This

Eorleyheate
This is to certify that this Biology Investigatory Project" on the
is Addiction"
topic "Drug to certify that this
has been successfully completed Biology
by
Priyanka Priyadarshini of class XII-B1 under the guidance of
Investigatory
Ms. Sheroshi HaldarProject" on the
in particular fulfilment topic
of the "Drug
curriculum of
Central Board has
|Addiction" of Secondary Education{CBSE}
been successfully leading to theby
completed
award of annual examination .
Dhananiay Dhiman of class XTI-A under the
guidance of Mrs. Sailaja Nayak in particular
fulfilment of the curriculum of Central
Board of Secondary Education{CBSE} leading
to the award of annual examination of the year

2016-17.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not
Ihave
havebeen
takenpossible
efforts in this project.
without the kindHowever, it would
support and not
help of
have
manybeen possible without the kind support and help of
individuals.
many individuals.

I I would
would like
like to
to thank
thankmy
myprincipal Mrs.Nirupama
principal patraand
Dr. NSK Swamy
and school for providing me with facilities required to do
school for providing me with facilities required to do my
my project.
project.

II am indebtedtotomy
highly indebted
am highly Biologyteacher,
myBiology Mrs,Sheroshi
teacher,Mrs. Sailaja|
Haldar,for
Navak, forherherinvaluable
invaluableguidance
guidancewhich
whichhas
hassustained
sustained
my
my efforts
efforts in allinthe
all stages
the stages of project
of this this project
work.work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous

Isupport
would also
and like to thank my parents for their continuous
encouragement.
support and encouragement.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow

My thanksand
classmates andtheappreciations also go
laboratory assistant to my fellow
in developing the
classmates
project and and
to thethepeople
laboratory assistant
who have in developing
willingly helped methe
out
with their
andabilitie
to the people who have willingly helped me out
project
with their abilities.
 Index
S.No. Content Page No.
1. Certificate 2

2. Acknowledgements 3
3. Aim/Objective 6

4 Project Report on Drugs Dependence 7

5. Introduction to "drugs addiction" 8

6. Classification of Drugs 9

7. Combinations of Drugs and Alcohol 10

8. How does drug addiction begin? 11

9. Social Disease Smoking. Drinking. and 12

Use of Drug
10. Tobacco 13

11. Alcohol 15

12. Conclusion 17

13 Bibliography 17
Obigetivg
OpiCGIIAG
To study drugs. their
classification, addictive
nature, and prevention from
addiction.
Projget Report on Prugs|
hLOlkGI KKbOI. OD DL.T82

Dependgneg
cbGgsugs
Drugs are prescribed by physicians for the prevention
or treatment of diseases, or for increasing the physical
and mental performance and are withdrawn as soon as
the desired effect is achieved. Repeated use of certain
drugs on a periodic or continuous basis may make the
body dependence. Such drugs are called psychotropic
drugs. They act on the brain and alter behavior.
consciousness, and capacity of perception. Hence, they
are also termed mood-altering drugs. Some people start
taking drugs without medical advice due to one reasoon
or the other and become drugs dependent.
 INTRODUICTION
TEKOMCOE TO
TO
"DRUGS ADDICTION"
"Drug Addiction" phrase is made by two words:
(1) Drug
(1) Addiction.

What is meant by a drug?

Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all
aviation or treatment of a disease is called a drug. A drug may also be
defined as a chemical which, when taken in some way after the body|
Junction.The drug isalsco known as a meclicine. Generally, the term dru
applied to any stimulating or depressing substance that can be habituating
or addictive.

Meaning of Addiction
Addiction is the habitual, psychological and physiological dependence on
a substance or practice. Which is beyond voluntary control. A person who
is habiuated to a sulbstance or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called
an addict.
Classification of Drugs|
C92211|G9NOD O1 DLOG2

There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent.

These are classified into four major groups: sedatives and tranquilizers.
opiate narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.

Type of Drug Examples Effect

Sedatives and Barbiturates Depress CNS activity
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines give a feeling of
Calmness.
relaxation.
drowsiness.

