Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

LICHENS
of
UTTAR PRADESH
SANJEEVA NAYAKA
D. K. UPRETI
CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute

Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow-226001
Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board

PICUP Bhawan, Gomti Nagar
Lucknow-226010
Lichens of Uttar Pradesh
() 2013, U.P. State Biodiversity Board
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

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Cover Page: Haematomma puniceum (S.W.) A. Marsal
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Foreword
Lichens represent a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a
phosynthetic partner. These organisms are the most ubiquitous on the planet,
being one of the few forms of life able to tolerate both the ice wastes of the
Antarctic and arid deserts.
The Lichenology lab of the National Botanical Research Institute is a
distinguished lab. Dr. Sanjeev Nayaka and Dr. D. K. Upreti have written this
book based on critical observation of more than 2250 lichen specimens
available at the herbarium of NBRI and also based on field studies in 35
districts of Uttar Pradesh. This book has original taxonomic description and
colour pictures of 135 well identified lichen taxa belonging to 46 genera and 25
families.
The study is unique and has been extremely useful as 11 new records for
India have been added for the State of Uttar Pradesh too. This study is of
immense use as 61 newspecies have beenadded to the earlier list ofspecies.
I sincerely hope that this bookwill put the subject on a firm fooling in the
state of Uttar Pradesh and lead to the appreciation of the important role that
lichens could play as biological indicators of atmospheric pollution. I am
confident that, this book will meetareal need and will be ofconsiderable use to
researchers, students, policy makers, educators, especially those interested in
lichenology.
I also sincerely hope that the wonderful 135 coloured photographs that
enrich this book will help to convey the beauty of these wonderful organisms
and stimulate greaterinterestin theseextraordinary"Fungin.
Iwishtheauthorsallsuccess!
ｾＳｬｒＭ＠ q"1tt1RI 3Pj"flQA Ｂｦｬｾ＠
:itJf, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute
v:fl ｾＨｦｬＡＮｔＩ＠
XJUlT ｾ＠ lfTTf. ｾ＠ - 226 001, ｜ＳＢＮｾ＠ .• 'l'fffil
(Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, New Delhi)
Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow - 226 001, U.P., India
Date : 20th May, 2013
Dr. C. S. Nautiyal
Director
Foreword
The diversity of higher group of plants in the state of Uttar Pradesh is

well worked out. However, the lower group of plants in general and lichens in
particular are poorly known from the state. Before the creation of new state of
Uttarakhand in the year 1994, the state of Uttar Pradesh was represented by rich
diversity of lichens as most of the temperate and alpine regions known for
luxuriant growth of lichens are under its boundaries. As a consequence of division
most of the lichen rich sites are now located in Uttarakhand and no authentic
record of lichen diversity from Uttar Pradesh is presently available so far.
The work embodied in this book entitled "Lichens of Uttar Pradesh" is
the outcome of extensive collection, critical observation of large number of
specimens available in the herbarium of this institute. The book covers detailed
taxonomic description and coloured photographs of 135 well identified lichen
taxa, with 11 new records for India and 61 new additions to the state of Uttar
Pradesh.
Being the first attempt of inventorization of lichens of the state of Uttar
Pradesh it is hoped that this book will be immense help to common people,
scientists, teachers, students and others interested in the study of lichens. The
identification keys both for different genera and species together with excellent
photographs of each species will enable the user of the book to identify the taxa
more easily.
I congratulate the authors for their endeavour and bringing out this
comprehensive and qualitatively important contribution to Indian Lichenology.
ｾＭ ..
(c. S. Nautiyal)
Phones: (Off.) (0522) 2205848, EPABX Phone: (0522) 2297800 to 229799 Fax: (0522) 2205839, Post Box No. 436, Lucknow
e-mail : director@nbri.res.in, csnnbri@yahoo.com, Website: http://www.nbri.res.in
Preface
Among the different group of plants the cryptogams in general and

lichens in particular are poorly known in the country. Except few rich lichen
sites in the temperate and alpine regions, most of the localities situated in
tropical regions of the country are poorly known for their lichen wealth. The
regional and local floristic accounts oflichens for most parts ofthe country are
either poorly known or lacking. As per latest information from the Gangetic
Plains only a total of 247 species are know while the state Uttar Pradesh records
only 43 species. On the contrary the state Uttar Pradesh records about 21,720
km' of forest area and includes one National Park and 24 Wildlife Sanctuaries.
Further, the state being capital of rich cultural heritage includes several
historical buildings and monuments that would possibly harbour rich diversity
of lichens. The ecological interesting habitats but poor record of lichens in
Uttar Pradesh persuaded us to initiate a detailed study on the lichens in the
state. To begin with the specimens that were already available at herbarium
LWG were studied and then fresh samples were collected from eastern parts of
the Uttar Pradesh in a span of two years. The study resulted in several
interesting specimens; however we present here only 135 well identified taxa.
The studyadded 61 newrecordsto Uttar Pradesh and n new records for India.
The present hook being the first attempt of inventorization of lichens of
the state ofUttar Pradesh not only generate an awareness about lichens among
common people but also will be of immense help to scientist, teachers,
students, conservators and environmentalist in their studies. We hope that the
book will also play a great role not only in preparation of databases ofplants of
the state hutalsoknowthestatusofplant diversity in the region.
S. Nayaka
D. K. Upreti
Acknowledgments
We thank The Secretary, Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board

(UPSBB), Lucknow, for the financial assistance provided under the project
entitled 'Enumeration of lichens from Uttar Pradesh'. We are grateful to
Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow for his
encouragement and for providing necessary infrastructural facilities at the
institute. We duly thank Dr. P. B. Khare, Coordinator, Plant Diversity,
Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-NBRI for his support. We would
especially thank Mrs. Pratibha Singh, IFS, Dy. Conservator of Forests, UPS BB
for her unconditional support and encouragement for the publication of the
book. Dr. Ramjee Srivastava, Senior Scientist, UPSBB is thanked for his
persistentencouragernentthroughoutthestudy.
Dr. P. K. Divakar, Associate Professor at Madrid, Spain was ofgreat help in

providing literature and technical advice at regular intervals. All the Research
Scholars of the Lichenology Laboratory, C SIR-NB RI are appreciated for their
cooperation during the study. Among them it is worth mentioning few names
who were of great help while the book was under publicatn; Dr. Rajesh Bajpai,
Mr. Himanshu Rai, Ms. Roshni Khare, Mr. Kamal Kumar Ingle, and Mr. Logesh
Acharya. Finally, we thank Mr. Piyush Dwivedi, Shivam Arts, Lucknow for
beautifullydesigningthe book.
Contents
1. Introduction ..................... 1
2. Geography of Uttar Pradesh ..................... 3
3. Status of lichen diversity in India ..................... 5
4. Lichen study in Uttar Pradesh ..................... 7
5. Current status of lichen diversity ... .................... 9

in Uttar Pradesh
6. Methodology ..................... 13
7. Key for identification of ..................... 18

lichen genera of Uttar Pradesh
8. Description of taxa ..................... 23
9. References ..................... 162

10. Glossary ..................... 167
11. Index ..................... 172

Introduction
Lichens are the unique group of organisms made of symbiotic association
between a photosynthetic partner (alga or cyanobacteria) and a heterotrophic
fungus. The fungal partner is called as mycobiont which in most of the cases
belong to phylum Ascomycota and rarely to Bacidiomycota. The
photosynthetic partner is called as photobiont. When the fungal and
photosynthetic partners form an association they loose their original identity
and start behaving as a single organism, i.e. lichens. The association is also
termed as 'lichenization' and fungus is then referred as 'lichenized fungus'.
Hence, lichens are called as dual organism and their body is known as
'compositethallus'. In most ofthe cases one mycobiontand a photobiontwould
make a successful association while few lichens would have more than one
photobionts usually belonging to both green algal and cyanobacterial group,
such association is called as tripartite lichens. Hence, ata given time lichen can
have members from two to three Kingdoms altogether, Fungi, Protists and
Monera (sensu Cavalier-Smith 2004). The lichen thallus is dominated by
fungal component (about 90%) and it provides shape, structure and even
colour to the organism. The lichens are classified under fungal Kingdom of
which about 1/5th of species are lichenized. Lichens are the most widely
distributed group oforganism in theworld and about 20,000 species are known
so far.
Since ancient times, lichens have been a household item in India, used as spice
and as traditional medicine. Lichens are an important ingredient in the
powdered spice, Garam Masala, Sambhar Masala and Meat Masala. The raw
lichen spices sold in Indian markets are actually the mixture of several species
and a total of35 were identified from them (Upreti et al. 2005). Reports on more
than 70 lichen species used in ethnic medicine throughout the world are
available, of which at least 25 are recorded from India. Lichens in the name
'Chharilla, 'Shailya' or 'Ushna' are used in Ayurvedic and Unani system of
medicine. The Gaddi tribes in Kangra valley use some lichen species as 'hawan
sam.agri' (sacrificial fire). Apart from these ethnic inhabitants in remote places
use lichen for ailments such as headache, skin diseases, urinary trouble, boils,
vomiting, diarrhoea, dysentery, heart trouble, cough, fever, leprosy and as a
blood purifier. The Bhatia tribes in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve,
Uttarkhand, bum lichen Thamnolia vermicularis and use the smoke as
vermicide to kill the germs in the milk storage containers. At Kannauj a town in
Uttar Pradesh traditional perfume named 'Otto' (HenaAttar) is prepared using
Lichens of Uttar Pradesh 11

lichens since 800 years. Large quantities of lichens are being collected from
Himalayas for their commercial use. Lichens are also known for their colouring
properties as they produce yellow, pink, violet, brown and orange dyes when
boiled with cotton, wool and silk cloth. Further, the lichen species produce
brilliant colour when treated with ammonia. Before the advent of synthetic
dyes lichens were used as a major textile dye in hilly and forest areas and are also
the source for famous litmus dyes.
The lichens produce >1000 secondary metabolites, of which only 50-6o are
known in other group of organism and rest all unique to themselves (Elix &
Stocker-Worgijtter 2008). Most of the secondary metabolite extracts showed a
wide variety of biological actions including antimicrobial (against fungus,
bacteria, virus, protozoa), anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic,
anticancerand antioxidant activities. Nayaka et al. (2010) enumerated a total of
i37 medicinally important lichens from India.
Lichens are sensitive to microclimatic conditions and are considered as
indicators of air pollution, anthropogenic disturbance, forest health and
continuity, and they constitute an important component of biodiversity.
Lichens are very slow growing organisms and attain just few millimeter or
centimeter ofgrowth ina year. However, theygrow on variety ofsubstrates in all
the phytogeographical regions of the world. Adequate moisture, light and
altitude, unpolluted air and undisturbed substratum often favours luxuriant
growthoflichens.
Lichens are popular organisms known by different common names in different
regions of the world such as Oak Moss, Iceland Moss, Reindeer Moss, Rock
Moss and Stone Flower in English. In Indian languages lichens are known by
different local names such as; Sanskrit - Shilapushp, Shailya, Siphal; Hindi -
Shaik, Pattar ka Phool; Uttarakhand - Chharilla, Chadilo, Jhoola Ghaas;
Marathi and Konkani - Dhagad Phool; Kannada - Kalluhuvu, Shilavalka; Tamil
and Malayalam- Kai Paasi, Kai Jadai, Kai Tamara; Bengali -Shailja; Himachali-
Mehendi; Kashmir - Pwn Rose; Panjabi - Chai Chabila; Assam and Sikkim -
Jhau.
2 ILichens of Uttar Pradesh

Geography of Uttar Pradesh
The state ofUttar Pradesh is situated between the coordinates 23° 52' - 30° 24' N
latitude and Tf 05' - 84° 34' E longitude. It is the fifth largest state of India
comprising an area of 2,40,928 km" which is 7.3% of the total area of the
country. The state shares its boundaries with Uttarakhand and Nepal in the
north, Bihar in east, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh in south-east and Madhya
Pradesh in south, and Rajasthan, Haryana and Delhi in west. The state is
divided in to 71 districts (see map in page 15) and it is the highly populous state
oflndiawith19,95,81,477people.
The state of Uttar Pradesh represented three distinct hysographical regions.
The transitional belt running along the entire length ofthe state ofUttarkhand
and country of Nepal is called the 'terai' and 'bhabhar' area. These areas have
thick forest interspersed with tall elephant grass, marshes and swamps. The
Gangetic Plains which stretches across the entire length ofthe state from east to
west is the most fertile land and utilized from the ancient time for agricultural
cultivation. The southern fringe of the Gangetic Plains is demarcated by the
Vmdhya Hills and Plateau. The area exhibit a unique topography with strong
ground and low hills.
The annual rainfall of Uttar Pradesh ranges from l,ooo - 1,200 mm and the
temperature varies between 5° C during winter to 45° C in summer. The state
has three seasons, i.e. winter - during November to February; summer - during
March to June, and monsoon - during July to September. The state is well
drained by a number of rivers originating from the Himalayas in north or
Vmdhya Hills in south. The river Ganges and its main tributaries - Yamuna,
Ram Ganga, Gomti, Ghagra and Gandak are fed by the perpetual snows of the
Himalayas. The Chambal, Betwa and Ken rivers have their origin form Vindhya
Hills and drain the south-western part of the state before joining Yamuna. The
Son Riveralso originates from Vindhya Hills and drain the south-eastern part of
the state.
The state has a total forest cover of 21,720 km•, which is about 9% of the state's
geographical area. The state has 70.3% of Reserve Forest, followed by 21% of
Un-Classified forest, and 8.6% of Protected Forests. It can be noted that Uttar
Pradesh has one National Park (Dudhwa) and 24 Wiidlife Sanctuaries. The
districts Sonbhadra (36.79%), Pilibhit (19.55%), Lakhimpur Kheri (19.05%) and
Chandauli (18.63%) are the few districts with maximum forest cover in the
state.
Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 3

