CESS template
Cascaded H-bridge Rectifier with Power
Electronic Transformer for Photovoltaic Grid
Integration via Reciprocating Bus
M. Ba-wazeer, Deng Weicheng, Ghansham Meghwar, and, Jianzhong Xu
 switching, instrumentation devices and more cost. Neutral
Abstract – Speeding up the transition to clean renewable
energy is one of the best ways to curb the dangers of carbon
pollution that causes the climate changes. Solar power is one
of sustainable and clean energy source. Abounding type of
solar power is photovoltaic PV, so it needs to be integrated into
the utility grid to reduce the amount of burning fossil fuel,
which causes the pollution problem. Besides, different DC
voltage level in the Medium Voltage Bus (MVB) is needed.
Therefore, this paper discusses the integration of PV power
with main power grid based on power electronic transformer
(PET), because PET with boost converter can stabilize the PV
output voltage in the PV farm even if the irradiance changes
from standard to lower value such as 650W/m2. Moreover, it
can rise the PV voltage up to desired level. Also, Reciprocating
bus was created by changing the connection of PET in the
secondary side to provide different voltage level 10KV and
20KV in the MVB. 20KV bus was used to integrate the PV
power to main grid, because it can feed the load from the solar
power and from the grid in the same time. Rewarding of using
PET can provide the DC-DC isolation stage for both power
sources. Besides, PET is small, controllable and cheaper as
compared with power transformer. Simulation results validate
the effectiveness and superiority in the CHB with PET in
modern grid system; the results are verified by PSCAD /
EMTDC.
Keywords— PET; PV grid; Reciprocating; PV voltage
stable, CHB rectifier.
I. INTRODUCTION
B Y 2050, 16% of the total energy production expected to be
produced by PV [1]. The trend of megawatt range of PV
power plants is getting higher for the grid power system, but
voltage source converters topologies are not able to obtain
power rating, quality and efficiency. Furthermore, many
demanding grid codes could be implemented to many systems
as happening today to wind energy conversion systems [7].
Moreover, use of more voltage converters means more
Recirocationg will not only help in DC grid, which is the world future power
system. Moreover, it will give multiple voltages that feed multiple load might
be commercial or others application; besides all of that, during the night power
will disappear from PV farm so load can feed from main grid as well as
supplying other applications in the same system with different voltage level.
The next few paragraphs should contain the authors’ current affiliations,
including current address and e-mail. For example, F. A. Author is with the
1
pointed clam topology (NPC) can maintain the voltage up to
4.15KV, so tens of power need to be connected to Medium
Voltage Bus (MVB). Therefore, several models should be
linked in series to reach the desired voltage level [8].
In reality, PV plants should have been enhanced than before
by connecting it to MVB with proper topologies. The CHB is
one of the most suitable topologies for interconnecting PV
power plant with main power grid [17] [2]. Large-scales PV are
usually feed to MVB. In fact, solar energy interconnects with
grid through AC system, which means CHB works as inverter
to feed the solar power to the consumer networks[6] [3][11].
This topology makes isolation stage very weak. Also, it causes
unequal insolation on different PV strings, which leads to
different DC-link voltages [5]. So, CHB rectifier topologies
have the ability to reach the level of MVB easily [4] [12], but
the irradiance threatens the stability of PV voltage to be stable
under different irradiance [32] [10]. Therefore, Boost converter
and PET have overcome this problem. By solving the problem
of unstable voltage of PV power plant. It is possible to build
different voltage levels in MVB that allow to interconnect PV
power to MVB (20KV). In [31] [30] research has been done
based on PET but they did not reach the voltage level of MVB.
To design MVB in power system that meets the customer
expectation. Four types of PET connections are used, input
series output series (ISOS) is the first one. Input parallel, output
parallel (IPOP) is the second one. Input series output parallel is
the third one (ISOP). Finally, input parallel output series
(IPOS). Each configuration have unique advantage [27] [28]
[29]. In this article two types of those connection have been
used, which are ISOP and ISOS, because the ISOP links high
voltage level to low voltage level efficiently, and ISOS helps to
create different voltage level in the output of PETs.
CHB rectifier with PET has significant advantages, the first
one is that PET with boost converter can make the PV output
voltage fixed and it can rise the voltage up to MVB. The second
one is different voltage level can be obtained by changing the
connection of PET on the secondary side. Finally, there is no
need of power transformer especially for 33KV system, because
it is slandered in AC networks.
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (e-
mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).
S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He is
now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
CO 80523 USA (e-mail: author@lamar.colostate.edu).
T. C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of
Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research
Institute for Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: author@nrim.go.jp).
CESS template
ua ub usa
Phase A
+10KV
CHB1 PET S10
CHB2 PET
+20KV
S10
Phase B
Phase C
S20
S10
CHB3 PET
Com
Phase B
Phase C
This paper is organized in seven sections. Section II
describes the topology and the main circuit diagram. Section III
shows the PV model. Section IV explains the fixed PV control
method, which is implemented by using boost converter and
PET to make the voltage output of PV farm stable even if the
irradiance goes to lower values such as 650W/m2 . Section V,
reciprocating bus is obtained by changing the state of S 10 and
S20 to come up with different DC voltages level. 10KV is main
bus and 20KV is reciprocating bus; so 20kV is used to integrate
the PV power with grid power. In section VI, DC-DC isolation
control is presented. Section VII shows the results, which are
done by using PSCAD/EMTD software. Finally, conclusion
section was written.
II. TOPOLOGY DESCRIPTION
Three phase 7-level CHB rectifier with PET to integrate the
PV power into grid power is illustrated in Fig. 1. The power
circuit has three parts; the H-bridge rectifier cells, boost
converter with PV panels, and PET which is created the DC-
DC isolated stage. In PV section the PET is used to rise the
voltage of PV up to 10KV. Then two PV farms are connected
in series to form 20KV. (PV strings is grounded by small
ground resistance to avoid any electrical hazard). Due to space
limitations the system schemed in fig.1, it is illustrated by
drawing blocks for one phase, but components of each block
are shown in fig.2. In this paper three CHB cells per phase. The
voltage across each cell is 10KV. The rectifier rectifies AC
voltages Van Vbn and Vcn. Then the total voltages across each
phase will be computed by
𝑉𝑐1 + 𝑉𝑐2 + 𝑉𝑐3 = 𝑉𝑈 (1)
Each cell is modulated by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) in
order to give a proper information to switching device to come
up with multilevel wave form in AC side [13]. Actually, the
switching frequency is 1200Hz, because it is better to use low
frequency to reduce the switching loss, and improve the
efficiency; the semiconductor limitations also were considered
[14]. Therefore, CHB produces low loss as compared with other
two-level or three level converter.
2
PET
= B.C
=
PET
= B.C
=
R L C
R L C
IPV
Idc_ link
=
R L C
VPVH
Inverter VPVL
The solar panel is composed in several series and parallel
configuration within limit of the PV system voltage. The output
voltage of PV is 0.3KV. Then it boosted by boost converter to
increase it up to 3KV. To reach the MVB level, PET was used
to rise it up to 10KV. Actually, both PV farms are connected in
series to get 20KV. Note (the control topology of stabilizing PV
output voltage will explain section IV). Even though, it can be
used to any PV system.
MPPT was used in order to maximize the solar energy
conversation. Perturb and observe algorithm were used in this
paper, because it can minimize the power loss during the fast
changing of irradiance due to cloudy day [3][9]. Boost
converter was installed between the PV arrays and PET as
shown in fig.1. Boost converter has four main components,
which are capacitor, inductor, diode and Insulated-gate Bipolar
Transistor (IGBT). The IGBT is got signal throughout integral
proportional (PI) based on reference power.
PET power circuit contains four main power components.
Primary side H-bridge (PSHB), a secondary side H-bridge
(SCHB), medium frequency isolated transformer (MFIT), and
two capacitors. PET circuit diagram is illustrated in fig.4, PET
section. The real power flow depends on the angle or the ratio
of time delay between two bridges (inverting, primary bridge
and rectification, secondary bridge). It can be calculated by
Vp/μ (2)
𝑃𝑓 = ∗ 𝑉𝑠 ∗ ∅(1 − ∅)
2𝜋𝐹𝑠𝐿
Where Pf is the real power that flows throughout the PET, V p is
the primary voltage, Vs is the secondary side voltage, μ is the
transformer ration, Fs the switching frequency, and ∅ is the
shifting angle between primary and secondary side.
III. PV ARRAY
PV modules are connected together as one PV farm that has
only one MPPT to track the available maximum power of whole
PV strings [19]. Actually, the models are connected in series
and in parallel to build up the desired output voltage. The
equivalent circuit diagram of whole PV farm could be seen in
fig. 2.
CESS template 3

