66 Int. J. Information Technology and Management, Vol. 20, Nos.

1/2, 2021

Congestion management with improved real power

transfer using TCSC in 30 bus system

P. Kalaimani*
Department of Electrical and Electronics,
Anna University,
Chennai, India
Email: kalaimanipme@gmail.com
*Corresponding author

K. Mohana Sundaram
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India
Email: mohanasundaram.k@kpriet.ac.in

Abstract: Secure operation and reliable utilisation of transmission lines is a

challenging issue in deregulated power system. The scheduled power
transactions are difficult due to the overloading of transmission lines in
restructured power system as the electricity market has become more
competitive. Due to congestion of transmission lines, the transfer of real power
and the power system voltage profile are greatly affected in the power system.
The aim of this research work is to increase the real power and the reactive
power flowing in the lines of multibus system using thyristor controlled series
compensator (TCSC). Real power transfer with reduced losses and improved
voltage stability is an important factor in the present global scenario. This paper
deals with the improvement of power flow in power transmission lines by
series compensation device in 30 bus system with reduced congestion. The 30
bus system without and with thyristor controlled series compensation device
(TCSC) is modelled and simulated and the results are presented. The simulation
studies indicate a significant improvement in the real and the reactive power
flow with the introduction of TCSC. The advantages of the proposed system
include the smooth variations of the real and the reactive powers.

Keywords: thyristor controlled series compensator; TCSC; congestion

management; real power flow; voltage stability; available transfer capability.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Kalaimani, P. and

Sundaram, K.M. (2021) ‘Congestion management with improved real power
transfer using TCSC in 30 bus system’, Int. J. Information Technology and
Management, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2, pp.66–82.

Biographical notes: P. Kalaimani completed his ME in Power System and

presently, he is doing his PhD in Power System. He is working as an Assistant
Professor in Panimalar Engineering College Chennai Tamilnadu, India.

K. Mohana Sundaram obtained his Bachelor in Electrical and Electronics

Engineering from the University of Madras, Chennai, Master in High Voltage
Engineering from the SASTRA University, Thanjavur and PhD in Electrical

Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 67

Engineering from the Anna University, Chennai, India. He is presently working

as a Professor of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at
Vel tech Multitech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College,
Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. His areas of interest are electrical machines, power
electronics and soft computing techniques for machines. He has around 15
years of teaching experience in engineering colleges. Presently, he is guiding
seven research scholars under Anna University. He has been the life member in
ISTE chapter. He published 27 papers in international journals and
international conferences.

1 Introduction

In recent years power system has been restructured to meet the increased demand in the
present modern world. The increased demand is due to the fast growing economy and
industrialisation. Restructuring of power system resulted in maximum utilisation of
transmission lines in power systems. Deregulation of power system resulted in
unbundling of generation, transmission and distribution systems as independent
companies. In such an open electric power industry, participation of private players leads
to competitive power transactions. Due to such competitive power transactions between
the sender and the buyer, transmission line stability and reliability eventually weakens.
The participants of electricity market in some case violate the stability and thermal
constraints of transmission lines by over loading the transmission lines, so called
congested lines. Transferring the real power and enhancing the power flow delivery in
congested lines in the modern electrical power system is a challenging issue for power
engineers. Introduction of compensating devices of flexible alternating current
transmission system (FACTS) enables the electrical engineers to enhance the efficiency
of transmission lines. FACTS devices help in reducing the power losses, upgrading the
voltage profile and enhancing power transfer capability of the system. This paper focuses
on the enhancement of real power in normal line with smooth voltage variations of real
power and reactive power using thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) device is
obtained by modelling and simulating 30 bus system in MATLAB simulink software.
Numerous research works were carried out in the past and continued in the recent
years in maximising the real power transfer in transmission lines. As the power system is
moving towards deregulation in most of the countries, the most challenging task of the
power engineers is to maintain a secure and reliable operation of transmission line with
maximum utilisation of electrical power transmission lines to satisfy the required
demand. Congestion management problem is solved by the particle swarm evolutionary
optimised technique with a better time modulated accelerated-coefficients in 30-bus
system and the solutions were analysed with normal time varying particle swarm
optimisation technique (Sarwar and Siddiqui, 2015). Interline power flow controller
(IPFC) was utilised to solve congestion problem by optimal placement and tuning of
IPFC using disparity line utilisation factor and gravitational search. This method
effectively reduced the real and the reactive power losses of the transmission (Mishra and
and Nagesh Kumar, 2016). A new cat swarm optimisation evolutionary algorithm was
introduced to upgrade the available capacity of the transmission line using FACTS device
SVC and TCSC and tested on IEEE standard 14 and 24 test system (Nireekshana et al.,
68 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