The forest of the state is of typical northern dry deciduous type and can be
broadly divided in to dry deciduous forest, mixed forest, saal forest, scrub
forest, grass land and aquatic vegetation. Based on the Champion and Seth
classification the state has 27 forest types which belongs to the following forest
type groups;
l. Tropical semi-evergreen - 0.21%
2. Tropical moist deciduous - 19.68%
3. Littoral swamp - 2.35%
4. Tropical dry deciduous - 59.66%
5. Tropical swamp forest - 4.61%
Trees out side the forest areas (TO F) account for 22.49% of the green cover.
Within the forested area of Uttar Pradesh the flowering plants are fairly well
studied and so far 1,442 species are reported. The common forest tree
vegetation belongs to Acacia nilotica, A catechu, Adina cordifolia, Aegle
marmelos, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia variegata, Bombax ceiba, Butea
monosperma, Cassia fistula, Dalbergia sissoo, Diospyros melanoxylon, Ficus
benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Mallotus
philippensis, Mangifera indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Pterocarpus marsupium,
Shorea robusta, and Tectona grandis. About lo taxa ofangiosperm are endemic
to the state while more than 150 invasive alien species are reported which
belongs to 109 genera and 44 families. The state is represented by the
occurrence of 300 species of algae, 985 fungi, 135 species of lichens, 77
bryophytes, 44pteridophytesand1442 species ofangiosperms.

Status of lichen diversity in India
Lichens of India are being studied since 1753 A.D. with Carl Linnaeus
mentioning Lichen faciformis (L.) DC (= Roccella montagneii Bel.) from India
in his monumental work 'Species Plantarum'. Later on E. Acharius (1810, 1814),
and Fries (I.825) added four and five species respectively to Indian lichen
mycota. However, the first ever record oflichen collection from India is known
to be by Belanger (1834-38) from Pondichery and Coromandal Coast. After
Belanger for nearly 100 years and until 1930s several European naturalist
explored Indian subcontinent and collected a large numberoflichens. Awasthi
(1965, 2000) and Singh (1964) catalogued and provided a detailed historical
review of Lichenological studies in Indian subcontinent. Quraishi (1928) and
Chopra (1934) are probably the pioneer Indian nationalswho studied lichens of
the country. However, it was Dr. D.D. Awasthi who systematically initiated
lichenological studies in India and established a School of Lichenology in
Botany Department of Lucknow University, Lucknow. By the year 1965 total
number of lichens known from whole Indian subcontinent was 1310 species
(Awasthi 1965) and this number increased to 1995 species by the year 1977
(Singh 1980). Both the micro and macrolichens of Indian subcontinent (I.850
spp. under 23 genera and 8o families) were keyed out by Awasthi (1988, 1991).
Singh and Sinha (1997) estimated 2021 species of lichens within 248 genera for
India. Recently, Singh and Sinha (2010) enumerated a total of 2305 lichen
species under 305 genera and 74 families from India. Exhaustive exploration
and increased taxonomic studies resulted in constant rise in the number of
lichen species and at present India is represented by 2368 species under 305
genera and 67 families of which 557 (23%) are endemic. It can be noted that
since the year 1991 about 500 species are added to Indian lichen mycota at the
rate of25 speciesperyear.
Among the different lichen families Graphidaceae emerges as the most
dominant family in India with 431 taxa followed by Parmeliaceae (347 spp.) and
Physciaceae (213 spp.). Among the different genera Graphis has the maximum
number ofspecies (115) followed by Pyrenula (91), Lecanora (89) and Caloplaca
(71). More than 6o% of Indian lichen mycota is dominated by crustose lichens
with 1518 taxa, followed by foliose (705) and fruticose (205) lichens. Tropical
regions of the country exhibit more crustose lichens while temperate region
have dominance of foliose and fruticose lichens. Among the substratum most
of the lichens (1768) prefer to grow on bark. The rocks and soil are other
important substratum represented by605 and 222 taxarespectively. As many as
26 lichens, especially belonging to genus Calicium and Cladonia grow on dead
wood. A total of 54 lichens also grow on moss while four species grow on other

lichens. The foliicolous lichens are also well represented in India with 140
species of which at least 130 are grow exclusively (obligate) on leaves. The
foliicolous lichens grow in shady understory ofthe forest and in light gaps, and
are the indicator of forest health microclimate, anthropogenic disturbance
(Lucking i999, Liickingand Matzenoo1).
Singh and Sinha (1997) divided India in to eight Lichenogeographic Regions
based on the 10 dominant families and genera in the region. Among the eight
Lichenogeographic Regions, Eastern Himalaya and North-east India, and
Western Ghats represented maximum diversity of lichens with 1144 and 1138
species respectively. The Western Ghats also harbours maximum number of
266 endemic taxa. Western Himalayas ranks third in the diversity of lichens
with 781 species. Andaman and Nicobar Islands though represent lesser
number ofspecies (364) the percentage of endemic taxa is very high (2796). The
region Gangetic Plains to which the state Uttar Pradesh belongs represents a
total of 247 species under 78 genus and 34 families. Among different states of
India Tamil Nadu records the maximum numbers of lichens with 785 taxa
followed by Uttarakhand (581), West Bengal (531) and Sikkim (503). However,
there are several states and ecologically interesting sites within India that are
under explored for lichenological investigation and Uttar Pradesh is one such
state.

Lichen study in Uttar Pradesh
Before the creation of new state Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh in the year
1994, the state Uttar Pradesh was represented by 4'71 species of lichens
belonging to 88 genera and 46 fumilies. As a consequence of division most of
the lichen rich sites are now located in Uttarakhand. From Uttar Pradesh no
authentic chronological lichen exploration records are available. A specimen of
Heppia collected by Dudgeon from Allahabad during theyear 1926 is the oldest
record available so far for the the state. Upreti & Biidel (1990) identified this
specimen as Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl., and the species has not been
recollected anywhere from state or entire India.
After the year 1926 though the collections of lichens from few localities in the
state were available but the specimens remained undescribed or included
under the monographic studies such as; Pyxine (Awasthi 1980), Collema
(Akhtar & Awasthi 1980), Brigantiaea (Awasthi & Srivastava 198g), Caloplaca
(Joshi & Upreti 2007, 2008), Arthopyrenia (Upreti & Pant 1993), Endocapron
(Singh & Upreti 1984), Phylliscum (Upreti 1988), Lecanora (Uprtei 1997),
Heppia (Upreti & Biidel 1990). Upreti et al. (2002) reported Arthopyrenia
ceuthocarpoides Miill. Arg. and Phylliscum macrosporum A. Henssen from
Lucknow and as new record for India. Later on it is observed that the
identification of both the species are erroneous. It can be noted that P.
macrosporum was repeatedly cited by several authors till recently (Singh &
Upreti 1991; Chatterjee et al. 1996; Saxena2004; Saxena et al. 2004;Ayub 2005).
During the last two decade lichen biodeterioration studies attracted several
workers and lichens growing over monuments ofUttar Pradesh were collected
(Ayub 2005; Chatterjee et al., 1996; Saxena et al. 2004; Singh & Upreti 1991).
Apart from biodeterioration studies for carrying out air pollution monitoring
several specimens of lichens were also collected from different parts of Uttar
Pradesh including Faizabad (Dubey et al. 1999), Kanpur (Satya & Upreti 2009;
Satya et al. 2011), Lucknow (Bajpai et al. 2004; Mishra et al. 2003; Saxena 2004;
Saxena et al. 2007; Upreti &Bajpai 2001), and Rae Bareli (Bajpai et al. 201oa, b).
Srivastava (2004) attempted compile some of the above studies and mentioned
the occurrence of 42 lichen species belonging to 17 genera and 15 species in
Uttar Pradesh. Singh & Sinha (2010) in the annotated checklist of Indian
lichens enumerated 43 species from Uttar Pradesh. However, the correct
distributions of some of the species such as Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale,
Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & Shaer, Pyrenula immissa (Stirt.) Zahlbr., P.
introducta (Stirt.) Zahlbr., and P. pinguis Fee., was not mentioned in the
checklist.

A number of lichen taxa such as Parmelioid lichens (Divakar & Upreti 2005),
Lecanora (Nayaka 2004), Pyrenocarpous lichens (Gauniyal 2005),
Teloschistaceae (Joshi 2008) monographed at CSIR-National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow mentioned the occurrence of many taxa in the
state of Uttar Pradesh. Joshi (2008) described in his thesis a total 83
Teloschistacaen taxa from India and included seven species form Uttar
Pradesh. Recently, while studying the specimens collected from monuments of
Faizabad, Upreti & Nayaka (2006) described a new species of Anisomeridium
calcicolum Upreti & Nayaka. Further, Nayaka et al. (2on) listed a total of 42
species from n localitieswithin KatarniaghatWildlife Sanctuary.
Most of the lichenological studies in Uttar Pradesh were carried out in
Lucknow districts due to its easy accessibility by researchers at CSIR-National
Botanical Research Institute situated in Lucknow. The district has less offorest
area (129 km', 5.1%), but has a number of mango orchards all around which
provide suitable habitat for some epiphytic lichens. The district also has rich
cultural heritage and hence includes several old historical buildings and
monuments. The lime plaster of the monuments and some old buildings
provides suitable habitats for luxuriant growth ofcalcicolous lichens. Lucknow
is also one of the fast growing cities of north Indiawith increasing urbanization
and vehicular traffic. The lichens being sensitive to air pollution their
utilization in biomonitoring is another interesting aspect of the lichenological
investigation in the area. Singh & Upreti (1991) studied the lichen flora of
Lucknowwith reference to historical monuments, while Saxena (2004) studied
lichens in Lucknow in relation to air pollution. Saxena (2004) intensively
surveyed a large number oflocalities (51 nos.) within the district and recorded
33 species under 15 genera. Upreti et al. (2002), Saxena et al. (2003), and Upreti
(2005) made a few notes on changed environment of Lucknow with respect to
lichen mycota. Ayub (2005) studied the lichens growing on some major
monuments of Uttar Pradesh, especially of Lucknow and listed 14 lichen
species. Asafi Imambara, Asafi Mosque, Residency complex, Sadat Ali Khan
Maqbara, Sikander Bagh Building and Dilkusha Palace are some of the
monuments studied for lichen biodeterioration in Lucknow.
Nayaka & Upreti (2ou) compiled all the available literature as discussed above
on lichens of Uttar Pradesh which resulted in 90 species under 24 families and
33 genera. The list of 90 species served as base line information for the work
presented in this book.

Current status of lichen diversity in Uttar Pradesh
The accounts of lichens provided in this book is based on the critical

observation of more than 2250 specimens either readily available at herbarium
LWG or freshly collected from eastern part of Uttar Pradesh. The study also
involved the re-examination of several taxa earlier listed from the state by
Nayaka & Upreti (2011). Though there were several interesting taxa discovered
during the study in this book we presented only well identified species along
with their illustrations.
At present Uttar Pradesh is represented by r35 taxa (132 species and two
varieties) belonging to 46 genera and 25 families. The study added a total of 11
new records for India and 61 new additions to Uttar Pradesh. At the same time
in the present book 15 species of lichens were excluded due to their erroneous
identification or doubtful occurrence.
The lichen mycota of Uttar Pradesh is dominated by crustose lichens with 90
species. The foliose lichens are well represented in the state with 20 species and
it is followed by squamulose lichens with 18 species. The squamulose lichens
mostly belong to genera Endocarpon and Peltula, and occur on rocks, lime and
cement plasters ofmonuments and old buildings. The true fruticose lichens are
absent in Uttar Pradesh, however Lichinella flexa and Peltula tortuosa are
subfruticose or minutely fruticose growth forms occur in the state. The species
Peltula placodizans and Dimelaena tenuis are the only two placodioid forms
represented in Uttar Pradesh. Together with Chrysothrix other leprose lichen
collected from the state is Lecanora coriensis.
The lichens in Uttar Pradesh preferred to grow on tree barkwith 95 species and
rest of them (37) grew on rocky substratum (including lime/cement plaster);
Dirinaria aegialita and Parmotrema praesorediosum found growing both on
bark as well as on rock. Strigula smaragdula is the only species found growing
on leaves. It is interesting to note that Uttar Pradesh represented by a good
number of Pyrenocarpous lichens with 21 species, followed by Graphidaceous
(15, includingOpegrapha) and Cyanolichens (14).
Among the 25 lichen families, Physciaceae, Graphidaceae and Lichinaceae are
most diverse families with 10, 5 and 4 genera respectively. Similarly, among
different genera Lecanora is the most dominant genus with 17 species, followed
by Bacidia and Caloplaca with 11 and 9 species respectively. Arthopyrenia
nidulans, Arthothelium abnorme, Caloplaca bassiae, Peltula euploca, Pyxine
cocoes, and Rinodina sophodes are some of the most common lichens in Uttar
Pradesh.