Opiate Narcotics Opium. Morphine. Suppress brain

Codeine. Heroin activity relaxed
pain.
Stimulants Amphetamines, Make a person more
Caffeine, Cocaine wakeful
alert and active.
cause excitement.

Hallucinogens LSQ. Mescalin Alter thoughts,

psilocybin. feeling. and
Ganja. Charas. perceptions.
Hashish.
Classification of Drugs|
CT9eeTITG9MOU O1 ALM2
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent.
These are classified into four major groups: sedatives and tranquilizers.
opiate narcotics, stimulants and hallucinogens.

Type of Drug Examples Effect

Sedatives and Barbiturates. Depress CNS activity
Tranquillizers Benzodiazepines feeling
8ive a of
Calmness.
relaxation.
drowsiness.

Opiate Narcotics Opium, Morphine, Suppress brain

Codeine. Heroin activity relaxed
pain.
Stimulants Amphetamines. Make a person more
Caffeine. Cocaine wakeful,
alert and active
cause excitement.

Hallucinogens LSQ. Mescalin. Alter thoughts.

psilocybin. feeling. and
Ganja. Charas perceptions.
Hashish.
 Combinations of Drugsand
CODDDTD9[ToD? O1 J)LOG2 9Dg

Aleohol
CODOT

Some addicts use mixtures of drugs to have immediate "kid' or 'charge'.

Simultaneous use of drug and alcohol may produce dangerous effects,
including death. When barbiturates and alcohol are taken together. each
doubles the effect of the other. A mixture ofcocaine and heroin called
speedball gives a spontaneous kick of cocaine and prolonged pleasure of
heroin.

Combination
1. Alcohol+ Barbiturates
2.Alcohol+ Antihistamines
3. Alcohol + Valium
4. Alcohol+Marijuana or
Hashish
5. Alcohol+Aspirin
Effect
Markedly increased the
depressant effect.
Marked drowsiness
Dramatically increases sedative
effect.
Decreased coordination
increased reaction time
Impaired judgment.
Increased changes of damage to
gastric mucosa.
 How does drug
JOM goc? qLoo
addietion begin?
9qqTGITOD DSTD
There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create
curiosity for having a personal experience of the drugs.
2. Friend's pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by
friends allures others to start the use of drugs.
3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to
get relief from frustration and depression.
4. The desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to
keep awake the whole night to prepare for the examination. It is not
desirable as it may cause a mental breakdown.
5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs
open up a new world tempts some young octets to start taking-drugs.
6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with
physician's advice at times leads to addiction.
7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders
in the family.
8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy
Ltheir inctinct for excitementand adventure
 Social Disgasg -Smoking,
DOGT9T T2T920 DOKTD
Drinking,
LDKTD
and Usg of Drugs
9DO (r20 O1 L.oo2

Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or

regularly are social diseases. They adversely affect the health
of the addicts and the society. Young people take to these
habits for fun, show off or curiosity, as an adventure or
feeling of freedom. or as a gesture of defiance against the
elders who themselves indulge in these activities but check
theyoungsters. Other factors that make people take to these
vices are the inability to face problems of life indifference
shown by members of the family and encouragement or
pressure by friends. A temporary escape from the life
problems and mental relaxation felt on taking the drugs in
the beginning increase person's interest in them. Soon they
become habitual and find in difficult to leave. The daily dose
to get the desired effect increases with time.
As in other countries, the menace of drug addiction is
spreading in India also. A large number of our young men
and women have taken to intoxicants. About 87.6 per cent
drug addicts are between the ages of 14 and 25 years.
 Tobacco
TOp9GGO
Sources:
It is a native of South Africa, where the
Red Indian first started smoking. Now
the tobacco plant has spread the world
over. It has large. quote to lanceolate
and terminal clusters white pink flowers.
leaves oftubular, or

Modes ofUse:
Tobacco is used for smoking. chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaloid nicotine,
which causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots ofthe
plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8%|
nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies,
pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. The cigar is a roll of
tobacco leaf. The cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is
tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn
directly from the pipe and through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking
may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the
long run. it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of
nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke
is inhaled. Hence. no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers may
a physiological craving for nicotine and then they cannot
develop
8Ive up smoking.
Effect of Nicotine:
Nicotine is a low concentration.
(i) Stimulates conduction of nerve
impulses.
(i) Relaxes the muscles.
(i) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate and pressure.
(iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances the risk of
heart diseases.
(v) Retards foetal growth in expecting mothers and
(vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of nicotine
paralyzes nerve cells.

