_>KV~6o"). Ha
en. 154 npVIKa>KaHVI ce HSKOnKy BVIAOBVI Ha CnOjKVI KOVI Ce ynOTpe6ysaaT 3a
cnojyBal-be Ha KaHanV~3a4VIOHVI a36SCT 4SMSHTHVI 4SBKVI
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+ - - - -'L--. + .
I (a - "cMMnneKc", 6- "aMrnaK", a- "llanMa peKa" co 2 ryMu, r- "llanMa peKa" co 3 ryMM, 11- "wap", ">K116o" cnojKa)

Kaj CV~Te osV~e cnojHV~4VI, 3anTit1Bal-beTo ce spwV~ co ryMeHV~ npcTeHV~. CnojHVI4V~Te

I ">KV~6o" VI "CV~MnneKc" V~MaaT no ABa ryMeHV~ npcTeHV~, a cnojHV~4aTa "BV~TnaK" V~Ma VI
cpeAeH npcTeH Koj ro cpV~KCV~pa pacTojaHV~eTo noMefy 4SBKV~Te. CnojHV~4aTa "AanMa
PeKa" V~Ma co ABa VI co TPV~ npcTeHV~. OsV~e cnoesV~ ce enacTV~4HVI VI so 3aBV~CHOCT OA
I cnojKaTa 1t1 A1t1jaMeTapoT Ha 4esKaTa A03sonysaaT npeKpweH aron OA 4 AO 10°.
nocTojaT 1t1 cnojKV~ KOVI WTO cny>KaT 3a cne41t1janHa HaMeHa, KaKo npeMV~H Ha APYr
I MaTepV~jan Ha 4eBK1t1 V~nV~ 3aspweTOK Ha 4eBKOBOA VI APYro ( en. 155)
a) 6) B)

I
I
I Cn. 155 CnojHu14u 3a cne14ujanHa HaMeHa 3a a36ecr 14eMeHrHu 14eaKu
(a - 3a npeMUH Ha IIPYr Marep11jan Hf4eBKU, 6 - 3a 3aapweroK Ha /.leBKOB0/1, a- npeo11Ha co 3aapweroK)
I
I 158

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nocTojaT cpa6plr1~KVI lr13BBABHVI cpaCOHCKVI nap~VIt-ba 3a a36BCT 4BMBHTHVI 4BBKVI, HO
~ VICTO taKa cpacoHCKVITe napYVII-ba MO>KaT Aa ce 1113pa6mysaaT OA npas1r1 4BBKVI KOVI ce
j ceYaT Ha Aenos1r1 1r1 ce nenaT co cneq1r1janH1r1 nen1r1na. Ha en. 156 npVIKa>KaHVI ce ABn
OA cpacoHCKVI napYVII-ba KOVI ce ynoTpe6ysaaT np1r1 cnojysat-be Ha a36eCT4eMeHTHir1
::1 KaHanVI3a41r10Hir1 4BBKVI.
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I (a- KoneHo o,q 15 30 11 45 °,6- npaao "T" nap'-le cjJa6pl1'-1Kl1 np11npeMeHo, B- "T" nap'-le npwnpeMeHo co neneH>e,
r Koca pa'-laa cjJa6ptA'-IKIA npl1npeMeHo, 11 - Koca pa'-laa npl1npeMeHo co neneH>e, f - peau3uja,
e - npl1KnY'-IOK Ha MycjJ, JK - npm<ny'-loK Ha peBl13110Ha waXTa)

I Co noce6Ha onpeMa Ce BpWVI KOHTpona Ha 3anTVIBHOCTa Ha ryMBHVITB npCT9HVI (en.

157). CKpaTYBat-beTo Ha AOn>KVIHa no noTpe6a ce spw111 Ha rpaAVInlllwTe no noTpe6a 111
nocne Toa ce spw1r1 o6pa6oTKa Ha KpajoT Ha 49BKaTa (en. 158).

I
I
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I Cn. 157 KoHrpona Ha cnojor Ha 4eBK111re Cn. 158 06pa6orKa Ha Kpajor Ha 4eaKara

I 159

I
 1.4. nlt'leHO- >KeJle3Hit1 4eBKit1

3 tt npolf13BO.£l.CTBOTO Ha nlf18HO )f(8n830, HaHa3a.q HSKOnKy rD.£!.1f1Hif1 lf1CKnyYif1BO Ce

KOplf1CT8W8 Clf1Bif10T nlf1B, nplf1 WTO, Clf1BOTO nlf18HO :>Kene30 e CMeCa 0.£!. )f(8n830 lf1 npeKy
2% jarnepOA, cyncpyp, cpoccpop, clf1m141f1YM, MaHraH, lf1 APYrlf1 eneMeHTif1. E.qeH .qen o.n.
jarnepOAOT e BO rpacplf1THa COCTOj6a KOj lf1Ma o6nlf1K Ha nlf1CTOBif1. nplf1 npOif13BOACTBOTO
Ha nlf1eHo )f(ene3Hif1 4eBKif1 lf1 cpacoHCKif1 napYJ.-11-ba ce 3a6ene)f(ysaaT AaB npas4J..1:
pa3BOj Ha MaTeplf1janOT lf1 pa3BOj Ha T8XHOfiOrlf11f1 Ha npOif13BO.£l.CTBO.
Bo nocne.qHo speMe, Clf1Bif10T nlf1B ce noseKe ce 3aMeHysa co Ho.qynapeH lf1filf1
AYKTif1neH n1r1s. Bo o.qHoc Ha Clr1Bir10T n1r1s, Kaj HOAynapH1r10T nlf1B, co .qpyr cocTas Ha
MaTeplf1janoT ce nocTif1rHysa no.qo6pysal-be Ha MexaHir14Kir1Te csojcTsa (4BPCTif1Ha Ha
3aTerHysal-be) KaKo 1r1 noroneMa oTnopHOCT Ha Alr1HaMir1YKif1 sn1r1jaH1r1ja.
nll1eHO-)f(ene3Hif1Te 48BK1r1 ce np01r13B8AYBaaT co BHaTpeweH .£l.lf1jaMeTap OA 50 AO 600
MM lr1 AOn)f(II1HII1 OA 1 AO 5 M (en. 159). nlr1eHo )f(8ne3Hif1T8 48BK1r1 ce AOCTa OTnopHif1 OA
arpeclf1BHOTO AejcTso Ha oTnaAH111Te 111n111 no.q3eMHII1Te B0.£!.1!1. Ho 1r1 noKpaj Toa 3apaAII1
noroneMa c1r1rypHOCT, Tlr1e Tpe6a .qa 61r1.qaT OA BHaTpewHaTa 1r1 o.q Ha.qsopeLLIHaTa
I CTpaHa npeMaYKaHJ.-1 CO accpanTeH npeMa3. V1CTO TaKa, nlr18HO)f(8n83HII1T8 48BKII1 ce
nooTnopHif1 Ha a6pa31.r1ja o.q .qpyr1r1Te Blr1AOB1r1 Ha 4eBKir1. 0slf1e 48BK1r1 ce KPTif1 1r1 co Hlr1B
Tpe6a BHif1MaTenHo .qa ce pa6oTir1.
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Cn. 159 mteHo )Kene3Ha 4eaKa 11 KapaKrepMCTW·IHM AMMeH3MM Ha HarnaaKa (MycjJ)
CnojyBal-bSTO Ha l.\8BKII1T8 Ce BpWJ.-1 CO HarnaBKa, KOja 48CTO Ce HapeKyBa MyB.
Cnojysal-beTo Ha paseH .qen Ha SAHa 1r1 HarnasKaTa Ha .qpyra l.\8BKa ce spw1r1 co KpyTa
spcKa (en. 160, 61r1TYMSHII13111paH KOHon 111 onoso) 111 enacTif1YHa spcKa (cn.161 1r1 162,
ryMeH 3anTir1BeH npcTeH).
4 3

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I
I 1 • paBBH Kpaj Ha n>K LjBBKa 3 • CnOj O,tl 6io!TYMBHI<f3111paH KOHOn
2 - HarnaeKa (My¢) 4 - ac¢ameH KIKr ~<~nlll onoao

I Cn. 160 Kpyra cnojKa co 6MryMeHM3MpaH KOHan

Ao .qse TpeTII1Hif1 o.q .qon)f(lr1HaTa Ha MycpoT ce 1r1cnonHysa co cys 6v1TyMeHII13111paH
11 onoao

KOHOn, a OCTaHaTif10T .qen (OA e.qHa Tp8Tif1Ha) ce lf1CnOnHyBa CO accpanTeH KI!1T lr1nlf1
I onoso (en. 160). nps111Te KOHCTPYKL\Ir11r1 Ha saKBir10T cnoj ce HanpaseHJ.-1 1931 rOAif1Ha 1r1
6ewe Haj4ecTo ynoTpe6ysaH cnoj so Espona. MefyToa, so nocneAHO speMa, ce
noYecTo ce 3aMeHysa co enacTif14Hir1 cnoes1r1 co ryMeHir1 1r1nlf1 nnacTir1YHif1 3anTir1BHir1
I
I 160

I
 npcTeHVI. Cnoes111Te co enacTw-tHa spcKa OB03Mo>KysaaT VI3BecHo npeKpwysal-be Ha
npase40T Ha 48BKOBOAOT Koe 3aBVICVI OA AVIjaMeTapoT Ha 4esKaTa.
3a ecpVIKacHo cnojysal-be VI necHo MOHTV!pal-be Ha ryMeHVIOT 3anTVIBeH npcTeH ce
npOV13B8AYBa enaCTW·IH8H cnoj (en. 161) n03HaT nOA VIM8TO YHVIOH (union), KOj
noTeKHysa OA repMaHCKVITe >Kene3apV1.
3anTVIBal-beTo noMefy paseH Aen Ha eAHa VI HarnasKa Ha APYra 4esKa ce spwVI co
ryMeH npCT8H, KOj 80 KOHYCHOTO ne>KVIWTe ce nOTVICHyBa CO HaBpTKa. Qsoj cnoj VIMa
AOCTa npe.qHOCTVI, a HajBa>KHO e e.qHOCTaBHOCTa npVI cnojysa~be 111 enaCTVIYHOCTa Ha
cnojoT. CnojoT "yHII10H" .qo3sonysa ai-on Ha OACTanysal-be Ha ocosVJHaTa 3a 3°. Co
cnojoT ce o6e36e.qysa 111 aKCII1janHo noMepal-be Ha 48BKnaTa o.q 10 .qo 30 MM, 3aBII1CHo
OA .qVIjaMeTapoT Ha 4esKaTa. Ha cnVJKaTa 161 npV!Ka>KaH e npeceK Ha ryMeHVIOT
npCT8H BO pacTepeTeHa COCTOj6a. npcTeHOT ce COCTOVI OA TpVI Aena: 481-HpaneH, KOj
e cocTaseH o.q ryMa co noMana TBPAVIHa VI CTpaHVI>KHVI, KOVI ce V13pa6oTeHVI o.q ryMa co
noroneMa TBPAVIHa.

I
I a) npeceK Ha cnojoT

I
I 6) npeceK Ha ryMeHIIIOT 3anTIIIBeH npCTeH

Cn. 161 npeceK Ha cnojKa co HaaprKa - ymtoH

nocToojaT VI APYrVI KOHCTPYKTVIBHVI peuJeHVJja Ha enacTVIYHVI 3anTVIBHVI ryMeHVI

npcTeHVI. Ha en. 162 npVIKa>KaH e enacTVI49H cnoj co ryMeH 3anTVIBeH npcTeH VI
I npeceK Ha HarnasKaTa VI ryMeHVIOT npcTeH. Osoj cnoj e no3HaT KaKo encTVIYeH cnoj
LKD-ZI.

I
I
-··--++·---- - -- ---
I 1 .. HarnaaKa (My¢)
2 • ryMeH 3anTIIIB9H npCT9 H
3 .. peaeH Kpaj Ha JDK 4eaKa
J--- I --f

I Cn. 162 Enacm'-IHa cnojKa nm LKD-ZI

(a - npeceK Ha cnojKa, 6 - npeceK Ha HarnasKa (Mycp). B - npeceK Ha ryMeH 3a riTir1BeH npcTeH)

161
 Ce npo1113BeAysaaT 111 cpaeoHeKL-1 napYitlt-ba 3a nosp3ysat-be Ha 48BKLI1Te ,.., Toa: (KoneHa
en. 163), 3a Li1 APYrL-1 BL11AOBII1 Ha cpaeoHeKL-1 napYL-11-ba (Koea paLJsa, P8AY4Li1P so npase4
Li1nLi1 so KpLi1Bit1Ha, enpaTHIIl naKOBL-1, HapaKBLi14a, "T - napLJe, npeMLi1H Ha APYr Ha4Li1H Ha
enojysat-be Li1 AP- en. 164).

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I - ~ · -·- f-

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Cn. 164 !Jpyrn an,qoan Ha neHo >Kene3Hn cpacoHCKn nap>Knfba

I (a - KOCa pa4Ba, 6 - pe,qyqnp BO npaaeq H BO KplffBHHa, B - cnpaTHiff naKOBiff

r- HapaKBMqa, ,q - npaaa pa4aa, f- npeMMHa Ha cnoayaalbe co rjJnaHwa)

TexHonou.IKLi10T npo4ee 3a npoLi13BOAeTBO Ha nLI1eHO-)f(ene3HLi1Te 48HTpLi1cpyrLi1paHLi1

I 4eBK1t1 e A~eH Ha en.165.

I 162

I
 Cn. 165 TexHonowKH npo4ec Ha npOH3Bo,qcrao Ha nHeHo >Kene3HH 4eHrpHcjJyrHpaHH 4eBKH

1.5. nnacn1'-IH~ KaHan~3a4~0H~ 4eBK~

nnacT~~H~Te KaHan~3a4~0H~ 4esK~ ce ~3pa6orysaaT OA TBPA non~B~H~nxnop~A

{PVC). 1113AP>KYBaaT Ha TeMneparypa AO 60 °C, a 3a KpaTKO BpeMe ~
pp 80 °C. 3a
KyK:Ha KaHan~3a4~ja ce npo~3BeAysaaT 4esK~ ~ cpacoHCK~ nap~~l-ba co HaAsopeweH
A~jaMeTap OA 40 AO 160MM ~ AOn>K~Ha OA 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 ~ aoo '-
eM, a 3a rpaAcKa 'kaHan~3a4~ja co A~jaMeTap AO 630 MM ~ AOmK~Ha 100, 200 ~ 500
eM (en. 166). ·

~
I
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+
r--::-111
I
d110-200
11

------ ~ ----------i
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Cnojysal-beTo Ha 4esK~Te e co HarnasKa (Mycp) ~ ryMeH npcTeH (en. 167). lyMeH~OT

npcTeH ~Ma Kpy:>t<eH nonpe~eH npeceK 3a 4eBK~ co A~jaMeTap AO 200 MM. (cn.1673 ) a
3a noroneM~Te A~jaMeTp~ ryMeH~OT npcTeH ~Ma cnell~janHa cpopMa (cn.1676 ).
I OA Kora K.e ce o~~cT~ ne>K~wTeTo Ha ryMeH~OT npcTeH, ce nocTasysa npcTeHOT V1 ce
npeMa~Kysa co n~3raso cpeACTBO (Macno, KanV1eB canyH) KaKo npcTeHoT TaKa V1

I KpajoT Ha L\9BKaTa Koja snerysa so Hero.

163

I
 8Tit1CHyBal-b8TO Ha 48BKit1T6 np111 cnojyBal-beTO Ce BpW1t1 pal.IHO Sa Malllt1T8 np0cp11111111 lt1
co cne4111janHa Hanpasa sa MOHT1t1pal-be sa roneMit1Te npocplt111111- (cn.168).
a)
6)

AO 200.mm OA 250 • 630 mm

Cn. 167 Cnojyaafbe Ha nnacrw-IHU 4eaKu

(a- 3a D .qo 200 MM, 6- 3a D o.q 250 .qo 630 MM)

I Cn. 168 BrucHyaafbe Ha 4eaKure npu cnojyaafbe

nnaCTit14Hit1T8 48BKII1 fJ.il J.IIMaaT cneAHJ.IITe npeAHOCTJ.il HaA APYf111Te BJ.IIAOBJ.il L!8BKJ.II:
1. 6pso J.il neCHO ce MOHTLilpaaT 3apaAJ.il ManaTa T8>KJ.i1Ha, 8AHOCTaBHOTO
cnojysal-be 1t1 roneMaTa AOn)f(J.IIHa.
2. J.IIMaaT anconyTHO 3anTit1BeH cnoj
3. He nOAne)f(aT Ha KOp03J.IIja
4. J.IIMaaT roneMa oTnopHocT Ha A6pa31t1ja
I 5. J.IIMaaT rnaTKII1 nospwlt1HJ.il Ha SLiiAOBit1Te co WTO 111M ce sroneMysa nponycHaTa
cnoco6HOCT.

I 6. M0)f(8 Aa ce KOplt1CTaT J.11 sa 1t1HAYCTplt1CKit1 OTnaAHJ.il BOA1t1 J.11 BO nOApa4ja CO

arpeclt1BHit1 nOA39MHit1 BOA1t1. npeTXOAHO Tpe6a Aa ce yTBPA1t1 xeMit1CKit10T
COCTaB Ha BOA1t1Te 1t1 nOTBPAit1 OTnOpHOCTa Ha arpeCit1BHOCT.
I Ce npolt1sBeAysaaT 111 cpacoHCKJ.il nap~o.Jit11-ba OA lt1CTit10T MaTepLiljan, sa All1jaMeTplt1 AO 200
MM nocTojaT 1t1HAYCTplt1cKit1 npolt1sBeAeH-.¢acoHcKit1 nap41t11-ba (en. 169), AOAeKa 3a
noroneMit1Te npocplt1lllt1 ce lt1SBeAysaaT co 1tenel-be Ha n1114e MecTo (en. 170).
I a) 6) s) r) A)

I
I
Cn. 169 nnacrw.mu cpacoHCKitl napl.lufba
(a - KoneHa, 6 - Koca pa'-laa, a- peBit131t1ja, r- pe.qy41t1P, .q - npeMitiH o.q nnacr~t~Ka Ha n~t~eHo )/(ene3o)

3a noroneMit1 npocp111n1t1 (D > 200 MM) sa cnojysat-be Ha ynlt14Hit1 KaHanlt1 11111111 sa

I nplt1Kny4ysat-be Ha KaHan Ha s9Ke lt1SBeAeHa ynlt14Ha KaHanlt1Sal!lt1ja, MO)f(e Aa ce
lt1SB9A8 CO KOCit1 pa4Bit1 CO nenel-be Ha n1114e M8CTO (en. 170).

I 164

I
 Cn. 170 Koca npMKny'ma pa'-lsa co neneft>e

AomKVIHaTa Ha 4eBKV1Te MO>Ke Aa ce no,qKpary8a. no noTpe6a. KpajoT Ha l!88KaTa

Tpe6a Aa ce o6pa6oTVI co 3aKocy8aJ-be nOA aron OA 15° Ha ,qon>KVIHa OA MVIHVIMYM 6 .
,qo 24 MM 80 3a8VICHOCT OA AVIjaMeTapoT Ha l!88KaTa (en. 171 ). Ha VICTaTa cnVIKa
noKa>KaHo e npasVInHo VI Henpa8VInHo o6pa6oTeH pa6.

I
Cn. 171 06pa6orKa Ha Kpaj Ha nnacrM>KHa 1..1esKa
(a- Ha'/MH Ha 06pa60TKa, 6- npaBir1nHO, B- HenpaBMflHO)

Henpa8VInHo o6pa6oTeHVIOT pa6 MO>Ke ,qa npe,qVI38VIKa ycyKy8aJ-be Ha 3anTVIBHaTa

ryMa np111 cnojy8al-be Ha 48BKVITe, a co Toa Aa VIMa V1HcpV1nTpa4111ja 111n111 eKCcpVInTpa4VIja
BO VlnVI OA KaHanVI3a4VIjaTa.

I
3a npr~~Kny~oK~a,nnacTVI~Ha l!88Ka Ha KaHanVI3a4VIOHVI KoneKTOpVI OA 6eTOH VlnVI
KepaMVIKa, nocTOVI VlcnecKapeHo cne4111janHo npVIKny~Ho nap~e OA T8PA PVC (en. 172)
co Koe ce 8ocnocTa8ysa spcKa co 6eTOHOT. npr~~Kny~HoTo nap~e MO>Ke Aa ce ce~e
-
nOA OAPSASH aron, 80 3a8VICHOCT OA npVIKny~HVITe ycnoBVI.
I _.QET!'n f".

I
B
I SMA Ha KoneKTopoT

I Cn. 172 npMKflY'-IOK Ha nnaCTM'-/Ha L.jeBKa Ha KepaMM'-/Ka MflM 6eTOHCKa

I
I
165

I
 1.6. nonlt'lecTepcKit'l 4eBK1t1
"""
Bo nocneAHO 8peMe ce npm1389AY8aaT 111 non~AecTepcKfA l..\98KVI KOlA fAMaaT n~ApMeHa
80 rpaACKaTa KaHanfA3al..\fAja. Ce fA389AY8aaT OA non~AecTepcKa CMona ,., cTaKneHfA
,., -
8naKHa. OTnopHIA ce Ha TeMneparypa AO 100°C. CTaHAaPAHaTa AOn>KfAHa Ha 081119
L\98KfA e 6,., 12 MeTpfA, ace npo11138SAY8aaT AO fAjaMeTpfA OA 300 AO 2500MM (cn.173).
"
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~-----------;~
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~ Cn. 173 KaHanu3a4MOHa nonuecrep 4eaKa

j
Cnojysal-beTo Ha 49BKfATe ce spw111 co cneAHfATe cnojH1114111:
• cnojHfA4fA "Beto"
• L~enfAL!Ha cnojHfAL\a "Struab"
• L!enHa 8pCKa
• co np1Apy6HfAL\fA (cpnaHWfA)

I CnojHfA4aTa "Beto" e A80CTpaHa, KI1fA3Ha cnojHVIL\a oKnonfAecTep apM111paH co

cTaKneHfA 8I1aKHa, lAMa TPfA >Kne6a 80 KOfA ce nocTa8y8aaT ryMeHfA npcTeHfA 3a
3anTfA8al-be, OA KOlA cpeAHfAOT AOafa Mefy . A8eTe L\98KfA co Koj ce noT8PAYBa
I 111cnpa8HO Hanpa8eHfAOT cnoj (cn.174 -a).
YenHaTa 8pcKa (en 174 - 6) ce fA3BSAY8aaT 3a cnoje8fA KOVI Tpe6a Aa fA3Ap>KaT
aKcVJjanHfA 3aTerHy8al-ba, OAHOCHO l..\98KII1 nocTaseHfA VIC110A 80Aa. Aon>KVIHaTa VI
Ae6enfAHaTa Ha cnojoT Ha cnojKaTa 3a8VICII1 OA A111jaMeTapoT Ha L\98KaTa 111 pa6oTHVIOT
npVITfACOK.
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6)

I Cn. 174 Cnojyaafbe Ha nonuecrep 4eBKM

I (a- "5ero" cnojKa, 6- '-lenHa apcKa)

YenHo cnojy8al-be ce spw111 Kaj cnoe8fA KOVI Tpe6a Aa VI3Ap>KaT aKCfAjanHo

onT08apy8al-be- 3aTerHy8al-be. V13pa6oTKaTa Ha cnojHII1L\aTa ce spwfA Ha nfAL..\9 MecTo
OA nOilVISCTepcKa CMOila fA CTaKnSHfA 8naKHa (en. 174).
YenVIL!HaTa cnojHfAL\a ,., cnojHfAL\aTa co np~Apa6HfAL\111, npeTe>KHO ce ynoTpe6y8aaT 80

I CII1CT9MII1T9 nOA npViTII1COK.