Out ofthe 71 districts asper the current study lichens representation is available
only for 35 districts of the state of which Behraich and Lucknow represent 50
species each followed bySonbhadradistrictwith 39 species.
Among the 90 species of lichens listed by Nayaka & Upreti (20n) a total of 15
lichen species are excluded from Uttar Pradesh after following the modern
concept of different taxa. The major changes were observed regarding the
members of Graphidaceae after following nomenclature studies carried out by
Liicking 2009; Liicking et al. 2009; Mangold et al. 2009; Sharma et al. 2012;
Staiger 2012. Similar changes were also found in the genus Opegrapha while
following Ertz 2009.
List of lichen taxa excluded from Uttar Pradesh
1. Arthopyrenia terminata (Nyl.) Miill. Arg. (Arthopyreniaceae) - reported
from Lucknow (Saxena2004; Gauniyal 2005).
2. Bacidia medialis (Tuck.) Zahlbr. (Ramalinaceae) - reported from
Lucknow(Saxena2004;Srivastava2004)
3. Caloplaca conciliascens (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (Teloschistaceae) - reported from
Mirzapur (Joshi2oo8)
4. Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. (Teloschistaceae) - reported from
Bahraich (Nayaka et al. 2on)
5. Drinaria papillulifera (Nyl.) D. D. Awasthi (Physciaceae) - reported from
Faizabad (Dubey et al. 1999; Srivastava2004; Singh &Sinha 2010)
6. Fissurina incrustans Fee (Graphidaceae) - reported from Bahraich
(Nayakaetal. 2on)
7. Graphis guimarana Vaino (Graphidaceae) - reported from Bahraich
(Nayaka et al. 2ou)
8. Graphis nigroglauca Leighton (Graphidaceae) - reported from Bahraich
(Nayakaetal. 2on)
9. Graphis subasahinae Nagarkar & Patw. (Graphidaceae) - reported from
10. Graphis subserpentina Nyl. (Graphidaceae) - reported from Bahraich
(Nayaka et al. 2on)
n. Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp. (Fuscideaceae) - reported from Bahraich
(Nayaka et al. 20n)
12. Opegrapha herpetica (Ach.) Ach. (Roccellaceae) - reported from
Lucknow (Saxena 2004; Srivastava, 2004)
13. Opegrapha cfr. heterospora Vainio (Roccellaceae) - reported from
14. Opegrapha leptoterodes Nyl. (Roccellaceae) - reported from Lucknow
(Saxena2004)
15. Pertusaria pallidula Stirton (Pertusariaceae) - reported from Lucknow
(Saxena2004)
16. Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl. - reported from Bahraich (Nayaka et al.
20u)
10 I Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

List of all the lichen taxa treated in the book (Note: New to Uttar Pradesh
are marked with* sign and new to India are presented in bold letter)
1. Anisomeridium calicicolum 32. C. chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon*

Upreti & Nayaka 33. Collema pulcellum var.
2. Arthopyrenia grisea (Schleich. ex subnigrescens (Miill. Arg.) Degel.
Schaer.) Korber* 34. Cryptothecia scripta G. Thor
3· A. minor R.C. Harris* 35· Dimelaena tenius (Milli. Arg) H.
4· A. nidulans Miill. Arg. Mayrhofer & Wippel*
5· Arthothelium abnorme (Ach.) 36. Diorygma junghuhnii (Montn. &
Miill. Arg. * Bosch) Kalb, Staiger & Elli:
6. Bacidia alutacea (Krempelh) 37. Dirinaria aegialita (Afz.) Moore
Zahlbr. 38. D. applanata (Fee) D.D. Awasthi*
7. B. amoldiana Korber* 39. D. confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi
8. B. convexula (Miill. Arg.) Zahlbr.* 40. D. consimilis (Stirton) D.D.
9. B. incongruens (Stirton) Zahlbr. * Awasthi
10. B. inundata (Fr.) Korber 41. Endocarpon nanum A. Singh &
11. B. laurocerasi (Delise ex Duby) Upreti
Ozenda & Clau.z. 42. E. nigrozonatum A. Singh &
12. B. millegrana (Taylor) Miill. Arg. Upreti
13. B. rubella (Hoffin.) Massal.* 43· E. pallidum Ach.
14· B. rufescens (Miill. Arg.) Zahlbr.* 44. E. pusillum Hedwigia
15. B. spadicea (Ach.) Zahlbr.* 45. E. rosettum A. Singh & Upreti
16. B. submedialis (Nyl.) Zahlhr. 46. E. subrosettum A. Singh & Upreti
17. Bacidiospora psorina (Nyl. ex 47. Fissurina comparimuralis
Hue) Kalb* Staiger*
18. Baculifera remensa (Stirton) 48. Graphis ajarekarii Patw. & C.R.
Marbach* Kulk.*
19. Buellia alboatrior (Nyl.) Zahlbr.* 49· G. capillacea Stirt.*
20. B. almorensis S. Singh & D.D. 50. G. chlorotica A. Massal &
Awasthi Kremp.*
21. Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex 51. G. cincta (Pers.) Aptroot*
Ach.) Zahlbr. 52. G.japonica (Miill.Arg.)A.W.
22. C. cinnabarina (Ach.) Zahlbr.* Archer & Lucking*
23. C. cupulifera (Vainio) Zahlbr. 53. G. pseudoserpens Chaves &
24. C. granularis (Miill. Arg.) Liicldng*
Zahlhr.* 54. G. striatula (Ach.) Spreng.
25. C. phlogina (Ach.) Flagey* 55· G. subducta Vainio*
26. C. poliotera (Nyl.) Steiner* 56. Haematomma puniceum (Sm. ex
27. C. subpoliotera Y. Joshi & Upreti Ach.) Massal.*
28. C. tropica Joshi, Y. & Upreti 57· Hafellia disciformis (Fr.) Marbach
29. C. vitellinula (Nyl.) H. Olivier & H. Mayrhofer
30. Chapsa alborosella (Nyl.) A. 58. Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl.
Frisch 59. Hyperphyscia adglutinata var.
31. Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) J.R. adglutinata (Florke) Mayerli &
Laundon Poelt*
6o. H. adglutinata var. pyrithrocardia Krog.
(Milli. Arg.) D.D. Awasthi* 97· P. placodizans (Zahlbr.)
61. H. minor (Fee) D.D. Awasthi Wetmore*
62. H. syncolla (Tuck ex Nyl.) Kalb. 98. P. tortuosa (Nees) Wetmore
63. Lecanora achroa Nyl. 99. P. zahlbrucknerii (Hasse)
64. L. alba Lumbsch* Wetmore
65. L. argentata (Ach.) Degel. 100. Pertusaria albidella Nyl.*
66. L. austrointumescens Lumbsch & 101. P. leucosora Nyl.*
Ellie 102. P. leucostoma (Bernh.) Massa!.
67. L. cenisia Ach.* 103. P. punctata Nyl.*
68. L. chlarotera Nyl.* 104. P. quassiae (Fee) Nyl.
69. L. cinereofusca H. Magn. 105. Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.)
70. L. concilians Nyl. Moberg
'11· L. coriensis (Hue) J.R. Laundon 1o6. P. orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg
p.. L. coronulans Nyl.* 107. Phylliscum indicum Upreti
73- L. flavidomarginata B. de Lesd. 1o8. P. testudineum Henssen*
74. L. helva Stizenb. 109. PhyUopeltula steppae Kalb*
75. L. ineljecta Milli. Arg. no. Physcia dimidata (Arn.) Nyl.
76. L. leprosa Fee Ill. Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr.*
77. L. perplexa Brodo Il2. Pyrenopsis triptococca Nyl. *
78. L. pseudistera Nyl.• n3. Pyrenula brunnea Fee
79· L. rugosella Zahlbr. Il4· P. comirana Vainio
80. L. tropica Zahlbr. n5. P. mamillana (Ach.) Trevisan
81. Lecidea granifera (Ach.) Vainio n6. P. melaleuca Miill. Arg.*
82. Letrouitia leprolyta (Nyl.) n7. P. subacutalis Upreti
Hafellner n8. P. subglabriuscula Vainio
83. L. transgressa (Malme) Hafellner n9. Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl.
&Bellem. 120. P. himalayensis D.D. Awasthi*
B4. LicheneUaflexa Henssen, 121. P. meissnerina Nyl.
Bildel &:Nash* 122. P. petricola Nyl. *
85. Opgerapha agelaeotera 123. P. subcinerea Stirton*
Vainio* 124. Ramonia microspora V&da*
86. 0 . astraea Tuck.* 125. Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray*
87. 0 . maldi-veana Ertz* 126. R. oxydata (Massal.) Massal.*
88. 0. subvulgata Nyl. 127. R. sophodes (Ach.) Massal.
89. 0. varia Pers.* 128. Sphinctrina anglica Nyl.
90. Parmotrema mesotropum (Miill. 129. S. tubaeformis Massal.
Arg.) Hale 130. Strigula smaragdula Fr.*
91. P. praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale 131. Thelenella luridella (Nyl.)
92· P. saccatilobum (Taylor) Hale Mayrh.*
93· hltula corticola Biidel & R. 132. Thelotrema pachysporum Nyl.
Sant.* 133. Thyrea plectospora A. Massa!.*
94. P. euploca (Ach.) Poelt 134. Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.)
95· P. obscurans (Nyl.) Gyeln. Wahlenb.*
96. P. patellata (Bagl.) Swinsc. & 135· V. pinguicula ( Nyl.) Massal.*
121 Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

Methodology
The present investigation initiated with more than 500 lichen specimens
earlier collected and preserved in the herbarium LWG representing 15 districts
of Uttar Pradesh. Fresh samples of lichens were collected from orchards and
forested areas in 22 districts in eastern parts of Uttar Pradesh (Allahabad,
Ambedkar Nagar, Azamgarh, Baliya, Balrampur, Chandauli, Deoria, Gazipur,
Gorakhpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Kushinagar, Maharajganj, Mau, Mirzapur,
Pratapgarh, Sant Kabir Nagar, Sant Ravidas Nagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra,
Sultanpur, Varanasi). The lichen samples were dried, labeled with details of
localities and preserved in the herbarium LWG for further study.
The lichens specimens were identified following the standard procedure by
studying their morphology, anatomy and chemistry. The external morphology
was studied using the Leica SSAPO and Leica EZ4 stereozoom microscopes.
The anatomical structures, especially of ascomata were studied using Leica
DM500 and Nikkon Eclipse compound microscope. The microscopes were
attached with camera and photographic accessories. The thin hand cut
sections of the apothecia were initially mounted in plain water to record the
colour and measurements ofvarious structures. The sections were then treated
with aqueous KOH solution and Lugol's solution (for iodine reaction) and
reactions were recorded. The colour spot tests were performed on the cortex
and medulla by using routine reagents; aqueous solution of KOH (K), calcium
hypochlorite (C) and para-phenalene-diamine (P). Thepositivereactionswere
marked as + and negative as -. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) was
performed in solvent system A (Toluene r8o ml :1-4 Dioxane 60 ml : Acetic acid
8 m) following Walker & James (1980) for identification of secondary
metabolites. In case of lichen genus Dirinaria microcrystalography was
performed for identification of divaricatic and sekikaic acids through their
shape and structures ofcrystal.
Identified taxa are confirmed by matching them with the original protologue,
type material or well identified specimens available at LWG herbarium.
Following the recent classification proposed by Lumbsch & Huhndorf (2007)
the nomenclature ofthe taxaareupdated.
The book is provided with the artificial key for identification ofall lichen genera
represented; brief description to the genus and key for identification of the
species within the genus. A statistics of total number of species known under
the genus in the world and from India are provided next to the genus character
along with the relevant literature consulted. For all the taxa treated in the book
only basionym is provided (whenever available). The description and photo-

graphs of each taxa included in the book is entirely based on the observation of
specimens from Uttar Pradesh, except for Collema pulcellum var.
subnigrescens, where the specimen was untraceable. An attempt is made to
provide the detailed description including morphology, anatomy and
chemistry. Pleasenotethatthethicknessofexciple, epihymenium, hymenium,
hypothecium do notcarryanytaxonomicsignificanceasthey likelytovaryfrom
specimen to specimen.
Under the subheading 'comments' ecology and diagnostic characters of the
species is discussed. The status of lichen is species mentioned as rare, common
and very common based on the number of specimens available and different
localities or districts to which they represent. The world distribution is
mentioned whenever the species is new to India. Further, the distributions of
all thetaxa included are marked individually on the map ofUttar Pradesh.

