Week06 Photonic Crystals II

8/27/2023
EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics and Plasmonics
EEE Photonic Crystals II

6505
Week 06
Lecture 05
Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury, Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Primary Reference
© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics and Plasmonics Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 2
Department of EEE, BUET
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EEE 415 - Week 01 1

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Lecture – 05: Photonic crystals II
Defects in Photonic Crystals
Properties of Photonic Crystal
Applications of Photonic Crystals
Photonic Crystal Fiber
Metamaterial vs Photonic Crystal

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Doping Semiconductor

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Donor and Acceptor States in Photonic Crystal

0.5
frequency (c/a)
Air defect Dielectric defect

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
radius of defect (c/a)
Air defect Dielectric defect
s-state p-state
P. R. Villeneuve, S. Fan, and J. D. Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev.by
© 2008 B 54, 7837 (1996)
Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Defects in 1D Photonic Crystal

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Defects may permit localized modes to exist, with frequencies
inside photonic band gaps. If a mode has a frequency in the
gap, then it must exponentially decay once it enters the
crystal. The multilayer films on both sides of the defect
behave like frequency-specific mirrors. If two such films are
oriented parallel to one another, any z-propagating light
trapped between them will just bounce back and forth
between these two mirrors.
The density of states of a system is the number of allowed

states per unit interval of ω. If a single state is introduced into
the photonic band gap, then the density of states of the system
is zero in the photonic band gap, except for a single peak
associated with the defect. This property is exploited in
the bandpass filter known as the dielectric Fabry–Perot filter

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Line Defect: remove a single column from the
crystal, or replace it with another whose size,
shape, or dielectric constant is different than the
original
Point Defect considering propagation only in

the plane of periodicity , perturbing a single
lattice site causes a defect along a line in the z
direction. The perturbation is localized to a
particular point in the plane of propagation.

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Effects of 2D photonic crystals
The photonic crystal, because of its band gap,

reflects light of certain frequencies. By removing
a rod from the lattice, we create a cavity that is
effectively surrounded by reflecting walls. If the
cavity has the proper size to support a mode in
the band gap, then light cannot escape, and we
can pin the mode to the defect.
We study this band diagram for its changes due

to the introduction of various types of defects.

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Point Defect in 2D Photonic Crystal
Defect has reduced the ε Defect has increased the

ε
Displacement fields (Dz) of states localized about a defect in a

The TM modes of a square array of dielectric square lattice of alumina rods (ε = 8.9) in air
(ε = 8.9) columns in air, with r = 0.38a.
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Point Defect in 2D Photonic Crystal

localized modes associated with a defect column
(Defect’s refractive index Changed)
∆n =1.58
An index change ∆n = 0 corresponds to the perfect crystal;

∆n =2 corresponds to the complete removal of one column.

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Point Defect
localized modes associated with a defect column
(Defect’s radius changed)

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High Q Mode Confinement
• Pointlike defects create a high quality-factor

localized mode
6/29/2016 Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 14
Department of EEE, BUET 5
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Photonic Crystal Slabs
• Quality factor of pointlike defects varies strongly

with frequency and index contrast
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Linear Defects and Waveguides

By using linear defects, we can also guide light from one location to another. The basic idea is to carve a
waveguide out of an otherwise perfect photonic crystal by modifying a linear sequence of unit cells,

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Linear Defects and Waveguides
For maximum confinement, we should operate

near the midgap frequency ωm = 0.38 (2πc/a) = a/λm

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Surface States
The projected band structure of the constant-x surface of the The line in the gap corresponds to a surface band in
square lattice of alumina rods in air. The shading denotes regions in which light is exponentially localized to the surface
which light is transmitted (purple EE states), internally reflected (green, DD).
(red DE states), and externally reflected (blue ED states). The
crystal is terminated as shown in the inset; this termination has no © 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
surface states. Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 18
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3d Photonic Crystal: Point Defect
a rod can be removed (left) to form an air defect, or the radius of a

rod can be increased (right) to form a dielectric defect.