𝑉𝑖 (6)
NP NS 𝑉𝑜 =
1−𝐷
NP RS IL
And,
𝐼𝑜 = 𝐼𝑖 ∗ (1 − 𝐷) (7)
NS R VL
IPh NP NS NP P The boost converter was controlled by the interpolation firing
pluses (IFP). The carrier single and boost reference signal (ref
boost) were compered in IFP. Actually, the boost reference
Figure 2: Equivalent circuit of PV farm. signal came from the MPPT based on reference power of PV.
The PET was taking the same signal from MMPT through PI
The solar Arrays are drawn in terms of N S and NP. In order controller. The main purpose of PET control throughout the
to obtain the current, which is produced by the whole system. MPPT is to get the shifting angle∅, which is lies between π/2
It allows mathematically to come up with the PV power [20]. and –π/2[23]. Power will flow based on equation (2). The
Algebraic expression can be written as equation (3). control block of stabilized PV output voltage is illustrated in
fig.3. The PET is controllable device. The equivalent circuit of
1 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝑆 PET is shown in fig. 5, so the voltage equation between two
𝐼𝐿 = 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑅𝑆 {𝐸𝑥𝑝 ( ( + ) − 1)
𝐴 𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑁𝑆 𝑁𝑃 points can be written as.
𝑁𝑃 𝑉𝐿 𝐼𝐿 𝑅𝑆 (3) 𝑑𝑖𝑝 (8)
− ( + ) 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉𝑠 = 𝑅𝑡 + 𝐿𝑡
𝑅𝑃 𝑁𝑆 𝑁𝑃 𝑑𝑡

