WELCOME TO

CHAPTER 11
INHERITANCE
Subtopic in Inheritance
11.1 Monohybrid inheritance
involves
inheritance of one
characteristic
and contrasting
traits controlled
by a gene
 Gregor Mendel
Mendel's pea plant experiments
conducted between 1856 and 1863
established many of the rules of
heredity, now referred to as the
laws of Mendelian inheritance

Gregor Mendel known as father of modern genetics

 Mendel Experiment

Pea plants, Mendel suggested Nuclei of the male

characteristic in a and
Pisum
parent female gametes
sativum,
plant is passed down carry genetic
possessed to its next generation materials of
7 different through male gametes the inherited
characteristics and female gametes
characteristic
 The inheritance
factor which determines a characteristic is
known as a gene.
7 Characteristics
of peas
Why Mendel use peas not
other plants?
has both possesses
easily
male and contrasting
grown and short
female traits or
produce generation
reproductive characteristics
many interval
structures, that are
seedlings
obvious
 These are 6 terms you should be
familiar in learning inheritance

1) Genes 3) Characteristics 5) Genotype

2) Alleles 4) Traits 6) Phenotype
What is Genotype and Phenotype?
 Gene and Alleles
Gene
basic unit of inheritance which
consists of a DNA segment located on a
specific locus
Control characteristics
Alleles
Alternative form of gene
located on the same locus of a pair
of homologous chromosomes.
control specific trait
 Characteristics and traits
Characteristics
heritable feature such as
height, eye colour, blood
group and presence of
dimples.

Traits variation of a specific characteristic.

Each inherited characteristic consists of a
specific trait. For example, height is a
characteristic whereas tall
or dwarf is a trait
Next we going to learn few new terminology
Dominant and Recessive allele

Homozygotes and Heterozygotes

Dominant traits and recessive traits

Parental generations and filial generations

Pure breeds and hybrids

Dominant allelle and recessive allelle
Dominant allele is an allele
which always shows its
trait when it is present, and
suppresses the effect of
recessive allele
It is represented by a capital
letter such as B
Recessive allele is an allele
which shows its trait when
both alleles are recessive
allele.
The effect of recessive allele is
suppressed by the presence of
dominant allele.
It is represented by a small
letter. For example, b.
Homozygotes and heterozgotes

Both alleles at loci of

a pair Alleles at loci of a pair of
of homologous homologous
chromosomes chromosomes
are the same. For are different. For
example, example, Bb
BB or bb.

HOMOZYGOTES HETEROZYGOTES
Dominant traits and recessive traits
Dominant trait is expressed when both alleles
are dominant alleles or one dominant allele
is paired with a recessive allele.
For example, BB or Bb

Recessive trait is expressed if a recessive

allele is paired with another recessive
allele.
For example, bb
Parental generations and filial generations

Parental generation refers Filial generation refers to

to the first generation of a successive generation
two individuals which are as
mated to predict or a result of mating
analyse between
genotypes of their individuals of purebreed
offsprings parental generation
 Pure breeds and hybrids

Purebreed refers to
Hybrid is the product
individual which carries
of mating between two
two identical alleles for
purebreed varieties.
a trait
Monohybrid schematic diagram
genotypic
ratio in F2
generation is
1 BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb

phenotypic ratio in F2
generation is
3 purple : 1 white.
 We can use Punnet
square for determine
phenotypic and
genotypic ratio in
monohybrid cross
Mendel's First Law

A characteristic of an organism
is controlled by a pair of
alleles, and only one of the
allelic pair is inherited in a
gamete
 5 Summary of Mendel monohybrid experiment

Characteristic Trait is A pair of alleles

inherited from a controlled by a segregates (separates)
parent to the next pair of genetic randomly
generation is factor during formation of
determined by a known as gametes. Only one
genetic factor, which allele allele from
is now known as gene the pair is found in a
single gamete

1 2 3
5 Summary of Mendel monohybrid experiment

homozygous dominant shows

During fertilisation, a dominant trait
zygote formed
possesses homozygous recessive shows
recessive
two alleles (one allele trait
from each parent) for
a characteristic Heterozygous genotype
shows
dominant trait

4 5
Mushroom is plant or fungi?
 Dihybrid inheritance
involves inheritance of
two characteristics, each
characteristic is
controlled by a different
gene located at a
different locus
How to get YR and yr gamete?
 So here is the technique
Yellow : Green :
Round Wrinkled
YYRR yyrr

Y : dominant allele for yellow 1) identify

y : recessive allele for green dominant
R : dominant allele for round and recessive
r : recessive allele for wrinkled allele
So here is the technique
2) Do this
Yellow :
technique for
Round
each parent
YYRR
3) Separate
parent genotype
Y Y R R into 4 different
letters
So here is the technique
Yellow :
Round
YYRR

Y Y R R
4) Number each
letter from 1 to 4
 So here is the technique
Y Y R R

5) Pair the number

according to:
1 and 3
YR YR YR YR 1 and 4
2 and 3
So 4 new gamete possibility is formed
2 and 4
which are YR and since they are THE
same , you can write down as YR only
OK so now repeat same steps for wrinkled green

Green :
Wrinkled
yyrr
Separate parent
genotype into 4
y y r r different letters
OK so now repeat same steps for wrinkled green