CbaCOHCKVIT9 nap4VII-ba Ce VI389AY8aaT OA VICTVIOT MaTepfAjan KaKO fA l..\98KfAT9 (cn.175).

I
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Cn. 175 c:JJacoHCK/11 nap4wba o.q non111ecrerp
(a- KoneHa, 6- KOC/11 pa4BII1, a- npaaa pa4a, r- pe.qyLf111p)

~ lllcTo TaKa Lll Kaj osoj nm Ha 4SBKLII, noce6Ho Kaj noroneMLI!Te npocpLI!nLII, Mo>KaT Aa ce ,
!!I LII3BSAYBaaT CTpaHW-IHLII KOCLII r..1m1 HOpManHIII npLIIKnyLf04111 CO nenef-be Ha nLII49 M8CTO
Ha npLIIKnyYHaTa t..\8BKa (en. 176)

I
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I Cn. 176 c:JJacoHCK/11 nap4Wba o.q non111ecrerp npMnaro.qeHM 3a neneH>e
(a - npaaa pa4aa, 6 - Koca pa4aa)
I no3111TLIIBHLIIT9 OC06111HLII Ha 081119 49BKIII ce Cn8AHIIITS:

1) necHLII ce 3a TpaHcnopT, MOHTa>Ka Lll OAP>KYBaf-be

I 2) IIIMaaT MHOry rnaTKLII nOBpWIIIHIII
3} ce npOL113BSAYBaaT co noroneMIII AOn>KLIIHLII co wTo 6pojoT Ha cnoesL~~Te ce
I HaManysa

4) LI!MaaT 8cpiiiKaCHIII CnOjHIII4LII

I 5) LI!MaaT ppnr seK Ha Tpaef-be

6) He KOPOAIIIpaaT 111 AP·

I KaKO HeraTIIIBHa CTpaHa Ha OBIIIS 49BKLII ce CMSTa ASKa LIIMaaT nOWLII KpyTOCHIII
KapaKTSpLIICTLIIKIII.

I 167

I
..
··-~
•• ..:J

1.7. Tecan 4eBKLo1

MaTep111janOT 3a 1113B8P.YBal-he Ha Tecan L\8BK111T8 ce COCTOII1 OP. Tp111 OCHOBHII1 COCTOjl..\111

111 Toa: cTaKneHII1 snaKHa, nonll1ecTepcKa cMona 111 Ksapl.\·eH necoK. CTaKneHII1Te
snaKHa cny>KaT KaKo apMal)lpa, nonll1ecTepcKaTa cMona e sp3111BHO cpe.o.cTso, a naK
Ksapl.\HII10T necoK .o.asa noroneMa KpyTocT Ha L\8BKII1Te. l_\eHTpanHII10T Aen OA SII1AOT
Ha L\8BKII1T8 e OA KBapl.\HII1 neCOK 111 CMOJla, a CTaKJ18HII1T8 BJlaKHa Ce nOCTaB8HII1
. nOAOll>KHO 11111111 paA111janHo, o6sii1TKaHII1 co nonll1ecTepcKa cMona 111 ce HaofaaT Ha
BHaTpewHaTa 111 Ha Ha.o.sopewHaTa cTpa~;-~a OA Sl-1AOT (en. 1773 ).
8HaTp6WHaTa nospW111Ha Ha L\8BKII1T8 e 1113B8A8Ha OP. Liii1CTa nOJ11118CTepCKa CMOJla 111 e
AOCTa rnaTKa.
LtesKII1Te ce npol-13B8AysaaT so Llenii1LlHII1 Kananll1 co L\8HTp111ryp111pal-he, a 111MaaT
A111jaMeTpl-1 OP. 200 .o.o 1600MM 111 AOll>Kl-1Ha 6M (cn.1176 ).
. -·-· ('\
a)

Kaap4eH necoK (\

I ~CMOila ~

CTaK/leH~
~ CMOila
BllaKHa
\ b)

I Y~CTa CMO/la

t~ a-·-----------------~--------- ----------1 1~;

~-· -·- L-6HJ]m __ - · !

Cn. 177 Tecan 4eaKa

(a - crpyKTypa Ha sw,qoawre, 6 - rjJopMa Ha 4eaKara)
Cnojysal-heTo Ha Tecan L\8BKII1Te ce spwl-1- co cnojHl-14l-1 1113pa6oTeHl-1 OA 111CTII10T

I MaTep111jan KaKo l-1 L\6BKII1Te. Bo 3aBII1CHOCT OA roneMII1HaTa Ha P.l-1jaMeTapoT ce

pa311111KysaaT ABe spcTl-1 Ha cnojHII1L\111:
CnojHII1L\aTa "A" Koja ce ynoTpe6ysa 3a A111jaMeTp111 OP. 500 MM AO 1600 MM 111 cnojHII1L\a
I "B" 3a L\8BKI.1 co P.lr1jaMeTap OA 200 AO 400 MM.
3a cnojHII14aTa "A" Ha BHaTpewHaTa CTpaHa 1.1Ma MOHT111paH pe6pacT ryMeH npcTeH no
LlenaTa Hej31.1Ha Wll1pOL11.1Ha (en. 178 -a).
I CnojHIIIL\aTa "B" e HanpaseHa OA ABa KpajHII1 111 eAeH cpeAeH npcTeH 3a AP>Kel-he Ha
pacTojaHllle noMefy L\6BK1.1Te (en. 178- 6).
I a) 6)

I
I .
+-+ -o
~iiill~-Ll 1 rJ-----1·--J-·-·lJ-
'I I
3

I Cn. 178 CnojHM4M 3a recan 4eBKH

(a - cnojKa nm "A", 6- cnojKa rwn "5")

I <l>aCOHCKI.1T8 napL!_Ir11-ba 3a KaHaJ11.13a41.10HII1T8 48BKI.1 "Tecan" (KOJ18Ha, npaBIII Ill KOCII1

paL!Bir1 111 AP·) 1.13pa6oTeHII1 ce OA 1.1CTII10T MaTep111jan KaKo 111 L\8BKII1Te. Ha cn111Ka 179

I 168

I
 np~t~Ka.>KaHIII ce cpopMIIITS Ha cpaCOHCKII'I napYitll-ba 3a KOJISHa, npaBIII Ill KOCII'I npiiiKJIYYHIII
paYBII'I.

l
J
1\::\-~
l N t::PJ
-
I

~
I
t--- -l-- - - - -
----.- - -

I [)N

I -+-
I ;

Cn. 179 CIJHntH3H 3a recan qeaKH

- r - - - --
.L_ - . L I. - - ____i_

I (a - KoneHa, 6 - npaaa paYaa, a - Koca payaa)

1.8. non111e!111J1eH 4eBKH
80 llOCJISAHO Bp8M8, llOJIIIISTVIJISHOT CO BIIICOKa ryCTIIIHR 8 ce no npii'ICYTSH K8KO
MaTepllljan 3a np01113BOACTBO Ha KaHanlt13a41110HII'1 48BKII'1. nonii'ISTII'IJISHOT e
TSpMOnJiaCTIIIYHa MaTeplllja A0611'1eHa CO 110JIIIIM8p1!13a41!1ja Ha STIIIJISHOT (C2I-4).
noniiiSTII'IJISHOT 8 OTnopeH Ha arpSCII'IBHII'I BOAII'I, OAHOCHO 8 XSMIIICKII'I AOCTa CTa6111JI8H ..
ro pacTsapa caMo Man 6poj Ha 3arpeaHIII pacTsop~t~ Ha i{arne - BOAOPOAII'I 1o1 ro
HanafaaT cyncTaH4111111 KOII'I 111MaaT jaKO OKCII'IAII'IPaYKO Aejb\rso (a30THa KII'ICSJIIIIHa,
I xanoreH~t~ (xnop, 6poM, jOA 111 cpnyop)).

Ce npo~t~3BSAYBaaT cn111panH111 (en. 180 - a) 1o1 rnaTKIII (en 180 - 6) 1.\SBKII'I OA

nonll1eT~t~neH co A111jaMTPII1 OA 300 AO 3000 MM
I co AOJI.>KIIIHIII 6 AO 12 M.

I
a)
:::u- ~_L_
6)

I d!lllttltiHtilJ LE---
L

- - --- E
~-----=-L----..J!oo~
I Cn. 180 KaHanH3aqHOHH qeaKH OA nonHeTHneH
(a - pe6pacra qeaKa, 6 - rnarKa qeaKa}
KaHan~t~3al\II'IOH11'1Te 1.\SBKII'I OA non~t~eT~t~neH ce cnojysaaT YenHo co eKCTPY311'10Ho
3asapysal-be (en. 181 a 1o1 6). noMan~t~Te npocp111n~t~, Mo.>KaT Aa ce np~t~npeMaT 1o1
I cnojysaaT co noce6Ho np111npeMeH111 cnojKIII OA IIICTII'IOT MaTepllljan 1o1 ABa ~t~nlll Tplll
ryMSHII'I 3anTIIIBHIII npCTSHIII.

I 169

•
....
~.
.\

45 -;-60''

$~M
Cn. 181 1..1enHo Jaaapyaafbe Ha rnaTKM4eBKM o,q nonMeTMneH

I
o,q 4eaK1t1 o,q nonMerMneH
nocrojaT- cpacoHcK~ napY~I-ba OA non~er~neH (KoneHa, npas~ Lll Koc~ paLls~ .
peAYLI~P~ ~ AP·) Ko~ 3a Man~Te npocp~nLII ce ~3BeAysaar ~HAYCTpLIICK~. AOAeKa 3a
roneM~ npocp1.1Illf1 ce ~3BeAysaar 1.1 3asapysaar Ha Il~Lie Macro. non~er1.1neHoT KaKo
MaTep1.1jail, e norOA9H 3a 1113pa60TKa Ha peBIII31110HIII Ill K,acKaAHIII WaXTIII KOIII noce6HO
ce npiiiM9HyBaaT BO yCI10Bif1 Ha Blf1COKa nOA39MHa BOAa 3apaA~ Hlf1BHaTa
BOAOHenponyCHOCT Ill KBafiiiiT9TH~ 3asapeHif1 Cn09Bif1 noMefy WaXTLIIT9 Ill L\9BKLIIT9 (Cil.
182)
1.9. .Qpyr~ B~AOB~ Ha 4eBK~

So KaHan~3al\lf10Hara npaKTLIIKa ce cpeKasaaT 1.1 APYrLII B~AOBif1 Ha L\SBKLII KOLII ce

ynorpe6ysaar so cnel..l~janH~ cnyLfalll.

I Ce ynorpe6ysaar np111 npeMIIIHysal-be Ha nplllpOAHIII 111n~ sewraLfKif1 npenpeKLII KaKo

wro ce: ClllcpOHLII, Harerlll, 3aWTLIITHIII L\9BKV1 nplt\ npeMIIIH 111cnoA naT LllfiLII npyra Lll AP·
3apaAif1 3aWTif1Ta OA KOp03111ja OA sHarpewHara crpaHa, rpe6a Aa 6L11AaT A06po
I npeMaLfKaHLII co 6LIIryMeH, a OA HaABOpewHara crpaHa Aa 6111AaT o6sLIITKaH~ co
accpanTHa jyra.

0IlOBHIIIT9 L\9BKIII 06LIILfHO C9 ynOTpe6ysaaT 3a BHaTp9WH~T9 KaHaillf13al\lf10HLII

I IIIHCTanal..IV1111. HajMHory ce Kop~cTaT 3a nosp3ysal-be Ha caHIIITap1111.1Te WC- Ka3aHLf9TO
CO WC - WOJbaTa, YM~Baf1Hif1L\LIIT9, KaAif1T9 Lll cappnep~Te CO KaHan~3al\lt\OHLIIT9
cnparH~ orpaHL\~. Ce npoiii3B9AYBaar co A~iaMerap pp 50 MM.

I
170

I
 ,,:.,_-,.._ ... --~ -- .. .. ····· ·· ·,; · ····.· · ... . · · ~· 4 .......... .... ..
~ ~- .. . ..... -~ --~ ... ""-:.:·: ·

r 11 A 8 A VIII
1. lr13BEAYBAI-bE HA KAHAfllr13A41r10HATA MPE>KA

1.1 OnwTo

npo4eCOT Ha 1113B9AYBat-be 111flll1 peKOHCTPYK4111ja Ha KaHanll13al\1110HII1T8 CII1CT8MII1

npeTCTasysa roneMO MHO>K8CTBO Ha aKTII1BHOCTII1, KOII1 Ce peryn111paaT CO 3aKOHOT 3a
111HBeCTII141110Ha 1113rpaA6a, no'4HysajKII1 OA 111Aeja, TeXHII1YKa P.OKyMeHTa411lja,
n1114111Ta4111ja, 1113BeAyBat-be na ce AO TeXHII1YKII1 np111eM 111 npeP.aBat-be Ha
KaHanll13a41110HII10T CII1CT8M Ha KOp111CHII1KOT KOj noHaTaKa Ke ynpasysa CO Hero 80
eKcnnoaTa4111ja.
noA 1113B8AYBat-be Ha KaHanll13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka ce nOApa36111pa ~3B8AYBat-be Ha
np111npeMHII1 111 rpaA8>KHII1 pa60TII1, rpaA8>KHO 3aHaTCKII1 111 rpaA8>KHO IIIHCTafla41110HII1
pa60TII1 111 srpaAyBat-be Ha COOAB9THa XII1APOMeXaHII1YKa onpeMa.
noA np111npeMHII1 pa6oTII1, ce noP.pa36111paaT pa6oTII1 3a 1113BeP.yBat-be Ha o6jeKTII1 OA
speMeH KapaKTep KOII1 cny>KaT 3a speMe Ha pean1113a4111ja Ha KaHan1113a4111oHaTa
Mpe>Ka, KaKo: npll1cTanHII1 naTII1WTa, 6apaKII1, CKnaP.II1WTe Ha rpaAe>KHII1 MaTep111jan111 111
AP·
npeA 3anoYHysat-be Ha rpaAe>KHII1Te aKTII1BHOCT Tpe6a Aa nocToll1 ena6opaT 3a
opraH1113a4111ja Ha 1113BeAyBat-be Ha pa60TII1Te. Co osoj ena6opaT ce Ae¢111H111paaT CVITe
aKTII1BHOCTVI KOIII l(e ce jasaT 3a speMe Ha pean1113a4111jaTa, ce A8¢111H111pa A111HaMII1KaTa
Ha pean1113a4111ja Ha KaHaflll13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka, KaKo 111 MexaH1113a4111ja co Koja Ke ce
pean1113111pa KaHan1113a4111oHaTa Mpe>Ka. 111cTo TaKa ce Ae¢111HL-1pa 111 coo6paKajHa
A111HaMII1Ka, co npon111waH111 ycnos111 111 TepM111HII1 Ha 3aTsopat-be Ha coo6paKajoT no
OAP9A9HIII yn1114111 3a speMe Ha 1113BeAyBat-be.
Co ena6opaToT ~a opraH1113a4111ja Ha 1113BeP.yBat-be Ha pa6oTII1Te ce npon111wysaaT
3aWTII1THII1 MepKVI 3a newa4111Te, B03111naTa co Ae¢111H111pat-be Ha cseTneYKa onpeMa,
naToKa3111, 3aWTII1THa orpaAa 111 AP· KaHaflll13a4VIOHII1Te posos111 · KOII1 ocTaHysaaT
oTsopeHII1, Mopa Aa 6111AaT 3aWTII1TeHVI co cpii13111YKa orpaP.a.( en. 183). Tpe6a Aa 6111AaT
I 3aWTII1T8HII1 111 npeMVIHII1Te npeKy KaHaJ11113a41110HV!Te pOBOBVI 3a BpeMe Ha 1113BeAyBat-be
(en. 184).

Cn. 183 3aWT!ATHB orpB!IBO!I!IBe !Afl!A e!IHB CTpaHaHa KBHBflfA384fAOH!ATe pOBOB!A

Bo opraHII13al\VIOH~na weMa Ha rpaAVInVIwTeTo, Tpe6a Aa ce onpeAen111 MecTo 3a

cKnaA111pat-be Ha rpaAe>KHVI MaTep111jan111, a noce6Ho 3a KaHallll13a4IIIOHII1Te 4eBKIII. np111
Toa, Tpe6a Aa ce aHanlll3111paaT ycnosii1Te Ha TpaHcnopT Ha 4eBKIIITe, Ha4111H Ha
pacTosap, ycnos111 Ha CKilaAIIIPat-be, npeHoc AO rpa!J.II1nll1wTe 111 APYrD.
AoKOilKY ce spw111 TpaHcnopT Ha 111CKonaHVIOT MaTepll1jan OA KaHall1113a41110HII1Te
pOBOBIII , 3apa!J.II1 3aMeHa MaTepllljaJlOT lllfllll 3apaA111 npOCTOpH111 orpaHII1YyBat-ba, CO

I 171

/
ena6opaTOT sa opraHII13al...\111ja Ha 111sse.qysat-be noTpe6Ho e .qa ce .qecpii1H111pa MecTo sa
.qenoHIIlja Ha 111CKonaHII10T MaTepll1jan.

L
J ,. . :;.~""''
"""""'"""'
i: ~~ ~· ~ .. , ~
'} . ~,, •'

~..... -.. .
.".'-...~
. "" :--.., .~~..:::-~
,.._ •
.... :..-"' ·~ . ·rl. I•
' · 1· .t'•"' '
~ ~ -~~~~~ ~~. ,.
~. . . . . . . ~ "~....._~z§:.~~~ I
· ~ IU:I ,...

Cn. 184 3awrvtra Ha npeMMH npeKy poe

3a 111SBe.qysat-be Ha KaHanii1Sal...\1110HaTa Mpe>Ka, noTpe6Ho e Aa ce 111CKonaaT
KaHanii1Sal...\1110HII1Te posos111 co npow111pysat-be Ha MecTaTa Kaj pesii1S1110HII1Te waxn1 111n111
APYr111 o6jeKTII1. Pa60TII1Te np111 111SBSAYBat-beTo Ha KaHanii1Sal...\VtOHVITe Mpe>KVI Tpe6a Aa
ce peanVIsVIpaaT no cneAHVIOT pe.qocneA:
1. Tpaclllpat-be VI o6ene>KyBat-be Ha KaHanVI3al...\VIOHaTa Mpe>Ka.
2. Konal-be Ha noArpa.qysat-be Ha poBOBVITe.
3. CnywTat-be VI MOHTa>Ka Ha. - -==----- ·-
4. VICnVI-ryBal-be , HaCII1nyBal-be VI Ha6VIBal-b8 Ha pOBOBVITe.
npVI VISBe.qysal-be Ha KaHanVISa41110HII1Te Mpe>KVI YecTo ce jasysa noTpe6a o.q
CHVI>KyBal-be Ha HVIBOTO VI OABSAYBal-be Ha nOASSMHVI BOP.VI. npVICYCTBOTO Ha BOAa BO
posoBVITe sa speMe Ha VISBeAyBal-be Ha pa6oTVITe npeTcTasysa cep111osaH npo6neM sa
pean~Asal...\111ja Ha KaHanii1Sal...\VIOHaTa Mpe>Ka.

reonQWKO reOM8XaHII1LfKII1T8 ycnOBVI Ha noKanii1T8TOT Kaj Ce 111SB8AYBaaT

KaHanii1Sa41110HII1T8 pOBOBII1, BO H8K0111 ycnOBII1 6apaaT .qa Ce VI3BpW111 HaXHa.qHII1
aHanii1SII1 Sa HOCII1BOCTa Ha no.qnoraTa OA npOM8H8TVIT8 ycnOBVI Ha 48BKaTa,
Ha.qcnojOT S8Mja 111 C006paKajHOTO OnTOBapyBal-be.lCeKaKO ASKa OBa 111Ma Bnll1jaHVI8 Ha
VIS60pOT Ha Bli1AOT Ha L\8BKI.1, KaKO 1.1 Hal.fii1HOT Ha Hl!tBHO cpyH.q111pal-be.

1.2. TpacMpatbe M o6ene>Kyaatbe Ha KaHanM384MOHaTa Mpe>Ka

Tpac111pal-he VI o6ene>Kysal-be Ha KaHan1113a4111oHaTa Mpe>Ka ce spw111 sps ocHosa Ha

C111-rya41110HOTO peW8HVI8, Ha.qon>KHVIT8 npocpVInVI Ha KaHanVITe 111 Hi3.L\PTII1T8 sa .qpyrii1T8
o6jeKTVI. Bo CVITYa4VIOHII1Te nnaHOBVI 111 Hap.on>KHVITe npocp111nV1 ce BHeceHII1 CVITe
nOTpe6HVI reOM8TpVICKVI 111 XVI.qpaynVILfKVI napaMeTp111 (.qVIjaMeTpVI Ha 48BKVI, na.qOBII1,
paCTOjaHII1ja noMefy WaXTII1, npOTOLfHVI KOnVILfVIHVI, 6p3VIHVI Ha T8Lf81-b8 Ha BOAaTa,
nonHe>K so KaHanVITe VI AP-).
OA CVITYa4VIOHVIT8 nnaHOBII1 ce npeHecysa TpacaTa Ha KaHanOT (xop111SOHTanHa
np08K4VIja Ha OCOBVIHaTa Ha 48BKaTa) Ha TepeH. CVIT8 paCTOjaHVIja OA nOCT06LfKII1T8
o6jeKTVI AO ocoBVIHaTa Ha L\SBKaTa co AOBOnHa npe4V1SHOCT ce LfVITaaT OA
CVITYa41110HVITe nnaHOBVI.