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3d Photonic Crystal: Point Defect (Air Defect)
nondegenerate monopole state trapped by completely removing a rod.

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3d Photonic Crystal: Point Defect (Dielectric Defect)
Dielectric defect formed by replacing a rod with an enlarged

dielectric cylinder of radius 0.35a˜
This is a doubly degenerate dipole state,
where the degenerate partner is roughly its 90◦ rotation.
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3d Photonic Crystal: Point Defect (Air Defect – Large Hole)

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3d Photonic Crystal: Line Defect
formed by removing a row of rods from a single rod layer

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3d Photonic Crystal vs 2D Photonic Crystal Band
Projected band diagram of the line defect formed by a Projected band diagram of TM states for the
missing row of rods from a single layer of the three- corresponding two-dimensional crystal with an
dimensional crystal from figure 10. The red line is the identical rod cross section
guided band in the complete photonic band gap (yellow).
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3d Photonic Crystal: Localization at the Surface
Light is transmitted (purple, EE), internally reflected (pink, DE), and externally reflected (blue, ED).
The green line (upper) is the “TE-like” band that results when the surface is terminated with half of a hole layer
The blue line (lower) is the “TM-like” band that results when the surface is terminated with a full rod layer
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Partial Termination State Defects

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Partial Termination State Defects

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Periodic Dielectric Waveguides
• To confine light to a small volume, can combine a

1D photonic crystal with index guiding in other 2
dimensions
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Uniform index waveguide Periodic graded waveguide

• Bandstructures for index-guided waveguides
• Introducing periodicity restricts Brillouin zone
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• Introducing a pointlike defect creates 3D

confinement at one or more bandgap frequencies
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• To confine light in 3D, use bandgap in plane

and index confinement out of plane
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Square lattice of rods Triangular lattice of holes
Photonic bandstructures for 2D slabs

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Line defect states: projected band diagram

Electric field
parallel wavevector
0.5
Frequency (c/a)
0.4 Guided Modes
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Wavevector (2/a) Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 34
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Photonic Crystal Waveguiding

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Micro add/drop filter in photonic crystals

• Two resonant modes with even and odd symmetry.
• The modes must be degenerate.
• The modes must have the same decay rate.

EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics
S. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, J. D. and Plasmonics
Joannopoulos, and H. A. Haus, Physical Review Letters 80, 960 (1998).
Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 36
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Photonic crystal vs. conventional waveguide

High-index region Low index region
Conventional waveguide Photonic crystal waveguide

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High transmission through sharp bends
Polluck, Fundamentals of Optoelectronics, 1995 A. ©Mekis

2008 by et al, PRL,
Princeton 77,Photonic
U Press 3786Crystals:
(1996)Molding Flow of Lights
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Photonic crystal slab structures
Low-index materials
High-index materials
In plane 2D photonic band gap provides complete in plane confinement.

Out of plane confinement provided by high index guiding
Ease of fabrication
In complete confinement in the third dimension
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Photonic band diagram for photonic crystal slabs
Radiation modes above the light line.

Losslessly guided modes below the light line.
Incomplete band gap in the guided mode spectrum

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Waveguides in dielectric slabs

Magnetic field
Oxide
Si
0.40
Radiation modes
Frequency (c/a)
0.35
0.30
gap
0.25 Slab modes
0.20
0.15
-1.0 0.0 1.0
0.30
EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics and0.40
Plasmonics
Wavevector (2/a)
0.50 © 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Super-lens and Super-prism effects
H. Kosaka et al, Phys. Rev. B. 58, 10096, 1998
H. Kosaka et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 1370, 1999 © 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Snell’s law in terms of a constant frequency circle

Example: using constant frequency diagram to derive Snell’s law and
the condition for total internal reflection.
Snell’s law
n1 = 1 1
n2 = 1.5
2

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Constant frequency contour in a 2D crystal

Constant frequency diagram for the first band
• At low frequencies, the constant frequency diagram approaches a circle, the photoniccrystal
behaves as a uniform dielectric as far as diffraction is concerned
• With increasing frequencies, the constant frequency contour becomes more complicated,
leading to effects including superprism, superlens, negative refraction, and self-collimation.
Luo et al, Phys. Rev. B 65, 201104, 2002; M. Notomi, Phys. Rev. B 62, 10692, 2000
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Super-lens and constant frequency

=0.165 2c/a


M
P. C.
 X
Vg = ∂k ω(k) group velocity

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All-angle negative refraction
Source Image
Photonic crystal
• An all-convex constant frequency contour.