2016). The real power losses of the transmission lines are another important challenging
issue faced by power engineers. Firefly algorithm was introduced to reduce the
transmission network losses and upgrade voltage stablity profile of the power system
(Balachennaiah et al., 2016). An effective meta-heuristic based firefly algorithm was
introduced to relieve congestion problem due to over loading of transmission line in
restructured power system. This method solves the congestion problem by the natural
attitudes of fireflies (Verma and Mukherjee, 2016). Optimal setting of facts devices is
required to enhance the available power capacity of the electrical power-transmission
network line in congested and normal conditions. Particle-swarm-optimised evolutionary
technique was introduced to optimally tune the FACTS-devices to upgrade the ATC of
the transmission line (Bavithra et al., 2016). To enhance the electrical power-flow and
upgrade the performance of the power-system including the security of the system,
FACTS device TCSC with optimal sizing and placement was is suggested by a linear
programming method (Sundar and Ravikumar, 2012). A new fuzzy logic controller was
introduced to upgrade the existing power flow of the modern electrical power system.
The fuzzy controller along with FACTS device UPFC was incorporated to reduce the
power-loss and improve the voltage reliability of the system (Ahmad et al., 2014). The
optimal sizing and location of FACTS devices are an important research method followed
by power engineers in recent years. To improve the load ability limit of the network
FACTS devices were placed optimally in the network with the help of gravitational
search algorithm and compared with the other evolutionary programs to compare the
effectiveness of the system (Bhattacharyya and Kumar, 2016). Due to unbundling of
power system, the system security and efficiency got weakened in the recent years. To
operate the system in the most feasible method and to upgrade the optimal power-flow of
the system, TCSC was located at the most suitable location in the transmission line which
also enhanced the security of the system by min cut algorithm (Duong et al., 2013). After
relieving congestion in the line, it is a must to maintain the system stability to ensure the
uninterrupted power flow transactions in the power system. Transient stability problem
arises in the power system following the congestion problem which may severely affect
the system security. A new transient based stability-criterion was introduced to operate
the system under stable condition (Esmaili et al., 2010). A multi objective concept of
solving congestion problem was proposed to alleviate congestion. The system operating
cost, voltage stability of the system and transient stability were simultaneously optimised
using FACTS devices (Esmaili et al., 2014). Managing congestion and improving the
power flow of the electrical line by changing the impedance of the power electrical line
was introduced to maintain the secure operation of the system. The impedance of the line
was varied to control the real power flow by FACTS and DFACTS devices in the
proposed work (Kirthika and Balamurugan, 2016). The active power of the generators for
a three block bid structure, participating in the power system was rescheduled to relieve
congestion and also to reduce the congestion cost (Kumar and Sekhar, 2013). In power
system deregulation, maintaining voltage at secure level is a demanding issue for power
system operators. A hybrid technique of firefly algorithm and Cuckoo searching program
was developed for more accurate placement of FACTS device UPFC to enhance the
voltage of the system (Kumar and Srikanth, 2016). GUPFC and IPFC devices were used
to improve the available power flow transfer capacity and upgrade the power flow of the
system optimally (Kumar and Kumar, 2016). Several works have been carried out to
improve the optimal power-flow and to enhance the maximum load ability of the power
transmission line. For hybrid deregulated power systems, the PSO technique and
 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 69

