What is the focus of Lesson 2.0 on Mathematical Language and Symbols?

; Relations
and Functions.
What is the difference between functions and relations?; Functions are a type of
relation where each input has only one output, while relations can have multiple
outputs for a single input.
Who first introduced the term "function"?; German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz.
What notation did Leibniz invent to denote a function?; y = x.
What notation did Euler introduce to denote a function?; y = f(x).
What is the mechanism of determining if a relation is a function?; Checking if each
input has only one output.
What is the history of the concept of functions?; The concept of function was
brought to light by mathematicians in the 17th century, with Rene Descartes talking
about mathematical relationships in his book Geometry.
The term "function" was officially first used by German mathematician Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz after about fifty years.;
What is the notation used to denote the derivative of a function?; dy/dx.
Who introduced the notation y = f(x)?; Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler in 1734.
What is a relation?; A pairing of quantities represented as ordered pairs, where
the first elements are the domain or independent variables and the second elements
are the range or dependent variables.
What are the two ways to represent a relation?; Mapping diagram or a graph.
What is a mapping diagram?; A representation of a relation as lines connecting the
inputs with their outputs.
What is the formal definition of a relation?; A relation R from set A to set B is a
subset of A x B, where given an ordered pair (x, y) in A x B, x is related to y by
R.
What are the first elements in an ordered pair?; The x values, which are the domain
or independent variables.
What are the second elements in an ordered pair?; The y values, which are the range
or dependent variables.
What is a set of inputs and outputs called?; A relation.
What is a set of ordered pairs called?; A relation.
What is a relation from set A to set B?; A relation from set A to set B is a subset
of A x B.
What is the definition of xRy?; xRy means that (x,y) is in R.
What is the domain of a relation?; The set A is called the domain of R.
What is the co-domain or range of a relation?; The set B is called the co-domain or
range of R.
What is the notation for a relation R?; xRy means (x,y) is an element of R.
What does xR/y mean?; xR/y means that x is not related to y by R.
What is the formal definition of a relation from set A to set B?; A relation R from
set A to set B is a subset of A cross B (“A x B”).
What is the condition for x to be related to y by R?; x is related to y by R if,
and only if, the ordered pair (x,y) is in R.
What is the notation for x not being related to y by R?; xR/y means that (x,y) is
not an element of R.
What is the exercise related to relations as a subset?; The exercise is related to
defining a relation as a subset of A x B.
What is the definition of a relation as a subset?; A relation is a subset of the
Cartesian product of two sets.
What is the definition of set A?; A = {1, 2}.
What is the definition of set B?; B = {1, 2, 3}.
What is the definition of relation R from A to B?; Given any (x, y) ∈ A x B, (x, y)
∈ R means that (x – y)/2 is an integer.
Which ordered pairs are in A x B?; (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3).
Which ordered pairs are in R?; (1, 1), (1, 3), (2, 2).
Is 1 R 3?; Yes.
Is 2 R 3?; No.
Is 2 R 2?; Yes.
What is the domain of R?; A.
What is the co-domain of R?; B.
What is the requirement for an ordered pair to be in R?; (x – y)/2 must be an
integer.
What is the process to determine which ordered pairs are in A x B and which are in
R?; Given any (x, y) ∈ A x B, substitute (x, y) into the relation R and determine
if (x – y)/2 is an integer.
What is the process to determine the domain and co-domain of R?; The domain of R is
the set A, and the co-domain of R is the set B.
What is the definition of R?; R is a relation between two sets of integers, where
(a,b) is in R if and only if (a-b)/2 is an integer.
Is 1 related to 3 by R?; Yes, 1 is related to 3 by R because (1,3) is in R, as (1-
3)/2 = -1, which is an integer.
Is 2 related to 3 by R?; No, 2 is not related to 3 by R because (2,3) is not in R,
as (2-3)/2 = -1/2, which is not an integer.
Is 2 R 2?; Yes, 2 is related to 2 by R because (2,2) is in R, as (2-2)/2 = 0, which
is an integer.