Where IL is the output current, I Ph is the produced current by Were 𝐿𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑡 are the inductance and resistance of PET
each cell in the PV farm, I RS is the diode reverse current, A is respectively, consider that H-bridge switches are ideal and
the P-N diode factor, RS is the series equivalent resistance, RP operating condition is normal. The square wave of 𝑉𝑠 and 𝑉𝑝
is the equivalent shunt resistance, V L is the output voltage of after the terminal of the transformer core from both sides is 2T
the solar farm, and IL is the output current. where T<<L/R, so it is possible to come up with current
magnitude.
IV. STABILIZED PV OUTPUT VOLTAGE METHOD
𝑇 𝑝𝑜
Stabilized method is away that share the signal of MPPT for 𝑖𝑝 = {𝑉𝑆𝑑𝑐 − 𝑉𝑃𝑑𝑐 √1 − 1} (9)
both Boost converter and PET to come up with constant output 2𝐿𝑡 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥
voltage in the output terminal of PET. Continuous current mode
(CCM) was used in this method [21]. In CCM two states of the Where 𝑝𝑜 is the power, which generated by PV cells, it can
controller semiconductor (IGBT) are available. On state Son, be calculated by equation (2). And 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the maximum power
and off state S off. Indeed, the two power storage devices can be written mathematically as
inductor (L) and capacitor (C) are able to handle the voltage to
be greater than the input voltage. The boost converter was 𝑉𝑆𝑑𝑐 ∗ 𝑉𝑃𝑑𝑐
controlled by PWM technique based on reference power of PV. 𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∗𝑇 (10)
4𝐿𝑡
Switching formula for CCM can be written as. The primary current 𝑖𝑝 can be calculated if the sampling time
intervals is given. In fact, this control block is to estimate the
𝑆 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 0 shifting angle of PET based on MPPT as boost converter does.
𝑆𝑓 = { 0𝐹𝐹
𝑆𝑜𝑛 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑤𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1 (4)

Equation (4) obviously describes the ratio of time or Duty cycle Carrier
Firing pluses
Interpolated

(D) when the switch is on during full cycle period, so the state On/off
space matrix [22], that describes the dynamic behavior of the
+
boost converter can be written as. + pref
- PI
1−𝐷 1 - Ref
𝐼̇ 0 − Ii 0 Vi
Vpv boost
[ ̇] = [ 𝐿 ] [ ] + [𝐿 ]−[ ]
Pin pet
𝑉 𝐷−1 VO 1 IO (5) Vpv +
0 0 MPPT PI
𝐶 𝐶 Ipv -

Figure 3: control block diagram of PV output voltage

Where Ii is the input current of boost converter, Vo is the output
voltage of the boost circuit, Vi is the input voltage of the boost
circuit, Io is the output voltage of the boost circuit, D is the duty
cycle, L and C are inductor and capacitor respectively.
Therefore,
CESS template 4

