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Dynamics of Plate Tectonics and Mantle Convection

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DYNAMICS OF PLATE TECTONICS
AND MANTLE CONVECTION
 DYNAMICS
OF PLATE
TECTONICS
AND MANTLE
CONVECTION
Edited by

JOÃO C. DUARTE
Assistant Professor, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal;
Researcher, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Dom Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Elsevier
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 Contributors
David Bercovici Department of Earth and Planetary
Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United
States
Magali I. Billen Department of Earth and
Planetary Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA, United
States
Doris Breuer DLR, Institute of Planetary Research,
Berlin, Germany
Sascha Brune Helmholtz Centre Potsdam—GFZ
German Research Centre for Geosciences, Pots-
dam; Institute of Geosciences, University of Pots-
dam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
Susanne J.H. Buiter Tectonics and Geodynamics,
RWTH Aachen University, Aachen; Helmholtz
Centre Potsdam—GFZ German Research Centre
for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
!
Nicolas Coltice Laboratoire de G!eologie, Ecole
Normale Sup!erieure, CNRS UMR 8538, PSL
Research University, Paris, France
D.R. Davies Research School of Earth Sciences,
The Australian National University, Acton, ACT,
Australia
João C. Duarte Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Dom
Luiz, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Taras V. Gerya Department of Earth Sciences,
ETH-Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
S. Ghelichkhan Research School of Earth Sciences,
The Australian National University, Acton, ACT,
Australia
Richard G. Gordon Department of Earth, Environ-
mental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University,
Houston, TX, United States
Michael Gurnis Seismological Laboratory, Califor-
nia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United
States
xi
Rakib Hassan EarthByte Group, School of Geos-
ciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown,
NSW; Geoscience Australia, Canberra, ACT,
Australia
M.J. Hoggard Research School of Earth Sciences,
The Australian National University, Acton, ACT,
Australia
Shun-ichiro Karato Department of Earth and Plan-
etary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT,
United States
Derek Keir Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Dipar-
timento di Scienze della Terra, Florence, Italy; Uni-
versity of Southampton, School of Ocean and Earth
Science, Southampton, United Kingdom
Matthew G. Knepley Computer Science and Engi-
neering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United
States
Adrian Lenardic Department of Earth Science, Rice
University, Houston, TX, United States
Diogo L. Lourenço Department of Earth and Plane-
tary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA,
United States; Department of Geographic Engi-
neering, Geophysics and Energy, Faculty of Sci-
ences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal;
Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geo-
physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Sarah J. MacLeod EarthByte Group, School of Geos-
ciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW,
Australia
Dave A. May Institute of Geophysics and Planetary
Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA,
United States
Louis Moresi Research School of Earth Sciences,
The Australian National University, Canberra,
ACT, Australia
xii
Jason P. Morgan SUSTech, Shenzhen, China
R. Dietmar M€ uller EarthByte Group, School of
Geosciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown,
NSW, Australia
Elvira Mulyukova Department of Earth and Plane-
tary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston,
IL, United States
Takashi Nakagawa Department of Earth and Plan-
etary System Science, Hiroshima University, Higa-
shihiroshima, Japan; Previous affiliation: School of
Earth and Environment, University of Leeds,
Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Planetol-
ogy, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Jean-Arthur Olive Laboratoire de G!eologie,
CNRS—Ecole Normale Sup!erieure—PSL Univer-
sity, Paris, France
Gwenn Peron-Pinvidic Geological Survey of
Norway (NGU); Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
C!
esar R. Ranero ICM-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
F.D. Richards Department of Earth Science and
Engineering, Imperial College London, South
Kensington, London, United Kingdom
Antoine B. Rozel Department of Earth Sciences,
Institute of Geophysics, ETH Zurich, Zurich,
Switzerland
