MAGNETIC NANO-DRUG

DELIVERY IN NON-NEWTONIAN
BLOOD FLOW
Pranjal Awasthi(2021CH10396)
Tanisha Agrawal(2021CH10395)
Asmita Verma(2021CH10428)
Komal Jalan(2021CH10418)

November 20, 2022

1)ABSTRACT:
With the aim to ensure the controlled drug delivery at the targeted site
using the magnetic nanoparticles in the blood vessels under the
influence of external magnetic field, we have worked upon
mathematical models applying various numerical methods. Using
assumptions like blood vessel length is much larger as compared to
the radius, we compared different viscosity models and found out that
power law model and Newtonian model are inappropriate. We see
that, there is a similarity between analytically computed and true
solution.
2)INTRODUCTION:
Difficulties were being faced due to the effects of magnetic and
hydrodynamic forces in monitoring the movement of nano-drug
particles in the blood stream to the target site. Current studies have
proven that magnetic forces can attract particles, but nothing has been
said in detail about the correct quantity of drug particles reaching the
targeted site. Another limitation is that, blood is considered as
Newtonian fluid which is inappropriate. In present work, we apply the
equation of continuity to obtain the velocity profiles for Newtonian
and Power-Law model. We discovered the importance of considering
blood as non-Newtonian fluid.
In the past research, it was found that blood forms three-dimensional
microstructures at low shear rates and at high shear rates it shows
pseudo-plastic behaviour and this leads to significant change in
rheological properties. Many models have been prepared to study this
complex behaviour in the past but are still not accepted. For the
treatment of cancer, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were used which
were very harmful to humans. Then, magnetic drug targeting came
out to be more efficient treatment for tumours.

3)PROBLEM FORMULATION:
3.1) ASSUMPTIONS: The flow through the blood vessel is
considered similar to the flow through a horizontal pipe. The length of
vessel is much larger than the radius, constant pressure gradient,
constant volumetric flow rate, magnetic force is constant in vertical
direction, steady state flow and incompressible fluid.
EQUATION OF CONTINUITY:

(1)
NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION :

(2)

(3)

3.2) SHEAR STRESS:

NEWTONIAN MODEL:

(4)

POWER LAW MODEL:

(5)
3.3) BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
Following are the boundary conditions:
No slip boundary condition-

Symmetry condition-
3.4) VELOCITY PROFILE:

NEWTONIAN MODEL:

(6)
POWER-LAW MODEL:

(7)

4) NUMERICAL ANALYSIS:
For formulating the velocity profile, we used Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule to
integrate the linear differential equation of velocity for Newtonian and
Power-Law model of viscosity.
Simpson’s 1/3rd Rule-

(8)
Linear Differential equation of velocity-
 Newtonian Model-
dvz (P – PL )
  0 r (9)
dr 2L
 Power-Law Model
dvz ( P0  PL ) 1r
 n r (10)
dr 2 Lm
The flow through the blood vessel is considered similar to the flow
through a horizontal pipe. We used the no-slip boundary condition
which states that the velocity of the fluid is zero at the boundary.
For integration we vary the values of r and calculate the velocity
profile for 20 segment divisions from r=0 to r= +/- R for both the
models.
Numerical values of parameters used are given in the following table-
PARAMETER SYMBOL VALUE
Length of vessel L 500 µm
Pressure difference P0-PL 5.33 kPa
across blood vessel
Viscosity for power m 0.035 Pa-s
law model
Newtonian Viscosity µ 0.0035 Pa-s
Blood vessel radius R 4.2 x 10-6 m
Average Blood V0 1.89 x 10-3 m/s
velocity at the
centre of blood
vessel
Power-Law n 0.357
exponent

From the table,

(Newtonian Fluid)
µ

(Power-Law Model)

The equation for velocity profile comes out be

(11)

(12)
These are for Newtonian and Power-Law model respectively.
Following are the velocity profiles for Carreau and Ellis model:

These expressions cannot be integrated analytically and requires

complex computational techniques.

5) RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

In this section, we will compare and study the velocity profiles for
Newtonian and power law model and do their error analysis.
5.1) FOR NEWTONIAN FLUID:

NEWTONIAN BLOOD VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION

3.50E-04

3.00E-04
Newtonian Velocity

2.50E-04

2.00E-04

1.50E-04

1.00E-04

5.00E-05

0.00E+00
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
-2

-1
-1.8
-1.6
-1.4
-1.2

-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2

Blood Vessel Radius

ERROR ANALYSIS-

Error in newtonian model

0.003

0.0025

0.002
True error

0.0015

0.001

0.0005

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Blood vessel radius
5.2) FOR POWER-LAW MODEL:

Power-Law Model Velocity Distribution

0.014

0.012

0.01
Blood Velocity

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
Blood Vessel Radius
ERROR ANALYSIS-
Error in Power law model
0.14

0.12

0.1
True error

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Blood vessel radius
6) CONCLUSION:
We have compared velocity profiles for different
models and based on the graphical data obtained we
infer that since blood is non -Newtonian fluid therefore
power law model is better than Newtonian assumption.
Both models show similar results, i.e., velocity reaches
maximum at the centre of the vessel while goes to a
minimum value towards the ends. However, in power
law model it does assume a constant value in the
middle. It is obtained from the references that Ellis and
Carreau model give similar results and viscosity
reaches infinity in case of power law model.

7) SELF-ASSESSMENT:
CLAIM - LEVEL 1.

Our team has put in sincere efforts in recreating the

original research paper. We have developed working
codes using C++ language. In original research paper it
was examined that blood is a non-Newtonian fluid and
the best model to study its behaviour was found out.
Ellis model turned out to be the best one. In the present
work, we developed codes to get velocity profile for
Newtonian and power law model and do their error
analysis. We concluded that power law model is better
as blood is non- Newtonian fluid. Overall, we learned a
lot from this paper and understood how to apply
numerical methods to real life problems.

8) REFERENCES:
 Title: Magnetic nano-drug delivery
in non-Newtonian blood flows
 Authors: Claudia Fanelli1 · Katerina Kaouri·
Timothy N. Phillips· Timothy G. Myers ·
Francesc Font
 Journal: Microfluidics and Nanofluidics,
 Volume: Article No. 74 (2022)
 Prof. Jayati Sarkar ,Class notes-CLL113