VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP

PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

Lecturer: Tai Pham Huu

Email: taiph@pvu.edu.vn
 LIST OF CHAPTERS

1. Introduction to EOR process

2. Microscopic displacement of fluids in a reservoir
3. Displacement in linear systems
4. Macroscopic displacement of fluid in a reservoir
5. Mobility control process
6. Miscible displacement process
7. Chemical flooding
8. Thermal recovery process

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Tai Pham
Tai Pham
Minh H.,
Nguyen
HuuM.Eng
MS., M.Eng Well Completion
Enhanced
& Stimulation
Oil Recovery 2
 REFERENCES

Must have:
 Enhanced Oil Recovery – Don W. Green and G. Paul Willhite
(SPE Textbook series vol. 6)

Additional materials
 Thermal Recovery. Michael Prats. SPE. 1982
 Waterflooding. Ganesh Thakur. SPE. 2003
 The Design Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding.Stephen C. Rose,
John F. Buckwalter, Robert J. Woodhall. SPE. 1989
 Reservoir Engineering Aspects Of Waterflooding. Forrest F Craig Jr.
SPE. 1975
 Practical Aspects of CO2 Flooding. Perry M Jarrell. SPE. 2002

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Tai Pham
Minh H.,
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HuuM.Eng
MS., M.Eng Well Completion
Enhanced
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Oil Recovery 3
 TESTING AND EVALUATION

a) Process: 25%
 Attendance, exercise, seminar
b) Midterm: 25%
 Multiple choice. 45 mins
c) Final test: 50%
 Multiple choice. 60 mins

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Tai Pham
Minh H.,
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HuuM.Eng
MS., M.Eng Well Completion
Enhanced
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Oil Recovery 4
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Knowledge:

 Understand enhanced oil recovery methodologies

 Screening approriated EOR method for a reservoir

 Calculate and modeling the aquifer using different methods

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Tai Pham
Tai Pham
Minh H.,
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HuuM.Eng
MS., M.Eng Well Completion
Enhanced
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Oil Recovery 5
 VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO EOR PROCESS

 When EOR
What is EOR?
could be used?

EOR

How EOR Why do we

works? need EOR?

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Enhanced
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Oil Recovery 7
 Introduction to EOR process

Primary recovery

Naturel flow Artificial lift

Aquifer drive Pump gas lift etc.

Secondary recovery

Water Injection Dry HC Gas injection

Tertiary recovery
IOR
khí trộn lẫn
Gas miscible/
Thermal Chemical & Other
EOR immiscible
Combustion Hydrocarbon Alkaline / Surfactants
Steam soak CO2 Polymer
Steam drive Nitrogen Microbial
Hot water drive Flue gas
khí thải

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Enhanced
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Oil Recovery 8
 Introduction to EOR process

 Primary Oil Recovery: around 10% to 70%

 The primary recovery depends on the conditions encountered in the
fields.
 Water drive energy mechanism can support up to 70% recovery.
 Secondary Oil Recovery: 15 to 60%
 To produce more oil, the pressure in the reservoir must be
maintained by injecting another fluid.
 Injection strategies depends on field size
 Tertiary Oil Recovery (EOR)
 Producing the oil that remain in the part of the reservoir already
swept by the displacing.
 Increasing sweep efficiency or displacement efficiency

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Oil Recovery 9
 Introduction to EOR process

Definitions of EOR

 EOR will make unmovable Oil movable (POLLEN).

 EOR refers to all recovery methods other than natural production

(LATIL).

 EOR techniques for improving displacement on sweep efficiency

at the very beginning of the first injection of a displacing fluid

(BAVIER).

 EOR refers to any method used to recover more oil from a

reservoir than would be produced by primary recovery
(WILLHITE).
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 Introduction to EOR process

Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes include all methods that use
external sources of energy and/or materials to recover oil that cannot be
produced, economically by conventional means.

EOR methods include:

 Water flooding
 Thermal methods: steam stimulation, steam flooding, hot water drive,
and in-situ combustion
akaly
 Chemical methods: polymer, surfactant, caustic, and miscellar/polymer
bazo
flooding.
 Miscible methods: hydrocarbon gas, CO2, and nitrogen (flue gas and
partial miscible/immiscible gas injection may also be considered)

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Oil Recovery 11
 Introduction to EOR process

Waterflood Thermal Chemical Miscible gas

reduc S after wf
Maintains Reduce Sorw by Reduces Sorw by Reduces Sorw by
reservoir steam distillation lowering water- developing
pressure & and reduces oil oil interfacial miscibility with
physically viscosity. tension and the oil through a
displaces oil with increases vaporizing or
water moving volumetric sweep condensing gas
through the efficiency by drive process.
reservoir from reducing the
injector to water-oil mobility
producer. ratio.