172
 Op, Hap,on>KH~OT npocp~n ce 4~Ta p,na6o4~HaTa Ha posot 3a c~Te KapaKTep~cn14H~
T04K~.

Bo 3aB~CHOCT npocp~noT Ha yn~l.,\aTa ~ op, np~cacTBOTO Ha p,pyr~Te

OA
~HcppaCTPYKTYPH~ .C~CT9M~, p,ecp~H~paHO e M9CTOTO Ha llOCTasysaHJe Ha
KaHan~3al!~OHaTa LleBKa. llp1o1 TOa Tpe6a p,a Ce BOA~ CM9TKa 3a HajManOTO
xop~30HTanHo pacTojaHI-1e op, ynVI4HVITe KaHan~ p,o ocTaHanVITe nop,3eMHVI
~HCTanal\~~. 3rpaA~. >Kene3H~4~ ~ p,p. Ko~e Tpe6a p,a 6~p,e noMano op,:
• 40 M OP, OCOB~HaTa Ha >Kene3H~4KaTa n~H~ja
• 5 M op, pa6os~Te Ha cTon6os~Te 3a ~~c HanoH
• 2 M OA OCOB~HaTa Ha TpaMBajCKR~\ n H~ja ~ OP, CTOn60B~Te Ha ynVI4HO
ocseTnysal-be
• 3 M op, sop,osop,H~Te ~HCTana4~111 nocTa~eH~ Ha ~cTo H~so, 3a p,~jaMeTap Hap,
200 MM, '
• 1,5 M OP, BOAOBHOP,HVI VIHCTana4~~ llOCTaBeH~ Ha ~CTO H~BO CO P,~jaMeTap P,O
150 MM
• 1 M OP, OCOB~HaTa Ha TOnn~cp~Ka4~0HaTa ~HCTanall~ja ~ Ka6nVIT9 3a
eneKTp~4Ha ~HcTana4~ja

Bo ycnos~ Kora He e MO>KHO p,a ce 3ana3aT os~e HOPM~. noTpe6Ha e nop,eTanHa

aHan~3a ~ cornacHocT op, Hap,ne>KH~Te opraH~ KO~ paKosop,aT co T~e o6jeKT~ ~
~HcTana4~1o1.

Op, Kora K:e ce pa3jacHaT C~Te p,~neM~ ce np~cTanysa KOH o6ene>KysaHJe Ha

OCOB~HaTa Ha KaHan~Te - TpaCaTa, M9CTOTO Ha pe8~3~0H~Te WaXTI-1 ~ p,pyr~Te
o6jeKT~ npeAB~p,eH~ co npoeKTOT. 06ene>KysaHJeTo o6~4HO ce spw1o1 co 6oja,
MeTanH~ ~ p,pseHI.4 KOnll~· nocne o6ene>KysaHJTO Ha TpacaTa ce spw~ o6ene>KysaHJe
Ha p,se cTpaHLif4H~ nVIH~VI, napanenH~ Ha TpacaTa, WTO ja npeTcTasysaaT
UJV1p04VIHaTa Ha pOBOT. 3a L!9BK~ CO P,VIjaMeTap P,O 600 MM VI p,na604~Ha Ha pOBOT P,O
2M w~p04VIHaTa Ha posoT ce onpep,enysa co cnep,HaTa cpopMyna (cn.185-a).

6)
a)

I Cn. 185 nonpe4eH npeceK Ha KaHanM3BL{MOHeH poa

(a - MOHT8.)KHa M3Be,ll6a, 6 - MOHOflMTHa M3Be,ll6a)

I 173
 B=D+0,60 {M)
Ka.qe "D" e Ha.q8opeweH .q111jaMeTap Ha 498KaTa ll13pa3eH 80 MeTp111. 3a noro.neMII1
p.111jaMeTp111 op. 600 MM 111 noro.neMa p..na6o4111Ha o.q 2 M W111p111HaTa Ha po80T e:
B = D+0,70
Kaj KaHa.nll1 KOII1 ce 11138ep.yi3aaT Ha CaMOTO M9CTO, Wll1p04111HaTa Ha p080T
npoll13.nery8a op. Hap.8opew~II1Te A111MeH3111111 Ha KaHa.noT T.e. Ko.neKTopoT (cn.185-6).
So npeTxop.H1110T 1113pa3 3a w111p04111HaTa Ha po80T He e 3eMeHa so npe.q8111A
noArPaAaTa. Bo ycno8111 Kora po8oT Tpe6a p.a ce nop.rpap.y8a, noTpe6Ho e Aa ce
npeA8111A111 nnyc 111 Wll1p04111Ha 111 3a nop.rpap.6a.

1.3 Konat-be 111 noTn111pat-be Ha posos111Te

~
.i 80 KaHanll13a4IIIOHaTa npaKca, BO HajroneMa M9pKa, KOilal-beTO C9 8pWIII OT80p9HO OA
no8pWIIIHaTa Ha TepeHOT co po8oKona4111. CTpaHIIITe Ha po80T Mo~aT p.a 6111AaT

I 8epTll1KanHII1, co 111n111 6e3 noArpap.a 111 KOCII1 (c.n. 186)

I
I
Cn. 186 nonpe4eH npeceK Ha KaHam-t3a4MOHeH poa co KOCM Mfl/ff aeprMKanHM crpaHM

I Bo rpaACKII1 ycn08111 l 1 KapneCTIII MaTep111ja.n111, npeTe~HO IIICKOilOT Ha p0808ll1Te ce

8pWll1 co 89pTII1KanHII1 cTpaHII1 Ha po808111Te, np111 wTo ce pp61118a noMa.na Ky6arypa Ha
IIICKOn Ill ll098TII1H TpaHcnopT Ha BII1WOKOT Ha MaTp111jan. KOCII1 CTpaHIII, 6e3 nop.rpaAa,
I 49CTO ce rpap.aT 80 yc.nos111 Ha pacTpeciiiTII1 no48111, Hap.8op op. yp6aHII1 nospWIIIHIII. np111
8aK8ll1 yc.nOBII1, MO~e p.a ce npas111 KOM6l!1Ha4lllja Ha 111CKOil CO KOCII1 111 89pT111KanHII1
CTpaHII1 Ha p080T (en. 187). np111 TOa ropHaTa CTpaHa Hap080T e AOCTa llOW1.4pOKa, a
I .qo.nHaTa e 8epTII1KanHa co "on111 6e3 no.qrpaAa.

I
I
Cn. 187 nonpe4eH npeceK Ha KaHanM3a4MOHeH poa
(a - KDCM crpaHvt 11 aeprvtKanHvt 6e3 no,qrpa,qa, 6 - KDCM crpaHvtvt aeprvtKanHvt co no,qrpa,qa)
nplll ll1389AY8al-be Ha 111CKOilOT Ha KaHanll13a41110HIIIT9 p0808111 Tpe6a .qa ce 80A111 CM9TKa
3a CTa6111.nHOCTa Ha KOCII1H1t1T9 Ha p0808111T9 3a BpeMe Ha 1113Bep.yBal-be Ha pa60T1t1T9.
nplll TOa, BO npep.8111A Tpe6a .qa Ce 3eMaaT CTaTVJ4Kll1T9 111 A111HaMIII4Kll1 T08apll1 KOlll

174
 ' · ·- . . . ' . . . . . . ... -,,, . .. . . ~ . - ........... ' - p -- :·- ,,.- · - - · . . . . ·- ...

· Mo:>+<aT Aa npo1113ne3aT 3a 8peMe Ha 111eKonoT (en. 188 -a). 111cTo TaKa Tpe6a Aa ce
npe,[.\8111,[.\aT 111 npeTXO,l.\HO 1113spweHII1Te 3eMjaHII1 pa60TII1 np111 ,)1/ 1113BeA6a Ha APYrll1
111HcppaCTPYKTYPHII1 eii1CT8MII1 80 6nii13111Ha Ha KaHanll13a41110HII10T p08, 6111,[.\9jKII1 Ha
npeTXO,[.\HO 111CKOnaHa 38Mja 111 Tpe6a AOCTa 8peMe 3a ,[\a fll1 pereHeplf1pa npeTXOAHif1T9
KapaKT9plf1CTII1Kif1 (CJ1. 188-6)
a)
.
L
l

~ Aen OA posOT
t KOj MOJKe Aa
6)
Aen OA posOT
1
1
...
.•••
KOj MOltle A8 1
:ce pa3pywt.1 ce pa3pyw111 •
•
•
I

···••.......... ··..
""" ····-....~
··......
'··~
...
~
..·· ..
,./

Jl •.•••·• / ••
.,...
•
:
I
I
•
I.
..· ,

''
l

·,·.... JJ,:...•• I •\

0
I
I ~ H8 npeTXOAHO "lCKOnaHaTa
......
npMntCOK
MCKon&Ha :JeMja
OA
..
:'
I

l
'•
\
~
t.1 HaclllnaHa 3eMja
noTPe6Ho 111 e AOCTa speMe
Aa rn pereHept.lpa
'~-·-----...... <#'.~~--· npeTX~H"'Te yct1oe~
...............
Ii Cn. 188 EneMeHT/tt Ha nnaH~ttpal-be npltt /ttCKonor Ha poaor
(a - crantYKIIt 11t !!11tHaMM4KIIt roaapllt 6 - nperxO!jHO pean~~t311tpaHIIt MCKOnM) 1

I Tpe6a Aa ce npeA81f1AYBaaT lf1 npeTXOAHO enlf1Mif1HII1paaT lf1H41f1ASHTHif1Te noja81f1 KOif1

MO:>+<aT Aa HacTaHaT 3a 8peMe Ha 1.1CKonoT. 111cKonaHI.10T MaTeplf1jan Tpe6a Aa ee
O,l.\J10:>Kif1 Ha 6e36eAHO pacTojaHI.1e OA lf181f14aTa Ha po80T 3a Aa He AOjAe AO KJ11.13el'be

I Ha 1.1CKonaHI.10T MaTeplf1jan _,.M-6o po80T (en. 189-a). Bo ycno81.1 Kora po80T He e

nOAfPaASH, Mlf1Hif1MaJ1HO paeTojaHif18 Ha lf1CKOnaHII10T MaTep1.1jan OI.J 11181114aTa Ha p080T
e 1 M. ):\OKOnKy e np1.1CYTSH fJ11.1H8CT MaTepllljan 111CTif10T MO)f(S Aa Ce pa3pywlf1 aKO ee
3aclf1TII1 co BOAa, 6v~no nOA3SMHa 1.1n111 no8pWIIIHCKa 80Aa (en. 189-6).

H8CI1nOT 0,11 11CKOnaHaTa :JeMja

a.
MO>Ke A K!li13He BO pOBOT

I AOKOilK)' e 5m13Y AO pa50T

IIII111 KOCI1HaTa e co norone
aron 0,11 45°

Cn. 189 Mo.>KH/tt 1!1H4111AeHT/tt np1!11!1CKonor

(a - Knllt3efbe Ha lltCKonaH Marep~~tjanl 6 - pa3pywyaafbe Ha crpaHa Ha poaor)
II138SAY8al'beTo Ha KaHanlf13a4IIIOHaTa Mpe)f(a 3ano4Hy8a OA HajroneMIIITe A111jaMeTplf1
Ha 488KI.1T9 OAHOCHO OA HajHIIICKI.1Te cnpeMa n081.1COKIIIT8 KOTif1 Ha Hlll89neTaTa.
AKO KaHan1113a41.1jaTa ce 1113BSAYBa Ha npeTXOAHO 1113fP8.A8Hif1 KOn0803Hif1 no8pWIIIHif1,
np1.1 Konal'beTo, MaTeplf1janoT OA Kono8030T ce cTasa OA SAHa cTpaHa Ha po80T, a
APYfiiiOT 1.1eKonaH MaTepllljan OA .qpyraTa cTpaHa Ha posoT. 1113Mefy 11181.14111Te Ha po80T
Ill 1.1CKOnaHif10T MaTepllljan ce OCTa8aaT naT9KI.1 CO M111HI.1ManHa Wlf1p0'-llf1Ha OA HajManKy
60 eM (cn.190). Ha SAHaTa naTeKa ce nocTa8y8aaT 488KIIITe, npeA Aa ce cnywTaT 80
po80T, a APYraTa cny:>+<l.1 3a A81.1)f(81'be Ha pa6oTHif14111Te.
Bo 3a8111CHOCT OA Ana6o'-IIIIHaTa Ha po80T, reoMexaHI.1'-IKI.1Te KapaKTeplf1CTI.1KII1 Ha
I 3eMjll1wTeTo, Konw-llf1HaTa Ha nOA38MHa 80Aa 111 AP· po808111Te MO)f(e Aa ce KonaaT co 1.1

175

I
 6e3 noArPaAYBf-be, a caMVIOT npo4ec Ha VI3Bpwyeaf-be Ha pa6on1Te MO:>Ke Aa 6VIAe
~ pa4eH Vlnl-1 MexaHI!13VIpaH.
~j

•• t

~
[I

Cn. 190 /lfcKon Ha poaor Mo,qnarafbe Ha MarepMjanoT

Bo 3aB1!1CHOCT OA Ana6o4VIHaTa Ha poeoT, reoMexaHI!14K1!1Te KapaKTepVICTVIKVI Ha
3eMj1!1WTeTo, KOni!14VIHaTa ·Ha nOA3eMHa so.a.a 111 AP· posoe111Te MO:>Ke .a.a ce KonaaT co 111
6e3 f10fJ.rpafJ.yBf-b9, a CaMI!10T np04eC Ha 1!13Bpwyeaf-be Ha pa60TI!1Te MO:>Ke Aa 6VIfJ.9
pa4eH ·111n111 MexaHI!13VIpaH.
CnpeMa SNIP HOpM111Te 6e3 no.a.yn111paf-be ce fJ.03sonysaaT cnefJ.HVITe .a.na6o4VIH1!1:
• BO n04BVI OfJ. neCOK VI 4aKan AO 1,00 M
·• BO rnVIH9CTO-neCOKnVIBVI 1!1 neCOKni!1BO-rnVIH9CTI!1 n04BI!1 fJ.O 1,50 M
• BO 361!19HI!1 n04BI!1 AO 2,00 M
llp111 cno60fJ.9H TepeH, CTpaHI!1Te OfJ. pOBOT 061114HO C9 1!13B9fJ.YBaaT CO np1!1pOfJ.9H
HaKnOH, a. BO Vl3rpafJ.9HI!1T9 nOfJ.pa4ja, nOroTOBO BO T9CHI!1T9 yn~-14111, CTpaHVITe OA
pOBOT Ce sepT111KanHVI.
80 3aBVICHOCT OfJ. BVIfJ.OT Ha n04BaTa 1!1 P.na6041!1HaTa Ha pOBOT, Hari!16VJT9 Ha CTpaHI!1T9
OA poeoT ce AafJ.eHVJ so Ta6ena 34.
Ta6ena 34
PefJ.. Har1116 Ha cTpaHVITe
BillA Ha no4sa
6p. A03M. OfJ. 3 AO 5M.
1 HacVInaH necoK: VI <-taKan 1 : 1,25 1 : 1,50
2 rm1HecTo- necoKm1BVI 1 : 0,67 1 : 1,00

I 3
4
necoKniiiBO-fniiiHeCTIII
rm1Ha
1:0,67
1:0,50
1 :0,75
1:0,67

I 6
5 nee
Pa3pyweHa cTeHa
1 : 0,50
1 : 0,10
1 :0,75
1 : 0,25
.. 7 3Apaea cTeHa 1 : 0,00 1 : 0,10
I llp111 pa4HOTo Konaf-be Ha poeoBVJTe 3eMjaTa ce 111ccppna OA e.a.Haw 3a Ana604VJHa Ha
poeoT 2 AO 2,5 M. llp111 Konaf-be Ha noroneMVI .a.na604VIHVJ 1!1Ccppnaf-beTo Ha 3eMjaTa ce
I spw111 Ha ABa 111n111 TPVI naTVI (en. 191-a) co noMow Ha npeTXOfJ.HO VI3BefJ.eHVI

I 176

I
 nnan:popMIII o.q .qacKIII. np111 ywTe noroneMIII .qna6o4111HIII Ha posoT, 3eMjaTa ce
1113Hecysa CO nOMOW Ha npeTXOf\HO nocTaBeH no.qBIII)!(eH KpaH (191-6).
f,IO
6)

...
I 1=====~1 ::
·.·.
ll======~··
..

I Cn. 191 Pa H"' on Ha poaoa~tt co noroneMa p,na6o4~ttHa

(a - pa4HO MCcj:Jpnal-be Ha MCKOn T, 6 - MCcj:Jpnal-be Ha MCKOnOT CO nOJlBM>KeH KpaH)

Bo ycnos111 Kora e noAyn111pal-be Ha pOBOT, BO 3aBIIICHOCT Of\

XIIIAporenoWKL..ne ycnos111, o.qrpa.qaTa MO)!(e · Aa ce Knac111cp1114111Pa cnpeMa
npiiiTIIICOKOT, KaKO:
• necHa no.qrpa.qa (3a Man npiiiTIIICOK).
• TewKa no.qrpa.qa (3a noroneM cTpaHIIILfeH npli1TII1COK).
Bo 3aBII1CHOCT o.q MaTepllljanoT Ha no.qrpa.qaTa, 111CTaTa MO)!(e .qa 6111.qe:
• .qpseHa noArPaAa, 111
I • MeTanHa noArPaAa
ApseHaTa noArpa.qa MO)!(e .qa ce 1113pa6oT111 o.q xop11130HTanHo (en. 192) 111J1111
sepT111KanHo nocTaseHII1 AaCKII1, eAHa .qo .qpyra 111n111 Ha 1113BecHo Mefyce6Ho pacTojaHIIle
(en. 193). AacKII1Te ce peAaT eAHa AO Apyra Kora noLfBaTa e nopacTpeciiiTa, OAHOCHO
np111 nocna6111 nOLfBII1 111n111 Kora ll!aM noroneM CTpaHII1LfeH np111TII1COK.

I
I . ·... .... .
sepTHKanHa rpe.qa (12/12 CM)

I H3 paCTOHj3HHe 1.5 M

Cn. 192 ll,paeHa nop,rpa,qa co xopM30HTanHM p,acK/11

I 177

I
 -aepnr~:ant~M T811nM (5120 CY )
,.,... eepnncanHM tannM (5120 CM) (co pa3MaK}
r--u.inM
\ r--xop• wKT rpe.A• (10112· 16/16 CM) r--1
paCt!Otl~e (818-, 6/16
1 )

~ ~ n In n n n n I'T

,, E I'
•'alal ~
•l
II
fll
N

1J In_ n n IT n
"
m
llI - y.--L.-.J--..:
.
II
II
II
II
....,. _, J
I I
u
.
.
Cn. 193 ,ll,paeHa nofirpa,qa aepmKanHIIt ,qacKIIt
" 1,5-2,0m 1,S-2.0m

ApseHaTa no.n.rpa.n.a co sepn1KanHo nocTaseHI!1 .n.acKI!1 1!1Ma npe,LJ.HOCT so cnope.n.6a co

B no.n.rpaAaTa 1!13BeAeHa o.n. xop1!130HTanHI!1 · .n.acKI!1, 3apaA111 cpneKCI!161!1nHocTa Ha
AOn>K1!1HaTa Ha AaCKI!1Te so 3aBI!1CHOCT OA TepeHCKI!1Te ycnos111 (en. 193)

I Ha en. 194 np111Ka>KaHa e APBeHa no.n.rpa.n.a co sepT1!1KanHI!1 .n.acK1!1 6e3 pa3MaK 3a

roneM np111TI!1COK.
. v
O.n. cni!1KaTa ce 3a6ene>Kysa .n.eKa saKsaTa no.n.rpa.n.a 6apa .n.ocTa
MaTep1!1Jan op,.n.pso KOe TeUJKO e np1!1naro,LJ.ni!1BO 3a APYfll1 ycnos1o1, a 1!1CTO TaKa 3a

I H9j31!1HO 1!13B9,LJ.YBal-be e noTpe6HO ,LJ.OCTa BpeMe 1!1 pa60THI!1 4aCOBI!1.

I
I Cn. 194 ,ll,paeHa no,qrpa,qa aepT111KanHII1 rann111
(1 - sepTIIIKaJlHIII Tann!ll 5/20 CM, 2 - XOp!1130HTarJHa rpeAa 10/12 - 16/16 CM, ~ - pacnOHKa 8/8 - 16/16 CM,
4 - crnn64e 3a pacrojaH!IIe 10/12 - 12/16 CM, AaCKa 1.5/8 20 eM)

I Bo cny4al!1 Kora ce 1!13se.n.ysaaT posos111 co noroneMI!1

.n.na6041!1HI!1, APBeHaTa no.n.rpa.n.a co sepT1!1KanHI!1
I AaCKI!1 MO>Ke .n.a ce 1!13BeAe cTeneHacT (en . 195) co
nocTeneHo cTecHysal-be Ha posoT OA ropH1!10T Kpaj
npeMa AOne. np111 1113pa31!1To cna6111 no4BI!1 AaCKI!1Te ce
I nocTasysaaT sepT1!1KanHo, co Ha61!1Bal-be, a ce
nosp3ysaaT co xop1!130HTanHI!1 wTacpn1!1 111 nonpe4HO
nocTaseHif1 pacnoHKI!1 (cn.195).
noKpaj P.PB9Hio1T9, MHOry ycnelliHO 1!1 MHOry 49CTO Ce
KOp1!1cTaT 111 MeTanHI!1 pacno~ (196).
Kora no4BaTa e no36111eHa .n.acK1!1Te ce nocTasysaaT
XOp1!130HTanHO Ha 1!1389CHO Mefyce6HO paCTOjaHI!19 -
061!14HO 20 AO 30 CM.

I Cn. 195 ,ll,paeHa no,qrpafia

aeprlltKanHIIt ,qacKIIt
np111 cna6111 no4BI!1 111 co roneMI!1 KOni!141!1HII1 Ha
nO,LJ.39MHa BO,LJ.a ce KOp1!1CTI!1 wnyHAOBa no,LJ.rpaAa.

178

I
 Osaa noArPaAa MO>Ke Aa 6111Ae 1113pa6oTeHa OA AaCKII11113B9A9HII1 Ha nepo 111 >Kne6 (en.
197) 111n111 MeTanHa.

Cn. 196 MeranHIIf pacnoHKIIf 3a p,paeHa nop,rpap,a

~ ~ .QETAfb A

!':_
DA
\,

Cn. 197 ,[fpaeHa wnyHp,oaa nop,rpap,a

MeTanHaTa noArPaACl 111Ma npe.qHocT so Hej3111HaTa npii1MeHa so cnope.q6a co
APBeHara no.qrpa.qa. noce6Ho np111npeMeHII1Te MeTanHII1 Ta6nll1 (en. 198-a) co
cne4111janH111 X111.qpaynllt'·fKII1 111n111 nHeyMaTCKII1 pacnOHKII1 penaTII1BHO 6p30 Ce MOHTIIIpaaT,
np111 WTO ce MOHT111paaT co MexaH 3a4111ja 3a penaTII1BHO KpaTKO speMe 111 Man 6poj Ha
pa6oTHII14111 (en. 198-6)

I
j nOYsa
I ;
I
I

Cn. 197 MeranHa nop,rpap,a

(a- cnywreHa ao poa, 6- cnywraH>e co poaoKona4)

MeTanHaTa no.qrpa.qa MO>Ke .qa ce 1113pa6oTII1 KaKo:

• wnyH.qosa no.qrpa~a o.q MeTanHII1 Ta6nlll,
• necHa anaMIIIHII1YMCKa no~rpaAa 111
• TewKa MeTanHa no.qrpaAa
MeTanHaTa wnyH.qosa noArpaA6a (en. 198) ce KOp111CTII1 3a noroneMII1 .qna60'-1111HII1 111
KOra nOA39MjeTO 111306111nysa CO f0119MII1 K011111'-1111HII1 Ha BOAa (6oraTII1 BOAOHOCHII1
cnoes111). Bo 3aBII1CHocr o.q cf:>opMaTa Ha nonpeYHII10T npeceK, nocTojaT HeKonKy
npocp11111111 Ha MeTanHIII_@Y uJnYHAOBII1, '-1111111 111MII11-ba ce A06111eHII1 so 3aBII1CHOCT OA
cpopMaTa Ha npOcp111110T 11111111 np01113BOf:\111T9110T. VlMeHO, BO KaHaJ11113ai..\1110HaTa npaKca
Ce cpeTHyBaaT C118AH111Te H9K011KY Tll1nOBII1 Ha MeTanHa wnyHAOBa nOAfPaAa: BO 9AHa
I paBHII1Ha, "U" npocp111n, "Z" npocp111n, caH~yYacT npeceK 111 APYf111 •

179

I
. ·\
··: i
.....:

· WnyH.qosaTa ·orpa.[\a so cpopMa Ha "U" e npe.qno>KeHa o.q JlapceH (Larsen) 111 3aToa
}] npocp~ttnlttTe ce HapeKysaaT ywTe 111 napceHOBVI npocp111n111. WnyH.qos~ttTe no.qrpa.[\111 so
}j cpopMa Ha "Z" BO 3aB111CHOCT OA HaLlii1HOT Ha cnojyBal-be, HOCaT 111 CBOitt 111MII11-ba cnpeMa
HII1BH111Te npoHaofaLl111.