W.P. Schellart Department of Earth Sciences,
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Contributors
Johnny Seales Department of Earth Science, Rice
University, Houston, TX, United States
Alisha Steinberger BRON Studios, Vancouver, BC,
Canada
Bernhard Steinberger GFZ German Research Cen-
tre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany; CEED,
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Robert J. Stern Geosciences Department, University
of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
Pietro Sternai Department of Earth and Environ-
mental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milano-
Bicocca, Milano, Italy
Paul J. Tackley Department of Earth Sciences, ETH
Zurich, Z€urich, Switzerland
A.P. Valentine Department of Earth Sciences,
Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham,
United Kingdom
Paola Vannucchi University of Florence, Florence;
National Institute of Oceanography and Applied
Geophysics, Trieste, Italy
Simon E. Williams EarthByte Group, School of
Geosciences, University of Sydney, Camper-
down, NSW, Australia; Department of Geology,
Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province,
China
Masaki Yoshida Volcanoes and Earth’s Interior
Research Center, Research Institute for Marine
Geodynamics; Agency for Marine-Earth Science
and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
 Preface
Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of the
solid Earth that describes the surface of our
planet as being fragmented into rigid plates
that move in relation to each other. Many fun-
damental geological processes, such as earth-
quakes, volcanism, and the formation of
mountains, occur at the plates’ boundaries. In
its initial formulation, plate tectonics was a
kinematic theory that described and quantified
these movements and associated deformation.
Plate tectonics evolved into a dynamic theory,
describing the forces driving the surface defor-
mation and the internal dynamics of our planet.
We also came to realize that plate tectonics is
only one of the possible tectono-magmatic
styles in which a planet can operate and that
these can change over time. In the past years,
the geosciences community has started to
develop a theory that integrates plate tectonics
and mantle convection as part of a single
system. This was possible because of the
ever-increasing high-quality imaging of Earth’s
interior and our computational capabilities. But
while the progress has been enormous, there
are still many uncertainties and challenges
ahead.
I have asked some of the leading scientists in
the field to write perspective review papers from
the vantage point of their work. The idea was to
capture the state of the art of our understanding
of the dynamics of plate tectonics and mantle
convection. I hope this book can glimpse what
xiii
we have learned so far, where we are now,
and what are the future challenges.
Editing this book was one of the best profes-
sional experiences I ever had. It was fun and
exciting, and it was a privilege. It was a privilege
to work with all the authors to produce this final
product. This is your book. I must thank you all
for having accepted my invitation to be part of
this project. I have learned so much from all of
you and I am sure the reader will too.
I thank my family, No!emie, Maria de
Lourdes, Joaquim, Helena, Pedro, Diogo, and
Manuela, for the constant support. I also thank
my colleagues Filipe Rosas, Nicolas Riel, Wou-
ter Schellart, Mattias Green, Hannah Davies,
António Ribeiro, Marc-Andr!e Gutscher, Pedro
Terrinha, Ricardo Trigo, Pedro Miranda, Rui
Dias, Vasco Valadares, Henrique Duarte,
Michael Way, Christian Hensen, Santanu Bose,
Diogo Lourenço, Susana Custódio, Luı́s Matias,
Taras Gerya, Sierd Cloetingh, Catherine Mer-
iaux, David Boutelier, Alexander Cruden, Jac-
ques Malavieille, Paola Vannucchi, Jason
P. Morgan, Susanne Buiter, Vincent Strak,
Chiara Civiero, Sónia Silva, Luı́s Pinheiro, Luis
Matias, Vitor Magalhães, Marta Neres, Nathan
Mayne, João Mata, Sophie Wilmes, Steven Bal-
bus, Chris MacLeod, Cristina Roque, Jaime
Almeida, Zhihao Chen, and many other col-
leagues with whom I have learned and dis-
cussed so much over the years. A special
thanks to the Faculty of Sciences of the
 xiv Preface

University of Lisbon, the Geology Department, understand the dynamics of plate tectonics
the Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), and C!elia Lee and mantle convection.
for providing me with the grounds to build this
project. I also would like to thank Nicolas Col- João C. Duarte
tice for producing the incredible cover image University of Lisbon
that perfectly captures the efforts in trying to 30 September 2022

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