• All incoming wave are included within the
constant frequency contour of the photonic
crystal.
• The frequency is below 0.5 2c/a.

Luo et al, Phys. Rev. B 65, 201104, 2002
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Bragg fiber, with a one- Hollow Core Solid Core

dimensionally periodic Two-dimensionally Holey fiber that confines
cladding of concentric periodic structure (a light in a solid core by index
layers triangular lattice of air guiding.
holes, or “holey fiber”),
confining light in a
hollow core by a band
gap
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10µm
5µm
R. F. Cregan et al., Science 285, 1537 (1999)
Real application so far:

PurdueX 540: Nanophotonic Modeling,
Prof. Bermel Air-guiding photonic crystal fibers
6/13/2016 Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury
3 54
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Photonic crystal fibers
“Photonic crystal fibers guide light by corralling it within a periodic array of

microscopic air holes that run along the entire fiber length….”
EEE 6505 – P.Nanophotonics

Russell, Science, 299, 358, 2003
and Plasmonics © 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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A brief overview of conventional fiber structure

Silica cladding: n1 = 1.44 to 1.46
Silica core doped with Germanium,

Boron or Titantium
Core diameter for single mode fiber about 8 m.

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Propagation loss in conventional optical fiber
OH Peak
Rayleigh scattering: from random localized variation of the molecular

positions in glass which creates random inhomogeneities in index.
Infrared absorption: from vibrational transitions.
Absolute minimum at 1.55 micron, at 0.16dB/km, about 3.6% per km.
EEE 6505 –Saleh
Nanophotonics and Plasmonics
and Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, 1991 Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 57
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Fiber optical amplifier for long distance communication
Er, gain maximum close to 1.55 micron

Usable bandwidth limited by the amplifier bandwidth to be approximately 30nm
Improving bandwidth by removing amplifiers, guiding in air?

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Band diagram for conventional fibers
Guiding mode exists between the

light line of the cladding and light line
of the core.
Light-line of cladding
 ck/n1
Radiation
modes
Guided modes
Light-line of core
ck/n2

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Lower and higher order modes
Fundamental mode
Light-line of cladding
 ck/n1
Higher order mode
Radiation
modes
Guided modes
The V-number determines the
Light-line of core number of modes in the fiber
ck/n2

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Conventional vs Photonic Crystal Fibers
Conventional fiber Dielectric-core PCF Air-core PCF

Core diameter 9 micron Core diameter 5 micron Core diameter 9 micron

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• A long thread of silica glass with a periodic air holes
running down its length
Solid Core Fiber (1996)

Type 1 - The central hole is absent, high-index defect acts
as core (Solid core PCF)
Type 2 - The core has an extra hole, which is a low-index
defect (Photonic band gap fiber)
Light is guided along the low refractive index air
core byand
EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics photonic
Plasmonics band gap
© 2008 confinement
by Princeton U Press Photoniceffect
Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF)

- Contains periodic pattern of micron-sized holes
Core Structure Transmission Mechanism

 solid core  Index guiding
 hollow core  Bandgap guiding
HC-PCF
Index + Bandgap
Λ: pitch By varying size & location of holes

D: diameter of core mode shape, dispersion, nonlinearity,
d: diameter of holes etc. can be ©changed
2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fiber

• Light guided in air core instead
of traditional high refractive
index core
• Allows for lower losses
• 2-D PBG confines light in fiber multiple Interference and
• Currently 1.2dB/km (traditional scattering at Bragg’s condition
fiber 0.15dB/km)
R. F. Cregan et al., Science 285, 1537 (1999)