Evolutionary algorithm techniques were utilised to optimally place the TCSC to improve
the loadability limit of the system (Nagalakshmi and Kamaraj, 2011). FACTS have been
the most successful equipment in regulating the power-flow profile and reducing the
electrical power supply voltage of the system. Most of the research works have dealt with
the optimal tuning and optimal location of FACTS-devices. The performance of these
devices can also be enhanced by using evolutionary algorithm and the genetic algorithm
for minimising the losses of the system (Rashed and Sun, 2012). The available transfer
capability of the transmission line was improved by various techniques in the recent years
using FACTS devices and different evolutionary algorithm. An artificial intelligent
technique was proposed earlier to improve the active power transfer capacity of the
transmission line using TCSC (Rashidinejad et al., 2008). Congestion management using
TCSC in 14 bus system with linear load and congestion management without linear load
were solved in the 14 bus system (Kalaimani and Sundaram, 2016). The above literature,
however, does not report the use of TCSC in the 30 bus system. This work proposes
TCSC for reducing congestion in the 30 bus system. The aim of this work is to improve
power quality of multi-bus using TCSC. The above cited papers do not report simplified
model for the 30 bus system using the elements of simulink. The simulink uses state
space method to obtain power through various lines of multi-bus system.

2 Thyristor controlled series compensator

The simplified representation of elementary TCSC is presented in Figure 1. A rippleless

adjustable series-capacitive reactance is obtained by paralleling series capacitor with
thyristor based control reactor which forms the basic construction of TCSC. Thyristor
controlled reactor (TCR) is bridged opposite to a series capacitor. In a practical TCSC
circuit, primitive compensators may be joined in series to fetch the required voltage
profile and operating-characteristics. The inductive-reactance of the transmission line is
compensated by optimally locating TCSC, thus reducing the exchange-reactance between
the overloaded buses of the electrical power transmission system.

Figure 1 Equivalent circuit of TCSC

In this paper FACTS device is utilised to reduce congestion and improve the power flow
capacity of the system.
70 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

2.1 Modelling of TCSC

Different types of FACTS compensating devices are employed to solve congested
condition in the transmission line and to enhance the voltage stability of power system. In
this paper TCSC is introduced for enhancing the voltage stability of the system. An
elementary representation of transmission line is shown in Figure 2. It consists of two
buses represented by the notation, bus-a and bus-b. The voltages-of two-buses are
represented as Va ∠ δa and Vb ∠ δb. The real power flow between the two buses is
mathematically represented as

Figure 2 Elementary model of transmission line

Pab = Va2 Gab − VaVb Gab cos ( δab ) + Bab Sin ( δab )  (1)

where δab = δa – δb.

Similarly, the true power flow from bus-a to bus-b (Pba) is

Pba = Vb2 Gab − VaVb Gab cos ( δab ) + Bab Sin ( δab )  (2)

The elementary representation of line with incorporating TCSC between two electrical
buses bus-a and bus-b is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Model of TCSC

 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 71

At stable condition of the power system network, the TCSC is considered as fixed
reactance –jxc. The active power-flow from bus-a to bus-b ( Pabk ) and from bus-b to bus-a
( Pbak ) of the transmission line with series impedance Zab = rab + jxab and series reactance
–jxc is represented as
′ cos ( δab ) + Bab
′ − VaVb Gab
PabK = Va2 Gab ′ Sin ( δab )  (3)

′ cos ( δab ) + Bab

′ − VaVb Gab
PbaK = Vb2 Gab ′ Sin ( δab )  (4)

rab
where 2
(5)
rab2 + ( xab − xc )

and
− ( xab − xc )
′ =
Bab 2
(6)
rab2 + ( xab − xc )

The abnormal power flow conditions in the transmission line due to the presence of series
capacitance effect can be compensated by infusing more (complex) power to the
transmission line at sending end (Sac) and receiving end (Sbc) without series capacitance.
It is designed as power insertion design of TCSC as shown in Figure 3. The mathematical
notations for the power flows are represented as
Pac = Pab − Pabc = Va2 ΔGab − VaVb [ ΔGab Cosδab + ΔBab Sinδab ] (7)