KD-VI b=60 sm, h = 7.9 em, s = 6 i 8 mm

KD 750 b=75 sm, h = 9.15em, s = 8 mm

LP b=70-74 sm, h = 15-20 em, s = 7 mm

Omega- b=70-74 sm, h = 15-20 em, s = 7 mm

~
i:l Z- b=70-82 sm, h = 30 em, s = 6-9 mm

· S - b=63 sm, h = 46 em, s = 6 i 9 mm

z npocj:>IM

u npocj:>~Jl

PaeeH npo¢~11

Cn. 198 npocfmnM Ha MeranHa wnyH,qoaa no,qrpa,qano,qrpa,qa

npocp111n111Te OA MeTanHaTa wnyHAOBa no.qrpaAa ce nocTasysaaT sepT~ttKanHo co
Ha6111Bal-be (en 199-a). Ha en. 199-6 nplttKa>KaHa e pos co MeTanHa wnyH.qosa
no.[\rpa.qa.
~
I

Cn. 200 MeranHa wnyH,qoaa no,qrpa,qa

I (a - Ha6MBaH>e Ha npocfmnMre, 6 - 143rne,q Ha wnyH,qoaa no,qrpa,qa)

I 180

I
 AnyMLI1HLI1YMCKaTa no.qrpa.qa MO>Ke .qa 6Lt1.qe Lt13Be.qeHa BO HeKOnKy pa3nW·lHLI1
sapL11jaHTLI1, BO 3aBV1CHOCT OP. XV1.qporeOnOWKit1Te KapaKTep111CTII1Kit1 Ha 1104BaTa
a) 8EP114K~A XK,IJ,PA)O\NHA
noAI"PA~A CO 8 EPntKAllHH WMHI4

9 9pnU.811H\4.
aGnM

I Cn. 201 AnyMuHuyMcKa noflrpafla

Ha en. 201 nplt1Ka>KaHII1 ce Tplt1 pa3nW·lHLI1 cny4aes111 Ha npii1MeHa Ha anyMLI1HV1YMCKa
I no.qrpa.qa. Bo nps111oT cnyYaj (cn.201-a) nocTaseHII1 ce caMo sepTII1KanHII1 W111Hit1
no.qynpeHII1 co cne4111janH111 xll1.qpaynii14Kit1 pacnoHKV1. 8Top1110T cnyYaj (cn.201 -6),
CTpaHII1T6 Ha pOBOT ce no.qynpeHII1 CO Ta6nll1 BOP.OOTnOpHa II1Bep1114a 111 sepT111KanHII1
I
.
'
anyMLI1Hit1YMCKII1 WII1HII1. TpeTII10T cnyYaj (en. 201-s), 4enocHo onw111eHa anyMII1HII1YMCKa
no.qrpa.qa. Ha en. 202 npii1Ka>KaHa e np111MeHa Ha npB111Te .qsa Tll1na Ha anyMII1HII1YMCKa
no.qrpa.qa CaMO CP. B6pT111KanHII1 WII1HII1 111 sepTII1KanHII1 WII1HII1 111 BOAOOTnOpHa II1B6p1114a
__.:/

Cn. 202 AnyMuHuyMcKa noflrpafla

nocTOII1 anyMII1HII1YMCKa CaH.qyYeCTa llOArpa.qa KOja Ce np111MeHyBa BO ycnOBII1 Ha MHLilfY
pacTpeclt1TII1 no4BII1 111 np111cacTso Ha nOA39MHa BOAa. Ha en. 203-a npii1Ka>KaHa e eAHa
TaKsa npV1npeMeHa no.qrpa.qa Koja e cnpeMHa 3a cnywTaH>e so pas. W111poY111HaTa Ha
noArPaAaTa ce 11p111npeMa Ha.qsop OA posoT co no.qecysaH>e Ha WV1pLt1HaTa Ha
pacnoHKLilTe, a cnywTaH>eTo, Ha6111Bal-beTo 111 V13BneKyBal-beTo Ha no.qrpaAaTa o.q
pOBOT ce lt13B6AYBa MaWV1HCKV1 CO pOBOKOilaYOT 3a 111CKOI1 Ha p0BOBII1Te. (en . 204).
nocTojaT 111 cne4111janHo np111npeMeHit1 anyMII1HII1YMCKV1 nnaTHa 111 cne4111janHL11
BepTII1KanHV1 anyMV1HII1YMCKII1 npo¢Lt1nll1 3a 1113B9AYBal-be Ha 4enOCHO 011WII1Bal-be Ha
pOBOT (en . 203 6)
 Cn. 203 AnyMMHMyMcKa nof1rpaf1a
(a - caH,qy'-lacra, 6 - anyMMHMYMCKM ra6nu)

Cn. 204 Ha6Maafbe MM3aneKyaal-be Ha anyMMHMYMCKa nof1rpaf1a

3a lt138eAysal-he Ha po808111 3a noroneMII'1 Ana60411'1Hit1 111 80 cna61t1 no4811'1 co now1t1
X111ApOreonOLI.IKII'1 KapaKTepii1CTII1Kit1, np111 roneMII1 CTpaHII14Hit1 nplt1Tit1C04111, nOCTOjaT
TeWKII1 caHAY4aCTII'1 MeTanHII1 noArPaA111. Ha en. 205 np1t1Ka>KaHII1 ce A8a Tlt1na Ha
caHAY4eCTa MeTanHa nOAfPaAa. 0811'1e Tll1n0811'1 Ha nOArpaAa ce AOCTa TeWKII1, Hlt18HII10T
TpaHcnopT, cnywTal-he, Ha61t18al-he 1t1 11'138neKy8al-he ce 8pWit1 11'1CKny411'180
MexaHit13111paHo.

Cn. 205 TewKa MeranHa - caHf1y4ecra nof1rpaf1a

LIICKOnOT Ha KaHanlt13a411'10HII1Te p080811'1 80 HajroneMa MepKa Ce 11138eAy8a MaWii1HCKII1
CO KOplt1CTel-he Ha cne41t1janH1t1 MaWII1Hit1 - pOBOKOna41t1, KOII'1 no OAHOC Halt18HaTa
KOHCTPYK411'1ja MO>KaT Aa 6111AaT pa3nlt14HII1, KaKo 6arep (en. 206), eKcKa8aTop (en. 207)
li1 APYflt1. LllcTo TaKa, nocTOII1 111 pa4eH 11'1CKon 111n1t1 AOKon Ha po80811'1Te. pa>kHII'10T lt1CKon,
npeTcTa8y8a Man Aen OA BKynHaTa KOnii14111Ha Ha 111CKon. CoOAHOCOT Ha pa4eH

I cnpeMa Mawli1HCKii1 111CKon, K:e 61i1Ae noroneM ,., noHeno8oneH 80 cny4ae81i1 Kora npli1
11'1CKOilOT lt1Ma noroneM 6poj Ha Hen03HaTii1 li1HCTana41111t1. Bo TOj cny4aj, pa4HII10T li1CKOn

I 182

I
 y;KecTsysa co noroneM Aen 3apaAL1 HeM3BeCHOcTa ~ MO>KHaTa WTeTa Ha APYrMTe
L1HCTana4M~.

Cn. 206 PoaoKona'-1 - 6arep 3a McKon Ha McnyWrafbe 1<1 M3aneKyaafbe Ha nof1rpaf1a

~-------------9~ --------------~

~
~

I
Cn. 206 POBOKO , '-1 eKCKaaarop
nnpeTXOAHO ~3HeCeHaTa MaTep~Ja
.
ce OAH9Cy8a 3a ~CKOI1 80 HeKapneCT~ 11048~, KaAe
WTO VICKOI10T Ce 8pWVI 6e3 KOMnpecop vtnL-1 npeTXOAHO M~Hvtpal-be.
AKO KaHanvt3a4VIOHVIT9 pOBOBVI Ce L1389AY8aaT BO KapneCT~ MaTep~janL-1, BO TOj
cnyYaj L1CK0110T Ce 8pWVI CO npeTXOAHO MVIHVIpal-be. MVIHVIpal-beTO Ce 8pWV1 110CTeneHO
co OT8apal-be Ha Aeno8VI OA po8oT. 3a Taa 4en, ce npvtMeHy8aaT sepTvtKanHvt
6yWOTL1HVI Ha 9AHaK8VI paCTOjaHV~ja, 49CTO nOCTaBeH~ 80 ABa peAa, OAHOCHO Ha
rpaHVI4VITe OA noTpe6HVIOT npocpV~n Ha KaHanoT. AejcTBOTO Ha MVIHL1Te e HacoYeHo Ha
xop~30HTanHo onppnysal-be Ha MaTepL1janoT. Ha en. 207-a npLi!Ka>KaH e eAeH Ha>kV~H
Ha pacnopeA VI CMeCTyBal-be Ha MVIHLi!Te 3a VICKOI1.
Bo 3asvtcHocT OA KapaKTepL1CTII1KvtTe Ha CTeHcKaTa Maca, pacnopeAOT ~ npase40T Ha
M~HvtTe MO>Ke Aa ce VI3BeAe t1 noA OAPeAeH aron OA 40° AO 60°, KaKo WTO e
np111Ka>KaHo Ha en. 207 6.
npvt 111CKOI1 Ha pOB08L1 80 KapneCTifl MaTep~an~ CTpaHII1Te Ha p080T ce npaBaT
sepTL1KanHo 6e3 Hlf1KaKBo noArPaAyBal-be, a w111p0~111HaTa Ha posoT ce onpeAenysa
3a H9CMeTaHO 1113B9AYBal-be Ha lflHCTanaTepCK~Te pa60TL1 Ha 49BK080AOT.

183

I
 6)

Ii
Cn. 206 MuHupafbe Ha npocj:mnor Ha poa ao Kapnecra Maca
(a - aepntKanHo nocraaemt MllfHIIf, 6 - Koco nocraaeHu MllfHIIf)
Bo KaHanlll3a4IIIOHIIITe CIIICTeMIII, KpaTKIII AenHIII4111 OA noroneMIII KoneKToplll MO>KaT Aa
I ce 1113BeAysaaT 111 TYHencKIII. OnpaBAaHocTa OA BaKos HaYIIIH Ha 1113BeAysa~e Ha
KaHanlll3al..\IIIOHeH KonKeTop Tpe6a Aa ce noTBPA111 co TeXHIIIYKO eKOHOMCKa CTYAIIIja.
Kora TepeHoT e 3ac111TeH co BOAa ce HaMeTHysa npo6neMOT 3a OACTpaHysa~e Ha
I nOA38MHaJ,~ BOAa. swaTa MO~A~El 1 0ACTpaHysa no rpaBIIITal..\IIIOHeH naT npeKy
APeHa>KIII npeTXOAHO MOHTIIIpaHWFeG)<~nlll3a4IIIOHIII 4eBKIII (en. 207) 111n111 naK no

I BSWTaYKIII naT CO nyMna~e.

I
I
I
I
Cn. 207 rpaauraquoHO OflCTpaHyaafbe Ha nOfl3eMHara BOAa
I 06111YHO ce KOplllcTaT A1113en nyMnHIII arperaTIII KOIII ja 4pnaT BOAaTa OA HajHIIICKIIITe
TOYKIII Ha IIICKOnaHII1T8 pOBOBOIII. AKO KOnal-bSTO Ha pOBOBIIITe CO npiiiCYCTBO Ha

I nOA38MHa BOAa e OTS>KHaTO, Toraw BOP.aTa Tpe6a npeTXOP.HO P.a ce OP.CTpaHIII CO

noMow Ha waxTHIII 6yHaplll (en. 208) 111n111 naK co 111rnocp111nTp111 (en. 209) KOIII ce
nocTasysaaT HaABOP OA posoT. WaxTHIIITe 6yHap111 ce KOplllcTaT SP.HOKpaTHO nopaP.III
wTo ce 111 P.OCTa cKan111111 nopeTKO ce ynoTpe6ysaaT.
VlrnocplllnTpiiiTe ce 1113BSAYBaaT OA MeTanHIII 4eBKIII co P.On>KIIIHa AO 6 M, a nocne
3aspwysal-beTo Ha pa6oTIIITe ce ASMOHTIIIpaaT 111 ce KOplllcTaT so APYriiiTe noTe3111
I 3ap~111 WTO Ce n08KOHOM1114HIII Ill HaofaaT nOWIIIpOKa np111M8Ha.

I 184

I
:r·
..i

KaHan. 49BKOBOA

Cn. 207 nono>K6a Ha waxrH111re 6yHap1!7

I
I

Cn. 208 nono>K6a Ha Mrnocj)Mr.6) ~ nocraeeHM o,q e,qHa crpaHa Ha poeor

Bo 3aBVICHOCT OA XVIAporeonowKVITe KapaKTept~~CTVIKVI Ha TepeHoT T.e. OA KOIJW-IVIHaTa
Ha BOAa Koja Ke ..ce 4pn111, t~~rnocpt~~nTpVITe MO>Ke Aa 6t~~AaT noeAt~~HaYHVI 111!1111 rpynHVI.
I rpynHVITe t~~rnocpt~~nTpVI npeACTasysaaT noroneM 6poj t~~rnocpt~~nTpVI nosp3aHI!I Ha eAeH
nyMneH arperaT. Ha en. 209 npi!IKa>KaHa e npi!IMeHa Ha rpynHVI l!lrnocplilnTplil,
IIIHCTaiJI!IpaHI!I Ha 8A8H Kpaj OA pOBOT. lt1rnOcpV1!1Tp111T8, BO 3aBVICHOCT OA VIHT8H31!1T8TOT
Ha nOA38MHaTa BOAa, MO>KaT Aa 6111AaT IIIHCTam..,paHIII BO pOBOT, OA 8AHa CTpaHa Ha
poBoT, OA ABeTe cTpaHIII Ha posoT, no ABa peAa OA eAHa cTpaHa Ha posoT 111 APYro

I 7,00
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c :?:::ii'ii\1

I Cn. 209 nono>K6a Ha Mrnocj)MnrpM nocraeeH/17 eo poaor

I
185
 1.4. nocTasysatue Ha 4eBK~Te

AKo J..1CKonoT Ha posos&.ne e MaWJ..1HCKif1, noTpe6Ho e paYHo .qoKonysal-be J..1

nopaMHysal-be Ha .qHoTo co KOTJ..1Te Ha npoeKTif1paHaTa HJ..1seneTa (en. 21 0-a). 3a .qa
MO>Ke ~esKaTa .qa HanerHe no csojaTa .qonHa nospwlf1Ha, no .qHoTo Ha posoT ce
pacTYpa cnoj Ha necoK so .qe6enJ..1Ha o.q 10-20 eM so 3aBif1CHOCT o.q .qJ..1jaMeTapoT Ha
~esKaTa.

AKo TepeHoT J..1Ma cna6a HOCJ..1BOCT, posoT ce npo.qna6oyysa, a noToa ce HacJ..1nysa co

H0Cif1B MaTeplf1jan lf1nlf1 MpWaB 6eTOH M6-150. 3a .qa MO>KS TepeHOT .qa ce O.qBOAHYBa J..1
so eKcnnoaTa41f1ja lf1Cno.q rnaBHif1Te KoneKTOplf1 ce npeABif1.qysa .qpeHa>Ka.
I Ha MSCTOTO Ka.qe CS BpWif1 cnojyBal-be Ha ~8BKif1T8 (Kaj CnOjHif1~1f1T8) BO pOBOT CS
cpopMJ..1paaT s.qna6HaTif1Hif1 Hlf1Wif1 3a Aa ce onecHJ..1 caMoTo MOHTif1pal-be.
OA Kora K:e ce nplf1npeMif1 posoT ce nplf1cTanysa KOH nocTasysal-be Ha ~eBKJ..1Te. npeA
Aa ce cnywTaT 4SBKif1Te so posoT Tpe6a A06po .qa ce OYif1CTaT OA BHaTpewHaTa
CTpaHa lf1 Aa ce nposepJ..1 Blf13yenHo Aanlf1 lf1MaaT MexaHif1YKJ..1 owTeTYBal-ba, nyKHaTif1HJ..1

I J..1nJ..1 APYrlf1 Ae¢eKTif1.

Bo 3aBif1CHOCT OA TS>KJ..1HaTa Ha 4SBKif1Te lf1 noKanHif1Te ycnoslf1 Ha TpacaTa Ha
KaHanoT, cnywTal-beTo Ha 49BKif1Te MO>Ke Aa ce spwJ..1 paYHO lf1nlf1 MaWJ..1HCKJ..1. 3a
I cnyWTal-be Ha noTeWKif1Te npocplf1nlf1 Ha 4SBKif1 nocTOJ..1 cne41f1janHa onpeMa J..1 npJ..16op
3a CriywTal-be Ha 4SBKif1Te (en. 210 6,5).

I
I
I Cn. 210 ,[JoKon, cnywra/-be /11 MOHrMpal-be Ha LJeBKMre

I nplf1 cnywTal-beTo Tpe6a Aa ce BHJ..1Masa 4SBKif1Te co MycpoT Aa 61f1AaT cnywTeHJ..1

B03BOAHO, OA ropHaTa CTpaHa Ha posoT (en 21 0-s). MoHn1pal-beTo Ha ~eBKJ..1Te ce
J..13spwysa OA Aony Harope. OA SAHa AO APYra peBif131f10Ha waxTa, KaHanoT Tpe6a Aa
6J..1AS so npasa nJ..1Hif1ja, co J..1CT AJ..1jaMeTap lf1 co lf1CTif1 naA Ha 4SBKif1Te. 3a Aa ce
I. MOHTJ..1paaT ~eBKif1Te co J..1CTI!1 naA, noTpe6Ho e npeTxo.qHo, AHOTO Ha posoT Aa e
J..13BSASHO co npoeKT1!1paHif10T naP.. Co reOASTCKJ..1 lf1HCTpyMeHT - HJ..1senJ..1p, ce
I cplf1KCif1paaT AHOTa Ha peBif131f10Hif1Te waxTJ..1. Ha Blf1COYif1Ha H o.q AHOTO Ha ABe coceAHJ..1
pes!f13J..10HJ..1 waxTif1 ce nocTasysaT Ha KonYJ..11-ba xop1!130HTanHJ..1 neTBif1 (cn.211 ).
nJ..1Hif1jaTa wTo rlf1 nosp3ysa ropHif1Te cTpaHI!1 OA xoplf130HTanH!f1Te neTBJ..1 !.1Ma naA
SAHaKos co naAOT Ha KaHanoT. Co ABJ..1>Kel-be Ha neTsa co BJ..1Cif1Ha "H" lf1 ce AS¢J..1HL.1pa
HVIBSJISTaTa Ha pOBOT lf1 48BKaTa.

I LteHTplf1pa1-beTo Ha 4SBK!f1Te e Ba>KHa pa6oTa 3a npas1.1nHo MOHTL.1pal-be (cnojysal-be)

Ha ~8BKif1T8 J..1 3a 8cplf1KaCHO cpyHK~If10Hif1pal-be Ha KaHanlf13a41f10HTa Mpe>Ka.

I 186

I
..r--... ...._. _ __ . _ . .. -· -- ~ - - -~· -· --- - --· ... .

Cn. 211 npoaepKa Ha KOTMTe Ha HMBeneTa Ha KaHaflOT

(1-neraa 3a nopaaHyBalbe, 2-aepnrKanHa neraa 3a KOHTpona Ha HUBenerara Ha poaor, 3- aepruKanHa neraa 38
KOHTpona Ha HMBenerara Ha 1..1eaKara, 4-Kon'-/e co f:1ecf:mHupaHa aucuHa, 5-BM3ypHa nuHuja, 6-nu6ena, 7-npaae/..1
Ha re'-/elbe)

80 nocneAHO speMe HIIIB9nlllpa1-beTO Ha AHOTO Ha pOBOT Ill Ha KaHanoT ce 1113B9AYBa

I co cocpii!CTIII4111PaHa onpeMa (AIIICToMaTJ.II, nacep111 111 AP-)
AKO KaHanJ.IIT9 ce 1113B9AYBaaT KaKO MOHOniiiTHJ.II T.e. Ce (nllljaT) 1113B9AYBaaT BO CaMJ.IIOT
pos ce nocTanysa Ha cneAHIIIOT HaYJ.IIH: npso ce 1113BeAysa AHOTO Ha KaHanoT 111
CTpaHJ.IIYHII1T9 S111AOBII1, a nOTOa ropH1110T A9n (CBOAOT). V13B9AYBal-beTO ce BpWIII no
KaMnaAIII, co AO>KII1Ha, o6VIYHo OA 1,0 AO 5 M.