+
s1 s3 s1 s3 s1 s3 Vref V sec
D1 D2 D1 D1 D2
+ -
+
PI K
+
VC1 π/2 4
-
-
Iref_1 + 1
s2 s4 s2 s4 s2 s4 G/1+ST PI
D3 D4 D3 D3 D4
-π/2 Delay

π/2 4
s1 s3 s1 s3 s1 s3
Iref_2 +
2
D1 D2 D1 D1 D2
G/1+ST PI
+ +
Ls
Vu VC2 -
-π/2 Delay
ua -

s2 s4 s2 s4 s2 s4
π/2 4
D3 D4 D3 D3 D4
Iref_3 +
3
G/1+ST PI
s1 s3 s1 s3 s1 s3 -π/2 Delay
D1 D2 D1 D1 D2
Figure 6: Control scheme of DC-DC isolated stage.
+ +
VC3 -
-

s2 s4 s2 s4 s2 s4 VI. RECIPROCATING PROCESS.

D3 D4 D3 D3 D4
A. Methodology:
-
Reciprocating process is done by changing the connection of
AC grid CHB PET MDCV bus
PETs in the output side, from parallel to series to change the
Figure 4: Illustrated figure of one phase block diagram voltage level. In fig.4, three PETs are connected in parallel in
secondary side, while the voltage is 10KV. To obtain different
Rt Tt voltage level two PETs are connected in series to create output
voltage 20KV. Simultaneously, the load is feeding by 10KV
ip from the remained PET. The input voltage is 30KV across all
PETs. This structure is obtained by connecting the two PET in
series then connected all phases in parallel to balance the power
Vp Vs among all phases. The voltage of the bus can be computed by
assuming that A=1 and B=2 in equation (11). The main bus
voltage of this topology is 10KV, by applying reciprocating rule
yields.
Figure 5: PET Equivalent circuit diagram
csc(B) ∗ sin(𝐵)∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠,
V. DC ISOLATION STAGE CONTROL 𝐵. 𝑉 = {
csc(A) ∗ sin(𝐴)∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑠, (11)
According to equation (2) the power will not flow throughout
the PET (DC-DC isolator stage) unless the angle ∅ has the Where B.V is the bus voltage and main bus value is 10KV
value, so controlling technique was implemented to obtain the The different current rating and voltage rating can be
amount of ∅ according to the input values of controller that achieved by changing the connection of PETs [15].The input
gives this angle to the PET for each phase. Indeed, the DC series output parallel (ISOP) is one of the topologies that reduce
power was converted by H-bridge in the primary side of the the voltage based on the number of Dual Active bridges (DAB)
transformer and inverted in the secondary side by H-bridge. or PETs [16]. The current can be written as general equation.
Between those two H-bridges is the coil of high frequency
transformer with transformation ratio that is 1:1; therefore, the 𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝐼𝑝 = 𝐶 ∗ (12)
voltage will be the same for both coils [18]. The H-bridge in 𝑑𝑡
primary and secondary allows to the energy flow to DC bus
when the primary voltage leads the secondary voltage. Based 𝑑𝑉𝑐
𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶 ∗ (13)
on ∅ power will move to high voltage side or low voltage side. 𝑑𝑡
Actually, the power will move to high voltage side if it is
negative and vice versa. It is important in this control topology According to equations (21) & (13) for PET section in fig. 4.
to bring and evaluate the secondary capacitor voltage and the The current in the ISOP is the summing of all secondary current
secondary current. The control scheme is shown in fig.6. It has but the voltage is the same. Beside the current equations,
inner loop PI and outer one as well. The external PI regulates voltage can be formed by simplifying the power calculation in
the capacitor voltage in secondary side of the PET and the terms of harmonic switching function. Assuming that the input
internal one regulates the current on the same side of PET [25]. power is equal the output power of the PET. Secondary voltage
Therefore, this control principle is based on power flow during will be.
∞
the PET.
32 sin[(2ℎ + 1) ∗ ∅0 (14)
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼𝑃 / ( ∗ μ) ∑ ( )
𝜋 (2ℎ + 1)3 ∗ 𝑤𝑠 𝐿
𝑛=1
CESS template 5