Map of Uttar Pradesh
UTTAR PRADESH
t ﾷｾ＠
Map not to scale
ｾｉ＠
1. Saharanpur 19. Shahjahanpur 37. Kanpur Nagar 55. Ambedkar Nagar

2. Muzaffarnagar 20. Farrukhabad 38. Unnao 56. Sant Kabir Nagar
3. Baghpat 21. Etah 39. Lucknow 57. Maharajganj
4. Meerut 22. Mainpuri 40. Barabanki SB. Kushinagar
s. Bijnor 23. Firoza bad 41.Gonda 59. Gorakhpur
6. Ghazlabad 24. Agra 42. Bahralch 60. Azamgarh
7. Gautam Buddha Nagar 25. Etawah 43. Shrawasti 61. Jaunpur
8. Bulandshahar 26. Kannauj 44. Balrampur 62. Allahabad
9. Jyotiba Phule Nagar 27. Harnoi 45. Siddharth Nagar 63. Mirzapur
10. Moradabad 28. Lakhimpur Kheri 46. Basti 64. Sant Ravidas Nagar
11. Rampur 29. Sitapur 47. Faizabad 65. Varanasi
12. Bareilly 30. Auraiya 48. Sultanpur 66.Chandauli
13. Budaun 31. Ramabai Nagar 49. Rae Bareli 67. Ghazipur
14. Allgarh 32. Jalaun so. Fatehpur 68. Mau
15. Mathura 33. Jhansi 51. Banda 69. Deoria
16. Mahamaya Nagar 34. Lalitpur 52. Chitrakoot 70. Ballia
17. Kanshiram Nagar 35. Mahoba 53. Kaushambi 71. Sonbhadra
18. Pilibhit 36. Hamirpur 54. Pratapgarh

Mx.t clecicluous fonist
In Hll!lnalla
(Sonbhadra dlst.)
Rocky outcrop at
Mariwndi Hills
{Sonbh!Hta dist}
which harboured
many lnlefe51fng
lichens
Shor«I roblattt ｾｉｮ＠

Nlcttlol Forest Range of
Sohaglt•uwa Wiidiife
SMldllery
(M•hlrajg•rj dirt.)
Mal90 on:hlrd h
T"sipur.;1.
lfounpurdiot.)
IJlxu rlant g rowtll

offolose lchens
on 5horlla robusltl
ｾｴｮｭｫｬ＠
ShalcUn•9'1'
(Sonbhldr• dist.)
Lll)(Urilnt growth of
some <ru-llchen In
Nlchlol Forest Range of
Sohllglbtrwe Wiidiife ,
Sand:ullry
(M1h1nijg1nj dirt.)
l.ltftemtl(w.-.111
Key for identification of lichen genera of Uttar Pradesh
ia. Thallusdistinctlyfoliose, ±orbicular, continuous, margin± free ...... 2

ib. Thallus otherwise (minute fruticose, placodioid,
squamulose, leprose, crustose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2a. Thallus dark olive green to brownish, thin, plicate,
photobiont cyanobacteria ... Collema ( C. pulcellum var. subnigrescens)
2b. Thallusotherwise(whitishgrey, brownish to greenish grey) .......... 3
¥· Marginal lobes broader, lower surface lacking
rhizines, smooth, brown and shinning ................. Parmotrema
3b. Marginallobesnarrow,lowersurfacerhizinateornot ............... 4
¥· Thalluswhitishgrey,lobes±pruinose,K+yellow ................... s
4b. Thallusgreenishgreyto brownish, K- ............................ 7
5a. Thallusdenselypruinose, delicate, sorediate ..... Physcia (P. dimidiata)
5b. Thallusotherwise,lobes±pruinose ............................. 6
6a. Thalluscloselyadnate, lower surface lacking rhizines ........ Dirinaria
6b. Thallus ±free at margin, lower surfacewith rhizines ............ Pyxine
7a. Lower surface with dense rhizines projecting
beyond the lobes . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. Phaeophyscia
7b. Lower surface with moderate rhizines, not
projecting beyond the lobes, lobes
± closely adpressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyperphyscia
Ba. Thallus leprose, sorediate, granular or minute
isidiate, usually sterile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Bb. Thallusotherwise ........................................... n
9a. Thallus K+ purple, isidiate or
sorediate ....................... Caloplaca (C. bassiae, C. phlogina)
9b. Thallus K+ yellow or K-, leprose ................................ 10
10a. Thallus yellow orange or lemonyellow, calycin present . . . . . Chrysothrix
10b. Thallus whitish to bluish grey,
usnic acid present ........................ Lecanora (L. coriensis)
na. Thallusminutelysub-fruticosetofruticose ....................... 12
nb. Thallussquamulose, placodioid, crustose ........................ 13

12a. Thallus with cylindrical lobes, black,
dark bluish black, saxicolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lichinella (L. flexa)
12b. Thallus sub-fruticose, with upright lobes,
olive green to brownish, saxicolous ............. Peltula (P. tortuosa)
lJ<l. Thallus squamulose to placodioid,
lobate at margin, saxicolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
13b. Thallussquamuloseorcrustose ................................ 15
ｾﾷ＠ Thallus greenish brown, orbicular,
gyrophoric acid present, saxicolous ........... Dimelaena (D. tenius)
14b. Thallus olive brown to brown, effigurate,
with long radiating lobes, saxicolous ......... Peltula (P. placodizans)
15a. Thallussquamulose ......................................... 16
15b. Thalluscrustose ............................................ 24
16a. Thallus minute, squamulose to granular,
apothecia orange-pink to brown,
ascospores hyaline, transversely septate . . . . Bacidiospora (B. psorina)
16b. Thallus squamulose, subfoliose to
minutely foliose, ascomata otherwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
17a. Thalluscorticolous, photobiont cyanobacteria ................... 18
17b. Thallus saxicolous, growing on rocks or
lime/cement plaster, photobiont green alga or cyanobacteria ...... 19
18a. Thallusgreenish brown, sorediate ............... Peltula (P. corticola)
18b. Thallusolive brown, esorediate ............. Phyllopeltula (P. steppae)
19a. Thallus with green algae, yellow brown
to greenish brown, ascomata perithecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Endocarpon
19b. Thalluswithcyanobacteria, ascomataotherwise .................. 20
2oa. Thallusdark brown, reddish brown to black ...................... 21
20b. Thallusgreenishbrowntopalebrown ........................... 23
2ia. Thallus in rosettes, ascomata pycnoascocarp,
ascospores simple, hyaline, globose to
broadly ellipsoid .......................... Thyrea (T. plectospora)
21b. Ascomataapothecia ........................................ 22
22a. Upper surface of the squamules granular,
marginal squamules sometimes elongate
to effigurate ........................... Pyrenopsis (P. triptococca)
22b. Squamulessmooth, circularandcloselyaggregated ........ Phylliscum
23a. Apothecial disc wide open, orange to red brown,
asci 8 spored . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heppia (H. lutosa)

23b. Apothecial disc wide open or closed, asci multi spored ......... Peltula
2¥. Ascomata unorganized ...................................... 25
24b. Ascomata organized (mazaedium, perithecia,
apothecia or modified apothecia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
25a. Ascomata round to irregular, dark
grey to black, asci 8 spored . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthothelium (A. abnorme)
25b. Ascomata granular or verrucose, white
to creamish, asci t spored ................. Cryptothecia (C. scripta)
26a. Ascomatamazaedium, stalked orsubsessile .............. Sphinctrina
26b. Ascomataotherwise ........................................ 27
27a. Ascomata perithecia ........................................ 28
27b. Ascomataapotheciaormodifiedapothecia ...................... 34
28a. Thallusepiphyllous, whitish grey ............ Strigula (S. smaragdula)
28b. Thalluscorticolousorsaxicolous .............................. 29
29a. Ascospores brown, mostly 3 septate,
perithecia black, thallus corticolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pyrenula
29b. Ascosporeshyaline, thalluscorticolousorsaxicolous .............. 30
3oa. Ascospores simple, thallus saxicolous,
greenish brown to grayish brown, rimose areolate ......... Verrucaria
3ob. Ascosporestransverselyseptateormuriform ..................... 31
Jia. Ascospores muriform, thallus saxicolous,
olive brown to brown, areolate, smooth ....... Thelenella (T. luridella)
Jlb. Ascosporestransverselyseptate ............................... 32
32a. Perithecia covered by thallus, with
involucrellum, ascospores up to 3 septate,
thallus corticolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Porina (P. aenea)
32b. Perithecia naked, small, black, ascospores 1-3 septate .............. 33
33'1· Paraphyses long celled, branched and anastomosing
above the asci, thallus saxicolous ...... Anisomeridium (A. calcicolum)
33b. Paraphyses ± moniliform, branched
and anastomosing, thallus corticolous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arthopyrenia
3¥· Apothecia lirellate .......................................... 35
34b. Apotheciaotherwise ........................................ 38
3sa. Lirellaewhite, emergent, sunkenorfissurelike ................... 36
35b. Lirellae blackto dark grey, emergent, immersed tocompletelynaked . 37

36a. Disc white, covered with brownish
puina, exciple non-carbonized, ascospores
hyaline, muriform ...................... Diorygma (D. junghuhnii)
36b. Disc slit or fissure like, mostly sunken,
lirellate area white, delicate, ascospores
transversely septate to submuriform .... Fissurina (F. comparimuralis)
37a. Llrellae completely naked, simple,
ascospores hyaline, transversely septate,
locules mostly rectangular ............................ Opegrapha
37b. Llrellae partially or completely covered by
thallus, ascospores hyaline, transversely
septate or muriform, locules otherwise .................... Graphis
38a. Ascomata perithecioid, opening with pore,
chroodiscoid, emergent or sunken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
38b. Ascomatarounded,cuplike .................................. 42
39a. Ascomata perithecioid, sunken in verrucae,
thallus verrucose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pertusaria
39b. Ascomataotherwise ........................................ 40
4oa. Ascomata chroodiscoid, round to elongated,
sunken to the level of thallus, ascospores
transversely septate ....................... Chapsa (C. alborosella)
4ob. Ascomataopeningwithpore .................................. 41
4J.i1. Asci 8 spored, ascospores transversely septate,
thallus whitish grey ....................... Thelotrema (T. subtile)
41b. Asci multi spored, ascospores simple,
thallus greenish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ramonia (R. microspora)
42a. Apothecial margin and disc black, ascospores brown .............. 43
42b. Apotheciaotherwise ........................................ 45
4Ja· Hymenium inspersed with oil globules,
ascospores i-septate ..................... Hafellia (H. disciformis)
43b. Hymenium lacking oil globules, ascospores
transversely 1 or more septate or submuriform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4¥· Ascospores with transversely 1 septate,
norstitic acid present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baculifera (B. remensa)
44b. Ascospores submuriform or appearing as 3 septate with two
pseudolocules on either side of middle septa ................ Buellia
45a. Apothecia margin concolours to thallus, smooth to
verrucose, lecanorine, disc variously coloured ................... 46

45b. Apothecial margin otherwise, coloured to pale ................... 49
46a. Proper exciple brown, continuous with
the hypothecium, ascospores simple,
thallus verrucose to granular ................. Lecidea (L granifera)
46b. Properexciplehyaline,distinctorindistinct ..................... 47
47a. Apothecial disc orange red to brick red,
ascospores transversely septate ......... Haematomma (H. puniceum)
47b. Apothecialdiscotherwise, variouslycoloured .................... 48
4-Ba. Ascosporeshyaline, simple, ellipsoid ..................... Lecanora
4-Bb. Ascospores brown, 1septate ............................. Rinodina
49a. Ascospores polaribilocular, hyaline,
epihymenium K+ purple .............................. Caloplaca
49b. Ascospores transversely 3 to many septate,
submurifonn,hyaline ...................................... 50
5oa. Ascospore Iocules lentiform, apothecial
margin yellow-orange ................................ Letrouitia
sob. Ascosporeloculesothel'\\li.se .................................. 51
5ia. Thallus minutely squamulose, apothecial
disc orange pink, ascospores acicular,
transversely 4 -12 septate ................. Bacidiospora (B. psorina)
51b. Thallus crustose, granular, scurfy to
furfuraceous, ascospores 3 -15 septate ..................... Bacidia

Description of the Taxa
Anlsometfdlum (MOii. Arg.) M. Cnoisy
{Family. Monoblastiaceae}
lam. Lit:b.. Unnt: .). 190&
TMllwl c:nur:-.
photobimit ｾＮ＠
epl or endophl.oeodal, wbltllh. pale 11f!f IX> sreamb;
A..,...,m peritbecU, h...,ioplio:rial IX> globGR,
lllmple to cmnpollllll Pa:.aplxjwww llmder, brandied and a.-mo.d aboooe;
per;pi.,se.abeent. Aocicylindrial ID ､｡ｶｾ＠ 8 spol'td; ＮＬ｟ｒｰ｢ｬｾ＠
oftlld ID daml:-fa.ltilrm, hyallne. tm001h.11Di to biRrlalle. ｐｲ｣ｮｬ､｡ｾ＠
ID ...,;le, bladr. :tglob.- arwni<llll
Woitdwide100apecia;illdia17opecies;Litimture:Upreti•NIJdazoo6.
ｾｮｩｴ＠ 'r'·911 Upretl & Nayaka