1.5. lllcm.nysafobe Ha KaHanl!ne M Hacl!'lnysafobe Ha posoBMTe

.
I Ce BpWIII 3aCII1nysal-be Ha pOBOT CO CII1THa 39Mja 111 BHII1MaTenHO Ha6111Bal-be OKOny
4eBKJ.11Te so cnoes111 OA 20 AO 30 eM. 3aclllnysal-bTO ce spw111 AO 30 eM HaA TeMeTo Ha
49BKJ.IIT9.
I KaHaniii341110HaTa Mpe>Ka Tpe6a Aa ce 111cn111Ta Aan1.1 e BOAOAP>Knlllsa co np111TIIICOK Ha
BOAa OA 4 - 5 M.s.c. AKo KaHaniiiTe ce nocTaseH~~t Ha Ana6111Ha OA 4 M., Toraw
I J.IICnlltTYBal-beTO Ce BpWIII CO 3aTBapal-be Ha 49BKII1T9 BO AB9 COC9AH111 peB11131!10HJ.II
waxTIII, 111 nonHel-be co BOAa Ha 4esKaTa OA nos111coKaTa peBIII31110Ha waxTa (en. 212-a).
AKo waXTII!Te ce Ha noMaila Ana60YII1Ha, Toraw npii1TII1COKOT ce cTspa co
I np~~tKnyyysal-be Ha sepT111KanHa 4esKa AOnra 4 M a nonHel-heTo Ha KaHanoT co BOAa
ce spw~~t npeKy Taa 4esKa (en. 212-6). WesK~~tTe ce cTasaT noA osoj np~~tTI!tCOK so
Tpael-be OA 15 MII1H 111 ce KOHTpon111pa HII1BOTO Ha BOAa. AKo 111Ma cnywTal-he Ha HIIIBOTO
I Ha BOAaTa so waxTaTa T.e. so sepT111KanHaTa 4esKa, 3a Kon111>ft111Ha Koja e noroneMa
OA A03soneHaTa, wTo 3HaY~~t AeKa VJMa 3ary6a Ha BOAa, OAHOCHO 111Ma nowo 1!13BeAeHII1
cnoes~~t 111n111 MOHT~~tpaH~~t ce Ae¢eKTHIII KaHanlll3a41110HII1 4eBKIII. nocne Taa,
KOHCTaTa4~~tja BHII1MaTenHo ce nposepysaaT c~~tTe cnoes111 ce AOAeKa He ce yTBPAIII
MeCTOTo KaAe 111CTeKysa BOAaTa, a noToa Tpe6a Aa ce OTKnoHaT Ae¢eKT~~tTe, a
nocTanKaTa 3a 111Cn111TYBal-be Aa ce nosTopll1.
I Bo Ta6enaTa 35 AaAeH~~t ce A03soneHII1Te KOniiiY111HIIt Ha 3ary6a Ha BOAa ~~t3pa3eH~~t so
n Ha eAeH KM 3a eAHO A9HOHOKV1e, 3a npVITVICOK OA 4 M. npVI noroneM np111TI!1COK OA 4
I M, 3a ceKo HapeAeH eAeH MeTap np~~tTVICOK A03soneHoTo BOAHO KOnii1YecTso ce
3roneMysa 3a 10 %

I 187

I
 a)
' 6)

---'
.,....,.......,.. ·-·
~-==-:=-t;:: .- ro:...--·. ,=-,::...: =-. --,.f~Hl--1.___
,_ ~ .

Cn. 212 Xup,paynw-IKO ucnuryaaH>e Ha KaHanu3al..ll10Hure 4eBKl1

(a-p,na6oKu KaHanu, 6-nnurKu KaHanu)
Ta6ena 35 tfo3aoneHa 3ary6a Ha aop,a (llkm den)

AllljaMeTap (MM)
8111.q Ha 4eBKir1
150 200 250 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1500

I KepaMI!lYKI-1
A36ecT-4eMeHTHII\
7
7
12
20
15
24
18
28
21
32
23
36
23
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

I ApMI!lpaHo 6eTOHCKI!l - - - 28 32 36 40

XL-1Apaym..,YKIAOT npL-1TL-1COK noA Koj ce VICnVIrysaaT KaHanVITe He Tpe6a Aa 6V~Ae

48 56 64 76

I noroneM VlflVI 8AHaKOB OA OHOj KOj BO CTBapHOCT MO>K8 Aa HaCTaHe npVI 1..18f10CHO
VICnOflHyBal-be Ha KaHanVI3ai..IVIOHL-1T8 WaXTVI CO BOAa.
noKpaj 1..18BKVITe, Ha BOAOAP>KnVIBOCT Tpe6a Aa ce VICnVITaaT VI waXTVITe, 3a Aa ce
yTBPAVI noeAVIHaYHVIOT YAen Ha BOAonponycHOCTa Ha 1..18BKL-1Te VI waxTVITe.
BOAOAP>KnVIBOCTa Ha waxTVITe ce VICnL-1ryBa co 6noKV1pa1-be Ha I..ISBKVITe KOVI ce
cnojysaaT so waxTaT Lll nonHel-be Ha waxTaTa AO rpnoTo VI npaTel-be Ha npoMeHaTa Ha
I HVIBOT Ha BOAa 80 Hea (en 213)

Cn. 213 Xup,paynw-IKO ucnuryaaH>e Ha waxra

npVI 111CnVIryBal-be Ha roneMVI nonpeYHL--1 npeCSI..IVI Ha KaHanii1T8, CO npeTXOAHO
onV~waHVIOT HaYIAH noTpe6Ha e roneMa KOflVIYIAHa Ha BOAa. 3a Aa ce Vl36erHe TOa, Kaj
npOOAHIATe KaHaniA ce spw111 IACn!Arysal-be noA AejcTso Ha XIAApaym1YKL1 npVITIACOK
caMo MeCTOTO Ha cnojysal-be (en. 214). 3a Taa 1..1en, npeTXOAHO ce npVInpeMaaT
Cn8I..IL1janHO KOHCTpy!ApaHIA 3aTBapaYIA KOlA ce nocTasysaaT OA AB8T8 CTpaHIA Ha
cnojHL11..1L1Te, a npocTopoT L13Mefy HIAB ce nonHIA co BOAa AO OAP8ASHII10T npiATIACOK.
CaMIATe 48BK1!1 Ha BOAOAP>Kni!IBOCT ce 111CnVIrysaaT ywTe np111 HIABHOTo npoL13BOACTBO.

188
~ -- ·· ·····~ . .. ·...:....:. ··- -· ·" -·-···-·- ·- ~- ··--· ---·--· ·-- ·· ·· ·-· . ..

Op, ~3spweHOTO ~cn~Tysal-be ce cocTasysa 3am1cH~K so Koj ce on~wysaaT ycnos~Te

111 nocTanKaTa 3a cnposep,eHoTo 111cmnysal-be, a ce noTn~wysa op, 1113Bep,ysa40T Ha
pa60TII1T8, T8XH~4KaTa Hap,30pHa KOHTpona Ha 111HB8CTII1TOpOT.

. X~AP3)1/1M"4KO MCnMTYBIM:.8 Ha
cnojHM4a ~~:aj roneMMTe
J.8HBnM.la4MOHJI 4tBKJI

Cn. 214 Xup,paynw-tKO ucnuryaan,e cnoj Ha 4eaKure

I Op, Kora K:e ce KOHCTaT111pa KBanii1TeTHOTO 1113BeAyBal-be Ha KaHanii1Te ce npoAOn)f(ysa

co 3ac111nysal-be Ha posos~Te. Co c~THa 3eMja 111n~ necoK ce Hac111nysaaT MecTaTa Ha
cnojHII14LIITe so cnoes111 OA 20 p,o 30 CM 111 ce Ha6111saaT AO HaA TeMeTo op, 4esKaTa 3a
HajManKy 20 CM. 0CTaHaTII10T p,en OP, pOBOT 061114HO Ce Hac111nysa MaWII1HCKII1, 111CTO
TaKa so cnoes111 111 co Ha6LIIBal-be. Cys111Te 3eMj111WTa ce Hasna)f(ysaaT 3a p,a MO)f(aT
~ Ksanii1TeTHO p,a ce Ha6LIIjaT, a onTLIIManHaTa sna)f(HOCT ce onpep,enysa
~ na6opaTop111CKII1. 3apap,L11 srpap,eHII1Te 4eBKII1 111 waXTII1, op, posos111Te ocTaHysa 1113BecHa
KonLII4~Ha Ha 3eMja Koja ce ABII1)f(LII op, 10 p,o 25 % op, 111CKonoT. B111woKOT Ha 3eMja ce
TpaHcnopTII1pa Ha npeTxop,Ho p,orosopeHII1 noKa4111111 KOII1 111MaaT noTpe6a op,
nop,111rHysal-be Ha nospw~HaTa Ha TepeHOT.

2. EKCnJlOATA41t1JA HA KAHAJ11t13A~It10Hit1TE MPE)f(ltl

2.1. nperneA M KOHTpona Ha KaHallM3a4MOHMTe Mpe>KM

I 3a 1113rpaA6a Ha 8A8H KaHanll13a4LIIOHeH CII1CT8M, BO 3aBII1CHOCT OA HerosaTa
npocTpaHOCT, noTpe6HII1 ce roneMLII qmHaHCII1CKII1 cpeACTBa. He ce peTKII1 cny4aeBLIITe,
I Kap,e nocne 1113rpaA6a Ha KaHanll13a41110HII10T CLIICTeM, so eKcnnoaTa4LIIja LIICTLIIOT e
npenywTeH CaM Ha ce6e, OP,HOCHO npLIICaTHO e 3Ha4ajHa 3anyWT8HOCT 111
Heop,p>+<ysal-be Ha KaHanll13a41110HLIITe Mpe)f(LII.
KaKBII1 ce nocnep,L114LIITe op, HecpyHK41110H111pa1-beTo Ha KaHanLII3a4LIIOHaTa Mpe>+<a ce
3a6ene>Kysa s~ ycnos111 Kora e HaManeH nponycHII10T Kana4111TeT Ha LIICTaTa, 111nL11 Kora
ce nojasysa nonasa (1113nesal-be Ha cpeKan111111).
3apaALII cpyHK41110HanHaTa noBp3aHOCT Ha B0AOCHa6AII1T8nHII1T8 111 KaHanll13a4LIIOHII1T8
CLIICTeMII1, norii14HO e co HII1B p,a ynpasysa ep,Ha 3aeAHII14Ka opraH1113a4111ja.
OpraH1113a4111jaTa Ha eKcnnoaTa4~ja Ha KaHan~3a41110H~OT CLIICTeM ce p,en~ Ha p,sa
p,ena Lll Toa; ep,111H~4a 3a op,p>Kysal-be Ha KaHan~3a4111oHaTa Mpe)f(a co o6jeKT~Te Ha
Hea ~ 8AII1H~4a 3a Op,p>KyBal-be Ha npe4LIICTLIIT8nHaTa CTaHLII4a (AOKOnKy ja LIIMa).
CnpeMa H8KOl.iHOpMLII, Ce CMeTa p,eKa Ha 1 KM KaHanll13a41110Ha Mpe>Ka nOTpe6HLII ce 1.5
- 2 pa6oTHLII4LII 3a OAP)f(ysal-be Ha Mpe)f(aTa.

I 189

I
":".i

~i
j

EAL1Hl-'1L\aTa 3a O.[\p:>Kysal-be Ha KaHanl-138.L\l-10HaTa Mpe:>Ka Tpe6a Aa 6111Ae onpeMeHa co

ype.[\111 3a ~111CTel-be Ha KaHanl-13aqll1jaTa.
noA eKcnnoaTa4111ja Ha KaHanii138.L\l-'lOHaTa Mpe:>Ka ce noApa36111pa npas111nHo
KOpii1CTel-be 111 O.[\p:>Kysal-be Ha Mpe:>KaTa so l-'lcnpasHa cocToj6a. 3a Taa 4en noTpe6Ho
e Aa ce spwaT nep1110AII1~HII1 nperne.[\111 Ha c111Te o6jeKTII1, nposepKa Ha ycnosl-1Te Ha
pa6oTa, Aa ce npasvt npeseHTII1BHO ~111CTel-be V1 111Cn111pa1-be Ha KaHanYI38.L\1110HaTa
Mpe:>Ka. <0ACTpaHysal-be Ha TanoroT, peMOHT Ha OAP9AeHII1 ype.[\111, OACTpaHysal-be Ha
.[\ecpeKTII1 111 xasap111111.
Bo npsl-1Te rOA111HII1 Ha eKcnnoaTa4111ja Ha KaHanii138.41110HaTa Mpe:>Ka, 111Ma nojasa Ha
nOl-13p8.3111TO TanO:>Kel-be, 3ap8..[\111 Manl-1 H8AOCTII1rHaTII1 BP9AHOCT Ha CTBapHaTa 6p3111Ha,
3apa.[\111 noMan npoToK so qeBKl-1Te 111 .[\pyro.
nep1110.[\1114HII1T9 KOHTpOnll1 Tpe6a .[\8. r111 nOL\YipaaT M9CTaTa Ha TanO:>K91-b9 80
KaHanii138.41110HaTa Mpe:>Ka 111 6narospeMeHo Aa ce l-1Cnl-1pa KaHanll13aql-1jaTa, OAHOCHO
.[\8. He ce 49Ka .[\8. H8.CT8.He L\9nOCHO 3anywyBal-be, 6111A8jKII1 80 T8.KOB cny~aj H8KOII1
L\9BKOB0.[\111 VI H9MO:>K8.T .[\8. ce 111CnepaT.
~perneAOT Ha KaHanll138.4111jaTa ce spw111 H8.ABOpeWHO L4 BHaTpeWHO.
Ha.[\sopewHII10T nperneA ce npasL-t· co s1113yeneH HaABOpeweH nperneA Ha CII1CTeMoT
I HajManKy eAHaw Ha ABa MeceqL4. Bo waxTvtTe nperneAOT ce spwL-t OA rope co
oTsapat-be caMo Ha KanaKoT. Co osoj nperneA Ke ce YPBPAL4 Aan111 Te4el-beTo so
KaHanii1Te 111 W8.XTII1T9 e HOpManHO, 0.[\HOCHO A8.nll1 111M8. ycnop Ha T9481-b9TO Ha
OAP8AH111 Aenos111, wTo yKa:>Kysa Ha cManeHII1 npocp111nL-t Ha qesKII1Te (Tano:>Kel-be,
H8.CII1nal-be L4 .[\p.). aeTanHO Tpe6a .[\8. ce nperneAaaT OHII19 A9nOBII1 H8. CII1CT8MOT K8..[\9
Ke Ce 3a6ene:>KT H8K8.KBII1 npOM9HL4 111 npo6neM111 80 cpyHK41110HII1p8.1-b9TO Ha CII1CT8MOT.
BHaTpewHl-'lOT nperneA, l-1nll1 Hape~eH TeXHII1~K111 nperneA Tpe6a Aa ce spw111 HajManKy
ABa naTII1 rDAYIWHO (nponeT, eceH), a HeKOYI Aenos111 OA CIIICTeMoT, KaKo ClllcpOHIII,
npeMIIIHIII noA co6pat<ajHIII4111 111 AP ce nperneAysaaT 3 AO 4 naTIII rOAl-'lWHO.
I 3a TeXHIII~KIII nperneA Ha ~Hanlll3aqll1oHaTa Mpe:>Ka noTpe6Ho e Aa ce Kop111CTIII
COO.[\B9TH8. OnpeMa. Ha Cn.f'npii1K8.:>K8.H8. KOHTpona Ha COCTOj6aTa BO K8.H8.nii138.41110H8.

I L\9BKa co CIIICTeM Ha orneAana.

I
I
I Cn. 215 KoHTpona u npernep, Ha KaHanu3aquoHa qeaKa co cucreM Ha ornep,ana
Bo nOHOBO BpeMe, 38. T8XHIII4KIII nperneA Ha K8.Haniii38.41110HaTa Mpe:>Ka ce KOpiiiCTaT
I cnel.ll-1janHII1 TB KaMepll1 co MarHeTOCKoncKo CHIIIMal-be.
Co TB KaMepa Mo:>Ke Aa ce spw111 l-1 TeXHIII~KIII np111eM Ha HOBO 1113BeAeH KaHanlll, Mo:>KaT

I Aa ce CHI!IMaaT KaHanll1 so eKcnnoaTaql!lja 111 necHo ce not.jlllpaaT MecTaTa 3a TeKoseH

Ill Kani!ITaneH peMOHT.
Ha en. 216 npiiiKa:>KaHo e KOM8.HAHO so3111no co TB KaMepa 3a CHII1Mal-be Ha KaHnlll.
I
I 190

I
 Cn. 216 TB KaMepa J.1 KOMaHP,HO 803/ltflO 3a CHMMal-be Ha KaHan/11
(1-Mecro Ha Ha,qrne,qya8fbe, 2-cronye 38 KOHTponopoT, 3-nperp8,q8, 4-KOTYP 38 K86en, 5 14 7-M8Kap8 38 ao,qefbe
H8 K86enoT, 6-K86en, 8-noroH H8 K8Mep8T8, 9-TB K8Mep8, 10-o6jeKTMB co ocaemya8fbe)

Bpc ocHosa Ha saKBII1Te nperne.q111 ce .qoHecysa o.qnyKa 3a npOYII1CTyBal-be 111

IIICnlllpal-be Ha o.qpe.qeHII1 KaHanlll o.q KaHanll13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka.

2.2. L1cn~patbe ~ lf~CTetbe Ha KaHam113a4~jaTa

3apa.qll1 npeseHTII1Ba, .qo6po e KaHanHTe o.q Mpe>KaTa .qa ce 111cn111paaT e.qHaw

ro.q111wHo. Ao.qeKa, noTe3111Te o.q KaHan1113a4111oHaTa Mpe>Ka KOIII ce 1113se.qeHII1 co
nOManll1 na.qOBII1 Ofl. MIIIHII1ManHO fl.03BOneHIIIT9, KaKO 111 nepll1¢epHIIIT9 nOT93111 KOIII
IIIMaaT Manlll nonH,9>KII1, HeOnXOfl.HO e 3 -4 naTIII .qa ce npOMIIIBaaT (111Cn111paaT) rDfJ.IIIWHO.
npoMII1Bal-beTo ce spw111 co nospeMeHo lllcnywTal-be Ha noroneMH KOnii14111HII1 Ha so.qa
HL!13 KaHam'\Te, co noroneMa 6p3111Ha. 3a noManHTe npece4111 Ha KaHan~ttTe,
IIICn~ttpal-beTo ce spw111 Ha cne.qHII10T HaYII1H: ce 3aTsapa KaHancKaTa 4esKa so
y3so.qHaTa waxTa co cne4111janHo np111npeMeHa waj6Ha 111n111 Tana co MexaHII13aM 3a
no.qll1rHysal-be o.q ynii1YHOTO nnaTHO (en. 217). WaxTaTa ce nonHII1 co KaHancKa so.qa
.qo o.qpe.qeHa BIIICOYII1Ha, a noToa ce oTsapTa 4esKaTa 111 so.qaTa Ke npoTeYe co
noroneMa 6p3111Ha so nonH npeceK Ha KaHanoT np111 WTO ce spw111 o.qHecysal-be Ha
111CTano>KeHII1Te MaTepll1111 (111cn111pa1-be).

I
I Cn. 217 3aTBapal-be Ha waxra 3a ~~tcn~~tpal-be Ha KaHan~~t3a4Mjara

I 191

I
 3a noroneM~Te KaHan~ 3a nOA06po 3aT8opa~e Ha KaHan~3a4~0HaTa 488Ka ~
nonecHo MaH~nyn~pa~e. ce Kop~cT~ TaKaHape4eHaTa wyTrapcKa KnanHa (en. 218).
A~x-ry8a~eTo Ha KnanHaTa co 488KaTa e co ryMeH npcTeH. 3a ceKoj CTaHAaPA8H
A~jaMeTap Ha KaHancK~Te 488K~ Tpe6a Aa ce pacnonara co TaK8a KnanHa.

Cn. 218 WyrrapcKa KnanHa

i nocTojaT ~ APYr~
3a ~cn~pa!JJ..e Ha
MexaH~3M~
KaHan~3a4~0HaTa
3a 3aT8apa~e
Mpe)f(a.
Ha
TaK8~
KaHan~Te
A8a
3a
np~Mep~
aKyMyn~paHle
ce
Ha 80Aa
np~Ka>KaH~ Ha --
en~. 219.
I

I
li

Cn. 219 MexaHU3MU 3a 3araapa!-be Ha KaHanure 3a ucnupal-be Ha KaHanu3a4ujara

3a 3an~pa~e Ha T848~8TO, noce6HO 80 noroneM~ 488K080A~ MO)f(8 Aa C8 KOp~CTaT
I ~ cneLI~janHo np~npeMeH~ TOnK~, Koj ce nocTa8y8aaT 80 488K080AOT, a nocne Toa
co KOMnpecop ce HaAy8aaT ce AO 3an~paHle Ha Te~el-beTo so KaHanoT. EAeH TaKo8
np~Mep e np~Ka)f(aH Ha en. 220.
I Pe8~3~0H~Te waxT~ ~MaaT Man 8onyMeH ~ 80 H~8 MO)f(e Aa ce co6epe Mana
Kon~4~Ha Ha oTnaAHa 80Aa. Ce CMeTa AeKa 8AHa waxTa co 8~C~Ha OA 1.5 AO 2 M,
MO)f(e Aa ~cnepe KaHan co A~jaMeTap 150 - 200 MM Ha A01l)f(~Ha OA cca 200. 3apaA~
Toa 3a noroneM~Te KaHan~ ce npeA8~AY8aaT cne4~janH~ o6jeKT~ 3a ~cn~paHle KO~
MO)f(e Aa ce aKT~B~paaT pa4HO ~n~ a8TOMaTcK~. Ha en. 221 AaAeHa e npoM~8Ha
waxTa co pa4HO ~cnywTaHle Ha 80AaTa. Bo 3a8~CHOCT OA AOll)f(~HaTa Ha 488K~Te
KO~ ce ~cn~paaT ~ H~8H~Te A~jaMeTp~ ce onpeAeny8a 3anpeM~HaTa Ha npoM~8HaTa
waxTa.

I
192
- ·- -
,<~

'

Cn. 220 3araapal-be Ha KaHancKa 4eaKa co ryMeHa ronKa.

Cn. 221 npoMMBHa waxra 3a MaHyenHo MCnMpal-be.

AyToMaTCKOTO ~cn~pal-be Ha KaHan~3aL!~jaTa ce spw~ co cneLI~janHo KOHCTpy~paH~
o6jeKT~ 3a Taa Ll~.n. EP.eH OP. Hajn03HaT~Te ~cn~pa4~ e Geiger-Muller-os~oT (en. 222).

Cn. 222 lajrep-MMnepoa aaroMarcKM Mcn11pa1.1.