Pbc = Pba − Pbac = Vb2 ΔGab − VaVb [ ΔGab Cosδab + ΔBab Sinδab ] (8)

where
xc rab ( xc − 2 xab )
ΔGab = (9)
( rab2 + xab2 ) ( rab2 + ( xab − xc )2 )
and
− xc ( rab2 − xab
2
+ xc xab )
ΔBab = (10)
( rab2 + xab2 ) ( rab2 + ( xab − xc )2 )

3 Simulation results

The case studies of IEEE standard 30 bus system with TCSC and without TCSC have
been modelled and simulated using MATLAB simulink software. In the following
section, the simulation results obtained for various parameters of 30 bus system are
presented and the results are discussed. The RMS voltage waveform, the real power
waveform and the reactive power waveform for various buses of the 30 bus system are
presented below.
72 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

3.1 Simulation circuit of 30 bus system without TCSC

The simulation circuit of standard 30 bus system-without TCSC is presented in Figure 4.
FACTS devices are utilised to regulate the power-flow of the system and reduce the
transmission line losses and also relieve the congested conditions in power system. In this
paper the placement of TCSC is considered randomly at any two buses as the system is
considered in its normal state. Without placing TCSC in the 30 bus system the active
power flow, the imaginary power flow and the RMS output voltage parameters are
simulated. The RMS voltage waveform of bus 1 is shown in Figure 5. Similarly, the other
parameters, the real power waveform of bus 1 are presented-in Figure 6; the imaginary
power waveform of bus 1 is shown in Figure 7. The voltage at bus 1 is 0.17 KV without
TCSC. The real power flow in bus 1 without TCSC is 0.199 MW. The reactive power
flow in bus 1 without TCSC is 0.208 MVAR. The voltage, the real power flow and the
reactive power flow at bus 1 without TCSC are tabulated in Table 1. Similarly, the
parameters for bus 5, bus 6 and bus 19 without TCSC are discussed below.

Figure 4 Simulation model of 30 bus system without TCSC (see online version for colours)

Figure 5 RMS output voltage at bus 1 (see online version for colours)
 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 73

Figure 6 Real power at bus 1 (see online version for colours)

Figure 7 Reactive power at bus 1 (see online version for colours)

Table 1 Parameters of bus 1 without TCSC

RMS output voltage Real power Reactive power

Bus no. (without TCSC) (without TCSC) (without TCSC)
(KV) (MW) (MVAR)
1 0.170 0.199 0.208

Figure 8 RMS output voltage at bus 5 (see online version for colours)

Figure 9 Real power at bus 5 (see online version for colours)

74 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

Figure 10 Reactive power at bus 5 (see online version for colours)

The RMS voltage waveform of bus 5 is presented in Figure 8. The real power waveform
of bus 5 is shown in Figure 9. The reactive power waveform of bus 5 is shown in
Figure 10. The voltage at bus 5 is 0.9 KV without TCSC. The real power flow in bus 5
without TCSC is 0.118 MW. The reactive power flow in bus 5 without TCSC is 0.072
MVAR. The voltage, the real power flow and the reactive power flow at bus 5 without
TCSC are is shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Parameters of bus 5 without TCSC

RMS output voltage Real power Reactive power

Bus no. (without TCSC) (without TCSC) (without TCSC)
(KV) (MW) (MVAR)
5 0.9 0.118 0.072

Figure 11 RMS output voltage at bus 6 (see online version for colours)

Figure 12 Real power at bus 6 (see online version for colours)

 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 75

Figure 13 Reactive power at bus 6 (see online version for colours)

The RMS voltage waveform of bus 6 is shown in Figure 11. The real power waveform of
bus 6 is presented in Figure 12. The imaginary power waveform of bus 6 is shown in
Figure 13. The voltage at bus 6 is 3.2 KV without TCSC. The real power flow in bus 6
without TCSC is 0.307 MW. The reactive power flow in bus 6 without TCSC is 0.241
MVAR. The voltage, the real power flow and the reactive power flow at bus 6 without
TCSC are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Parameters of bus 6 without TCSC