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 Introduction to EOR process

 Conventional oil
Distribution of identified petroleum
 Heavy Oil resources in 2003
 Reserve
trữ lượng

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 Introduction to EOR process

Distribution of OIP & Production

Heavy, extra-heavy oil Conventional Crude produced 16%

& bitumen
45%

55%
Conventional Crude
Heavy crude produced 1%

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 Introduction to EOR process

Numbers in
parentheses
give current
reserves in
billion
barrels

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 Introduction to EOR process
Comparison between different countries’ proven
conventional oil reserves

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 Introduction to EOR process

Comparison between different regions’ oil production

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 Introduction to EOR process

Geographical distribution of heavy, extra-heavy oils and bitumen resources

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 Introduction to EOR process

Geographical distribution of heavy, extra heavy oils and bitumen production

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 Introduction to EOR process

 Future of conventional  Conventional Oil Prediction in Red

oil based on some  Total Need Prediction in Blue Dots

prediction in 2001
QBB/yr
- Demand +1.5%/yr
~29-31
Heavy oil, bitumen,
- Less replacement & other sources
- World production peaks in 20
~2006-2008
- Middle East now at 30%,
2006-
50% by 2011
19782008
Campbell and Laherrère
March 1998 Scientific
American, p. 78

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 Introduction to EOR process

 Worldwide conventional oil declining

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 Introduction to EOR process

 Comparison between discovery and consumption

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 Introduction to EOR process

 Worldwide production decline

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 Introduction to EOR process
Total = 2930 kbpd
Global EOR production
 World wide EOR
production is below 4% of
HC injection 25% N2 Injection 19%
total production.
 In a mature area like USA
48 EOR production is CO2 Injection 7%

above 10% of total Polymer/

Chemical 8%
production.
Thermal 41%
 Majority is onshore EOR.

Incremental EOR production

global volume by EOR method
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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR Target

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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR in USA Production

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 Introduction to EOR process

 Idealized characteristic for an EOR process:

:
:
The overall displacement efficiency E was calculated:
=

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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR Methods: Immiscible (WF, GI, CO2, N2/Air)

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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR Methods: Miscible by CO2 flooding

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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR Methods: Chemical flooding (A, S, P, AS, AP, ASP)

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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR Methods: Thermal (Steam, Insitu combustion)

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 Introduction to EOR process

 EOR Methods: Microbial

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 SOME REFERENCE NUMBERS

 Middle East
 10,000 wells
 20 MM bbl/day
 Reserve 600 Billions bbl
 2,000 bbl/day (Averageper well)
 60 MM bbl/well reserve

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 SOME REFERENCE NUMBERS

 Type of field formation in the Middle East

 93 giant oil fields in the Middle east
 63 field produce from carbonate (63% of production)
 8 field produce from sandstone (21% of production)
 22 both SS & Carbonate (16% of production)

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 SOME REFERENCE NUMBERS

 U.S.A
 580,000 wells
 6 MM bbl/day
 22 billion barrels reserve
11 bbl/day (Average per well)
 37,000 barrels reserve per well

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 Introduction to EOR process

4500
Complex geology,
4000 Low permeability
Heavy oil, fractured
3500 Eg: Al Noor
Qarn Alam (Oman)
Cumulative Oil In Place(bln bbl)

3000

2500

2000

1500 Large, Homogeneous,

high permeability, light
Average RF of 34% oil
1000
Eg: Ghawar (Saudi Arabia)
500 and Draugen (Norway)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
RF (%)

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 Introduction to EOR process

Targets for IOR/EOR

4000

 Unique opportunity to
make a sizeable
2000
contribution to
additional reserves
0

Aspiration
for EOR

EOR

Field optimisation
+ Infill Drilling

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 Introduction to EOR process

EOR Technology Landscape

Thermal Gas Injection

Conventional Unconventional (Miscible/Non-Miscible)
• Cyclic steam • Thermal conduction
Injection • In-Situ Combustion
• Steam drive • Electric Heating (RF) Hydro Carbon Air/ N2
• Steam foam
CO2

Chemical Flooding
Polymer Enhanced Surfactant
Flooding Alkaline (ASP) Flooding

Biological /
MEOR

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 Introduction to EOR process

Big themes in EOR  CO2, very successful in West

 Thermal Recovery (mainly for
heavy oil)
 Mainly steam injection – prime
examples in California
 Chemical flooding
 Offshore and deep heavy oil still
a challenge
 Gas flooding (mainly for light oils)
 HC gas injection done
frequently
 Sour gas re-injection
Texas
Big opportunity to link to CO2
sequestration and contaminated
gas issues
 Polymer flooding is mature but
still limited applications more expensive
cực kì
 Surfactant flooding not mature nhạy với
độ mặn
 Microbial techniques upcomingvà nhiệt
độ
hạn chế chung là nhiệt độ

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 Introduction to EOR process

Life Cycle Approach – PREPARE for EOR

Primary Secondary Tertiary

Primary
Initial fluids Secondary
Initial Mobility
Field test for geology Detailed Geological model Tertiary
Collecting essential data
Laboratory testing Sweating the asset
Dedicated field tests on options Executing efficiently
Keep track of remaining oil Inventive new solutions & test

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 Introduction to EOR process