Green :
Wrinkled
yyrr

y y r r
Number each
letter from 1 to 4
OK so now repeat same steps for wrinkled green

y y r r

Pair the number

according to:
1 and 3
yr yr yr yr 1 and 4
2 and 3
So 4 new gamete possibility is formed
2 and 4
which are yr and since they are THE
same , you can write down as yr only
NEXT step
Arrange the
yr yr yr yr gamete to identify
possible genotype
YR YyRr YyRr YyRr YyRr for F1
GENERATION
YR YyRr YyRr YyRr YyRr
Hence, the
YR YyRr YyRr YyRr YyRr genotype for ALL F1
generation is YyRr
YR YyRr YyRr YyRr YyRr
Notice that the genotype is
heterozygous for all F1
generation but
phenotype is still
following the dominant YyRr
allele which are Yellow
and Round peas
NEXT step is ....

self-cross
between F1 to
get F2
GENERATION
Self-cross between F1 and F1 to get F2

Yellow : Yellow :
Round Round
YyRr YyRr
Repeat the previous similar technique...

Yellow : Y y R r
Round
YyRr

Y y R r YR Yr yR yr

Separate into 4 Note : new combination

distinctive letters of genotype occur in F2
Repeat the previous similar technique...

YR Yr yR yr Arrange the
gamete to identify
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr
possible genotype
Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr for F2
GENERATION
yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr
TIPS! DO EITHER
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr HORIZONTAL OR
VERTICAL FIRST TO
AVOID CONFUSION
Arrange the possible F2 genotype to identify the phenotype ratio

YYRR
9 : Yellow ,Round
YYRr 3 : Yellow, wrinkled
YyRr
3 : Green, round
YyRR YyRR YYrr yyRR 1 : Green, wrinkled

YyRr YyRr Yyrr yyRr NOTE that there are

possibility of new
YyRr YYRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr phenotype which are
Yellow, wrinkled

9 3 3 1 and Green, round

 Mendel Second Law
Law of Independent
Assortment which states:
During gamete formation, each allele from
a pair of alleles can combine randomly
with any allele from another pair of allele.
 SPECIFIC
LOCATION OF
A GENE IN A
CHROMOSOME
than k
yo u
 Human has 2 type
of chromosome
which are
autosomes and
sex chromosomes
Human
somatic cell Autosomes vary
consists of 44 in terms of size
autosomes and 2 and length
sex chromosomes
Autosomes VS Sex chromosomes
How chromosomes are arranged?
using karyotype

Chromosomes are arranged in pairs, based on homologous

chromosomes in terms of their sizes, centromere locations and banding
pattern of chromosomes
 Normal Human chromosomes is 46 but there are some
abnormalities such as 45 or 57 chromosomes

This abnormalities can occur because failure of

homologous chromosomes to separate during
anaphase I or failure of sister chromatids to separate
during anaphase II

When nondisjunction occurs in humans, either sperm or

female gamete can possess chromosome number of less
than 23, that is 22 or more than 23, which is 24
 Fertilisation that involves the abnormal gamete
with a normal gamete produces a zygote with 45
chromosomes or 47 chromosomes

Examples of genetic diseases caused by nondisjunction are

Down syndrome
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
 Extra 1
chromosome at 21
pair
also known as
trisomy 21
can occur both
male and female
total chromosome
is 47
 Missing one X
chromosome at
the sex
chromosome pair

Female is the
gender

total chromosome
is 45
 Extra one X
chromosome at
sex chromosome

Gender is male

Total
chromosomes is
47
Human inheritance - Blood group

A, B, AB and O.

3 alleles
25% probability
of getting child
with blood
group O if both
parents are
heterozygous
Besides antigen A and antigen B on the surface
of human red blood cell, there is
another antigen called antigen D which is
known as Rhesus factor (Rh)

individual that has Rhesus factor is said to be

Rhesus positive (Rh+) whereas an
individual without the Rhesus factor is said to
be Rhesus negative (Rh–)
Inheritance of Rhesus factor from parents to children is
based on principles of Mendel’s Law
Thalassemia
can be passed down from generation
to generation

gene mutation on an autosome, that is on

chromosome 11 or 16

the abnormality and low number of haemoglobin.

The red blood cell is smaller and paler
Thalassemia carrier is said to have a thalassemia minor

thalassemia patient is said to have thalassemia major

when the individual has both the recessive alleles

thalassemia patient shows symptoms such as tiredness,

paleness, breathing difficulty and changes in facial bone
formation from the age of 3 to 18 months
Sex determination
Sex-linked inheritance

Colour blindness Haemophilia

Genes of colour blindness and haemophilia are located in
the X chromosome. These genes are called
sex-linked genes

caused by recessive genes linked to X chromosome

Y chromosome is shorter than X chromosome

and does not contain as many alleles as X chromosome

any traits in males

caused by either the dominant allele or recessive allele
on chromosome X is observed
 Colour blindness
Colour blindness is a condition in which a person cannot
differentiate some specific colours such as red and green.

caused by the recessive allele found in the X chromosome

and most people with colour blindness are males
 Haemophilia
condition in which blood cannot clot in normal
circumstances due to the lack of blood clotting factor

presence of the recessive allele in the X chromosome,

which causes the male to be haemophilic.

The female will only be haemophilic if both recessive alleles

are present on both X chromosomes
Ability to Roll Tongue and Types of Earlobe
Ability to roll tongue is a dominant trait.
Free earlobe is a dominant trait whereas
attached earlobe is a recessive trait.
Family Pedigree Chart