Research

Title
Title
• The title must be specific and well-defined; stating
the dependent and independent variables,
identifying the parts of the treatment that will be
used and writing the complete scientific names of
organisms. Scientific names are italicized and
enclosed in parenthesis.
Guidelines in Writing a Good Research
Title

1. The title of research usually omits the verb and is

only a label or a phrase.
2. The title needs to be very specific. It should
identify the variables to be investigated.
3. The title should be interestingly stimulating.
Guidelines in Writing a Good Research
Title

4. The title should reflect the content of the study

5. Good titles contain as few words as possible,
not to exceed 15
6. Use appropriate terms in the title
Examples:
• Bactericides for the control of bacteria
• Fungicides for the control of fungi
• Herbicides for the control of weeds
• Nematicides for the control of nematodes
• Insecticides for the control insects – These can be
• Larvicides (substances that kill larvae) or adulticides
(substances that kill adults)
• Molluscicides for the control of slugs and snails
Guidelines in Writing a Good Research
Title
7. Avoid using superfluous words
Examples:
• A Study of ..........................................
• An Experimental Study of ...................
• A Scientific Investigation of .................
• A Preliminary Study ...........................
• An Analysis of ....................................
Guidelines in Writing a Good Research
Title
8. The title should not be conclusive or biased.
9. The title should avoid abbreviations, formulas, and
jargon.
10. The title is written as much as possible in one line;
when more than one line, it follows the inverted
pyramid form.
Research
Objective
General or Specific?
1. To determine the effect of chicken manure on
the growth of Mung beans
2. To determine the zone of inhibition of
Staphylococcus aureus treated with different
concentrations of Tanglad leaves extract
Research Objective
A research objective refers to the statement of purpose
for which the investigation is to be conducted. It
describes the aims or goals which are expected to be
attained at the end of the research process, the research
problem is the initiating reason for the study, and the
research objective should be anchored or based on it.
Types of Research Objective

1.General Objective
2.Specific Objective
General Objective
• A broad statement of purpose that uses abstract and
non-measureable concepts
• More often than not, the general objective is the
rephrasing of the research title and usually starts with
infinitive verbs like to find out, to determine, to
describe, to compare, to produce, etc.
Tips in Writing the Research Objective
Effect of Chicken Manure on the Growth of Mung Beans
-For general objective; rephrase the title
-The main objective of the study is (infinitive verb) and copy
the title.
The main objective of the study is to determine the effect of
chicken manure on the growth of mung beans
Specific Objective
• Statement of purpose which uses well-
defined and measurable concepts
• The formulation of which should be based
on and logically flow from the general
objective.
Tips in Writing the Research Objective

For specific objective; identify the IV and DV

• Incorporate the variables in the statement
Specifically, this study aims to determine the effect of the
different amount of chicken manure on the height of mung
beans.
Guidelines in Writing Research
Objectives
• The statement of specific objectives may be stated in
declarative or interrogative form; the choice depends
mainly on the chosen style of the researcher.
• The statement of objectives should include the
independent and dependent variables.
Guidelines in Writing Research
Objectives
• Follow a logical flow when stating the objectives of the
study; descriptive objectives should be stated first,
followed by comparative then relational.
• Written as part of the introduction in the IMRAD
research paper but as a separate section in the display
board.
Research Hypothesis
After identifying a problem, an investigator proceeds
to formulate a hypothesis relevant to the problem.
The hypothesis serves as a tentative solution to the
problem before any experimentation. More
importantly, it also serves as a guide to the research
work plan or design.
Research Hypothesis
A hypothesis is tested by conducting the actual
experimentation. A hypothesis is an ‘educated guess.’ It
is a tentative answer to a research question or problem. It
may be based on factual knowledge, experiences and
observations. A hypothesis can be defined as a possible
answer to a problem based on gathered information.
Research Hypothesis
Usually, scientists suggest an answer to a problem
they have defined by formulating a hypothesis. The
hypothesis that they have formed is usually based
on the information they gathered. They may form
more than one hypothesis from a single piece of
information since there are many possible solutions
to a problem.
Research Hypothesis
Each possible solution must be tested. Therefore,
a hypothesis must be testable. To test whether a
hypothesis is correct or not, scientists make
observations and do experiments to see whether
the results of these observations or experiments
support it.
Research Hypothesis
A hypothesis is based on the objectives of the
study. It is therefore used as a guide in doing the
experimental design. It may be stated in any of the
following forms:
a. the null statement;
b. the alternative statement
Major Types of Hypothesis
• Null hypothesis
• Alternative hypothesis
Major Types of Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
• A statement of denial of relationship,
difference, or an effect. As such, it is
expressed in the negative form of a
statement.
Major Types of Hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
A formal affirmative statement predicting a
single research outcome. It is the very opposite
of what the null hypothesis predicts.
Guidelines in Writing Hypothesis
• It should always be in declarative form.
• The number of hypotheses depends on
the number of research objectives
which are comparative and relation in
nature.
Guidelines in Writing Hypothesis
• There may be objectives that do not need a
hypothesis (descriptive in nature).
• Like in the objective, the hypothesis shows the
independent and dependent variables.
• If there is more than one hypothesis, they
should follow the logical flow in writing.
Guidelines in Writing Hypothesis

• It is usually stated in the null form

because testing the null hypothesis
is easier than the alternative
hypothesis.