Where, 2h+1 is the harmonic order and ∅0 is the phase shift TABLE I
CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
angle between the primary and secondary side of the PET [26].
Obviously, from Fig.1 by putting all S10 at off sate and S20 is at Simulation
Symbol Quantity
values
on state. The two lower PETs are connected in input series
output series (ISOS) to create 20KV. PV power is integrated by AC Grid voltage line to line 33kv
using 20KV in the day time period and at night the switch S 20 F Grid Frequency 50Hz
will be opened and S10 will be closed to feed the load from main Ls Line inductance 0.03 Henry
N Number of CHB in series per phase 3
grid source.
Fs Switching frequency of CHB 1200Hz
B. Startup process of whole system. Pet Number of PET per phase 3
F st Switching frequency of PET 6KHz
Startup process for whole system is necessary due to the V dc DC voltage across each PET 10kv
capacitance and inductance that immersed in power electronic Cp Primary capacitance 8mF
devices. A few milliseconds might take to charge the energy Cs Secondary capacitance 8mF
sink devices in electronic circuit. An easy and efficient startup U Voltage across each phase of CHB 30kv
flow chart has been designed for PET to charge the capacitors Uc Output voltage of each CHB bridge 10kv
and build up the DC-DC stage as well as to show that the PV n N. of PV module connected in series 15
reciprocating processes clearly even if there is not time between PV s N. of model string in parallel 2500
switching mechanism of 10KV bus and 20KV Bus. PV c Number of the cell per model 24
Meanwhile, load is still gating power from the main bus. Rs Series résistance per cell 0.02Ω
Moreover, PV farm included to that process to show the steps R sh Shunt resistance per cell 1000 Ω
of the simulation or the sequence of closing the breakers and A Diode ideality factor 1.5
feeding power to other branches in the main circuit. The fig. 7,
All the units are in SI units, the quantities, which do not have unit are just
is shown the sequences during the simulation period of whole numbers based on the simulation requirements.
system for eight seconds time simulation. the irradiance is 650W/m2. Also, in (c) the result is presented
when the irradiance is 1200W/m2. Therefore, both results are
Start
almost have same voltage level that verifies the stabilization
method by using PET and Boost converter control.
CHB rectifies
the voltages 11.00

At (1.5- 8)[s] MV 10.50

At 4[s] Reciprocating S20 is open and bus is feeding the
process stats 10 is close load via three phase 10.00
Voltage [Kv]

inverter
No 9.50 10.150
The voltage built up in all
10.100
Capacitors terninal
9.00 10.050
Night
20KV build 10.000
8.50
Yes 9.950
8.00 9.900
3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10
PET fed by 10KV after Day 7.50
One [s]
3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00

PET voltages is Time [S]

creating by PV farm

Starting up
> (a). DC bus voltage
process of PET

At 6[s] PV connected 16.0

via 20KV to grid 14.0
Voltage [Kv]

At 1.4[s] DC-DC 12.0

isolated MV bus 10.0
established
8.0
6.0
End
4.0
Figure 7: Flow chart of startup process. 2.0
0.0
-2.0
VII. SIMULATION RESULTS 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

In order to demonstrate and verify the proposed methods, Time [S]

Simulation are accomplished in three phase 7-level cascaded H- (b). 650W/m2
bridge rectifier based on PET with simulation parameters listed 16.0
14.0
in table 1. 12.0

Simulations outcomes are shown in fig.8, and fig.9. It can be

Voltage [Kv]

10.0
8.0
seen from fig.8, a; that the DC bus voltage is not effected during 6.0 10.50

the reciprocating process or during the change of irradiance. 4.0 10.00

9.50
2.0
This means that the load is feeding throughout the inverter 0.0
6.00 6.25

without any disturbance in the voltage of feeding bus. The -2.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
output waveform of the load voltage is shown in Fig, 8 d. Time [s]
The voltage of PV with PET is presented below in Fig.8 (c) 1200W/m2
b and c. In (b) the result showed that the voltage is fixed while
CESS template 6

8.0
(d)
6.0

Moreover, there are three PET in each phase. The upper one is
4.0
Voltage [Kv]

2.0

0.0 feeding the load during the whole process of simulation, but the
-2.0 lower ones are being changed based on the reciprocating
-4.0

-6.0
topology. Therefore, Fig.9, b and c validate output voltage of
-8.0
the upper PET when the irradiance is 1200W/m2 and 650W/m2
5.960 5.970 5.980 5.990 6.000 6.010 6.020 6.030 6.040 6.050 respectively.
Time [S]
30
(d) Load voltage wave form