RMS output voltage Real power Reactive power

Bus no. (without TCSC) (without TCSC) (without TCSC)
(KV) (MW) (MVAR)
6 3.2 0.307 0.241

Figure 14 RMS output voltage at bus 19 (see online version for colours)

Figure 15 Real power at bus 19 (see online version for colours)

76 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

Figure 16 Reactive power at bus 19 (see online version for colours)

The RMS voltage waveform of bus 19 is presented in Figure 14. The active power
waveform of bus 19 is presented in Figure 15. The imaginary power waveform of bus 19
is shown in Figure 16. The voltage at bus 19 is 0.28 KV without TCSC. The real power
flow in bus 19 without TCSC is 0.22 MW. The reactive power flow in bus 19 without
TCSC is 0.23 MVAR. The voltage, the real power flow and the reactive power flow at
bus 19 without TCSC is shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Parameters of bus 19 without TCSC

RMS output voltage Real power Reactive power

Bus no. (without TCSC) (without TCSC) (without TCSC)
(KV) (MW) (MVAR)
19 0.28 0.22 0.23

Figure 17 Simulation model of 30 bus system with TCSC (see online version for colours)
 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 77

3.2 Simulation circuit of 30 bus system with TCSC

The simulation model of 30 bus system with TCSC is shown in Figure 17. To enhance
the real power transfer flow in the particular bus, FACTS devices are installed at an
optimal location to minimise the system losses and improve the dynamic performance of
system. FACTS devices help in relieving the congestion of a line by varying the
reactance of the line thus optimising the power flow of the line. In this work TCSC
device is used to enhance the real power transfer of the 30 bus system. TCSC is
considered randomly at any two buses as the system is considered in its normal state. The
TCSC device is connected in-between bus 6 and 7, with the second TCSC being
connected between bus 19 and bus 20. The voltage, the real power flow and the reactive
power flow at bus 6 with TCSC are shown in Table 5.
The TCSC model circuit connected between the buses is shown in Figure 18.

Figure 18 TCSC model

Figure 19 RMS output voltage at bus 6 (see online version for colours)

The voltage, the real power flow and the reactive power flow at bus 19 without TCSC are
shown in Table 4.
78 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

Figure 20 Real power at bus 6 (see online version for colours)

Figure 21 Reactive power at bus 6 (see online version for colours)

Figure 22 RMS output voltage at bus 19 (see online version for colours)

Figure 23 Real power at bus 19 (see online version for colours)

 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 79

Figure 24 Reactive power at bus 19 (see online version for colours)

Table 5 Parameters of bus 6 with TCSC

RMS output voltage Real power Reactive power

Bus no. (with TCSC) (with TCSC) (with TCSC)
(KV) (MW) (MVAR)
6 3.1 0.319 0.25

Table 6 Parameters of bus 19 with TCSC

RMS output voltage Real power Reactive power

Bus no. (with TCSC) (with TCSC) (with TCSC)
(KV) (MW) (MVAR)
19 3.1 0.32 0.34

4 Discussion

From the simulation results obtained, various parameters of the buses without TCSC and
with TCSC are represented.
The RMS voltage waveform of bus 6 is shown in Figure 19. The real power
waveform of bus 6 is presented in Figure 20. The imaginary power waveform of bus 6 is
shown in Figure 21. The voltage at bus 6 is 3.1 KV with TCSC. The real power flow in
bus 6 with TCSC is 0.319 MW. The reactive power flow in bus 6 with TCSC is 0.25
MVAR. The RMS voltage waveform of bus 19 is shown in Figure 22. The real power
waveform of bus 19 is presented in Figure 23. The imaginary power waveform of bus 19
is shown in Figure 24. The voltage at bus 19 is 3.1 KV with TCSC. The real power flow
in bus 19 with TCSC is 0.32 MW. The reactive power flow in bus 19 with TCSC is 0.34
MVAR. From the results obtained by simulation it is clear that when the FACTS device
TCSC is connected between two buses and if it is tuned with controlled firing angles, the
real power flow is enhanced in the line connected with TCSC. In this paper two TCSC
are connected randomly across two lines to test the effectiveness of the FACTS devices.
In the above simulation results TCSC has been placed randomly. The real power flow can
be still enhanced by tuning FACTS devices with the combination of evolutionary
algorithms.
80 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