Kaj OBOj ~Cn~pa4, KaHan~3aL!~OHaTa L!eBKa 3an04HyBa BO cpopMa Ha C~QJOH BO KOro
llOCTojaHo ~Ma so.n.a. Bo.n.aTa so waXTaTa ce .n.ose.n.ysa OP. so.n.oso.n.HaTa Mpe)l(a. Co
nocTeneHoTo noKa4ysal-be Ha H~BOTO Ha BOAaTa so waxTaTa ce spw~
KOMnp~M~pal-be Ha B03P.YXOT BO SBOHOTO HaP. C~cpOHOT. H~BOTO Ha BOP.aTa ce
noKa4ysa ce P.OP.eKa He ce .n.ocT~rHe .n.osoneH np~T~COK ~ so.n.aTa He no4He .n.a
npen~Ba BO C~cpOHCKaTa L!eBKa. 80 TOj MOMeHT npopa60TYBa C~QJOHOT ~ P.Oafa P.O
6p30 llpa3Hel-be Ha BOP.aTa OP. WaXTaTa. WTOM sne3e B03P.YX BO SBOHOTO, npeCTaHyBa
I Tel..lel-beTo, a 3ano4Hysa nonHel-beTo Ha waxTaTa. 3a .n.a He .n.oj.n.e .n.o LlenocHo
~CTeKyBal-be Ha BOP.aTa OP. C~QJOHOT T.e. P.a He 6~P.e yc~CaHa BOP.aTa OP. BOP.eH~OT

I 193
 LJen, HaA SBOHOTO nOCTaseHa e noMana 49BKa KOja AOB9AYBa B03AYX Ill HaspeMe ja
n·peKVIHyBa pa6oTaTa Ha ClllcpOHOT.
AyToMaTCKVITe 111Cn111paLJ111 TpowaT roneMa KOnlllLJVIHa Ha BOAa. Bo ycnos111 Ha BVICoKa
49Ha Ha BO.[\aTa ce BpWVI nospeMSHO ~Cnlllpal-be 110.[\ ASjCTBO Ha BVICOK npL!lTVICOK
CTBOpeH co nyMna. nyMnaTa KOplllct~ BOAa OA 4111CT9pHa Ill npeKy 4PSBO AOnro 50 AO
70 M ja nOTVICHysa BO KaHanCKaTa l!SBKa (en. 223). L\pSBOTO e CO npeceK 20- 30 MM
Ha cno60AHVIOT Kpaj VIMa A1113HII1 KOVI ja ycMepysaaT soAaTa Ha3aT, a noA AejcTso Ha
peaKTVIBHVIOT np~TVICOK 4PSBOTO ca AB~>KIIl HanpeA VI TaKa ro pa36111Ba lllCTano>KSHVIOT .
MaTep!lljan. Kana4111TSTOT Ha saKsaTa nyMna e 300 - 400 n/MIIIH, a 3anpeMII1HaTa Ha
4111CTepHaTa OArosapa Ha pa6oTa OA 8 LJaca.

j
I
I Cn. 223 Bo3Mna 3a MCnMpafbe Ha KaHanM3a4Mia
(a - MCmtpafbe nOfl BMCOK npMTMCOK, 6 - MCnMpafbe Ha WaXTM f,f CflMBHMl.{M)

I nocTojaT BaKBVI 4111CTepHII1 co nOAeneH pe3epsoap Ha ABa .qena, nplll WTO 80 9.[\HaTa
nonos111Ha VIMa BOAa 3a 111CI1111pal-be, a APYraTa nonoslllHa cnyl)fi-13a Clllcal-be Ha TanoroT ---
Koj Ce paCKOnysa. Osa npaKT111LJHO, 3a Aa VICTVIOT Tanor He ce VICTanO>KVI llOBTOpHO BO
I HII13BOAH111Te Aenos111 OA KaHanll13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka.
X111.qpayn111LJKO 111Cn111pa1-be Ha KaHancKVITe 4SBKII1 ce spw111 111 co noMow Ha ryMeHa 111n111
MeTanHa TOnKa 111n111 naK .qpseH 4111n111HAep.
I lyMeHaTa TOnKa e co .qllljaMeTap 1 .qo 3 eM. noMan o.q .qllljaMeTpoT Ha 4SBKaTa (en.
224). TonKaTa e nosp3aHa co ja>Ke, a nocne Hea so KaHanoT ce 111cnywTa ao.qa Koja co
I roneMa 6p3111Ha (6 - 7 M/C) llOMVIHysa llOMefy TOnKaTa Ill 49BKaTa Ill BpWVI 111C11111pal-be Ha
TanoroT (en. 225-a)

I
I
I
Cn. 224 TonKa 3a MCnMpafbe Ha KaHanMTe
Mo>Ke .qa ce np111npeM111 111 cne4111janeH f\VIcpy3op co HacoLJysal-be Ha 6p3111HaTa KOH
AHOTO Ha 49BKaTa 3a npOMIIIBal-be Ha KaHan1113a41110HVITS 49BKII1 (en. 225-6)
np111 VIC11111pa1-be Ha ClllcpOHVI ce ynoTpe6ysaaT TOilKVI OA CHer Ill Mpa3, OA KOVI HeMa
onacHocT OA 3arnasysal-be, 6111.[\ejKVI 6p3o ce pacTonysaaT. npso ce nywTa TonKa co
AllljaMeTap d=0,5 D, noToa d=0,7 D, a Hajnocne d=0,9 D, np111 WTO '"D" e AllljaMeTp Ha
ClllcpOHCKaTa 49BKa.

194
 6)

Cn. 225 Vfcnupalbe Ha KaHanu3aLfujara

(a -co ronKa, 6- co p,ucjJy3op)
3a roneM~ npece4~ Ha KaHn~Te noTpe6HV1 ce roneM~ KonW·l~H~ Ha BOAa KO~ MO)I(e
Aa ce o6e36eAaT OA 110A3eMHifl tt~JIIfl aTMOccpepcK~ BOA~ aKyMyn~paHtt~ BO o6jeKTifl
HaMeHeT~ 3a Taa 4en.

X~Apaynw-IHOTO ~cn~pat-be,
lloKpa.j BO KaHan~3al...\~OHaTa npaKT~Ka ce cpeK:aBa VI
MexaH~4KO 4~CTel-be Ha KaHamne, Koe ce cocTott~ BO npoTepyBal-be Ha HeKoj nptt~6op
(4eTKa, MeTanHo rpe6no, KOTBa, HO)I( OA npy)l(tt~Ha ~ AP·) Hlfl3 KaHam13al...\~OHaTa
L\8BKa.
a) 6) B)

A) f)

I
I Cn. 226 J1..Q!!Y.tP.8,1j:.fJ ..Ha Kaljaf7143q.t..lujara
(a- 4erKa, 6- KocjJa,{§_)npy>KMHa, r- cup,p, ,q- ep,wHa4Ha nonarKa, f- ,qaojHa nonarKa)
noMefy ABe coceAHifl peBtt~3tt~OH~ waxT~ ce .npoBneKyBa ja)l(e co noM ow Ha nnoBaK.
Ha eAHIIIOT Kpaj OA np~6opoT ce noBp3yBa ja)l(eTo co np~6op aHa APYr~oT ce sp3yBa
APYrD ja)Ke. Co noMow Ha ABe MaKap~ nocTaBeH~ BO waxT~Te 111 co ABa APYr~
MexaH~3M~ Ha yn~YHOTO nnaTo ce AB~)I(~ np~6opoT BO eAeH ~n~~~ APYr npaBel...\ BO
KaHancKaTa L\eBKa.

I
I
Cn. 227 MexaHULIKO 414CTelbe Ha KaHan co 4erKa
Ha en. 228 np~Ka)l(aHo e MexaHtt~4KO 4111CTel-be Ha KaHana co cKpajnep, OA ABe

I COC8AH~ WaXT~. npVIKa)l(aHa e nOJ10)1(6aTa Ha CKpajnepoT BO AB8 pacntt~4HVI n03~L\IIIIII.

195
 npsaTa e Kora ce HasneKysa cKpajnepoT, a sTopaTa no3111L\111ja e Kora ce spw111
LJVICTel-be co cKpajnepoT.

Cn. 228 MexaHM4KO 4MCTefbe Ha KaHan co cKpajnep

i nocTojaT VI cnSL\IIljanHO KOHCTpy1!1paHII1 YP8A111 3a MSXaHII1LJKO npOL1111CTYBal-be Ha

TanoroT OA p.HoTo VI 3a noroneMI!l KaHanlll, KaKo WTO e np111Ka>KaHo Ha en. 229 3a
jajL\OBop.eH npeceK

I
I

I Cn. 229 MexaHM4KO 4MCTefbe ranor o,q f1HOTO 3a jaju,eaM,qe npeceK Ha KaHan

I WesKVITe co Kpy>KeH npeceK AO 600 MM o6VILJHO ce npOL1111CTYBaaT co LJeTKVI 111n111

rpe6na. Kaj KaHanlll co roneMa KOnVILJII1Ha Ha Tanor npso ce KOpVICTII1 np1116op co
noMan, a noToa co noroneM p.VIjaMeTap.
I AKo KaHanii1Te ce 3apacTeHVI co KopeHVI ce ynoTpe6ysa HO>K op. npy>KVIHa Koj r111 ceLJe
KOpeHVITe. npVI nocepV103HO 3aLJenyBal-be, npOL1111CTyBal-beTO ce BpWVI CO KOTBa.

I AoKonKy KaHanoT p.onro speMe He e LJII1CTeH, aKo e 111cnonHeT co Tanor VI Kopel-be, so

HeKOVI cnyLJaVI e no111cnpaBHO p.a ce Hanpas111 4enocHo peKOHCTPYK4111ja co npoMeHa 111
nocTasysal-be Ha Hosa KaHam13a4V10Ha L\SBKa.

I CeKeKo p.eKa He e p.o6po KaHani!1Te p.a ce 3anywTaT p.o Toj cTeneH 3a p.a HeMo>KaT Aa
ce npoLJVICTaT co onpeMaTa Koja e Ha pacnonaral-be Ha KOpii1CHII1KOT. 3apap.ll1 Toa,
p.OKOnKy Ce npasaT pep.OBHI/1 111 nepMaHeHTHII1 Hap.BOpeWHVI VI BHaTpeWHVI KOHTpOnVI Ha
I KaHanVI3aL\VIOHII10T CII1CTSM HeMa p.a p.OjAe AO HanywTal-be 111 rpaAe@ Ha HOBII1 KaHanll1
Ha HeKoj Aen OA KaHanll13aL\VIOHVIOT CVICTeM.

I
I 196

I
 "~··· · -- - - ·- - - _,..~ ...• · - ~--· ... ---' "-" ' •\.l.lo ·.• · · · · ··~· ·· ·

rllABAIX
nYMnHlil CTAHlil4lil 80 KAHAIIlii3A4liiOHliiTE CliiCTEMlil

1. OnWTO

Kaj KaHanll13aL.IIIIOHI.ne Mpe>KIII 111 CIIICT8MIII 48CTO naTIII ce jasysa noTpe6a OA 1113rpaA6a
Ha nyMnHIII cTaHIII'-1111. T111e Mo>Ke Aa 6111AaT noKanHIII, peoHCKIII 111n111 rnaBHIII.
noKanHIIIT8 nyMnHIII CTaHIII'-1111 spwaT npenyMnysat-be Ha BOAaTa OA n08AIIIHL!l
noKaniiiTeTIII 111n111· 3rpaAIII. PeoHCKIIITe npenyMnysaaT BOAa OA L.ISnlll peoHIII 3aToa wTo
npLlleMHIIITe KoneKTOplll ce Ha nos~coKa KoTa OA AOBOAH~Te. rnaBHL!lTe nyMnHIII
CTaHLllL.I~ ce npeABIIIAYBaaT Ha rnaBHIIIT8 KOneKTOplll Ill ja npenyMnysaaT OTnaAHaTa
BOAa OA 1..1enoTo HaceneHo MecTo. Os111e nyMnHIII cTaHL!l'-1111 YecTo naT~ ce
np8ABL11AYBaaT Ill npeA nOCTp08HL!ljaTa 3a np84111CTyBat-be Ha OTnaAHa BOAa CO WTO Ce
cTsapaaT nosonHIII ycnos111 3a 1113rpaA6a 111 eKcnnoaTaL.IIIIja Ha o6jeKTL11Te OA
np8Y\11CTIIIT8nHaTa CTaHLllL.Ia.
Bo HaceneHIIITe MecTa Ha paseH TepeH co OAAaneYyBat-be OA M8CTOTO Ha
npiiiKnyYyBat-be Ha OTnaAHIIIT8 BO.L\111, KaHanii1T8 C8 nOB8K8 C8 BKOnysaaT BO TepeHOT.
3a Aa ce 11136erHaT roneML!lTe 3eMjaHIII pa6oTIII 111 npo6neMIIITe co nOA38MHaTa BOAa
I np111 1113B8AYBat-be Ha KaHanlll3al!LlljaTa, ce npeABIIIAYBa 8AHa, ABe 111nL11 nosel{e nyMnHIII
CTaH\11l!ll1 (en. 230). .

Cn. 230 5poj Ha nyMnHMre craHMLJM

AKO AOTOKOT Ha BOAa no AOn>KIIIHaTa Ha KaHanOT e paMHOMepeH Ill aKO BO TOYKa 6, 8
Ill f IIIMa noce6HII1 nyMnHIII CTaHIIIL!III (cnyyaj I), TOraw BKynHO 1113BpW8HaTa pa6oTa Ha
nyMniiiTe Ke 6111Ae: ·
E1 =q·H +2·q · H + 3 · q · H = 6 · q · H
~
I AKO C8 np08KTIIIpa CaMO 8AHa nyMnHa CTaH1114a BO TOYKaTa f (cnyyaj II), TOraw
1113BpweHaTa pa6oTa Ha nyMniiiTe Ke ce npecMeTa co cneAHaTa paseHKa:
Eu = 3 · q · 3 · H =9 · q · H
Mo>Ke Aa ce 3a.KnyYIII AeKa co 3roneMysat-be Ha 6pojoT Ha nyMnHIIITe cTaHIIIL!III ce
HaManysaaT 8KCnnoaTal!IIIOHIIIT8 TpOWKOBIII 3a eneKTpiiiYHa 8H8pr111ja, HO C8
3roneMysaaT IIIHBeCTL!ll!\110HIIITe sno>Kysat-ba 3a \113rpaA6a Ha o6jeKT~Te. 3apaA111 Toa,
Tpe6a Aa ce HanpasaT TeXHIIIYKo-eKOHOMCKIII aHanll13\11 Ha HeKonKy sap111jaHTH\11
peweHIIIja \11 Aa ce ycso111 onTIIIManHoTo. KaKo no npas111no ce cMeTa AeKa
ll08KOHOMIII4HO p8W8HIII8 8 OHa K08 \11Ma nOMan\11 8KCnnaTal!IIIOH\11 TpOWKOB\11, a
speMeTo 3a oTnnaTa Ha \11HB8CT\11LI\111!1Te He e noroneMo OA 10 rOA~HIII (so Pyc111ja osoj
I pOK ce CM8Ta Ha 7 r0AIIIHIII).

197

I
.,
'i
J
Bo 3aBII1CHOCT OA ycsoeHaTa TexHonorV!ja 3a npe411'1crysal-be Ha oTnaAHaTa BOAa,
nyMnHII1 CTaHII14111 ce npeAB111AYBaaT 11'1 BO COCTaBOT Ha nOCTpOeHit1ja 3a npe4111CTyBat-be
Ha oTnaAHII1Te BOA111.
nyMnHII'1Te CTaHII14111 3a OTnaAH111 BOA111 ce npeAB111.qysaaT 11'1 BO APYfll1 ycnOBII'1 11'1 Toa:
• Kora oTnaAHaTa BOAa ce KOpii1CTII'1 3a HaBOAHYBal-be, a e noTpe6eH noroneM
np111TII1COK 3a Aa Mo>Ke BOAata Aa AOjAe AO HaBOAHYBaHII'1Te nospwlt1HII'1,
• np111 111cnycT111 Ha KaHancKit1Te BOA111 so pe4111n111eHT1t1 co roenMII'1 AeH111sena4111111
Ha HII'1BOTO Ha BOAaTa 11'1 T.H.
np111 nyMnal-beTo Ha OTnaAHII1Te BOA111 ce cpeKasaaT ABe onepa4111111:
• OACTpaHyBal-be Ha OTnaAHII'1Te MaTep111111 KOII'1 r111 HOC11'1 OTnaAHaTa BOAa, a
npe4aT so pa6oTaTa Ha nyMnHII'1Te arperaTII'1,
• nOA111rHysal-be Ha BOAaTa Ha noslt1COKO paBHII1WTe.

2. nO.QEJ16A HA nYMnHiiiTE . CTAHiill..llil

2.1. CnopeA noTeKnoTo Ha oTnaAHaTa BOAa

a) cpeKanHo- 611'1TOB11'1 BOAII1,
6) 111HAYCTpii1CKII'1 BOA111,
4) aTMoccpepcKII'1 BOA111,
A) cse>Ka, Tpyna 111n111 aKTII'1BHa Kan,
e) KOM61t1Ha4111ja OA rope HaBeAeHII1Te OTnaAH111 BOA111.
2.2. CnopeA OAHOCOT Ha HMBOTO Ha BOAaTa BO 4pnHMOT 6a3eH
M OCOBMHaTa Ha nyMnHMOT arperaT
I a) nyMn11'1 co noT9neHa ocos111Ha (en. 231)
6) nyMn111 co HenoToneHa ocosii'1Ha (en. 232)
I
I
I
--
I
I Cn. 231 noroneHa ocoauHa Ha nyMneH arperar Cn. 232 HenoroneHa ocoauHa Ha nyMneH arperar

2.3. CnopeA OAHOCOT co noepwMHaTa Ha TepeHOT

. a) HaA nospW111HaTa Ha TepeHOT - HeBKOnaHit1 nyMnHII'1 CTaHII14111
6) AenyMHO BKOnaHII'1 nyMnHII1 CTaHII14111
i 4) nOA nOBpW111HaTa Ha TepeHOT - BKOnaHII1 nyMnHII1 CTaHII14111

I 198

I
 2..4. CnopeA cpopMaTa Ha nyMnHaTa CT3Hlo143 BO OCHOBa · .. .
a) npasoaronHH (en. 233)
6) Kpy)f(HH (en. 234)

Cn. 233 npaaoaronHa nyMnHa CTaHM4a Cn. 234 Kpy>KHa nyMnHa craHm~a

2.5. CnpeMa nono>K6aTa Ha 4pnHJ..'JOT 6a3eH, peuJeTKaTa

..., nyMnHMOT arperaT
a) ~pnHHOT 6a3eH, peweTKaTa H nyMnHHTe arperaTH ee eMeeTeHH BO e.qeH
rpa.qe)f(eH o6jeKT- 6noK H3se.q6a (en. 233 .H 234).
6) ~pnHHOT 6a3eH H peweTKaTa ee so e.qeH o6jeKT, a nyMnHif1Te arperaTit1 ee so
.qpyr o6jeKT- pa3.qeneH THn (en . 235)

2.6. CnopeA Blo'IAOT Ha eHeprlo'ljaTa WTO ce KOplo'ICTJ..'I

a) eneKTpW-tHit1 nyMnHit1 arperaTH,
6) AH3en nyMnHif1 arperan1.

2.7. CnopeA Hal.flo'IHOT Ha ynpasysat-be

a) pa4HO ynpasysal-be
6) nonyasToMaTeKo ynpasysal-be
~) aBTOMaTeKO ynpasyBal-be

199

I
 A) Aane~l-1HCKO ynpasysal-be

-
,. .

Cn. 235 Pa3p,eneH nm Ha M3rpap,6a Ha nyMnHa craHm.fa

3.0CHOBH~ EflEMEHT~ HA nYMnH~TE CTAH~4~

3a HOpManHo cpyHK4l-10Hl-1pa1-be li1 OAp>Kysal-be Ha nyMnHaTa cTaHl-14a, noTpe6Ho e, so

H9j3l-1Hl-10T COCTaB Aa 6l-1AaT l-13rpaA9Hl-1 Cn9AHl-1T9 o6jeKTl-1:

a) 4pneH 6a3eH

I 6) peweTKl-1 l-1 AP06l-1nHl-14l-1

4) MaWl-1HCKa xana

I A) noMOWHl-1 npocTOpl-1l-1

3.1. 4pneH 6a3eH

qpnHl-10T 6a39H cny>Kl-1 3a l-13paMHy8al-be Ha 8apl-1ja4l-1l-1T9 Ha AOTOKOT Ha OTilaAHa
BOAa, BO TSKOT Ha ASHOHOKI.19TO, CO npOTOKOT WTO ro nyMnaaT nyMilHl-1T9 arperaTe.
nyMnaHl-10T npOTOK MO>Ke Aa 6l-1A9 KOHCTaHTSH l-1nl.1 npOMSHnl-18 T.e. MO>K9 Aa ce
nyMna KOHTl-1Hyl-1paHO BO TSKOT Ha ASHOHOKl-19TO l-1nl-1 CO np9Kl-1Hl-1.

Kaj noroneMLttTS KaHanl.13a4LttOHLtt CLttCT9MI.1, 8apLttja4Ltti.1T9 Ha npOTOKOT Ha OTilaAHaTa

80Aa ce noManl.1. Kaj 08Ltte CLttCTSMLtt, nyMnHLttTe cTaHLtt41.1 80 OAHOC Ha npoTOKOT LttMaaT
noManLtt 4PilHLtt 6a3eHLtt, ~LttLtt ALttMSH3l-1l-1 ce A06Ltt8aaT npeTe>KHO OA ycnosLttTe 3a
H9CM9TaHO MOHTl-1pal-be 1.1 ASMOHTLttpal-be Ha nyMnHLttT9 arperaTLtt. rna8HLttT9 KOneKTOp1.1
I LttMaaT roneMLtt ALttMSH3LttVI, a co Toa o6e36eAy8aaT aKyMyn1.1pal-be Ha noroneMa
KOnl-1~1.1Ha Ha 80Aa. 1113paMHy8al-beTO Ha 8ap1.1ja4l-1!.1T8 Ha AOTOKOT Ha 80Aa Ce BpW1.1 80
4PilH1.10T 6a39H 1.1 80 CaMI.1T9 KOneKTOp1.1.
fJ
u 3anpeMI.1HaTa Ha 4PilH1.10T 6a3eH ce onpeAeny8a Ha 1.1CTI.1 Ha~I.1H KaKo Ltt 3anpeMLttHaTa
Ha pe3epsoapLttT9 Kaj 80AOCHa6AI.1TenHLttT9 CLttCT9MI.1. BapLttja4LttLttT9 Ha AOTOKOT Ha

I oTnaAHa 80Aa ce noManLtt OA sapl-1ja4l-1l-1Te Ha BQAaTa Koja ce KOpl-1CTl-1 3a

80AOCHa6Ay8al-be. .

