Load Flow Studies: Prof. M Venkateswara Rao

Load Flow Studies
Prof. M VENKATESWARA RAO

Dept. of EEE,
JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri
Chittoor District, A P, India
Prof. M Venkateswara Rao, Dept. of EEE, JNTUA College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor District, A P, India
Outline of Presentation
Introduction
Classification of Buses
 Formation of YBus Matrix
Iterative Methods for Load Flow Studies
Gauss- Seidel Method
Newton -Raphson Method
Decoupled and FDLF Methods
Comparison of different Load Flow Methods
Previous years GATE questions
Power System Scenario of our Country
 Power Grid Regions in India
 All India Installed Capacity
 Major Transmission System network of India
 Power Map of Southern Region
Introduction
Successful operation of electrical power system requires the

following:
Generation must supply the demand (load) and the losses
Generators must operate within specified Real and Reactive
Power limits
Transmission lines and transformers should not be overloaded
for long periods
Voltages at the buses need to be maintained at the prescribed
limits
Classification of Buses
The buses of a power system can be classified into following

three types based on the quantities being specified and quantities
to be obtained for the buses:
Bus type Quantities Quantities to

specified be obtained
Load bus P,Q |V|, δ
Generator bus P,|V| Q,δ
Slack bus |V|, δ P,Q
Classification of Buses(contd...)
Importance of Slack Bus :
Since the system power losses being unknown before

performing the Load Flow solution, it is necessary to have one
bus (i.e. Slack Bus) at which complex power is unspecified
 There is only one bus of this type in a given power system

network
 Slack bus supplies the difference in the total system load plus
losses and the sum of complex powers specified at the remaining
Buses
 Details
Formulation of YBus Matrix
The load flow equations can be formed using either the mesh or
node basis equations of a power system.
The load flow equations, using nodal admittance matrix

formulation for a three bus system as shown in figure.
Formulation of YBus Matrix ( contd...)
By applying KCL at node 1
I1 = I11+I12+I13
= V1 y11 + (V1-V2) y12+ (V1-V3) y13
= V1 (y11 + y12+y13) –V2 y12 –V3 y13
I1 = V1Y11 +V2Y12 +V3Y13
Similarly I2= V1Y21 +V2Y22 +V3Y23
I3= V1Y31 +V2Y32 +V3Y33
These equations can be written in matrix form as follows
 I 1  Y11 Y12 Y13  V1 

 I   Y Y23  V2 
 2   21 Y22
 I 3  Y31 Y32 Y33  V3 
Iterative methods for Load flow studies
 The Iterative methods can be used to solve the load flow

equations which are non-linear and the iterative methods are:
1. Gauss-Seidel method
2. Newton-Raphson method
3. Decoupled load flow method
4. Fast-Decoupled load flow method
Gauss-Seidel method
Newton- Raphson Method
Newton- Raphson Method(Polar Form)
DLF & FDLF Method
Comparison of different load flow methods
S.No GS Method NR Method FDLF Method
1 Rectangular coordinates Polar coordinates are Polar coordinates are

are preferred for solution preferred for solution preferred for solution
2 More no. of iteration are Less no. of iteration are Less no. of iteration are
required to get the required to get the required to get the
acceptable solution acceptable solution acceptable solution
3 The computation time per The computation time per The computation time
iteration will be less due to iteration is more i.e 8 per iteration is more i.e
less no. of mathematical times than GS method 2 to 3 times than GS
operation method and 5 times
than NR method
4 The number of iterations The number of iterations The number of iterations

increases as the size of the independent of the size of independent of the size
system increases. the system. of the system
Previous years GATE Questions
Q. No.1)
A 183-bus power system has 150 PQ buses and 32 PV buses. In

general case, to obtain the load flow solution using Newton-
Raphson method in polar coordinates, the minimum number of
simultaneous equations to be solved are _______
Sol)
Total simultaneous equations to be solved =
No. of equations for Real Powers( P ) +
No. of equations for Reactive Powers(Q) +
No. of equations for Voltages ( V )
=150+150+32=332
Q. No.2 :
The Power system network dealing with 20 buses. The Ybus
matrix of the system is 80% sparse. The minimum number
Transmission lines that are existing in the power system network
are__________
Sol :
No. of elements in the Matrix = 20X 20 = 400
Non-zero elements in the matrix = 20% of No. of elements in
the Matrix
= 80
No. Diagonal elements = 20
No. of Non-zero Mutual elements = 80-20 =60
No. of Transmission Lines = 60/2 =30
Q. No.3 :
For a 15-Bus power system with 3 voltage controlled bus, the size
of Jacobian Matrix is____
Sol:
Size of Jacobian Matrix = [ 2(n-1) –m ] x [ 2(n-1) –m ]
Where n = Total no. of Buses = 15
m = No. of PV controlled Buses = 3
Size of Jacobian Matrix = 25 x25
Queries
Thank You

Load Flow Studies: Prof. M Venkateswara Rao

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Load Flow Studies

Prof. M VENKATESWARA RAO

 Formation of YBus Matrix

Iterative Methods for Load Flow Studies

Gauss- Seidel Method

Newton -Raphson Method

Decoupled and FDLF Methods

Comparison of different Load Flow Methods

Previous years GATE questions

 Power Grid Regions in India

 All India Installed Capacity

 Major Transmission System network of India

 Power Map of Southern Region

Successful operation of electrical power system requires the

Generation must supply the demand (load) and the losses

Generators must operate within specified Real and Reactive

Transmission lines and transformers should not be overloaded

for long periods

Voltages at the buses need to be maintained at the prescribed

The buses of a power system can be classified into following

Bus type Quantities Quantities to

Importance of Slack Bus :

Since the system power losses being unknown before

 There is only one bus of this type in a given power system

The load flow equations, using nodal admittance matrix

= V1 (y11 + y12+y13) –V2 y12 –V3 y13

I1 = V1Y11 +V2Y12 +V3Y13

Similarly I2= V1Y21 +V2Y22 +V3Y23

I3= V1Y31 +V2Y32 +V3Y33

These equations can be written in matrix form as follows

 I 1  Y11 Y12 Y13  V1 

 The Iterative methods can be used to solve the load flow

3. Decoupled load flow method

4. Fast-Decoupled load flow method

1 Rectangular coordinates Polar coordinates are Polar coordinates are

4 The number of iterations The number of iterations The number of iterations

A 183-bus power system has 150 PQ buses and 32 PV buses. In

No. Diagonal elements = 20

No. of Non-zero Mutual elements = 80-20 =60

No. of Transmission Lines = 60/2 =30

Size of Jacobian Matrix = [ 2(n-1) –m ] x [ 2(n-1) –m ]

Where n = Total no. of Buses = 15

m = No. of PV controlled Buses = 3

Size of Jacobian Matrix = 25 x25

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