Other Harmlulcomponentsof Tobacco Smoke

Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbon-
monoxide. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tar.
Olher Effiects:
(i) Smokingeffects economy: A smoker not only waste money but
also runs the risk of burns and fires.
(i) Smoking mars personality: Teeth may become stained. Lips may
get discolored and breath becomes foul. A person with a cigarette
hanging from the mouth looks odd.
(ii) Smoking is annoying to others: Cigarette smoke is quite
annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more harmful to
them. A smoker should avoid smoking. When in the company of
non-smokers. A smoker makes the person nearby person's passive
smokers through inhaling smoke released by him.
 dleohol
6ODOT

Sources:
Ethyl alcohol. or ethanol. flammable, colorless liquid having a penetrating
odour and burning taste. It is one of the products of the distillation of
fermented grains, fruit juices and starches with the help of yeast enzymes. It
is the principal constituent and the intoxicating principle of wines.

Modes of Use:
Alcohol is taken in low concentration, asthe beer, toddy, and wine and in
relatively high concentration as arrack. brandy. whiskey, rum, gin, vodka
etc.

Addiction:
Addiction to alcohol is called alcoholism. Alcoholics are found in all society
section of society. Alcohol causes intoxication and thus, acts as a poison.
They drinkers begin with small doses, but many of them soon start
consuming large doses and become addicts. By the time they realize that
drinking in adversely affecting them, it is too late to give it up.

Why People Take to Drinking:

The drinkers offer one or more of the following reasons for starting drinking.
(i) Social pressure
(i) Desire for excitement
(ii) Feeling of independence
(iv) Liking of taste
(v) Desire to escape from such realities of life as disappointments and
What happens when AlcoholisAlcohol and your health
consumed Many people dnink at harmhl iei

2res Eecs
Alcohol is quickly absorbed in
the stomach and upper part of
small intestine and reaches all
d Cance stroke
mouth
throat

the tissues in minutes. Its Dreast

cancer
oxidation starts at once and a heart
disease 10
large amount
in of heat in liveranse ttitittt
produced. Since heat is not
needed in the body. it is taken up by the blood and carried to the skin for
dissipation. Since the receptors of heat are located in the skin. the rush of
blood to the skin gives a false impression of warmth in the body. The blood
supply of internal organs is greatly reduced resulting in fall of temperature
in them. The energy released by alcohol is not used in any life process.
Rather the energy derived from food is used up in ridding the body ofexcess
heat.

Is AlcoholA Stimulant?
Many people take alcohol for stimulation. Actually. alcohol is a depressant.
a substance which dulls the senses. It reduces the efficiency of every tissue
the body. Any feeling of lift a person may claim to feel is a mistaken
impression or an attempt to justify the act in his own mind.
 Conclusions
ODGTr2TODJe

Drug use and addiction cause a lot and disability in the

of disease
world. Recent advances in neuroscience may help improve policies
to reduce the harm that the use of tobacco, alcohol and other
psychoactive drugsimpose on society.

Bibliography
1!DIO5L9DDT
See H. Abadinsky. Drug Abuse (1989): H. T. Milhorn, Jr. Chemical
Dependence (1990): D. Baum. Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and
the Politics of Failure (1996): M. Massing. The Fix (1998): J. Jonnes,
Hepcats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with
Illegal Drugs (1999): publications of the Drugs & Crime Data Center and
Clearinghouse. the Bureau of Justice Statistics Clearinghouse. and the
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information.

NCERT Class 12 Lab Manual

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Reference articles from various blogs.