Ur:hotologllt: )ll(J): Jl3l. :aoo6.
Tha1IUI llU!colowo (lime p]aaer), era-. pm to oim........, dJla. filmr or
S0!11<'Wbat granular in put, wntinuous, Clilela:d ｷｩｴｾ＠ diy. hrith.a.t
cu5-o.50 mm c&m., 10llmy orMOltlahu& 2 ar3 amflamt, hmdlphedml,
badr, ｡ｬｾ＠ illl.tmJn&, uually nalo!d, ...,,tttm. . ｾ＠ by a tb.aE.lo.e l.ajoer
almll9t up ID tho CJltiale; Oltiole apical. Eiu:iple ｾ＠ bid; up ID 50 pm
thldt aMUDd Clltkde. paler In I.a..... paiu, 3'--40 I-Im thick; bom.ttbitdam
i.Bo-:aso 1.1111, ｾ･Ｎ＠ ail draplm absmt; pamphysa anbrancbed nar the
bw, hmvh'"irandanuromollngaboYe.Aadltpared. CJllndrlcaltoclavate,
60 - 70 x 12 -16 µm, apical dome with distinct, broad ocular chamber;
ascospores hyaline, transversely i septate, spindle shaped, one cell larger than
the other, 15-19 x 5-8 µm. Pycnidia black, hemispherical, superficial to
submerged, 0.01- o.3 mm diam.; micro conidia globose, rarely slightly
elongated, l.o -1.5 µm diam.
Chemistty:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Nochemicalsdetected.
Comments: Anisomeridium calcicolum has a unique habitat as it is found
growing on lime plaster of more than 200 years old monument Gulab Bari in
Faizabad district. It grows on moist, vertical surface near the base of the
monument, in association with some species of Lichinaceae. Though it is
luxuriantly growing on the monuments, but rare in occurrence as it is collected
from single locality.
Arthopyrenia A. Massal. (Family: Arthopyreniaceae)

Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost: 165. 1852.
Thallus crustose, thin, epi or usually endophloeodal; photobiont green alga,
Tretepohlia. Ascomata perithecia, simple, sunken or adnate, somewhat
confluent, globular to hemispherical. Exciple brown or blackish brown,
complete or lacking at base; ostiole apical; paraphyses thick, free, gelatinized,
branched and anastomosed. Asci with or without ocular chamber, usually 8
spored; ascospores hyaline, oval-ellipsoid, with blunt ends, transversely 1-5
septate, constricted at septa.
World wide120 species; India15 species; Literature: Upreti &Pantt993.
Key to the species of Arthopyrenla
ia. Ascospores spindle shaped, 1septate,20-42 x 6-16 µm ..... A. nidulans
ib. Ascosporesoblong-ellipsoid,upto2oµmlong .................... 2
2a. Ascospores 1- 3 septate ................................. A grisea
2b. Ascospores always 1septate, mature spores
sometimes pale brown ................................. A. minor
Arthopyrenia grisea (Schleich. ex Schaer.) Korber

Syst. Lich. Germ. : 369. 1855. - Verrucaria epidermidis var. grisea Schleich. ex
Schaer., Lich. Helv. Spicil. 2: 56. 1826.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, smooth to rough, shining, yellowish grey,
endophloeodal. Perithecia black, solitary or 2 - 3 in groups, sunken to slightly
emergent, flat to slightly conical, covered by corticiform layer, 0.06- 0.12 mm
diam.; ostiole apical, ostiolarregion black, naked. Exciple ± laterally spreading,
brown above, pale, thinning or indistinct at base, 10 - 27 µm thick;
hamathecium conical to globose, hyaline, I-, 205- 228 x 175 -190 µm across;

ｰＮ｡ｲｾ＠ branched .and anastamot!ng. Ad 8 llpQftd. clavab! to cyllnddcal,
6o-8o x 16-J.8 11111; u. 5jJ 1es bJUine, 1-2(-1) sqitltc, ｯ｢ｾｩ､Ｌ＠
1s-20xs-1imi-
Che:mlmy: 'lhallusK-, C-, ItC-,P-. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｨｬＡｮｫ｡､･ｾ＠
<lo-enb:Ardiopymiia pisai isa "'"'species in U'ttarPradaft-(oun.d
p."OWins on Manglfm:t. indka ll'tt U'Unb along !Oad lllde, neu by Thmnal
Power Plant (NTPC) In lla.ellan!lid!sli!ct. Th.eapedmM.ofthiaspi!dHappeara
.111 ｾ｣ｲｕｬｴ＠ due to ilsanallalift oftheperi!:ll«ia. wbich iamOltly _,_i,
byc:oltldfurmliltfH
.AlfJJop>jrwnli minor R.C. Harris, in Tucker & ｈ｡ｲｩｾ＠
Bl'yo/ogi.rt8_W): 7-19io·
Thal.lu.t cozticololl6\ crustose, bll1Wllish 8ft1; smooth, aacked ｾＮ＠
mdophloeodaJ. Ptdlhecla blaclr, ｬｏＡｴ｡ｲｹｯｾＲＭＳ＠ In gr;iupa. conlcal to
.....,igfobosc, swikm to 9emi.·em Ft. o.i7-0-45 mm.diam., 06Qolar rcgioll
nahd; ccdole apical, lndllllinc:t. Jbdple ix'own abotoe, pale, lhlnnlna and
indistinct below, Jl-» II"' thick; hamalhedum ｾ＠ 1-, :&!JI x 395 µm
aczow; paraphyltlJ branched andana.11.0lllO<l!ng. Aid 8 llpOred, cyl.fndrical to
davm. 45-73 x 10-15 j1Dl; a$0)8j- hyallne (tomdim.H pale brown at
mmiri!:J), ｾＱｴ･ｰＳＬ＠ olilcmgtoellipeoid.16-19x!)-7jllll.
Che:mlmy: ThallmK-, C-, KC-,P-. 11.C:Nochem!c:alsdmdl!d..
<ll>mm.ema: ｾ＠ mlnor Ill a rare species In lJttar Pr.lod£eh found
polYing 011 a tree at p:rdm of CSlll.·Nlltioul Bota.nial Reseuch lmlitatio,
l.ltftemtlfw.-.12s
Lucknow. TheKUdltd"Pedmenwuqul:teoldandhalanapptaraneeoffimgu.I.
In addition some of the malll.le -polli$ - 'bf:own In <lOloor. ｦｾ＠
ｾ＠ of lllpl cellt in thall111; - of puithecia and panphf-
cooBrm.8ittobeArdlopymtla.
ｾｊｴｬ､ｵ｡ｭ＠ MOii. Arg.

Plora QI: ;p6. Jlllls.
Thallus airticolowi, Cl.'llSto1le, qi to eidopbloeodal. whilUh Pf• 1mooth,
coodnu.ou.t to aacla:d att0la12; pnichallus lndlldni:t « bladd&h. Ptdlhecla,
bla<:t, 8alli.4m:mened, 8bmy, soli.wy, n:relyin poup6, hemsphaical, o.a-0.3
1
mm In cllam.:ccdole.apkal, nakl!d, blacli:, planecodep1 Exdple 'b!own
｡｢＼ｭＺＬ､ｩｮｧＮ｣ｯｰｬ･ｴｾｳｐｹｲＱＭ＠
lllXl thick; hama!fttdwn sloboR, J,f0-150 >< 150-170 fl.IX! a=m: par.iplrf-
branch.edan.d anas'xlmosi"i Ascidimiteto ｢ｲｯ｡､ｬｹｾ＠ 8 spored, 70-90 x
JS-4S lim: U 'I' MU hyaliM. ｾＱＭＮｭ＠ lpl.ndle llhaped. Ollc of
the ..U W,,... and rounded, other "'11 smaI1er and tri•ngnln; e<>l>Slricbld at
tepl3, 20-)0(42) >< 6(12)-13(26) ｾ＠ pezilpoR di.mi ct, ｴｨｾ＠ up to a imi.
Pymldla black to ｾ＠ superfldal ti:i sunhn, o.c:i.-0.05 inn; e<>nlclla
ｾｴｯｰ｢ｏｒＬＺｩＮＭ｡＠ llllld.iam.
Chemfmy: ThallwtK·orlttyellow.C·,KC·,P·. TLC:Unlmowntrillelptnl!Sat
Rf'dass6.
(Ammum' .i!.tdi<>pyl'Cnia nidulcrn8 is <>DC of mo.t cmnmon species of
Ardtopyrenla In Ulu:r Pradeoih. It grows on ｾｯｦ＠ hott pla:Jm 11.1ch u
ｾ＠ heterophylluso, ｾＢ＠ in&a. CilnlB sp., MacDnK:a Puln and
Mcr119ifimr btd!m In ol'l!hards and along read a!de11. Badler som.e of the
specimem &om Utm Pradah lwo&onpg to A. niclulan.r weze en:oneoully
ldentllkd ill Anlsom.tridfl.on ontb/:gt.t1r111 (Milli . .Arg.) Aproot, A d1l1so1'o1non
(MiilJ..Arg.).Aproot,.A. Ojforme (Bom!l') R.C. Rmis, md.A. mm ilia ban (Nyl.)
R.C. Hmls. HOWl!.'l'l!r, A nldulan!I can be e.llSlly dlffiaen&t""' hm oth£I<
speciet ｢ｹｩｴｬ｡ｲｧ･ｾｷ｣ｨｮＧｊＡ＠ &om:aoto5011miD!agtha:a.d 6
to Ill ll!ll In width. Though the a.ICllll It of 8 ｾ＠ but at maturir:ylt a:.Dtaln.I
oDl:y oae OI' twit liu"F spores. The spindle 8bapcd aKWpOftS wi.th upper large
.and lowermi.all loculeotand lhlckperltporeattcheothapiom!Dmtdla:racuN
ofthespeties.
Artho1ltelium A.. Massa!. (Family: Arthoniaceae)

Ric. Auton. Lich. Crwt: S4 J.8si,
Thalhia crust-, eft'use, e(>)rticate_ cortia:iloua; ph.otobiont gioeen a4P,
ｾ＠ Allcomata unozplliftd, inlme OI' ｡､ｮｾ＠ 1'0WMl. or imgu1ar ill
outllne. l!lrdpulold tiMu.eabilem; panphyiles bnnclH!doranastomotlng.Asd
bihmicm, ｴｨｩ｣ｫｗｬ･､ＮＸｾＭｯＱｳ｢Ｚｹ｡Ｌｭｵｲ＠
ｗｯｺｴ､ｷｬ･ｵｰ［ｉｮＡ｡ＴＲｾＺａｨＮＱＹｊｌ＠
ｾ＠ .,,.,,..,,.. (Ach.) Mull. A19o

ｾ＠ｾＺ＠ >8-;. '88o. -e>pegnipM ""'1amli8 Ada., l.kh. ID'liv.: i-6¢. l&o.
Tbalha a:ilt!a:ilou.a, crustose, ･Ｎｭｴｬ｣｡ｾＬ＠ llhlte to wh!Wh tfl.'f!'f. A4tQ!Nla
1m011pmuc1, 1'0WMl. to imgWu in llhape, ｾ＠ to l!ip;lly pruiDoR,
""-'*' toftlullJ>, dai'lt iveyto blad<, small 0.2.-0..J mm, mo.itlyMaJe.rlng to
form 1azge ucomata of r:i:e 0.8-1.s mm. PIM!udouc:iple dark browu,
coolimlau.e 'bt!law hymenlum, 14-23 pm thlclr. i!plhyml!l1lwn .Wk bmwn to
ｾ＠ brown, 16-21 pm. thidc; ftymmiom hyaline, pm lhido; .28-:u
hypothedwn hy.illne to pale brawn, 15-:i.8 pm lhklr,: p.araphysolcls bnncl!.ed
a:a.d a-motr:iag. Arns 8 spo:red, dlmlle ｴｯｾ＠ 54-57 x 17-:12 imi;
.ascotpo- mmlform, ｾ＠ 7-9 ...,,.,., .a-3 'ffl1:bl &ept;I. lty;ollne.
Ｈｬ｢ｊｇ｡ｧｴｯｾ＠ J.8.8-l9>7X 5:..f-8.0fllll.
Chmliltry: ThallmK·, C-, KC-,P·. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｨ･ｭｩ｡ｬｳ､ｾ＠
ｾｭＮＬＺ＠ Al'lhodwllum almonne II one of lhe mott common ipedtlJ In
IJtt.\I' Pradah found givw:IDg (Ill nrietr or Ines such .w AJroJ:imdrta ind'ica,
Pkw 1p., Urdri dll'ntnrls, Mddlruca irull«. Mangl/m1. lndko, palm. SMm1.
ＢＪＧＸＡｲｬ｡ｮＮ､ｾ･ｷｦｭｧｯ＠ mboedan.dsaalfo:rer!B. lt.1!311
be euilyidmti6•b1ed11e &om awhililh perthallus, ｾ＠ ll{X"becia
.mdhy.aHne. ｭｷｴｦ｣ｲｾＭＮ＠
ll«ldfo De Not. (Family: Ramalinaceae)