Voltage [Kv]
20
10
In fig.9, result is shown for validations of reciprocating 0
process. In Fig.9, (a) result is shown that the reciprocating -10

process has done on four seconds exactly, while the solar power -20
-30
is connected to grid at six second. Actually, Fig.9.a validates 3.920 3.940 3.960 3.980 4.000 4.020
the reciprocating technique when the irradiance is 650W/m2, Time [s]
but fig.9.b validates the reciprocating process when the Figure 10: Rectifies voltage across each phase of CHB.
irradiance is 1200W/m2.
.
1.50
11.5
20.0 1.25

Power [MW]
10.0
1.00
20.50
Voltage [Kv]

15.0
1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
0.75
20.00
10.0
0.5
19.50

5.0 19.00 0.25

5.50 6.00 6.50
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.3

Voltage [Kv]
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

Time [S] Figure 11: The PV characteristic in both cases

(a)
Fig.10 shown that the input voltage of PETs, which is rectified
22.5
by CHB rectifies. In fact, the voltage across the PETs is 30KV.
12
20.0
10
Additionally, Fig.11 showed the relationship of PV power with
17.5
PV output voltage. It is clear from the graph that the voltage of
Voltage [Kv]

15.0 8 20.75
12.5
10.0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6
20.50
20.25 PV was dropped when the irradiance is 650w/m2.
20.00

7.5 19.75
19.50
5.0 19.25

2.5
19.00
5.75 6.00 6.25
VIII. CONCLUSION
0.0
-2.5 This paper discussed the PV grid integration by using CHB
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
rectifiers in order to solve the voltage fluctuation of the PV
Time [S] output voltage during the sudden weather condition changes.
(B) Different voltage level in MVB are needed for many purposes.
Therefore, different voltage levels were created by
reciprocating process. It can be concluded by two points below
10.5 1- Fixed control of PV panels.
10.5
By adding PET and boost converter in PV farm with proper
control strategy, that shared the control signal for both PET and
10.0
10.0

9.5 9.5
5.5 6.0 6.5
Boost converter to measure the voltage of MPPT. Based on
3.5 4.0 4.5
measuring the maximum voltage available of PV power curve.
Observation and perturbation algorithm is being given the step
voltage signal to the boost converter and PET to make the
output voltage stable efficiently.
(c) 2- Reciprocating topology, which is done by connecting the
12.0

10.0 PETs in ISOS to create different bus with different voltage

8.0 levels in the same circuit. That helps to interconnect the PV
Voltage [Kv]

10.20
6.0
10.00
11.0
power to main power grid while the load is feeding power from
4.0
9.80 10.0
both sources.
2.0
9.60
6.00 6.050
0.0
4.000 4.050
-2.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time [S]
CESS template
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2027.
M. Ba-wazeer is currently pursuing
his M.S in Electrical Engineering from
North China Electric Power University,
Beijing, China. He did Bachelor degree
in Electrical Engineering from Aden
University of faculty of Engineering.
Aden, Yemen. His current research
interest is towards integration of
renewable energy with the main grid
based on power electronic transformer.
CESS template 8

Deng Weicheng completed BSc

degree in Electrical Engineering and
Automation from North China Electric
Power University, Beijing, China in
2018. He is currently pursuing Masters
in Electrical Engineering from North
China Electric Power University,
Beijing, China.
His research area is related to HVDC
transmission and new energy
technology.

Ghansham Meghwar received BSc.

degree in Electrical Engineering from
Mehran University of Engineering &
Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh,
Pakistan in 2017. He is currently
pursuing Masters in Electrical
Engineering from North China
Electric Power University, Beijing,
China. His research interest includes
integration of renewable energy with
the power system network.

Jianzhong Xu (M’14-SM’19) was

born in Shanxi, China. He received the
B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from North
China Electric Power University
(NCEPU) in 2009 and 2014
respectively. Currently, he is an
associate professor of the State Key
Laboratory of Alternate Electrical
Power System with Renewable Energy
Source’s, NCEPU. From 2012 to 2013,
and 2016 to 2017, he was respectively a joint Ph.D. student and
Post-Doctoral Fellow (PDF) at the University of Manitoba,
under supervision of Prof. Ani Gole (IEEE Fellow). He is now
working on the high-speed equivalent modeling, transient
analysis of MMC-HVDC grid.