© 2008P.by
J. Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics and Plasmonics Roberts et al., Opt. Express 13, 236 (2004)
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Hollow-core fibres
• Light confinement by photonic band-gap (PBG)
• Index of “core” can be lower than that of “cladding”
• Light transmitted through “core” with high efficiency even
around tight bends
• High power transmission without nonlinear optical effects
(light mostly in air)
• Small material dispersion
• Nonlinear interactions in gas-filled air holes

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Hollow core PBGFs have allowed significant advances

in chemical sensing, gas-based nonlinear optics, high
power delivery , pulse compression, …

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Solid Core PCF fiber
• Effective index of “cladding” is close to that of air (n=1)

• Anomalous dispersion (D>0) over wide  range,
including visible (enables soliton transmission)
• Can taylor zero-dispersion  for phase-matching in non-
linear optical processes (supercontinuum generation)
• Single mode requires V<2.405 (“endlessly single-mode”)
• –Single-mode
EEE 6505 for
Nanophotonics and wide range of© 2008
Plasmonics core sizes
by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Transmission Loss in Solid core PCF

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Fabrication of Photonic Crystal Fiber
Stack and Draw Technique

Macroscopic “preform” with the required periodicity
Furnace to soften the silica gas
Photonic crystal fiber

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Fabrication of PCF
• Fabricated by stacking an array of
capillaries in a hexagonal
configuration around a solid rod
which forms the core.
• Preform is heated to 2000°C to
soften silica
• The resulting preform is reduced to
fibre dimensions using a
conventional fibre drawing tower
with Collapse ratios of ~50,000
• 1st run: cane of 1mm diameter
• 2nd run: cane is introduced inside a
jacketing tube + drawn to the final
fiber
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Final steps
• Once the final
dimensions are reached:
-> fiber is coated with a

polymer
-> fiber is wound onto

spool.

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Types of
PCF

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Endless single mode photonic crystal fiber

Solid core photonic crystal fiber.
Solid core region nominally 4.6 m wide

The fiber supports a single mode over the range of at least 458-1550nm
Compare with conventional fibers:

Single mode V < 2.4
Multimode V > 2.4
Knight et al, Opt. Lett. 21, 1547, 1996

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The cladding as a mode sieve
• The lower modes can not escape as the wire

mesh are too narrow.
• The higher order modes can leak through the

narrow strip.
• Increasing the relative size of the diameters of

holes (d) with respect to the pitch () leads to
the trapping of higher modes
Knight et al, Opt. Lett. 21, 1547, 1996 • Single mode behavior occurs when d/ < 0.4
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The band structure picture
Much larger room for dispersion

management.
State-of-art loss figure at 0.58dB/km
No complete band gap at  = 0 for

silica/air type of index contrast.
At finite , band gap can appear. Band

gaps arises from multiple reflection at
the interfaces. At finite  the reflectivity
goes up, effectively increasing the in-
plane index contrast.
In order to achieve guiding in air, the

criteria is to find a band gap above the
light line of air.
Requires fairly large air holes (r ~ 0.47)
EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics and Plasmonics Possible region for

© 2008 by Princeton air Photonic
U Press guiding Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Air core photonic band gap fibers, experiments

Transmission through a 100m fiber
13 db/km in propagation loss, comparable to early days of conventional

optical fiber.
Loss primarily due to the coupling of core modes to surface modes, and likely
can be further reduced significantly in newer design.
Smith et al, Nature, 424, 657 (2003) © 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Core modes vs. surface modes in air-core PCF
H. Kim, J. Shin, S. Fan, M. Digonnet, G. S. Kino, IEEE© J. Quantum