Gtom. Bot. Ilrll. 2: ll19.1&j6.
ｔ｢｡ｬｵＮｴ｣ｲＭｾ･ｭＬｕﾻｯｏ＿ａＺｰｨＡ＠
ai., member of Chlo1"0"0aceae. Aso:omala apothecia, sessile, 1Wllded,
｢Ａ｡Ｎｬｭｮｾｐｩｰ･ｲ､ｯｳｴ｣ｨｦｵＺＩＧｒ＼ｹ＠
bru>eh.ed widi ｾ＠ CB' pigm.enti:d <1¢aes, or brandied and a"¥tomosi"3
Md 8lp0l'«I, lholusI+ blu.e;.-:oqo- ｾ｡｣ＺＡｃｬｲＬ＠ Gllpeo!d or lpdl!ar
ｐｹ｣ｮＮｯｬ､ｵＺＡｭｰ･ｲｾ＠ ndouslysbapecl
28!l.ltftratl(i.--
World wide 230 species; India 29 species; Literature: Awasthi & Mathur 1987;
Awasthi 1991.
Key to the species of Bacidia

ia. Thallussaxicolous ........................................... 2
ib. Thalluscorticolous ........................................... 3
2a. Hypothecium K+ violet, brown, ascospores 3 septate ....... B. inundata
2b. Hypothecium K-, dark brown, ascospores 3- 5 septate .... B. arnoldiana
Ja. Apothecia yellow orange, ascospores rod shaped
3 - s septate ..................................... B. incongruens
3b. Apothecia pale, pinkish, brown to dark brown ..................... 4
¥· Ascosporesrod shaped, 3 - 5 septate, apotheciared brown .. B. rufescens
4b. Ascospores fusiform toacicular, 3 -15 septate ...................... s
5a. Epihymenium K+violet, ascospores 7-12 septate........... B. alutacea
5b. EpihymeniumK+violet ....................................... 6
6a. Ascospores3 - 5 septate, apotheciareddish brown ......... B. convexula
6b. Ascospores3 -15 septate....................................... 7
7a. Thallusgranuloseverrucose ................................... 8
7b. Thallusscurf-furfuraceous .................................... 9
Ba. Ascospores 3 - 9 septate, apothecia brown to
dark brown, margin excluded ....................... B. submedialis
Sb. Ascospores 10 - 15 septate, apothecia pinkish
brown to brown, margin persistent ................... B. millegrana
9a. Thallusscurfy, greenish grey, ascospores 6-12 septate ........ B. rubella
9b. Thallusgranular-furfuraceous ................................. 10
10a. Epihymenium brown to dark brown, ascospores
8 - 12 septate, 38 - 64 x 2 - 3 µm ..................... B. laurocerasi
1ob. Epihymenium pale brown to brown, ascospores ........... B. spadicea
7-15 septate, 45 -72 x 3- 4 µm
Baddia alutacea (Krempelh.) Zahlbr.

Cat. Lich. Univers. 4: 174. 1926. - Lecidea alutacea Kremp., Flora 61: 519. 1878.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, grey brown to olivaceous brown, smooth.
Apothecia frequent, round, sessile, 0.2 - 0.9 mm diam.; margin prominent at
least when young, ay be excluded in older apothecia, biatorine, darker than the
disc; disc red brown to dark brown, plane to convex. Exciple biotorine, with
radiating hyphae, continuous below hymenium, 43 - 64 µm thick;

qlhymenlumttd b:rown, K+'Ylold., up to '11/l'lnthldr;hymenlumhy.allne,up to
ftn>olhecium s!itbtly Jdlow, up to 35 11111. lhick; pa.rapb:,scs
lf1 11111. thick;
bmni:hed and anastamot!ng. Ata!.118iip0ft'd. cyllndrkal, .ojZ-# IC 8-9 pm:
119tOSPOreshyaline, ｾＱＭＲｳ･ｰｴ｡Ｌ､｣ｵｬ＠ :.o.3-4!rJX3ol-!rJIJ.l!I.
Chmifatrr. ThallusK·, C-, KC·, P-. ｾｬＺＫＧｲｩｯ･ｴＮ＠ TLC: 'l\Uapale
llb:epo111ar:Rf'da.M6an.d7.
eo--:Baci<IHt<tl'utrlol:Qlu.wnmnnapedi!slnU'ttn'l'r.adalhandl'ound
p.'OWing OD various-inch 1 dinl MangifeN indm and Syz)\gium atmini in
moist cl.!t:lduous r-
.mcl m.aJl\111) ordwdt. It. dlft'era &om oth.l!f' ｾｯｦ＠
ｂｬＲ｣ｩＡｲｭｏｗｄｦｯｴｨ･ﾢ｜ｷ｡ｋＫＧｾ＠
&uldlo flltfl!OldtDno KiStber

ｾ＠ L«:lttnot: '* !ll6o.
Tbalha Alllcolou., au-. n:.ugb. lnqu1ar, aacbd ｾ＠ pellh to
pecUh giey.Apofhcc:ia awnerowr,l'OW21!, MSSi1c,. o.i-0.4 mm diam.; m.a.igiD.
promlnmt,•hlnnfn1atmallllfty,bla!odne,palerthanthedl.lc;d!acdalkh!OWn
to 'bla<I:, plmetocoI!Ve', epruinooe, l!lcciple pale brown to brown, 50-'l'S µm
thick; ｾＸＱＧｦｄｬ｡ｨ＠ brown to b:rown, K·, 10-15 !IDltbici:;hymmhlm
hy.allne In pale yellow, I+ blue dunging to OQDg.e ft'd. 36-54 µm tbldr;
hypotMc:ium. diark brown, 30-48 pm thick; puaph:t-limple ｴｯｾ＠
bn!>thed, apical cell -11"'1a.n.dpigm.enll!d.Asd8 span!d, da.ab?, 15-50 x
10-1s iim: a5C01p01et hyalmt, acicula:r, trmt-1r 3-5 aeptm-, JO-.¢ x
oJl-L61ttJ).
ｾＧｬｨ｡ｵｳｋﾷＬ＠ C-, KC-,P-. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｬ＾ｭｩＮ｡ｳｾ＠
IO!l.ltftratlf.__,._
C o - - : lf<ldl&: amoJdlantl ie a Mmmon specie.I of lf...s.&: ocnming an
roclcsinopoeedareu. ｏ｡Ｎ･ｯｦｴｨｰ､ｭｷｵＡｮｳｲｩｄｧｬｾ＠
pla.9b!nl ol lw•ncbry wall of CSJR-Nat!ona! JWanWl Re9eard1 lnstltutr,
Lucbow.
e.tldlo _ _,_(Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr.

Ott. Ut:h.. Ullivmt. .f: Ill&. Ｑｾ＠ -Ptd:ellaria .,.,,,_,,,.,, Milli. Aiy., J. .fbm. Soc.,
ｂｯｾ＠ 29: .u:a. JJ19:L
Thallwi corticolowo, crustxm" granular lo furlura.ceous, greyish pen.
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.1s1
Apothl!da &.!quw, .-:te, 11Wmin£, o.i-o.6 mm In diam.; maip thin,
m:h•ded whm. ｾＮ＠ m1dish browa, ｾｭ＠ diaD the cli5c; ditc
recldWlm.-n, plane toanxva:. bdp4e hy.allne to'fl!llowlsb, IS- ull IJ:lll thlci:;
ep:ihymeDium. ｾ＠ It-, u-:i.o 11111. ｾ＠ hymeDium. ｾ＠ 86-:uB µm.
tfili:k; hypo1Mdum hy.allne, .p-86 IJ:lll thick; paraphywa!mpleto br.a.nched,
apical <.'di. SWl)llen. A»ci 8 spored. qlia.dlical. to clmite, 45-53 x 9-u 11111;
.-oiipo-hJallDl!, fwdf'ormtoadcular, ｾＩＭＵｒｰｴ｡･Ｌ＠ 18.1-30.9><
i.9-4,9µm.
Chmilstrr.Th.allusK·, C-, KC-, P·. TLC:Nochemicalsdeb:cted.
Comm.ma: &zdclia COIMX!jfa is a common species mlJttu Pradeah mollt!y
ｦ｢｡ｮ､ｾｯｴｨ･Ｇｍﾫ＼Ａｊｵ＠ &!dkdll'eeaunksln manaoOft:hards. Itcan he
identified byitspowderytfial.lusaad1'"ditb.b:rftnapoth<icia.
Baddfa "-''"""n' (Stirton) Zahlbr.

Oit. Lich. Un.ii\ 4: ＮｺｯＸＱｾ＠ＭｾｓｴｩｲｯｮＮ＠ Proe Roy. Soc.
Glalgt1W ｾ［＠ 31+ ｾ＠
Tbalha .:oct1a:>1ou.t, crustOtle, whlWh i:poerto ｾ＠ｾ＠ &CUriY to sranuiar.
.llpothecia fftquem, ｾＭｳ＠ mm. dilm.; margin p:ominm, smootfi, ｾ＠
p.aler than lhe disc; dlJIC yellow oran,. plane to ｣ｯｾ＠ rattly an1'VEI'.,
ｾﾷ＠ Esciple biatnrine, hyllline, hypliae radiaq 44-64 µm. thici:;
qlhymenlum lh ltl+ bllll!, I+ blue, 14-1.ll IJ:lll thlci:; hymenlum hya!IM, KI+
'blue, Ito blue, ｾＭＸＹ＠ µm. thici:; peipbJscs simple to lni:u:hcd, apical ulJ.
111,shtlylfllckmed.. Mcu 8 lipOftd. cyl!nddml to cJav.ttie. .p-56 )( I0-13 pm;
aot'OSpo:.es hyaline, zod shaped to ｦｵｳｩｯｲｭＬｾ＠ :a-3(-s) septaW,
19-9-'54"14-J.9 pm.
<ll.mdmy:ThallmK-, C-, RC-, P-. ｔｉＮｃＺｎｯ｣ｨｭ､｡ｬｳｾ＠
ﾷｾ＠
l.2!l.ltftratl(..--
Clc>mm-: B<ldiBa ina>ngn.M!llB lu annmon spedeun.d easl.ly ldelll:IRable
duetoitsllllllll, yeilow-omnp!af'O(heciamd )- 5Hp1at>eueo sp °"'8. H -
the ｾｭ･＠ or the UltU ｾ＠ ample8.-111!8'ttJy ｾｴｨ｡ｮ＠ the
other IDdiln p "n••uude:notiedinmiaolichmbyot'Awa.ifli. (199J). Itil
found growing mo«ly on 'nrld.J of trees such as ach as Artocarpus
ｾｊｬｭｩ｣ｨｴＮｍＱ｡ｮ､ｏｦｧＢｪＯｗｯ＠ a:Ddpalm.
ＭｬｮｭＺｨ｡Ｎ､ｯｾ＠
ａｾ＠ numherafsamples of a fltcognJma are earHer ldentl&d a..B. maltaRB

('IW:k. iD. Ny{.) Zahblz, baaed on the teplation of the llilC01i(IOl'!S (3-s> a:a.d.
yellawhh dnge In apccheda. Hawevei:. a. m:l!dWl.t cle.uty dllfml &om a
incongruenswithyellowO-toftddishO-apothecia.
lkKltlta Lnuniltlfrl (Fr.) IC6rflef

ｾ＠ Lkh. Gemt.: IJY/. iJISS. - li1dttmJ !ru.otd&ui!: l'r., Kllngl. ｾ＠ Nya
Handl.: 270, J.8:u,
Tha1lus -XOlous; crustose, sliPidr pinular. ydl...n.h grem. Apodn:tia
round, ｾ＠ 0.1-0-4 mm diam.; margin enlift. th!mmg and erduded at
ma1W'lty, blal:orin.e, p..:!e' than the di.,; d!ec bmwn, dad<. brown In bladish,
plane to am-. epruiDo!Je.ExciplepaletodazkbrowD, 30-50 J11D< K+ pemilh
to v.!oli!t; epll1ym.Mlum p.ale bmwn to brawn, 6-12 jlln t:hldr, K-; hymenlum
hyiiliD.e,40-48µmthick;hypotbedam.bmwntoda:rltt.owzi, K+viold, 40-48
inn thlt:k; ｾ＠ 8lmple to branched, .ap!c:al «I.I swoll£n and plgm.ellb!d.
Jl»ci. $ 8POffd. ｾ＠ 40-44 X 8-10 11111< ascotpOIN ｾ＠｡･ｪｯＮｊｾ＠
ｾＳＢｬＧｕ＠ a1-45xL6-.a.4pm.
<lwnhby.:'lhallusK-, C., ll:C-, P-. TLC: Nocl>mrlGllsdeb!dl!d..
l.ltftemtl(w.-.111
Comm-: Bl>cldl4 iru.otrlmo: la a - l!dlen ｾｉｮ＠ lJtW Pradi!llh found
growing on opoHd roch Ollie of the specimm1 - ｾｯｮ＠ tfte
brldcsafmold mo111.unem: ｊｴｩｰＮｾＧｳ｡ｲｬｮｓｵ｣＠
BocltRo locllrocwcz:d (Delise ex Duby) Ozenda & Cai.a. In Zahlbr.