The main objective of the proposed work is to improve the real power transfer of the
transmission line with reduced congestion. By connecting TCSC randomly in any line
between two buses, it is evident that the real power flow is enhanced. In the proposed
work TCSC is connected between bus 6 and bus 7 and similarly another TCSC is
connected between bus numbers 19 and 20.
Table 7 Comparison with and without TCSC

Real power Real power Reactive power Reactive power

Bus no. without controller with TCSC without controller with TCSC
(MW) controller (MW) (MVAR) controller (MVAR)
BUS-1 0.199 0.149 0.208 0.521
BUS-2 0.226 0.322 0.236 0.338
BUS-3 0.021 0.150 0.024 0.157
BUS-4 0.028 0.056 0.029 0.059
BUS-5 0.118 0.127 0.072 0.080
BUS-6 0.307 0.319 0.241 0.250
BUS-7 0.323 0.296 0.261 0.233
BUS-8 0.051 0.296 0.054 0.233
BUS-9 0.05 0.138 0.024 0.021
BUS-10 0.381 0.396 0.304 0.311
BUS-11 0.612 0.623 0.487 0.487
BUS-12 0.33 0.331 0.13 0.130
BUS-13 0.432 0.436 0.169 0.171
BUS-14 0.296 0.296 0.076 0.077
BUS-15 0.242 0.242 0.047 0.047
BUS-16 0.19 0.190 0.029 0.029
BUS-17 0.182 0.129 0.071 0.050
BUS-18 0.145 0.038 0.038 0.010
BUS-19 0.22 0.32 0.23 0.34
BUS-20 0.145 0.112 0.022 0.017
BUS-21 0.317 0.259 0.124 0.102
BUS-22 0.314 0.314 0.082 0.082
BUS-23 0.231 0.232 0.044 0.045

Table 8 Comparison of power flow with and without TCSC

Real power Real power Reactive power Reactive power

Bus no. without controller with TCSC without controller with TCSC
(MW) controller (MW) (MVAR) controller (MVAR)
BUS-6 0.307 0.319 0.241 0.250
BUS-19 0.22 0.32 0.23 0.34

From the table it can be seen that the real power and the reactive power are is boosted up
within the stability limits at bus 6 and at bus 19 where the TCSC device is connected.
 Congestion management with improved real power transfer using TCSC 81

5 Conclusions

In the present work standard-30-bus system with-and without-TCSC has been modelled
and simulated. The 30 bus system is more compact and is best suited to real power and
reactive power flow analysis for congestion management studies as it is a closely packed
system. Since the 30 bus system is a very closely packed system, the results obtained will
be more accurate when compared with the other buses. Based on the simulation studies, it
can be viewed that the real power transfer is increased by 0.03% with the incorporation of
TCSC between bus 6 and bus 7. Similarly, the real power transfer has been is increased
by 31% with the incorporation of TCSC between bus 19 and bus 20. The reactive power
transfer has been is increased by 3.6% with the placement of TCSC between bus 6 and
bus 7. Similarly, the reactive power transfer has been increased by 32% with the
placement of TCSC between bus 19 and bus 20. The advantages of the proposed work
include easy control of the real power and the reactive power with smooth variations. The
scope of present work is to simulate the 30 bus system with and without TCSC.