What is the domain and co-domain of R?; The domain of R is {1,2} and the co-domain
is {1,2,3}.
What is the co-domain of relation R?; {1, 2, 3}.
What is the Circle Relation C?; For any (x, y) ∈ R x R, (x, y) ∈ C means that x^2 +
y^2 = 1.
Is (1, 0) ∈ C?; Yes.
Is (0, 0) ∈ C?; No.
Is (-1/2, 3/2) ∈ C?; Yes.
Is -2 ∈ C 0?; No.
Is 0 ∈ C (-1)?; Yes.
Is 1 ∈ C 1?; No.
What are the domain and co-domain of C?; Both are R, the set of all real numbers.
Draw a graph for C by plotting the points of C in the Cartesian plane.; A circle
with a radius of 1 centered at the origin.
What is a function?; A relation where to each element of the domain there
corresponds one and only one element of the range.
What is functional notation?; It may be written as f(x), g(y), capital F(z), or
Greek letter β(x) where.
What is functional notation?; Functional notation is a way of writing a function as
f(x), g(y), F(z), or Greek letter β(x), where the variables inside the parentheses
are the independent variables and imply that the expressions to the right side of
the equality sign are in terms of the said variables.
What is the definition of a function?; A function F from a set A to a set B is a
relation with domain A and co-domain B that satisfies the following two properties:
1.
What is the difference between domain and co-domain in a function?; The domain of a
function is the set of all possible input values, while the co-domain is the set of
all possible output values.
What is an example of a function?; The area of a semi-circle (either concave upward
or downward) is a function of its radius because the area is determined by the
radius using A = ½Πr2.
What are the two properties that a function must satisfy?; For every element x in
A, there is an element y in B such that (x, y) ∈ F, and for all elements x in A and
y and z in B, if (x, y) ∈ F and (x, z) ∈ f, then y = z.
What is the informal statement of the two properties that a function must satisfy?;
A relation F from A to B is a function if, and only if: 1.
What is the formula for the area of a semi-circle?; A = ½Πr2.
What is the difference between independent and dependent variables in a function?;
Independent variables are the variables that are input into a function, while
dependent variables are the variables that are output by the function.
What is the purpose of functional notation?; Functional notation is a way of
writing a function that makes it clear which variables are independent and which
are dependent.
What is the relationship between two variables in a function?; The phrase "is a
function of" is used to describe a special relationship between two variables.
What is the definition of a function?; A function is a mathematical concept that
sends elements from one set, the domain, to elements of another set, the co-domain,
such that each element in the domain corresponds to one and only one element of the
co-domain.
What is the notation used to denote the unique element in the co-domain that is
related to an element in the domain by a function?; The unique element in the co-
domain that is related to an element in the domain by a function is denoted F(x),
which is read as "F of x."

What is the Line Test for Mapping Diagrams?; The Line Test for Mapping Diagrams is
a criterion used to check if a relation is a function.
In the given mapping diagram, is y a function of x or is x a function of y?; In the
given mapping diagram, y is a function of x, but x is not a function of y.
What does property (1) from the function definition guarantee?; Property (1) from
the function definition guarantees that given any element x in the domain, there is
at least one element of the co-domain that is related to x by the function.
What does property (2) from the function definition guarantee?; Property (2) from
the function definition guarantees that given any element x in the domain, there is
at most one element of the co-domain that is related to x by the function.
What is the significance of the fact that no two distinct ordered pairs in F have
the same first element?; The fact that no two distinct ordered pairs in F have the
same first element ensures that each element in the domain corresponds to one and
only one element of the co-domain.
What is the definition of the term "co-domain"?; The co-domain is the set of all
possible outputs of a function.
What is the definition of the term "domain"?; The domain is the set of all possible
inputs of a function.
What is the definition of the term "mapping diagram"?; A mapping diagram is a
visual representation of a relation between two sets, where each element in the
first set is paired with one or more elements in the second set.