EOR strategy to enhance Capability

Tools Extend Application Envelope
New Gas/Thermal settings
Improved tools for fractured
reservoirs

Current
State

Enough staff that More EOR

knows EOR Developments
Proper process / with long term
procedures commitments

Skills Operations

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: USA

Evaluation of completed or terminated EOR projects in the USA
(Most were discontinued in 1986-1988)
Number of Listed Number listed Percentage
Number of
Method as 'Successful' or as reported as
Discontinued Projects
'Promising' 'Discourraging' 'Profotable'
Steam 32 14 8 62
Combustion 6 4 2 50
CO2 Miscible 5 1 1 50
CO2 Immiscible 20 8 12 100
Hydrocarbon 4 1 1 0
Nitrogen 1 0 1 100
Polymer 53 16 29 63
Micellar/Polymer 10 4 4 33
Alkaline 3 0 3 0
Totals 134 48 61

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: USA

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: Canada

 Total oil production 2,250,000 B/D

 EOR production 350,000 B/D

 2 Cyclic steam projects ~ 180,000 B/D

 2 Steam flood ~ 50,000 B/D

 2 SAGD (commercial) ~ 30,000 B/D

 6 SAGD (pilot) ~ 20,000 B/D

 2 CO2 miscible 6,000 B/D

 29 hydrocarbon miscible 40,000 B/D

 1 Multiracial cyclic 5,000 B/D

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HuuM.Eng
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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: Canada

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: China

 Total oil production 3,371,000 B/D
 EOR production ~170,000 B/D
 17 steam injection projects
 2 steam floods
 15 cyclic steaming
 18 polymer floods ~15,000 B/D
 1 in situ combustion

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: Colombia

 Total oil production 518,000 B/D
 EOR production ~10,000 B/D
 3 major cyclic steaming operations
 Others in planning stage

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: India

 Total oil production 664,000 B/D
 EOR production Several 1000 B/D
 5 in situ combustion
 2 polymer floods
 Others in planning stage

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Enhanced
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Oil Recovery 48
 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: Indonesia

 Total oil production 1,000,000 B/D
 EOR production ~250,000 B/D
 3 large steam floods
 1 surfactant flood
 1 micellar flood

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: Trinidad

 Total oil production 140,000 B/D
 EOR production ~2,000 B/D
 8 steam injection projects
 5 immiscible CO2 floods

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Oil Recovery 50
 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: Venezuela

 Total oil production 2,230,000 B/D
 EOR production ~450,000 B/D
 38 cyclic steaming projects ~300,000 B/D
 8 hydrocarbon miscible ~166,000 B/D
 2 chemical floods
 1 nitrogen injection

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 Introduction to EOR process

Active EOR Projects: other countries

 TURKEY (Total oil production 46,000 B/D)
 Immiscible CO2 6,000 B/D
 MEXICO (Total oil production 3,417,000 B/D)
 Miscible nitrogen flood
 FRANCE (Total oil production 23,000 B/D)
 Polymer flood
 AUSTRIA (Total oil production 18,000 B/D)
 Immiscible CO2

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 Introduction to EOR process

Worldwide EOR production

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 Introduction to EOR process

Estimated Annual Worldwide EOR Produced Oil in MB/D

Country Thermal Miscible Chemical EOR Total %
USA 454 191 11.9 656.9 42

Canada 8 127 17.2 152.2 10

Europe 14 3 17 1

Venezuela 108 11 119 7

Other S.Americ 2 NA NA 17 1

USSR 20 90 50 160 10

Other(estimated) 171 280 1.5 452.5 29

Total 777 702 80.6 1574.6 100

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Oil Recovery 54
 Introduction to EOR process

The goal of any improved oil recovery process is to mobilize “remaining” oil.

This is achieved by enhancing oil displacement and volumetric sweep

efficiencies.

 Oil displacement efficiency is improved by reducing oil viscosity (e.g.,

thermal floods) or by reducing capillary forces or interfacial tension (e.g.,
miscible floods).

 Volumetric sweep efficiency is improved by developing a more

favorable mobility ratio between the injectant and the remaining oil-in-
place (e.g., polymer floods, water alternating-gas processes).

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Oil Recovery 55
 Introduction to EOR process

Process Description: Objectives

 Describe the three major categories of methods which can
be used to improve reservoir recovery efficiency and explain
their differences.
 For each method, state whether it can improve
displacement, vertical or areal sweep efficiency and explain
how it works.
 Describe screening criteria for enhanced oil recovery
methods.
 Use a systematic decision analysis approach for selecting
an alternative to improve reservoir recovery efficiency.

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Oil Recovery 56
 Introduction to EOR process

Process Description: Water flooding

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 Introduction to EOR process

Process Description: Surfactant/Polymer Flooding

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 Introduction to EOR process

Process Description: Polymer Flooding

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 Introduction to EOR process

Process Description: Miscible Gas Flooding(CO2 injection)

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 Introduction to EOR process

Process Description: Thermal (Steam flooding)

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Oil Recovery 61