References
Ahmad, S. Albatsh, F.M., Mekhilef, S. and Mokhlis, H. (2014) ‘Fuzzy based controller for dynamic
unified power flow controller to enhance power transfer capability’, Energy Conversion and
Management, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp.652–665.
Balachennaiah, P., Suryakalavathi, M. and Nagendra, P. (2016) ‘Optimizing real power loss and
voltage stability limit of a large transmission network using firefly algorithm’, Engineering
Science and Technology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp.800–810.
Bavithra, K., Charles Raja, S. and Venkatesh, P. (2016) ‘Optimal setting of FACTS devices using
particle swarm optimization for ATC enhancement in deregulated power system’, in Proc. of
International Federation of Automatic Control, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp.450–455.
Bhattacharyya, B. and Kumar, S. (2016) ‘Loadability enhancement with FACTS devices using
gravitational search algorithm’, Int. J. Electr Power Energy Syst., Vol. 78, No. 1, pp.470–479.
Duong, T.L., JianGang, Y. and Truong, V. (2013) ‘A new method for secured optimal power flow
under normal and network contingencies via optimal location of TCSC’, Int. J. Electr Power
Energy Syst., Vol. 52, No. 1, pp.68–80.
Esmaili, M., Shayanfar, H.A. and Amjady, N. (2010) ‘Congestion management enhancing transient
stability of power systems’, Applied Energy, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp.971–981.
Esmaili, M., Shayanfar, H.A. and Moslemi, R. (2014) ‘Locating series FACTS devices for
multi-objective congestion management improving voltage and transient stability’, European
Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 236, No. 2, pp.763–773.
Kalaimani, P. and Mohana Sundaram, K. (2016) ‘Congestion management in fourteen bus system
using thyristor controlled series capacitor’, International Journal of Control Theory and
Applications, Vol. 9, No. 34, pp.257–271.
Kirthika, N. and Balamurugan, S. (2016) ‘A new dynamic control strategy for power transmission
congestion management using series compensation’, Int. J. Electr Power Energy Syst.,
Vol. 77, No. 4, pp.271–279.
Kumar, A. and Kumar, J. (2016) ‘ATC enhancement in electricity markets with GUPFC and
IPFC – a comparison’, Int. J. Electr Power Energy Syst., Vol. 81, No. 1, pp.469–482.
Kumar, A. and Sekhar, C. (2013) ‘Congestion management with FACTS devices in deregulated
electricity markets ensuring loadability limit’, Int. J. Electr Power Energy Syst. Vol. 46, No. 2,
pp.258–273.
82 P. Kalaimani and K.M. Sundaram

Kumar, B.V. and Srikanth, N.V. (2016) ‘A hybrid approach for optimal location and capacity of
UPFC to improve the dynamic stability of the power system’, Applied Soft Computing, No. C.
Mishra, A. and Nagesh Kumar, G.V. (2016) ‘Congestion management of deregulated power
systems by optimal setting of interline power flow controller using gravitational search
algorithm’, Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, May, Vol. 4, No. 1,
pp.198–212.
Nagalakshmi, S. and Kamaraj, N. (2011) ‘Secured loadability enhancement with TCSC in
transmission system using computational intelligence techniques for pool and hybrid model’,
Applied Soft Computing, Vol. 11, No. 8, pp.4748–4756.
Nireekshana, T., Kesava Rao, G. and Sivanaga Raju, S. (2016) ‘Available transfer capability
enhancement with FACTS using cat swarm optimization’, Ain Shams Engineering Journal,
March, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.159–167.
Rashed, G.I. and Sun, Y. (2012) ‘Optimal location and parameter setting of TCSC for loss
minimization based on differential evolution and genetic algorithm’, in Proc. of the
International Conference on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 33,
pp.1864–1878.
Rashidinejad, M., Farahmand, H., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. and Gharaveisi, A.A. (2008) ‘ATC
enhancement using TCSC via artificial intelligent techniques’, Electric Power Systems
Research, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp.11–20.
Sarwar, M. and Siddiqui, A.S. (2015) ‘An efficient particle swarm optimizer for congestion
management in deregulated electricity market’, Journal of Electrical Systems and Information
Technology, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.269–282.
Sundar, K.S. and Ravikumar, H.M. (2012) ‘Selection of TCSC location for secured optimal power
flow under normal and network contingencies’, Int. J. Electr Power Energy Syst., Vol. 34,
No. 1, pp.29–37.
Verma, S. and Mukherjee, V. (2016) ‘Firefly algorithm for congestion management in deregulated
environment’, Engineering Science and Technology, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.1254–1265.