I 200
 np111 onpeAenysal-be Ha 3anpeMIIIHaTa Ha ~pnHIIIOT 6a39H, Tpe6a Aa C8 BHIIIMaBa .Ha
Cn8AHIIIT9 pa60TIII:
a) 3aAp)l(ysal-beTo Ha BOAaTa so 6a3eHoT Tpe6a Aa 6111Ae TaKso, 3a Aa He ·ce
A03BOnlll TanO)I(91-b9 Ill pacnafal-be Ha opraHCKIIIT8 MaTepllllll WTO rill HOCII1
oTnaAHaTa so.qa. So 3aBIIICHOCT o.q A9HOHOKHaTa Konw-tiiiHa Ha BOAaTa,
Bp9M9TO Ha 3aAp)l(yBal-be BO ~pnHIIIOT 6a39H e AaA9HO BO Ta6ena 36.
1 Ta6ena 36.
1
l CpeAHO-AHeBHa Konw-tiiiHa 3a.qp)l(ysal-be Ha BOAaTa so
Ha BOAa, BO m3 LIPilHIIIOT 6a3eH, so min.
.qo 5.000 10- 15
5.000 - 15.000 5- 10
HaA 15.000 3-5
6) BKnyyysal-beTo 111 IIICKnyYysal-beTo Ha nyMniiiTe Aa He 6111Ae noYeCTO OA 5 .qo 6

I ~)
naTIII Ha Yac.
3a Aa IIIMa 4pnHIIIOT 6a38H MIIIHIIIManHa 3anpeMIIIHa, 111360pOT Ha nyMnHIIITe
. arperaTIII Tpe6a .qa ce 1113spw111 cnpeMa rpacpiiiKOHOT Ha npoTOKOT. OnTIIIManHIIIOT
I 11136op o61f1YHO e co noseK:e nyMnHIII arperaTIII co pa3niiiYIIITIII KapaKTepiiiCTIIIKIII,
wTo cTsapa TeWKOTIIIIII so eKcnnoaTa~lllja, 3apa.q111 OAP)I(YBal-beTo, pe3epBHIIITe
nyMnlll 111 pe3epsHIIITe Aenos111. no)l(enHo 111 eKOHOMCKIII onpasAaHo e aKo ce
11136epaT IIICTIII . TlllnOBIII Ha nyMnHIII arperaTIII KOIII K8 C9 BKnyYysaaT Ill
IIICKny4yBaaT BO pa6oTaTa, aBTOMaTCKIII, Haiii38MHIIII.fHO, cnp1:}Ma 110Tpe6aTa.
HajYecTo, 3anpeMIIIHaTa Ha ~pnHIIIOT 6a3eH KaKo 111 6pojoT 111 Kana~IIITeToT Ha nyMniiiTe
ce onpeAenysa cnpeMa npo~eHTIIITe Ha cyMapHIIIOT AOTOK 111 nyMnaHIIIOT npoToK Ha
oTnaAHa BOAa (Ta6ena 37 111 en. 236 111 237) .
..
I ,QOTOK Ha BO,Qa % nyMnaH npOTOK %
Ta6ena 37.
% HaW
6poj Ha
l.lacosl!l '-laCOB KyMyJlaTI!l- Yacos KyMynan1- OA nyMnl!l
,QOTOK BeH 361!1p npOTOK seH 36V1P pe3ep.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 ... 1 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 1
1 ... 2 2,00 4,00 2,00 4,00 1
2-3 2,00 6,00 2,00 6,00 1
3-4 2,00 . 8,00 2,00 8,00 1
4-5 3,50 11,50 2,{)0 10,00 1,50 1
5-6 5,00 16,50 6,00 16,00 0,50 3
6-7 5,00 21 ,50 4,00 20,00 1,50 2
7-8 4,50 26,00 6,00 26,00 3
8-9 5,50 31,50 4,00 30,00 1,50 2
9 ... 10 5,50 37,00 6,00 36,00 1,00 3
10- 11 5,50 42,50 6,00 42,00 0,50 3
11 ... 12 5,00 47,50 4,00 46,00 1,50 2
12 ... 13 4,50 . 52,00 6,00 52,00 3
13- 14 5,50 57,50 4,00 56,00 1,50 2
14- 15 5,50 63,00 6,00 62,00 1,00 3
15- 16 5,50 68,50 6,00 68,00 0,50 3
16 ... 17 5,50 74,00 6,00 74,00 3
17 ... 18 5,00 79,00 4,00 78,00 1,00 2

I 18 ... 19
19 ... 20
4,50
5,50
83,50
89,00
4,00
6,00
82,00
88,00
1,50
1,00
2
3

201
···!
...~

20-21 4,00 93,00 4,00 92,00 1,00 2

21-22 3,00 96,00 4,00 96,00 2
22-23 2,00 98,00 2,00 98,00 1
23-24 2,00 100,0 2,00 100,0 1

OA Ta6enaTa ce rne{J.a f!.eKa OA 22 P.O 5 4acoT K:e pa6on-1 e{J.eH, a ocTaHaToTo speMe
ABa 111n111 Tplll nyMnH1!1 arperaTa. 3anpeMIIIHaTa Ha pe3epsoapoT K:e 1113Hecysa 1,50% OA
MaKCIIIManHIIIOT f!.9HOHOK9H f!.OTOK Ha BO{J.a.
80 cny4aj Ha fJ.9qJ9KT Ha nyMnHIIIT9 arperaTIII, npeKIIIH Ha CTpyja lllnlll H9KOHTpOnlllpaH
roneM fJ.OTOK Ha oTna{J.Ha BOAa (noroneM OA IIIHCTanlllpaHIIIOT npoTOK Ha nyMnHIIITe
arperaTIII), qpnHIIIOT 6a3eH Tpe6a {J.a !liMa npen111seH 111 111cnyceH opraH, Koj Ke ja
lllCnywTa OTnaAHaTa BO{J.a BO peql!lniii9HTOT. AKO IIICnywTal-b9TO H9MO>Ke {!.a CTaHe no
rpaBIIITaqllloHeH naT, nyMnHaTa cTaH1114a Tpe6a Aa !liMa 111 noce6eH nyMneH arperaT, 3a
npecppnal::be Ha BO{J.aTa O{J. qpnHIIIOT 6a39H BO peqlllniii9HTOT. 081119 nyMnHIII arperaTIII
o61114HO ce Ha fJ.1113e~oroH . -

I
I

I
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

I Cn. 236 lpac/)uKoH 3a 8ap11jau,11ja Ha ,qoreKOT Ha oma,qHI1 80/111 11 nyMnl1 80 pa6ora

3a cny4aj Ha rp11 nyMnl1 80 nyMnHaTa CTaH11U,a

I 100.0
p
r~I
90.0 1 - ._
r-

v.:o·
~
~
L-c1 !
i
4
I 80.0

70.0
~
v.
~-

60.0 L4'
I 50 .0
k6-'
/
~-

40.0 I :A{

I
!
I I ~
30.0 : i I
i /- cyMapHa n•H•)a Ha AOTQK Ha OTnaAHa BOA3
I
I
·~ ·
I I
! I ·· .a · · cyMaPHa n~Hr.otja Ha nyMnaHa BOAa
! £'

'I
20.0
I / .
i 10.0

0.0 <>-: ~
-J:Y
_..cr .
..c
fr ('48CI
l'--r--1
I 2 l 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

I Cn. 237 rpac/)11KOH 3a cyMapHI1 nuHI111 3a ,qoreK 11 nyMnaHa oma,qHa 8o,qa

3a cny4aj Ha rp11 nyMnl1 80 nyMnHara craH11U,a

I 202

I
 np~ KOHeTPYK4~ja Ha 4PnH~OT 6a3eH, Tpe6a Aa ee BOA~ eMeTKa 3a paenopep.oT ~
paeTOjaH~jaTa Ha eiiiCaJlHIIIT8 48BKIII 80 eny4aj KOra 80 nyMnHaTa eTaH1114a ~Ma noseKe
nyMnHIII arperaT~ ( en. 238).

,
'i
1

Cn. 238 KoHcrpyKntBHM KapaKrepMCTMKM Ha LlPnHMOT 6a3eH

5p3~HaTa Ha BOAaTa so e~eanHaTa 4esKa He eMee Aa 6~Ae noroneMa OA 2.0 mls Kaj
sepT~KanH~ nyMn~ 111 2.5 m/s Kaj xop~30HTanH~ nyMnlll. CnpeMa 03HaKIIITe Ha en. 238,
Tpe6a Aa 6111Ae: ~in ~ 1.5 · D;s Bmin ~ 3.0 · D; ~ Fmin ~ 0.5 · D;. AllljaMeTapoT Ha
npow~peH~oT Aen Ha ye~eHaTa 4esKa D; ,Tpe6a Aa ee onpeAen111 3a so 3aBIIIeHoeT OA
sne3HaTa 6p3111Ha Ha BOAaTa enpeMa Ta6ena 38.
Tapena 38
Q<300 lis 0.6 < v < 2.8 mls
300 < Q < 1200 lis 0.9 < v < 2.4 mls
,,

Q > 1200 lIs 1.2 < v <2.1 mls

OnTIIIManHa 6p3111Ha V=l.7m/s
I np~ onTIIIManHa BJI83Ha 6p3111Ha OA 1.7 m/s 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha BJI83HIIIOT AllljaMeTap
ee KOpllleTIII eneAHaTa cpopMyna:
I D; = 0.027 · fQ (m)
KaAe WTO npOTOKOT Q ee 38Ma BO lis.
I
I 3.2. PeweTKM ., AP061r1.n1r141r1
npeA Aa BJI838 BOAaTa 80 4PnHIIIOT 6a3eH Tpe6a Aa nOMIIIHe H~3 peweTKa. Ha
peweTKaTa ee 3aAp>KysaaT noKpynHIIITe nn~sa4KIII, ne6A84KIII 111 sne4H~ oTnaA04~
I KO~ HeeMeaT Aa BJI83aT Kaj nyMn~Te 3aToa WTO MO>Ke Aa fill OWT8TaT.

Kaj ManiiiTe nyMnHIII eTaH1114111, KaAe Ha peweTKaTa ee 3aAp>Kysa AO 0,50 M3/AeH OA

I HOe8HIIIT8 MaTepllllll, o.qeTpaHyBal-b8TO Ha MaTepiii~Te ee BpW~ pa4HO. 3aAp>KaH~Te
MaTepllllll ce IIICL-ISAYBaaT o.q BOAaTa ~ ce AenoHIIIpaaT so ene4111janHo HaMeHeTIII jaMIII,
a noToa ce 3ae111nysaaT co 3eMja ~n~ ce HoeaT Ha caHIIITapHa AenoHIIIja 3a 4speT
OTnaA.
Kaj roneM~Te, COBp9M8HIII nyMnH~ eTaH1114111, KaAe 3aAp>KyBal-b9TO Ha OTnaAH~Te
MaTep~lll e noroneMo OA 0,50 M3/.qeH, 4111eTel-beTo Ha peweTK~Te ce spw1t1
MexaHIII3lllpaHo co ene4~janH111 rpe6na. Co6paHIIITe MaTepiiiVI, co ene41t1janH1t1 MaWIIIHit1 -

203
 : . ; . '
- /' . ;

U.) .. ··~-·~~ / ,

.qpo6r..m1114111 ce MenaT 111 nosTOpHo ce oyi.i.JTaaT Ha.q peweTKII1Te, 3a .qa nOMII1HaT 3ae.qHo
co oTna.qHaTa so.qa so noHaTaMowHiiTa·nocTanKa Ha o6pa6oTYBal-be.
PeweTKII1Te ce npasar o.q MeTanHII1 w111nK111 co Kpy>KeH nonpe4eH npeceK co .q111jaMerap
o.q 12 .qo 18 MM 111n111 o.q nnocHaTII1 npo¢111n111 (npasoaronH111) co AII1M9H3111111 10/40 MM.
Mo>Ke .qa ce Kopll1cTaT 111 APYrll1 npo¢111n111 KOII1 111MaaT cne4111janHo Vl36paH nonpe4eH
npeceK (en. 239). roneMII1HaTa Ha orsop111re noMefy w111nK111Te 3as111c111 OA B111AOT 111
KapaKT9pii1CTII1KII1T9 Ha nyMn111T9. 0CHOBHO e Aa pacrojaHII19TO . noMefy Wll1nK111T9 Ha
pewerKara 6111Ae noMano OA pacrojaHII1eTo noMefy nonaTKII1Te Kaj 49HTp111cpyranHII1Te
nyMnll1 111n111 OA pacTojaHII1eTo noMefy pe6paTa Kaj non>KaCTII1Te nyMnll1. Kora nyMn111Te
ce BO COCTaB !-Ia nOCTp09HII1jaTa 3a np94111CTYBat:pe, a nOrDTOBO aKO 4111CT91-b9TO Ha
pewen<ara ce spw111 MexaHII13111paHo, pacrojaHII1eTo noMefy w111nK111Te e 15 AO 20 MM .
PeweTKII1T9 ce 1113B9AYBaaT nOA a:ron OA 60 AO 80° co xop11130HTanaTa.
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~
lsi lsi lsi lsi lsi l~i

f3=2,42
IIIII•
f3=1,85 f3=1,67 f3=1,04 f3=0,92 f3=0,84 f3=1,80

Cn. 239 nonpe4HI!t npece41tt H8 Wl-fnKI!tTe Kaj peweTKI!tTe.

5p3111Hara Ha BOAara Hll13 peweTKaTa ce ABII1>KII1 OA 0,7 AO 1,0 M/c. noroneMII1Te
6p3111HII1 CTBapaaT f0fi9MII1 X111ApayJIII14KII1 3ary6111 Ha np111TIIICOK.
np111 MII1HyBal-be Ha OTnaAHaTa BOAa Hll13 peweTKIIIT9, OA Tp11191-b9TO ce CTBapa
X111Apaynii14Ka 3ary6a, OAHOCHO BII1CII1HCKa pa3fiii1Ka Ha HII180TO npeA Ill nocne
peweTKaTa ( D.h ). Osa pa3nii1Ka, npeA ce 3as111c111 OA cpopMaTa Ha nonpe4HII10T npeceK
Ha w111nK111Te, Ae6enii1HaTa Ha Wll1nKII1Te; pacTojaHII1eTo noMefy w111nK111Te, OA aronoT Ha
peweTKII'1T, 3aAp>KaHIIITe oTnaAHII'1 MaTep11111'1 Ha pewerKaTa 11'1 APYro. 811'1CII'1HCKaTa
3ary6a BO M9Tp111 BOASH CTOJI6 3a llOMIIIHyBal-be Ha OTnaAHaTa BOAa Hll13 peweTKaTa ce
A0611'1sa OA 11'13pa3or:
4

(bs)3 v v
2 2
D.h = f3 · - ·sin(a) · -=~ · -
2g 2g
\51
'!

- f3 e Koe¢111411'19HT Ha npoTeKysal-be, cnpeMa en. 2~8,

-S AS69fiii1Ha Ha Wll1nKIIIT9 BO m',
- b W111p04111Ha Ha OTBOp1!1T9 noMefy Wll1nKII1T9, BO m',
- v, 6p3111Ha Ha Te4el-be Ha BOAaTa Hlll3 peweTKaTa so m Is,
-a aron Ha peweTKaTa cnpeMa xopii130HTanaTa,
- g 39Mjii1HO 3a6psysal-be ( 9.81 ml s 2 ).
npecMeTaHara 3ary6a, o61114HO ce 3roneMysa 3a 2 AO 3 naTII1, 3apaAII1 3aYenysal-be Ha
peweTKII1T9 CO OTn~HIII MaTepll1111. Osaa BIIIC04111Ha, 061114HO 1113Hecysa 5-10 CM.

3.3. MawMHCKa xana 1.1 noMOWHM npocTopMM

Bo 3aBII1CHOCT OA 6pojoT; BII1AOT, roneMII1Hara 111 pacnopeAOT Ha nyMnHII1Te arperaTII1 ce
onpeAenysa roneMII1HaTa Ha MaWII1HCKara xana.

204
 PacnopeAOT Ha nyMnHL.ne arperaTIII Tpe6a Aa ce ycKnaAIII co npese40T Ha AOafal-be 111
npase4oT Ha noTIIICKyBal-be Ha BOAaTa. Kaj noroneMIIITe nyMnHIII CTaH1114111, noKpaj
MOHTIIIpaHIIITe nyMnHIII arperaTIII Tpe6a Aa ce npeABIIIAIII Ill eAHO Cn060AHO none 3a
MOHTa>Ka 111 AeMOHTa>Ka Ha nyMniiiTe. HajManoTo A03BoneHo pacTojaHIIIe noMefy
nyMniiiTe e 60 CM., a nOMefy eneKTpOMOTOpiiiTe e 100 CM.
nyMneH arperaT ce cocTolll OA nyMna 111 MOTop. Bo 3aBIIICHOCT OA nono>K6aTa Ha
OCOBIIIHaTa nyMnHIIIOT arperaT MO>Ke Aa 6111AaT CO:
• XOp11130HTanHa OCOBIIIHa,
• sepTIIIKanHa OCOBIIIHa Ill
• KOCO llOCTaBeHa OCOBIIIHa.
l MoTOPIIITe Mo>Ke Aa 6111AaT:
l
3 • eneKTpiii4HIII (eneKTpOMOTOplll).
• A1113en (co BHaTpewHo coropysal-be) 111
• napHIII
EneKTpOMOTOpiiiTe IIIMaaT Haj4eCTa npiiiMeHa BO npaKTIIIKaTa. Tille IIIMaaT Ill HajBIIICOK
Koe¢1114111eHT Ha KOpiiiCHO AejcTso (0,70 AO 0,98).
Bo cocTas Ha nyMnHaTa cTaH1114a noTpe6HIII ce 111 APYrlll - noMOWHIII npocTopllllll 111 Toa:
• TpaHccpopMaTop 111 eneKTpo OAeneHIIIe,
•
.
pa60TIIInHIII4a 3a peMOHT Ha llYMiliiiTe Ill eneKTpOMOTOpiiiTe,
• caHIIITapeHja3en,
• npocTop111ja 3a aAMIIIHIIICTpaTIIIBHO - TeXHIII4KIIIOT nepcoHan 111 AP·

4. 111350P HA nYMnHIIITE ArPErATIII

I 11136opoT Ha nyMnHIIITe arperaTIII ce spw111 OA Kora K:e ce Ae¢111HIIIpaaT cneAHIIITe

napaMeTplll:
a) npOT04Ha KOniii4111Ha Ha OTnaAHa BOAa,
6) MaHOMeTapCKa BIIIC04111Ha Ha nyMniiiTe Ill
4) Koe¢1114111eHT Ha KOplllcHo AejcTso Ha nyMniiiTe.
Bo npoeKTOT 3a KaHan1113a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka, yTBPAeHIII ce npoT04HIIITe KOniii4111HIII Ha
BOAa Ill sap111ja4111111Te Ha npOTOKOT KOj Ke nOMIIIHyBa Hlll3 KOnSKTOpOT KaAe WTO e
npeABIIIAeHa nyMnHaTa CTaH1114a. Co onpeAenysal-be Ha 3anpeMIIIHaTa Ha 4PnHIIIOT
6a3eH, ce YTBPAYBa 111 npoT04HaTa KOniii4111Ha Ha BOAa wTo K:e ja nyMnaaT nyMniiiTe
KaKO Ill Bp8M8TO Ha pa60T81-b8 Ha llYMiliiiTe.
6p3111HaTa Ha BOAaTa so clllcanHaTa 4esKa Ha riyMniiiTe Tpe6a Aa ce ABIII>KVI OA 0,7-1,2
M/C. Osaa 6p3111Ha e AOBOnHa 3a Aa He ce Tano>KaT OTnaAHIIITe MaTepllllll. nplll KYCIII
c111canH111 4eBKIII, 6p3111HaTa MO>Ke Aa 6111Ae 111 noroneMa OAHOCHO Aa AOCTIIIrHe speAHOCT
2 AO 2,5 M/c.
Ha en. 240. npeACTaseHa e weMa Ha SAHa KaHan1113a41110Ha nyMnHa cTaH1114a Ha Koja

I ce 03Ha4eHIII eneMeHTIIITe 3a onpeAenysal-be Ha MaHoMeTapcKaTa BIIIC04111Ha Ha

11YMI1VIT8.

I 205
 Cn. 240. MaHoMerapcKa B/1C04111Ha Ha nyMnll1re
MaHoMeTapcKaTa s~co4~Ha Ha nyMn~Te ce onpeAenysa co cneAHaTa paseHKa:

H man = H gu + hru + H gp + hzp + hr

KaAe e:

- .- H gu _ reOP.STCKa B~C04~Ha Ha yc~cysal-be T.e. B~C~HCKa pa3Ji~Ka OA OCOB~HaTa

Ha nyMn~Te AO HajH~CKOTO H~so Ha BOAaTa so ~pllHI!10T 6a3eH,

H gp reoP.eTcKa BII1C04111Ha Ha non1cHysal-be T.e. BII1C~HCKa pa3mtKa OA

HajBII1COKOTO HII1BO BO 1113J1111BHII10T 6a3eH 111 OCOBII1HaTa Ha nyMnii1Te,

- hru X111Apaynii14KII1 3aiy6111 Ha np~H1COK BO CII1CanHaTa 49BKa (AOJ1:>KII1HCKV1 111

J10Ka11H~),

- hzp XV1Apaynii14KII1 3ary6111 BO nOT~CHaTa 49BKa (A011:>KII1HCK~ 111 J10KanH~).

I hr pe3epsHa BII1C04111Ha 3a 111CTeKyBal-be Ha BOAaTa.

CHaraTa Ha nyMnii1Te ce onpeAenysa co cneP.Hara paseHKa:

I N
p
= r ·Qp ·Hman. [kw]
'l]p

I KAe e:

- QP KOJ111141!1Ha Ha BOP.a WTO ja llOT~CHyBa SP.Ha nyMna BO M3/C

I H man MaHOMSTapcKa BV1C04111Ha Ha nyMnii1Te BO M
3

I -
-
y cne4111cp1114Ha T9:>KV1Ha Ha OTnaP.HaTa BOAa BO

7] P K09cpV1~1119HT Ha KOp111CHO P.SjCTBO Ha nyMnV1T9

kN/m

I KoecpV1~111eHTOT Ha Kop1!1cHo AejcTso Ha nyMnii1Te ro yTBPAYBa np01113BOA111TenoT Ha

nyMnlll. HerosaTa speAHOCT ce A06~sa KaKo npo1!13BOA Ha npoT04H~OT ( llo),

X111Apay111!14KII10T ( llh) Ill MeXaHII14KIIIOT (17m) K09cp111~1119HT Ha KOpii1CHO P.SjCTBO.

I
I 206

I
 1Jp =7JQ ·7]h '17m
CHaraTa Ha eneKTpoMoTopoT ce onpeAenysa Ha cneAHIIIOT HaYIItH:

NEM = k. r ·Qp · H man. [kw]

1]

KaAe e:
T} - OnWT KOecp11141118HT Ha KOplltCHO ASjCTBO (K.K.A.)

- 1] P K.K.A. Ha nyMnaTa,

- 17EM K.K.A. Ha eneKTpOMOTOpOT,

- 17 pr K.K.A. Ha npeAaBaTenoT (spcKaTa noMefy nyMnaTa 111 eneKTpO-MOTopoT)

- k 3aWn1TeH K08cp1114li18HT Ha eneKTpOMOTOpOT 3apaA111 8B8HTYanHO

npeonTepeTYBal-be.
Bo 3aBIItCHOCT OA cHaraTa Ha eneKTPOMOTopoT, Koe¢11141118HTOT k ce npenopaYysa
cnpeMa Ta6ena 39.

npo1113B8A111T8nOT Ha nyMnli1Te rll1 AaBa TlltnOBIItTe Ha nyMnlltTe BO 3a8AH111l.!KIIt All1jarpaM

(en . 241 ). Tll1nOT Ha nyMnaTa ce 11136111pa co no3HaT ripoTOK Ha eoAa 111 onpeAeneHa
MaHOMeTapcKa BlltCOLfli1Ha.
Ta6ena 39.
CHara Ha eneKTpoMoTopoT
k
BOkW
AO 2 1,5
2-5 1,5- 1,25
5- 10 . 1,25- 1'15
50- 100 1 '15- 1 ,08
HaA 100 1,05

3a 11136paHII10T nm Ha nyMna lltMa noce6eH AllljarpaM (en. 242) so Koj ce AaASHIII

AlltjarpaMCKIIt KapaKTep111CTII1KII1Te Ha nyMnaTa T.e. cneAH111Te 3aBII1CHOCTII1:
• npoToK - BII1Cli1Ha (Q- H)
• npOTOK - CHara (Q-N)
• npoToK- Koe¢li141118HT Ha Kop~~tcHo AejcTso (Q- ll)
OnTIIIManHa pa6oTa Ha nyMnli1Te ce jasysa Kora Koe¢ll14li18HTOT Ha KOplltcHo AejcTBO
Ha nyMnlltTe e Hajsii1COK. Toa 3HaLfll1 ASKa speAHOCTli1Te Ha Q 111 H ce l.!lltTaaT np111
HajBIItCOKaTa TOl.!Ka OA Kpli1BaTa Q-T} • npaKTIIIYHO, TOa MHOry peTKO K8 ce cnyyysa, a
11136opoT Ha Q 111 H Aa ce spw111 co wTo noroneMa speAHOCT Ha Koe¢11141118HTOT Ha
Kop~~tcHo AejcTso (en. 242).