2008 by PrincetonElectronics,
U Press Photonic40, 552Molding
Crystals: (2004)
Flow of Lights
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Super Continuum Generation
Nonlinear interaction of incident pulse with fiber results in spectrally broad

output spectrum
Optical spectrum of the continuum generated in a 75

cm section of microstructure fiber. The dashed curve
shows the spectrum of the initial 100 fs pulse.
J. K. Ranka, R. S. Windeler, and A. J. Stentz, "Visible continuum generation in air-silica microstructure
© 200825,
optical fibers with anomalous dispersion at 800 nm," Opt. Lett. by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
25-27 (2000)
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The Bragg fiber
Using multilayer-film reflection to replace metal and create a light pipe.
The boundary condition for EM field at the boundary of core-film boundary

can be designed to be rather similar to that at the metal boundary.
P. Yeh, A. Yariv and E. Marom, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 1196 (1978).
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All dielectric co-axial waveguide
EEE 6505Single polarization and

– Nanophotonics mode in dielectric waveguide,
Plasmonics similar
© 2008 by Princetonto the Photonic
U Press TEM Crystals:
modeMolding Flow of Lights
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Asymptotic single mode guiding behavior
For TE0l mode, the fraction of the power in cladding scales as

1/R3.
For TM and mixed polarization mode, the fraction of the power in

the cladding scales as 1/R

EEE 6505 – S.
Nanophotonics andOpt.
G. Johnson et al, Plasmonics
Express. 9, 748 (2001)
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Hollow optical fiber, experiments
Guiding of intense CO2 laser light at 10 micron wavelength range for high
power applications
EEE 6505Temelkuran et al, Nature,

– Nanophotonics 420, 650 (2002).
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Applications
Suppression of spontaneous emission
EEE 6505Low-threshold lasers,

– Nanophotonics and single-mode LEDs,
Plasmonics mirrors,
© 2008 by Princeton U Pressoptical filters
Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Photonic crystals can reflect light very efficiently.
Introduce a defect into the periodic structure
• Creates an allowed photon state in the photonic band gap

EEE 6505 –• Nanophotonics
Can be used as a cavity in lasers
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Photonic Crystal Lasers
• Incorporation of 2-D photonic crystal with light emitting

semiconductor quantum well provides confinement and gain
necessary for lasing

O. Painter et al., Science 284, 1819 (1999) Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury 86
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Superprism Effect
• Light path shows an extremely wide swing
with a slight change of incident light angle
Based on highly anisotropic dispersion by
photonic band (negative refraction)
• Wavelength demultiplexer (uses)
T. Sato et al., Phys. Rev. B 58, R10096 (1998)

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Artificial Opals
• Chemical synthesis using chemical vapor
deposition and wet etch to form air spheres
surrounded by silicon shells
• Easier to achieve smaller dimensions
1.5 m
Blanco et al., Nature 405, 437(2000)

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Photonic Crystal Filters
• Add-drop filter for a dense wavelength division

multiplexed optical communication system.
• Multiple streams of data carried at different frequencies F1, F2, etc. (yellow)
enter the optical micro-chip from an external optical fiber and are carried
through a wave guide channel (missing row of pores).
• Data streams at frequency F1 (red) and F2 (green) tunnel into localized
defect modes and are routed to different destinations.
• The frequency of the drop filter is defined by the defect pore diameter which
is different from the pore diameter of the background photonic crystal.

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HCPCF based Gas sensing
 Bandgap known HC-PCF

- center wavelength must match with absorption band of
gases(C2H2, NH3, CO2) ; around NIR region (~1500nm)
 Tunable Laser & Photodiode

- improving sensitivity
 Coupling between SMF & PCF to diffuse gas

- angled cleaving

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Hollow Core Photonic Bandgap Fiber based Methane gas sensor
Transmission Spectra of Methane