Cat. Lich. t:h!M!n. 4:213.1926. ＭｐＮｭｬＯｲｍｾｄ･ｩ｡ｸｵｨｹＬｦｯｴ＠ Gd.
2:6$).lll.30.
Tballu.t oon:lcolou.t, ｾ＠ niugh to cr.w:la!d .m!Ola!it. ytllow!Jlb pm to

peell8h grer, diin.Apotbe(ia f1'equei.I. sasile!. 0.3-J.O mm in diam.; maigin
thick .md prominent when youna. thlnnln.11 and aduded at maNri:ty.
blatorlnC!,pinlrish, palerthanthed!&C;dlscplnldsh bmwn, laterftddlsh ｾ＠
md dark ｢ｲｯｷｮＬｾ＠ pla:a.eto amwir, .,un-. Bx.ciple hyaline to pale
yellow, .f6-'P µm thld<; eplhymenlum ｾｴｯＮｗｫ＠ bmwn, M)-Mi µm tbl'*,
K·; hJm8lium hydine, ,58-84 pm. lhick; hypothecium yel1owilh to browD.
sa-78 !ml thld:; panphyaes simple to brmdted, apkal aell llWO!len. A&d 8
apor«I, ｾ＠ ,50-6,5x1'.4-20 lllD; lllCOlpOl'9 ｾ＠｡｣ｩｾ＠ｾ＠
ＸＭｕｾＳＧＲＮｘＺｴｦＩｰｄｬ＠
Clwnhby.: Thal.ha I(., C., KC., P-. TLC: Unknown tril:ezpenesat R£ C1a.M
6-7.
Comm.ma: Badd'Sa ｾ＠ ltaoommon llchm.tipedesln Utta:rPndell!.
ｬﾰｯｑｮ､ｧｩｷｶｭｵｴｲ･ｳｾｍ｡ｦ｣｢Ｇｏ＠
.md9y.s)(¢um cumfnl In ma:ngoozdwda. Theapecleitca.n k!mdflable &om l:tlt
ｰｬｮ､ｳｨｴｩｧ･｡ｯ｢Ｎ｣Ｌｷｦｭｹｾｵ＠
Bacldla 111Utc;: WN (Taylor) Zahlbr. in ｗｾ｡＠ &. 8e(k
ltin. Princip. Col>laJ. 2: i52. 1388. - UoclnoN mi!JegrqM Taylor iD Hook.,
Londanj. Bot. 6: l59-11Lf7·
Thallu.t cmticolou, crllltoR+ roqli. vmuculOR to granuloR. p.'ttDilb. to
whld9h PJ, proth.alha wbl!iah to bmwn. Apothe& &equem, mDStly r«md,
ｾ＠ 0.2- i..o mmdia:m.;margin peni-.mitiallythidtand thm. lfiiaDillg
.at matwity, blaiorlne, daibr than the disc, pinkish bmwn to ｾ＠ and
90-liaoeswt ｾ＠､ｩ｡｣Ｚｰｬ･ｯｾｴ＠ｾ＠ planetofiiP;llyOX!l98,
ｾﾷ＠ Bli:dple pale yellow to b-ish, 6o-8o pm thlcll:; 02plhymenlum
pll!e ｾｴｯ＠ brvwii, K·, 10-15 iim thick; hymemumb:yaliDe, -p.-8811111.thidl;
hypotMdwn pale yelJaw, 40-6.f pm chkk; ｰ｡ｲｾ＠ ample tb br.a.nched,
apical o:ll ｾ＠ SW<>llen. Asci 8 'l'Ored.. daviue, 65-77 )( •5-::r.o µm;
lllCO!lpOreot hyaline, adcula:r, ｾｴｯＭＱｳ＠ eep-., ..p.2-68.!)" 3.a-+1
I""·
Chemlstrr.1hallus K+ ytiiow, C·, KC-, Pt }ell-. TLC:Aln:a.oriD, trilapale
.atltfcla.m!).
c:ic.--: Ba<:!dia m:tJJt,gnma Is a oommon spedd In lJttar Prailalh fuund
growiDg on vaM:y or - including litrhi chinm.ris. Mangifet'a incfi<Q.
ｾｬｴｨＺ｡ｳｰＮＬ＠ｐｮ＾ｳｯｰｩｾ｡Ｎ､＠ Shomt n>bualzl lnordwd areuandsaal foreat.
B. millf9rana can be distiDguislaa&le &om other ｾ＠ with its pll!er
.apotfJ.eda, Yel'l'llcotean.d IC+yellawchallu.
l.ltftemtlfw.-.11s
Bacldla tuWUa (Hoffm.) A. Massa!.
Ric. .Aub:ln. Iich. 0-.: u8. J.8s:i..- ｾｲｩ｡＠ M>ril« Hoth. Daar!dil.1!1. 2:
l7'1- l']'9&.
Thallwt cmticolou.t, Cl'UtoR+ thin, roup. 'MTllCuloR to scwfy, cracW
Ｎｭｯｬ｡Ｚ･ＬｧｦｴＡｳｨＢＩ＼ａｰ､ＦｾＭｩｲｹｵｮＳ＠
diam.; marsin ｢ｩ｡ｴｯｾ＠ lnowa. ｾｃｨｩ｣ｫ＠ md damr whm. )'OWi&
and ellclu.ded .tt maturity; dlec }'l!llow to ｾ＠
tlilnnlng brown, plane to
81i&fitly cioma. Exciple pale 1nowa. 40-85 !Im thid.; epibymmium pale
brown, 9-16 pm chick, R:-; hymenlum hyallne to yelJawlllh. 50-70 pm chlci:;
hypotbecium. yd1owish to pale ixr-o, 30-45 !Im diick; ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･＠ II>
bmni:hed, aplc:al cell nol.lm and p!gmenu<I. Aile! 8 rpor.!d, daau 45-SS x
J.6-18 µm;..,...,,,,
:auhyaline, acieular. ｾ＠ 6- u$Cptat.:, }11.8-6.J.3 x
:t4-3.apm.
<llmdmy:'lh.alluK-, C-, R:C-, P-. TI.C: Nochmdcalsdellel:lled.
Comm.mt&: Bcrci& rubdfa is a co:mmo11 lidien ｾ＠ ill tJua.r Pradeab,

found gNWlna on Mang!fieN lndl« and S/Jomi tobwr:a mc llWlb In ordwd
and Aal. foiat. The epecies is ｾ＠ 'by i.U reU- to ora:agie bl'OWll
.apo111tdaand8l'ffllilhpy, ｣ｲ｡ｬＡ､ｾＱｨＮｵｳ＠
Bacfdla N(llR- (MOIL Arg.) bhlbr.

Ort. Lid!. UniilmJ.,.: 239> i!J2.6,-Pdl:t/n nifUwts MUD...Ng., E'toNl 67:
467. rB8.f..
Thallusairtioolous, awtoee. f:OU&fl, _..wose togranular, un-.eracbd.
.,._umgrey.Apocbedafftqumt, ｾ＠ 1'0Wld, o.i-o.s mm.diam.; mazsln
promhwlt, lnlfially lhJclr, thlruxlng and Indistinct at maturity, blal:odne,
C011co!OC1Nwith ｴｨ･､ｬｳ｣ｯｲｾ＠ claztra, "'1ow ｢ｲｯｷｮ［Ｍｾ brown to
recldW> brown, epndootle. plan£ to sllgblfy mrNeL Ewdple hyallne ot pale
ydow, 64-75 Jim thick; ｾ＠ pale ｾ＠ 8-IO pm tJW:k, K·;
hynwih•m hyallne, 54-7-l !lln dtlt:k; hypoch£dmn paleyl!llow, -40-46 µm
thick; ｾ＠ simple to branch.cl, apical 0?11 SllA:ll.leD. Asci 8 sp<lftd.
ｾ＠ 4s-6s x 10-15 µm; .Hl:OilpO- hyallne. ｲｯ｣Ｑｳｨ｡ｰ･､ＮｾＳＭ＠
Nptat.o, 1.1>.a-:144xµ-J.4 imi.
Chmliltry:ThallusK·, C-, ltC-, P·. TLC:No•"-icalsdetiected.
et,.mm.,,..: Bacldla "'.{rs«ns mowed Im raft OCICWftX!ae In Uuar Pndeii!.
fOund ｾ＠ Ofl Mongi/i:N intlim tree! In mango orcll.ri. It is<flaraW!rizled
by yellowilh blown ｴｯｾ＠ b!own apo1htcia, VUl'llCllloie thalluund rod
Ｎ｢｡ｰ･､ＳＭＵｴｾ＠
lladtRo 1p rdkm (Ach.) Zahlbr.

Denlachr. KalMrl. Akad. Wlu., Wien. Math. NacuMlfist. Kl. ｾＺ＠ u8.
1909-> -Lmtlma]>'Mis:eo.Adl.,sy,,. MftJt. Liclt.:)4. •&t-
Thallut coldcolous, Cl'WltO<le,. rough. verruculoee to srana:tar. cracftd,
ｾ｡ｷｨｦｬＮ＠ or pemllh grey. Apotfttcla mollfy 1'01.m.d, IO!lle m.a.111re .apotheda
dilated to ineplar, te.Ue, o..>.-0.8(-1.0) mm diam.; ma:i:gin mi.ooth,
-im-w.l."f, b!atorine to IJ!ddlne, amadaura wiih d!&e or mu.ch ｾ＠
b:rowntodaikbrawn,mottlrabaveihelewlofd!IC,thlnnlngandexdudedat
malUri:ty; d!ac plane to amc.-,. maNre apl(heda lllgbl.ly oomu, ｾ＠
m-n.
ult brown to hladrieh ｾ＠ pde lmlWD to m-n,
8-10 µm.
thick; fiJme:aiumhyiiline, !)5-75µm.thiclt;hypothedum. palebcowntobcown,
30-54 llD1 dlld<; ｾ＠ simple to bmicl>ed. apic.al cell wrollcn. A8ci 8
spored. da.all!, #-6s X 13-171'111ia&l:OllpOn!S hy.illn.e. ada•Jn: ｾ＠
7-lSaeplatt.4!>-1-6$.4(--7l.O) X3-5-+2 pm.
ｾｔｨ｡ｬｳｋＫＬ＠ C-, l:C-, P-. TLC:Alr.ul.orin.
Commmb:.ll«cidia ｾ＠ isararcspc<iesiD lJtm Pradeshfoundpiwillg
en Manglfor<l Wl&:tt .wl ｾｭ＠ amtlnf - In mango crdwd and -1
fo-. The rpedm hat p!Olllfn.mdy dark brown llp01htcla.. vmucalose, It+
yellowthallu.t.
ＸＱｴｬ､ｯｾ＠ (Nyl.) Zahlbr.

Ott. ua.. Un!M:nr. 4: ｡Ｎｩｾ＠ 1921>--U:cfdaJ subntJ:<!Wls Nyl.,Amr Soc. Sd. .A:nn..
:zci(10):14.1900.
Tha1lus ｣ｯｾＮ＠ panalosc tovenuculoR, ｾｴｯ＠ p:y.
Apotheda nomezou; Rlllile, round, o.a-o.8 mm diam.; ma:J:llln thin.
biall>rine, dadoer than dilR;, exduded in IDil1ure apothecia: diac pale bnMD
when )'O'llZI& becomini damr with age, plane to ll!Pd:y corm!X. Im:lple
brown, contlnucus below hymenium, 58-78 iam thld:. when young;
l8!l.ltftratl(..--
eplhymettlumpalebrawn, K-, 10-16µm thkk; ｾｨｩｭ＠ hyallne. 30-36 µm
thick; ｨｹｰｯｴ･｣ｩｵｭｾｷ｡ｬＬ＠ upto!;;'S lllD thick; parap&y.. brmchl!d
.Mid •n¥tamoe!ng. AAlcas 8-apo!l!d, cyllnddcal rod......-., 44-54 x 9-n inn;
ascoepors ｾ＠ｾ＠ tra:a.mady (-1)6-(-7)9 ｒｰｬ｡ｾ＠ JL.4-4•»9 x
).0-)Alpm.
Clu:mimy.:Thallu.K:l:Jl!llow, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: NotbecnJeW&!l:ed:ed.
()ommenb: &ci& S'Uft:inoii<dis is one ol die <»mmon species in IJttar
Pr.adffh. It t. fo1111d growing on variowi t - lncludlna Am>.:4rpu.r
ｾ＠ Madllum indiar, Mongifmi u.Jit:a, and ｾ＠ ""°"irD In
o!dwdanddecidUO'Ullfors. Itilchara.mriudb:f whi:lillhgrey,-Pthallua,
｢ｭｯ｡ｰｴＡｷｬｮ､ｵＹ･Ｌ｣ｲｾ＠
Boddlosporo Kalb (Family: Ramalinaceae)

Liili. Nmtr. &id llO: + 19118.
Tballus squamn'ott, cottloolou.t or sa:dcolowi; photoblont green alga. a
ｭ･｢ｲｯｬｾ｡｣＠ｊｬｳ｣ｯｭＱｴ｡ｾｒａｩ･Ｌｎ､＠ lriltocinc.
I!»:lplepara ｯｲｰ･ｬｾ＠ panphf-rparlngty branched wfth
hyaline ｯｲｾ＠ api-, OI' brandied «ad anastomosin& A.sci 8 .-!.
tliolu.tI+blw!;MCOtpO!Bhyalinf:,aclcllla.i:el!lpaoldorba.dllary.Pyaloalnld!a
filif'ormandeuned.Hom_..,1caikudbyperbo"""'elnbikaeidsarepreent
inthallaa.
Woitdwldesapede.: Indlaupedea: lltnalllft:: ICalh 1988;Awaslh11991-
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.1 l9
Baddiospora psorina (Nyl. in Hue) Kalb
Biblioth. Lichenol. 88: 305. 2004 - Lecidea psorina Nyl. ex Hue, Nouv. Arch.
Mus. Hist. Nat., ser. 3(3): 120.1891.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, granular to minute squamulose, greenish grey,
continuous, ecorticate. Apothecia numerous, round, sessile, 0.4-0.7 mm
diam.; margin prominent, thick when young, thinning and excluding at
maturity, smooth to flexuouse, biatorine, concolours with disc or darker,
brown; disc pale orange-pinkish, brown and turning dark brown at maturing,
plane to convex, epruinose. Exciple hyaline to pale brown, continuous below
hypothecium, K-, 50-72 µm thick; epihymenium hyaline to pale brown, K-,
KI+ blue, 9 -12 µm thick; hymenium hyaline to pale brown at maturity, K-, KI+
blue, 69-84 µm; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown, K-, KI-; paraphyses
branched, anastamosing, conglutinated, slightly swollen at tips. Ascus 8
spored, clavate, KI+ blue, 44-74 x 12-19 µm; ascospores hyaline, acicular,
transversely 4 -12 septate, not easily dischargeable from asci, 40.8- 64.5 x
2.9-6.5µm.
Chemistry:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Nochemicalsdetected.
Comments: Bacidiospora psorina is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh
found growing on Mangifera indica and other trees in mango orchard and
deciduous forest. It is characterized by granular to minute squamulose thallus,
brownapotheciaand up to 12 septate, acicularascospores.