207
 H[mI
150 NKG ·1 -----._
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100
2900 min
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I. Cn. 241 /pyneH /lflfjarpaM 3a M36op Ha r111n Ha nyMnHM arperar111

a [m"lhJ

H[m[
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2 .8
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\
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2.4
\
2.0 \ ~ \ \ c\ \
1,6 1\ \
12
\
8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 a [m'lh)

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P[

0.6

-- -- -J131m~
et 1J1rnm

----
0.5
............ ~ - '--"-" e126mm
NPSH

-- - ::::-t::
0.4 ~19'mm [m)

~~ 7

:;:::::v vf.--""': :--

0.3 6

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-- - a1 05 mm
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I Cn. 242 noellMHal.leH /lflfjarpaM 3a M36op Ha nyMneH arperar

I 208

I
 5. TLt1nOBLt1 HA nYMnLt1 3A OTnAAHA BOAA

3a 111CnyMnaBaJ-be Ha OTnaP.HII1Te BOP.II1 BO KaHaJ11113a41110HII1Te Mpe>Klit 111 CII1CTeM111 ce

KOp111CTaT CJleP.HII1Te BII1P.OBII1 Ha nyMnll1:
a) 4eHTp111cpyranH111
6) KJ1111nHII1
4) nponenepH111
P.) cn111panH111 (non>KaCTII1 111Jlll1 WHeKOB111)
e) eaKyM nyMna
cp) MaMyT nyMna

5.1. 1...\eHTp~cpyranH~ nyMnH

[4eHTp~~tcpyranHII1Te nyMnll1 3a oTnaAHa BOP.a no csojaTa KOHCTPYK41t1ja ce lt1CTII1 co
4eHTp111cpyranH111Te nyMn111 KOII1 Ce np111MeHysaaT BO BOP.OCHa6P.It1TeJlHII1Te Clt1CTeMII1. Co
orneA Ha TOa WTO OTna.a.HaTa BOP.a BO ce6e COP.P>KII1 111 noKpynHII1 OP.naA04111,
naTII1WTaTa KaAe WTO Taa noMII\Hyea Hll\3 nyMnaTa, Tpe6a .a.a 6111P.aT co 6nar111 arn111, co
AOBOJlHO roneM111 OTBOp111, 3a .a.a He P.Oafa AO 3anywysal-be. 06w-tHO Tll1e ce co eP.HO
pa60THO KOJlO 111 111MaaT OTBOp 3a nospeMeHO npOYII1CTYBaJ-be. Ce cpeKaBaaT nyMnlt1 CO
xop11130HTanHa (en. 244) 1t1 co sepTit1KanHa ocoe111Ha (cn.243). Vl36opoT Ha nyMnii1Te
I 3aBII1CII1 OP. reOMeTplt1CKII1Te 111 X111P.paylllt1YKit1Te napaMeTp111 KaKO 111 OA KOHKpeTHII1Te
noKanHII1 ycnos111ja. Hajsa>KHII\OT napaMeTap 3a 11136opoT Ha nmoT Ha nyMnii1Te ce
TeXHII\YKO-eKOHOMCKII1Te aHanl!13111 co KOII1 Ke ce .o.ecp111HII1paaT lt1HBecTII1l\1110Hit1Te 111
I
'
eKcnnoaTa41t10HII1Te TPOWKOBII1.

I
I
I
I
1!13BEJl6A - M
s

I Cn. 243 L/eHrpvtCf:JYranHa nyMna co aepmKanHa ocoBMHa

209
 L
a

i
i
-+-
'

rl
.•;

-' Cn. 244 LfeHTpl!lcfJyranHa nyMna co xop1!130HTanHa ocoai!IHa

L\9HTp111cpyranHIIIT6 nyMnlll, MO>K9 P.a 6111P.aT 1113B6P.6HIII BO CyBa Ill MOKpa COCTOj6a. Ha
en. 245 npiiiKa>KaHO e T6XHIII4KO p9W9HIII9 CO XOpiii30HTanHIII 46HTplllcpyranHIII nyMnlll BO
cysa 1113BeP.6a. AoP.eKa Ha en. 246 npiiiKa>KaHo e peweHIIIe Ha sepTIIIKanHIII
49HTplllcpyranHIII nyMnlll 1113B6P.8HIII BO MOKpa COCTOj6a.

nPECEK A-A

I Cn. 245 OcHoaa 111 npeceK Ha nyMnHa craH1114a co 4eHTp1!1cfJyranHI!I nyMnl!l co xop1!130HTanHa
OCOBI!IHa 80 cyaa COCTOj6a

f1
u Cn. 246 nyMnHa CTaH1114a CO BepTI!IKanHI!I 4eHTp1!1cfJyraflHI!I nyMnl!l 80 MOKpa COCTOj6a
f1
w 210
J....

KoM6LIIHL!IpaHa nyMnHa cTaHL114a 3a OTnaiJ.HLII Lll aTMocsepcKLII BOA\11 np\ltKa>KaHa e Ha en.

247. Bo ycnosL!I Ha cyso speMe, aKTLIIBH\11 ce caMo noManLI!Te nyMn\11 3a OTnaAH\11 BOALII,
AOAeKa so IJ.O>KAn\ltBO speMe, so 3aB\11CHOCT OA \11HTeH3LI!TeToT Ha AO>KIJ.OT ce
aKTLIIB\ItpaaT noroneMIIIT9 nyMil\11 3a aTMOCBepCK\11 BOIJ.\11. np\ltKa>KaHaTa nyMnHa
..~
, cTaHL!14a Ha en. 247, npeTCTasysa \11 npen\ltBeH o6jeKT 3a pacTeperysal-be Ha
j H\113BOIJ.H\110T P.en OP. KaHanLII3a4\110HaTa Mpe>Ka. BaKBO peweHLIIe ce np\ltMeHysa Kora
HeMa ycnos111 3a rpaBIIITaLJHO \ltcnywTal-be Ha npen\lteHaTa BOAa so pe411111\11eHTOT, a
HeonXOIJ.HO e Aa ce HanpaB\11 pacTepeTysal-be Ha KaHanL~~3a4LIIOHaTa Mpe>Ka.

a
~

I
I
I
I
I 5.2. KnMnHM nyMnM

B KnLIInHLIITe nyMn\11 npeTe>KHO ce ynoTpe6ysaaT 3a nyMnal-be Ha TanoroT OA

Tano>KHif141f1Te. KnlllnHLIITe nyMnlf1 o61f1LJHO KOp~cTaT eneKTpOMOTOpLII \11 ce co noseK:e
4\ltnLIIHIJ.pLII CO IJ.LIIjaMeTap Ha Knlf1110B\11T9 200~M \11 IJ.On>Kif1Ha Ha IJ.B\11>1<91-be 150MM. -:=::--
Kana4LIIT9TOT Ha KnL~~nHaTa nyMna 3aB\11C\11 OIJ.:
• IJ.LIIjaMeTapoT Ha KnlflllOT,
• IJ.On>KLIIHaTa Ha IJ.Bif1>K91-b9 Ha KDLIIIlOT,
• 6p31f1HaTa Ha llOilOBTOpyBal-beTO (Lf9CTif1HaTa) Ha IJ.Bif1>K91-b9TO Ha MLIIHyTa.

211

tl
 5.3. nponenepHM nyMnM
Os111e nyMnll1 o61114HO ce co roneM Kana~II1TeT 111 Mana BII1C04~Ha Ha 1113A111rHysal-be Ha
BOAaTa. KapaKTep111CTII14HO 3a HlftB e 111 TOa WTO 111MaaT Mana CII1CanHa BII1C04111Ha.

5.4. Cn1.1panH1r1 (WHeKOBM, non>KaCTM) nyMnM

Bo nocneAHO speMe cn111panH111Te nyMnll1 111MaaT HajroneMa npii1MeHa so
KaHanll13a41110HaTa npaKTiftKa. Ce KOpii1CTaT 061114HO 3a Maflll1 BII1C04111HII1 Ha nyMnal-be
(4,0 pp 5,5¥). Ce KOHCTpyll1paaT VI 3a noroneMII1 BII1C04111HII1, a MO)Ke Aa pa6oTaT 111 so
cep111ja Ha B~C04111Ha OA 8 P.O 11M. Ce npes3eMaaT MepK111 osaa BII1C04111Ha Aa 6111Ae
noroneMa.
Pa6oTaT Ha np111H~II1nOT Ha apxii1MeAOBII10T BII1HT (en. 248). Ce KOpll1cTaT 3a nyMnal-be
Ha: 6111TOBII1Te OTnaAH111 BOA111, 111HAYCTp111CKII1 BOA111, cse)K 111 1113rHII1eH Tanor 111 APYrD.
Cn111panH111Te nyMnll1 111MaaT BII1COK Koecp111~111eHT Ha KOp111CHO AejcTso, noroToso Kora
npoTOYHaTa KOnii14111Ha sap111pa so now111poK111 rpaHII1~111 (en. 249).
OA cn111KaTa ce rneAa AeKa co npoMeHa Ha npoTOKOT Ha oTnaAHaTa BOAa OA 30 AO
100%, Koecp111~111eHTOT Ha KOpii1CHO AejcTso ce MeHysa OA 65 AO 75%.
061114HO ce nocTasysaaT noA aron OA 30° AO 40° co xopii130HTanaTa, a ce AB111)KaT co
eneKTpOMOTOp nosp3aH CO ropHII10T Kpaj Ha OCOBII1HaTa (en. 248).

I
I

_____ li

f. . ·· -~-'--l

Cn. 248 nyMnHa craHM4a co cnMpanHa nyMna

212
 nplt1 nyMnal-be Ha KOHCTaHTHa KOnlt141t1Ha Ha BOAa lt1 Ha lt1CTa Blt1C041t1Ha, 0Bit18 nyMnlt1
lt1MaaT noMana noTpowysaLJKa Ha eneKTp!t14Ha eHeprlt1ja so OAHOC Ha
1..18HTp~cpyranHit1Te (cn.250 ).

Cn1.1panH1t1 nyMnlt1 so Peny6nlt1Ka MaKeAOHit1ja ce srpaAeHit1 so Clt1CTSMOT 3a 3aWTit1Ta

Ha Oxp1t1ACKO E3epo OA OTnaAHit1 BOA1t1, 41t1ja Blt1C041t1Ha Ha 1113AII1ral-be Ha sw~aTa e 8M,
aj3a npoTOK 500n/c.
VQ_

I
I
Cn. 249 KoecjJvt4vteHr Ha KopvtcHo p,ejcrao Ha cnvtpanHa nyMna

I
I

Cn. 250 MaHOMerapcKa avtcvtHa Kaj cnvtpanHa vt 4eHrpvtcjJyranHa nyMna

5.5. BaKyM nyMnM

BaKyM nyMnlt1Te ce ynoTpe6ysaaT 3a yc111cysal-he Ha B03AYXOT OA c111canHaTa 1...\SBKa
Kaj L\8HTp111cpyranHJ..1T8 nyMnf..1 CO XOpii130HTanHa OCOBJ..1Ha KOJ..1 C8 nOCTaB8HJ..1 nOBit1COKO
OA MaKCII1ManHOTO Hf..1Bo Ha BOAa so L\PnHII10T 6a3eH, npeA Aa noLJHaT co pa6oTa. Kaj
KaHanlt13al...\lt10HJ..1Te nyMnlt1, ycf..1CHaTa 1...\SBKa o6J..14HO He ce f..13BSAYBa co yclt1cHa Kopna 1t1
nospaTHa KnanHa 3apaA1t1 wTo nywTal-heTo so pa6oTa Ha L\SHTpll1cpyranHf..1Te nyMnf..1
cTaHysa OA Kora BOAaTa K:e ce AOHece AO pa6oTHOTo Kana Ha nyMnaTa co noMow Ha
saKyM nyMna (en. 251 ).

213
3a Aa ce 11136erHaT saKyM nyMnii1Te noTpe6Ho e ocosii1HaTa Ha 48HTp111cj::>yranHII1Te
nyMnll1 Aa 6111Ae 111cnoA pa6oTHOTO HII1BO Ha BOAaTa so 4PilHII10T 6a3eH. BaKa
nocTaBeHII1 nyMnll1, so ceKoj MOMeHT Ke 6111AaT cnpeMHII1 3a noroH.

MAX

H<6m
L!PnEH 5A3EH

MIN

l.IEBKA

Cn. 251 KopMcTefbe Ha eaKyMnyMna

5.6. MaMyT nyMn.,

MaMyT nyMnii1Te ce no3HaTII1 ywTe 111 KaKo B03AYWHII1 nyMnll1. npeTe>KHo ce
ynoTpe6ysaaT 3a nyMnat-be Ha Tanor 111 APYrll1 cycneHA111paHII1 MaTep111111 Kaj
np84111CTII1T8nHII1T8 CTaH1114111. 0BII18 nyMnll1 H8MaaT llOAB111>KHa X111APOM8XaHII14Ka
onp8Ma, a co Toa 111 p8TKO C8 pac111nysaaT. H111BHaTa KOHCTPYK4111ja 8 8AHOcTasHa.
nyMnat-beTO Ha T84HOCTa C8 BpW111 CO llOMOW Ha KOMilpii1MLt1paH B03AYX. Ha AOnHLt10T
A8n OA nyMnaTa ce BHecysa KOMnp111MLt1paH B03AYX CO CM8p BO npaB840T Ha nyMnat-be
(en. 252).

Cn. 252 MaMyr nyMna

BII1C04111HaTa Ha nyMnat-b8, Kaj OB1118 nyMnll1 8 orpaHII148Ha Ha :
1 1
-Hl::; H 2::;- HI
3 2
Ko8¢11141118HTOT Ha KOpt.1cHo A8jCTBO Kaj OBII18 nyMn111 8 noMan so cnope,.q6a co APYrii1T8
T111nos111 Ha nyMnll1 KOII1 c8 np111M8HysaaT so KaHan1113a4111ja. Ho c8naK HatlfaaT npt-1M8Ha
BO np84111CTLt1T8nHII1T8 CTaH1114111, 3apa,.q111 HII1BHaTa 8,tJ.HOCTaBHa KOHCTPYK4111ja (en. 253).
np8Te>KHo C8 ynoTp86ysaaT 3a nyMnat-b8 Ha n8COK, Tanor 111 ,.qpyrt-1 a6pa3Lt1BHL-1
T8>KHOCTII1.

214
 1 6
AETAJl- A

Cn. 253 MaMyr nyMna

(1 - KOMnpecop, 2 11 3 - ,qoao,q Ha KOMnp11M11paH ao3,qyx, 4 - o,qao,q Ha Mewaa11Ha Ha ao3,qyx, ao,qa 11
necoK, 5 - rnaaa Ha nyMnara, 6 - oraop 3a '-1111CTefbe, 7 - npocrop 3a ranor)

6. nHEYMATCKO ~3.Q~rAI-bE HA OTnA.QHATA BO.QA

Kora KaHam13l...IVIOHaTa Mpe>Ka e Ana6oKo nocTaseHa, WTO ce jasysa Kaj MerpaTa,
cKpVIsanVIwTai"a 111 AP·· a npVI Toa oTnaAHaTa BOAa e so Mana Konw·IVIHa, ce
ynoTpe6ysa nHeyMaTCKO VI3AVIrHyBal-be Ha BOAaTa (en. 254). rpaA81-b8TO Ha
COOABeTeH LIPneH 6a3eH Ha TOnKy roneMVI Ana60LIVIHVI e cKano peweHVIe.
I-I

II- II

.91

Cn. 254 nHeyMaTCKO Y13f1Y1Tal-be Ha ornaj:1Hara BOj:1a

( 1- pe3epaoap, 2- KOMnpecop, 3- B03,qyx no,q npii1TI1COK,4- ,qoao,q Ha oma,qHa ao,qa, 5- aeHTII1nl1, 6-
HenoapareH aeHTI1n, 7 - aeHrll1n11, 8 - HenoapareH aeHrl1n, 9 - nor111cHa 4eaKa)

215
 ,,
[
:1
..:~
.I

OPt KaHam13a41t1jaTa, OTnaAHaTa 80Pta AOafa 80 Man MeTaneH pe3ep8oap. WTOM

PtOeTVIrHe OAPeAeHO Hlt180 ee 8KI1YLIY8a 80 pa6oTa 803AYWHit10T KOTen 11'1 KOMnpeeopoT
nplt1 WTO OTnaAHaTa 80Pta ee A08ePty8a nOA np1t1Tit1eOK 11'1 npeKy 0A80AHaTa 4e8Ka
lt13nery8a 80 rpa.qcKaTa KaHan1t13a41t1ja.
'

1. MAII"'l nYMnH"'l pTAH"14"1

Bo OAPePteHIIl noKanHVI yeno81t1 He noeTojaT yen081t1 3a rpa81t1Ta'-IHO nplt1KnyLty8at-be Ha
nOAPYMeKit1Te npoeToplt11t1 1t1n1t1 Ha 4enoeH1t1Te KYKHVI np1t1Kny'-I041t1 Ha KaHanlt13a41t10HaTa
Mpe>Ka.
3a Taa 4en noeTojaTa Manlt1 a8TOMaTit131t1paHit1 nyMnHVI eTaHit1411'1 KOVI pa6oTaaT
a8TOMaTeKit1 Ha np1t1H41t1n Ha Hlt180 eOHA1t1 lt1Jllt1 nplt1Tit1eOL!Hit1 eKnOnKit1.
Ha en. 255 npV!Ka>KaHo e peweHit1e Ha noeTa8y8at-be Ha 8epllt1KanHa noToneHa nyMna
80 o61t1LtHa waxTa.
a)

Cn. 255 Manu nyMnHu cTaHUJ.4U

(a - e,qHa nyMna so waxra, 6- ,qae nyMmt ao waxra, a - cneLfMjanHa Mana nyMnHa craH1114a)
noeTojaT 1t1 a8TOMaTeKII1 ypeAIIl KOII! ee lllHeTanll!paaT 80 nOAPYMeKIIITe npoeToplt11113a
nyMnHo no8p3y8at-be Ha KY>f<HVIOT nplt1KnyLfoK Ha KaHan!l13a41110HaTa Mpe>Ka (en. 256).
'f.

Cn. 256 Manu nyMnHu cTaHUJ.4M 3a KYKHU npuKny'-IOJ.4U

8. 4HHEthE HA lflCnYMnAHATA KAHAJlCKA BOAA

3a Aa ee onpeAen111 LflllHet-beTo Ha 1M3 VlenyMnaHa 80Aa, noTpe6Ho e Aa ee onpeAenaT
rDAIIIWHVITe TpOWK081t1 Ha nyMnHaTa eTaH1114a. Tille ee eOCTOjaT OA ABa 81t1Aa Ha
TpOW041t1 (paeXOAIIl) VI Toa:
a) eKenr.oaTa41110Hit1 TpowKOBVI - Re

216
~

~ R=~+~
.5

EKcnn03T34~0H~Te TpowKOB~ ce onpeAenyB33T OA cneAH~OT ~3p33:

EKcnno3T34~0HVITe TpowKos~ (p3CXOA~) ce cocToj3T OA:

ae p3CXOA~ 33 llOTpOW€H3 8Jl8KTp~4Ha eHepr~j3,

p

aY p3CXOAif1 33 ynp3sycfJ3t-ne co K3H3I11113341f1j3T3 (A~P8K41f1j3T3),

ap . 6
p3CXOAif1 33 nepcoH3IlOT KOJ e AVIpeKTHO BKily'-leH so p3 OT3T3 Ha nyMnH3T3
CT3HVIL\3,

- ar p3CXOAif1 33 peMOHT H3 nyMil~Te (TeKOBHO OAP.>KYB31-be) KOVI 06V14HO

~3Hecys33T:

• 1 ,0 AO 3,0% 33 3rp3A111Te
• 0,5 AO 1 % 33 48BKOBOAV~Te noA npii1Tii1COK
• 3 AO 5% 33 nyMnHII1Te 3rper3Tii1 (OA speAHOCT3)
- aa p3CXOA111 33 llOAM34KYB31-b8 111 36el-beTO H3 nyMilii1Te KOVI AOCTII1rHyB33T AO
2% OA HII1BH3T3 speAHOCT,
'
- a1 p3CXOAVI 33 Tp3HCilOpT H3 OA113A04VIT8 33Ap.>KaHII1 H3 peweTK111T8,

- ag p3CXOAVI 33 rpeel-be, OCB8TI1YB31-b8 VI OAP.>KYB31-b8 Ha Xll1rVI8H3T3, KOVI ce

AB~.>K3T OA 2 AO 4% OA speAHOCT3 H3 3rpaA3Ta,
..
a0 HenpeABV~A8HII1 p3CXOAif1 KOVI o61114HO ce 38M3aT OA 2 AO 3% OA onWT111Te
p3CXOA111 Ha nyMilH3T3 CT3HVI43.

AMopTV13341i10H~Te TpowKOBVI ce onpeAenys3aT so 3BII1CHOCT OA sno.>KeHII1Te

lf1HsecTii14~~ 33 o6jeKTOT · Iii onpeMaT3 K3KO VI H~BHif10T poK 33 3MOpTV13341f1ja. Bo
33BII1CHOCT OA K3P3KTepoT H3 o6jeKTOT 111 B111AOT H3 onpeM3T3, Ae¢111Hii1p3HVI ce
poKOBII1Te 33 3MOpTV1334111j3 co noce6HVI npon111c111.

roA111WHVITe Tpowo4~ 3a aMopTII1334VIj3 ce onpeAenys33T co p3BeHKaT3:

Ra= P1 ·kl + P2 ·~ +...+ Pn · kn

K3A8 WTO e:

- p1, P2 ... Pn npo4eHT~ 3a rOAVIWH3 aMopTV1334111ja Ha o6jeKTII1Te 111 onpeMaT3.

- k1, k2 ... kn - VIHB8CTII141i10HII1 BilO.>KYB31-ba H3 o6jeKTII1Te 111 onpeM3T3

YV~Hel-beTo H3 1 M 111cnyMnaHa BOA3 (z) !{e 1113Hecys3:

3

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Z=~ . A8HIM 3
.;,
w
K3Ae e:

R- sKynHo rii1A111WHII1 TpOL11KOBII1 so A8H3p111

W - rDA111WH3 331lp8MVIH3 H3 111CilYMil3H3 BOA3 BO M3

217
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