HC-PBG Fiber
Block Diagram of TDLAS based Gas Detection System
Methane gas detection at 1653.7nm with

detection sensitivity of 500ppm. © 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
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Supercontinuum Generation
“Supercontinuum generation is the formation of broad continuous spectra by

propagation of high power pulses through nonlinear media
… The term supercontinuum does not cover a specific phenomenon but rather a plethora
of nonlinear effects, which, in combination, lead© 2008
tobyextreme pulse broadening.”
Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights
93
Supercontinuum Generation (SCG)
• Formation of broad continuous spectra through propagation of short high power

pulses through zero-dispersion wavelength of the nonlinear media.
• The determining factors for generation of supercontinuam are the dispersion of the
fiber relative to the pumping wavelength, the pulse length and the peak power.
• SCG is the combined response of various nonlinear effects such as: Self phase
modulation (SPM), Raman effect, Four wave mixing (FWM) and Soliton dynamics.
• When pumping with femtosecond pulses in the normal dispersion regime, self-
phase modulation dominates with Raman scattering broadening to the long
wavelength side. The output from the normal dispersion pumping changes
dramatically, when the pump is moved closer to the zero-dispersion wavelength, and
other nonlinear effects start to participate.
• Supercontinuum light can be best described as ―broad as a lamp, bright as a
laser
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Supercontinuum Generation
Experimental Setup
Femtosecond
Photonic Ti:Sapphire
Crystal
Fiber
A 12.5 cm fiber is
pumped at 800 nm. The
pulse duration is 50 fs
Focusing
Objective and the average
coupled power is
Sample
67mW. The fiber has
Collection normal dispersion at
the pumping
wavelength and zero
spectrometer dispersion at 875 nm.
Hansen & Kristiansen, www.blazephotonics.com,“Application Note: Supercontinuum Generation in PCF”
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A supercontinuum source provides:

- Ultra broadband white-light spectrum
- Single-mode beam characteristics
- Excellent pointing stability
- High Brightness
- This type of source is required for High resolution imaging:
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), and Early Cancer Detection
- Biophotonics: Flow cytometry
- Spectroscopy: Pump probe experiments, Time-resolved spectroscopy
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PCF for High Power Application

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EEE Midterm Presentation

Next Week
6505
Week 07
Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury, Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
102
EEE 415 - Week 01 51

Week06 Photonic Crystals II

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8/27/2023

EEE 6505 – Nanophotonics and Plasmonics

EEE Photonic Crystals II

Dr. Sajid Muhaimin Choudhury, Assistant Professor

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 415 - Week 01 1

Lecture – 05: Photonic crystals II

Defects in Photonic Crystals

Properties of Photonic Crystal

Applications of Photonic Crystals

Photonic Crystal Fiber

Metamaterial vs Photonic Crystal

Lecture – 05: Photonic crystals II

Defects in Photonic Crystals

Properties of Photonic Crystal

Applications of Photonic Crystals

Photonic Crystal Fiber

Metamaterial vs Photonic Crystal

EEE 415 - Week 01 2

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

Donor and Acceptor States in Photonic Crystal

Air defect Dielectric defect

Air defect Dielectric defect

EEE 415 - Week 01 3

Defects in 1D Photonic Crystal

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

Defects in 1D Photonic Crystal

The density of states of a system is the number of allowed

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 415 - Week 01 4

Defects in 2D Photonic Crystal

Point Defect considering propagation only in

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

Defects in 2D Photonic Crystal

Effects of 2D photonic crystals

The photonic crystal, because of its band gap,

We study this band diagram for its changes due

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 415 - Week 01 5

Point Defect in 2D Photonic Crystal

Defect has reduced the ε Defect has increased the

Displacement fields (Dz) of states localized about a defect in a

Point Defect in 2D Photonic Crystal

An index change ∆n = 0 corresponds to the perfect crystal;

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 415 - Week 01 6

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

High Q Mode Confinement

• Pointlike defects create a high quality-factor

EEE 415 - Week 01 7

Photonic Crystal Slabs

• Quality factor of pointlike defects varies strongly

Linear Defects and Waveguides

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 415 - Week 01 8

Linear Defects and Waveguides

For maximum confinement, we should operate

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

EEE 415 - Week 01 9

3d Photonic Crystal: Point Defect

a rod can be removed (left) to form an air defect, or the radius of a

© 2008 by Princeton U Press Photonic Crystals: Molding Flow of Lights

3d Photonic Crystal: Point Defect (Air Defect)