CB DSE History (1)

WWI: Introduction to 19th Century Europe

1. Ideologies
Hero-worship and belligerence  Legacy of FrRev
Bonapartism Revolutionary motto: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
 mould the making of modern Europe

Romanticism Emancipation of individual sentiment  abandonment of reason

Conservatism Congress of Vienna (1815)  re-establishment of democracy

Seeking of individual rights and liberty

Liberalism Obstacles: terrorism, religious opposition
Development: It & Ger unifications

Supreme loyalty to nation state

(a) Moderation: unification or independence of common race
Nationalism (b) Aggression: manipulation of people towards the nation
Obstacles: Suppression of conservatists
Development: (a) It & Ger unifications, (b) rivalries 1871-1914

Social The strong survive and the weak perish

Darwinism Anticipate competition between Br & Ger in the later 19C
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2. National analysis

Hegemony  maintain naval and colonial supremacy (Industrial Rev)

Splendid isolationism  immunity from continental EUR affairs
1. Britain Hostility with Ger  competition (SDism)
1890s: Abandonment of SI ⸪ infringement of interest
(Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902, Entente Cordiale 1904, etc.)

Pan-Germanism  unite all EUR Germans

2. Germany Hostility with Br  competition (SDism)
1897: Wilhelm II world policy  territorial expansion

Revanchism  Resentment towards Ger due to loss in FP War (1871)

3. France Isolation by Ger via alliance system until 1890
Interest in colonies in North Africa

Multi-ethnic empire
4. Austria- (a) National decline due to rise of nationalism
Hungary (b) AH desire of Balkan expansion to protect national integrity
Ally with Ger (same ethnicity)

Pan-Slavism  support Balkan independence (Slavic brethren)

5. Russia Conflict w/ AH (Balkan conflict of interest)
Ice-free ports  cold climate handicapped military and trade

Weakest among 1-6

6. Italy Acquire colonies and navy (long coastline)
Reliance on alliance system

“Sick Man of Europe”  The Eastern Question (corrupt gvt)

Declining empire  Surge of Balkan nationalism
7. Ottoman  target of many EUR powers
Empire (a) RUS  Pan-Slavism & sea ports
(b) B  Remove RUS threat to her trade
(c) AH  stop decline due to Balkan nationalism
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3. Bilateral Relations

BR GER FR AH RUS SERB

BR (1) (2) (3) (4)
GER (5) (6) (7) (8)
FR (9)
AH (10) (11)
RUS (12)
SERB

Initial: Victorian descendents

1871 on: Naval & imperial competition
(BR threatened, GER ambitious)
1. BR-GER Hostile 1899: Boer War  GER hindering BR development
1904: Entente Cordiale aroused GER suspicion
1907: Triple Entente aroused GER discontent

Initial: Medieval rivalry (100 Years War)

1898: Fashoda Crisis (colonial dispute), settled.
Good
2. BR-FR Common threat of GER
(Improved) 1904: Entente Cordiale to settle disputes
1907: Triple Entente to establish alliance

No significant confrontation
1905: First Moroccan Crisis
3. BR-AH Hostile* 1911: Agadir Crisis
 AH and BR backing rivalling GER and FR

Initial: RUS aggressive foreign policy  threaten BR

Common threat of GER  cooperation
4. BR-RUS Improved 1907: Anglo-Russian Entente to settle Asian colonial
disputes & Triple Entente for alliance

1871: Loss in FP War  FR revenge mvt & resentment

1872: Dreikaiserbund  GER to isolate FR
5. GER-FR Hostile 1904: Entente Cordiale aroused GER suspicion
1905: Agadir Crisis (GER vs FR) on colonial conflicts
1914: Sarajevo Incident  FR declared war on GER
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Close ethnicity and allies

1878: Congress of Berlin  G favoring AH against R
1879: Dual Alliance
6. GER-AH Good GER supporting AH in all crises (1905 & 1911
Moroccan Crises, 1908 Bosnian Crises)
1914: GER blank cheque to AH in Sarajevo Incident

1872: Dreikaiserbund 
1878: Treaty of San Stefano rescinded R interests 
1894: FR-RUS alliance  mark GER-RUS separation
7. GER-RUS Worsened 1908: Bosnian Crisis  Pan-GER clash Pan-SLAV
1910: Berlin-Baghdad Railway  propagated GER
pragmatism in Balkan regions

No significant confrontation
8. GER-SB Hostile* GER supported AH, the ultimate enemy of SB
1914: Sarajevo: GER blank cheque against SB

1894: FR-RUS Alliance (adhesive bond)

Rather 1908: FR indifference towards Pan-Slavic moves 
9. FR-RUS Pre-1914: Joint military plans  Plans XVII and XIX
good 1914: Sarajevo Inc.  FR backed RUS ⸪ GER threat

1872: Dreikaiserbund 
1878: Treaty of San Stefano rescinded R interests 
10. AH-RUS Worsened 1894: FR-RUS alliance  mark GER-RUS separation
1908: Bosnian Crisis  Pan-GER clash Pan-SLAV

Since 1865: AH alarmed by Balkan (SB) nationalism

1912: Balkan League  AH defeated by nationalism
11. AH-SB Hostile 1912: Balkan Wars  resistance of SB interests caused
resentment towards AH
1914: Sarajevo Inc.: main combatants & ultimatum

Initial: Slavic brethren  affiliated with Pan-Slavism

12. RUS-SB Good 1914: Sarajevo Inc: RUS backed SB against AH
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4. The Eastern Question

1. Corrupt gvt ( ⸪ inflation and malevolence of leadership)

2. Growth of Balkan nationalism (independence)
Status Quo
3. Ambitions of ambient powers towards Balkan regions

 Power vacuum in the Balkan Peninsula

 Gradual independence of Balkan races
Tolls  Aggravation of power relations due to nationalism
 (Balkan regions = powder keg of Europe)

 Austrian nationalism (Balkan expansion)

 Pan-Slavism (RUS)
Historical  1908: Bosnian Crisis (R-SB-AH)
examples  1910: Berlin-Baghdad Railway (GER)
 1912: Balkan Wars (inner conflict and AH)