Bot:UUfero Marbach & Kalb {Family: Physciaceae)
Bi'IJiotlr. Lidrmat 14: ｾ＠ aooo.
Tbalha au-. iimooth to ｾ｣ｭ･Ｌ＠ｲｩｭＭｾ＠ or truly
am>lltc,. ttw:kand wdldeveloped.suicolousOl'corticolous;pbotobiontp:m
.alp, ｾＮ＠ A«om.ata .apotfttda, dark brown to blaclr,. ni1md, rarely
ｾｩｮ＠ outline, sessile, adnatetoimm !, leeideine. l!J:cipleindi9tinc1iy
ord!Wncdycellular: qlhymenll.mi b!OWlt toollw-brown; ll:ymenium laddna
oil inspersion; hypoihedum lx¢ine tu brvwn; ｾ＠ Slql!aW, simple ID
.apic;illy br.mdt«I, ap!t.11tt. b!own111!.·blaclt .at qi-, tlm\11!11rinated. Al:cl.
usually 8 spm!d rarely '6 spored; -...pGl'l!S pale brawn to dadc-bmwn,
1 ｾＬ＠ wall wWormly thickm.ed ｯｲｾ＠ th.ic:bned (mivhobla.ltio-
morphlc or plal'.O<!lomorphlc), ｳｵｲｦ｡ｾ＠ emooth or orn.amm!Ed. Conldla
ｾ｢｡｣ｩｬＦｲｭＮｎｮｴ､＠
Wo1fdwlde14tpedei; llldla:atpedei; IJtera.cme:Mazbach:i.ooo;Awuth!.19!JL
BacvU/Wfl- (Stirton) Marbach

BtWloth.. l.ic:Mnol. 74! LI+ 2000. -L«lrila mnmlt.! Slht., '1h1nl. ｾｓｯ｣Ｎ＠
ｬＧＡ､ﾫｎＢＱｩｦｾ＠ rJ!76.
Tbalha 0'11.1:!colowl, en-. mugfl to vem.icoee, aaclood ｾ＠ 'WhlWh
py. Apothecia iNlatie to RAile, l'C'W2ll. to irregular; 11M111Pn ｉｾ＠ blact,
ｰｲｯｭｴｮＮ･Ｑ［､ｬＦ｣｢ｩＺｫＬｹＧ｡ｦＡｾｅｸＴｳＭＷＰ＠
lllD diick; ep:ilsymmium brown. 10-14 lllD. thick; hymmium pale ydlow,
la.ddni oil globules, .fll-61 inn lhlck; hypothed11m blown to dark brown.
ＴｾＭＷＰ＠ I"" !hid<; paiaphysessimplc. apic:al oell """'1cnan.dbrown ｰｩＮ･ｮｾ＠
Asci 8 spored, cylindrical to clavate, 36 -48 x 10-15 µm; ascospores brown,
transversely I septate, oblong, 14.2 - 18.1 x 5.8- 8.3 µm.
Chemistry: Thallus and medulla K+ red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow. TLC: Norstictic
acid present.
Comments: Baculifera remensa is a rare species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on bark oftrees in deciduous forests. It is characterized byveITUculose,
whitish grey, K+ red, P+ yellowthallus, and blackapothecia.
Buellia de Not. (Family: Physciaceae)

Giom. Bot. Ital. 2(1,1): 195. 1846
Thallus crustose, smooth to granulase-veITUcose, rimose-areolate or truly
areolate, hypothallus rarely present, saxicolous or corticolous; photobiont
green alga, Trebouxia. Ascomata apothecia, dark brown to black, round, rarely
irregular in outline, sessile, adnate to immersed, lecideine. Exciple indistinctly
or distinctly cellular; epihymenium brown to olive-brown; hymenium with or
without oil globules; hypothecium brown; paraphyses septate, simple to
apically branched, capitate, brownish-black at apices, conglutinated. Asci
usually 8 spored; ascospores pale brown to dark-brown, t septate to
submuriform, wall uniformly thickened or unevenly thickened
(mischoblastiomorphic or placodiomorphic type), surface smooth or
ornamented.
World wide 455 species; India 41 species; Literature: Marbarch 2000; Singh &
Awasthi 1981.
Key to the species of Buellia
1a. Ascospores submuriform, transversely 3 - 5
septate, vertically up to 2 septate, atranorin present ...... B. alboatrior
1b. Ascospores transversely i septate, with 2 - 3 pseudo-
locules on either side of septa, norstictic acid present .... B. almorensis
Buellia alboatrior (Nyl.) Zahlbr.

Cat. Lich. Univers. 7: 441. 1931. - Lecidea alboatrior Nyl., Flora 52: 71. 1869.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, rough, verrucose, whitish grey. Apothecia
frequent, sessile, 0.7- 6.7 mm diam.; margin lecidine, black; disc black, rough,
epruinose, flat to concave. Exciple brown, 54- 72 µm thick; epihymenium
brown, 8 - 12 µm thick; hymenium hyaline, clear, 52 - 68 µm thick;
hypothecium brown to dark brown; 16- 30 µm thick. Ascus 8 spored,
cylindrical to clavate, 55 - 63 x 14 - 20 µm; ascospores brown, ellipsoid to ovate,
submuriform, transversely 3 - 5 septate, vertically o - 2 septa per cell, surface
ornamented, 18.5 - 24.2 x 7.7-10.2 µm.

ｾＧｬｨ｡ｵｳｋＫＺｹ･ｯｷＬｃＭ＠ KC-,P-. TLC:Atranorinpltiellt.
Commmb: Bwd1iti 4/b<xa:rior is ara.io: lichm species in lJIW Pradesh, found
grawb1c In aaodadon with Ltainon! spp. onAaicld nllot!ca trff: uunk.alona
road1Pdeplan13tion.
lluflUSlll almonlnm s. Singh&. o.o. Awasthl

Biol. Mon. ＶＨｾＩＺ＠ 1'J3. Ｑｾ＠
Thallwi cortlcolous, c:nutote, rough to vuruculose, crachd aHolat<:,
.S..:Olticated -yellowish. Apodlecia fOWld, Innate, 03-0.8 mm diam.;
margin b:cidine, black. tlziD; dilc black. -P. plme lo co-. Ilxciple
brawn, ｭｵ｣ｬ＾､［ｮｨｲｾ＠ 71-Sa llln thkk; i!plhymenlwn brown, 6-4 µm
thick; hymaiium. ｾ＠ pale "11-. 55-74 Jiii!; hypotbecium. pale lno'WD. lo
brawn. 39-SS lllll lhkk. ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･＠ to br.mcbed, apk.a! cells swollin
a:a.d b:rowupipmnb!d. ./\sci &tpoted,. cyliDdriW lo clmitt!, 41-64 x u - ｾ＠ Jiii!;
.ascoqo-brawn, ..U!peoldtooblong. tl'aJ\llWNely1•1iu"', ｷｫｨｾＭＳ＠ｾｯﾭ
loades011 either side olsqita, swface omammtatiOD. iDdistiDct, i5.5- 2o0.2 x
6..t.-8.51=
Chemhtry:Tballw! K+ ydlawUlmlng red, C-, KC-, P+ )'cl.law. TLC: Norstktlc
acidpc-.it.
Cc-mm-a: BurJ!Ja al'moma.!U is a raxoe lptCiee m Utlal' ｾ＠ fo1md
ｧｭｷｩｮ［ｯｓｬ｡ｲｵｴ･｣Ｎｗｾ＠ｔｨＮ･ｳｰ､ＱＡｬ｡ｲｾ＠
byfromilsblackapothecia, whitilhgrey,rouab,I:+ redthallu.t,grealilhyeilow
&.:oltlGW!d po:r!ion, and ｰ･｣ｵｬｩ｡ｲｾ＠ chat haw a-3 IOC11Jeson elthe!<
Qdeofthemidd.lcseptum.
Caloplaca Th. Fr. (Family: Teloschistaceae)

Lidl..Arct.: :118. J.86o.
ｔ｢ｩｬｨｊＮｳｾｴｯｱｵ｡Ｚｭ･Ｌ＠ｰｗＺｯ､ｩｲ｣ｵｳｴｾＮ｡ｭｬＧｧｂＬ＠
ｹ･ｬ｡ｷｨｦｴｾ＠ ttd, 'b!own-ftd to blackmed, K+ purple or K-; photoblom:
pen alga, ｾ＠ AK-omata ｾ＠ lecrorine er biiltorine, roud.
or.;inge, orange-Rd, 1'11111:-brown to black. Bxdp4e b!atorlne or ltddlne,
..,,,,et1me 1-n.orine; hppothedum usually hyaline; ｾ＠ simple,
aepta!lt, capltatu. AKI 8 llpOMd; .uco1pors hyallne, thick walled,
poladb:llocularorr.u.ely) IOC!lded. P)co oom!cl!a'!lb.ottorlong.
Woddwide51osp' cies; India'fl SI' e:*a; ｾｊＮＭｕＺ｡ｯＸ＠
lf<Bytothe1pe ｨ･｡ｦｾ＠
ia. 'Thal.lu.tlaldlmortoredla%it. - . - . - . - . - .•..•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•. a
1h. IJ!dlaandlOHJdlaahllent •.•..•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•..•.•.•. 6
:ta. Thal.lwllafdlat.,;IJi6dlamlnut;e,slmple,iimalltogranuIM •••••• c. ba!lllll'ite
:ab. 11.al.lus&eredlate •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3
p.. 11.al.lussaide!illoua ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4
3b. 'I1aalluswxt:ic.<+lou:iJ .•.•••••••••••••••••••.•..•.•••••••••••••• s
4L Soralia aatano:m:i, lhallus lemon Jdlow to Ol3JlglC
yellow, K+ pwplt •.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•.• C. ｣ｵｾ＠
41>. Soral!apo<ltU!atE, t!WhawhltMh&"'Yl.Oift!!f. lt+ydlaw •. c. sulJpo/fottnl'.
ｾ＠ｔｨ｡ｬＮｵｳｧｍｄＡｾｴｯｹ､ｷＬｰｩ･｣ｭ＠ •• C.phlogin.G
5b. Thallusyellowiahgrcyorcrumish, sciredia
､ｾ＠ apochrd> pi:-. Ora:113!! b!o\m •.•.••.•.•...•. C granWIZl'fll
6a. ｔｨ｡ｬＮｷｮｭｯｴ･ＡｏｗＬｾ＠
tD CB'allF"'red.. AJlfi.c:ob:rus .............................. c. ｾ＠
6b. Ｇｉｗｵｳｩ＾ｴ｢Ｎｾ＠ ......•.•.•....................•.•.•....... 7
7ll- Thal.lussq-••rm1lose to lllhsquamo.IOR, K+ yellow;
apoib.edaor.maieto ollvaceou brawn.•••••••••••••••••• C. pol!otmr
.,i.. Thal.lus lncllidnrt, reducecl •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• .8
8a. Apotheda Orall;ll1' bl OGl1&" brown wltb dark
mo-. to tilackmirsiD. thalh!.t redl1ced, whililhgrey....... c. t1'oJ1i011.
8b. ApotMc!a yelJow to or;m,iieor reddloh ｾ＠
thalltlS vr-nt around at'<J'beda, yellowish ............. C virr!linula
C:crfapllM bctl:rfM (W!lld. ex h:hJ Zahlbr.

Cat. l.k1t. VYt.11'1!1'11. T- ,e.. 19)0. -I.qJNria lla.rlrt.tt Willd. a Adi., Mfthodui: >
iBo:J.
Thallw!cot1klO!ous, c:N.9!0Qe, lflln,}'l!llowlshtogreenlehJl!llow, lsldlare; IJi6dla
ｳｩｭ･ｾ＠ ra.rtiy b:rmched and =alloid. sometimes thallu.e appeare ccmiplettiy
grmulardueto mlm& llldla.. Apotheda ratt. mom: ofchet:lme lhallussterile,
apothecia 'Whm presem l.'OUDd. lilaiSi.le, 0.3-0.5 mm diam.; mugiD. thic:t,
blalmlne,. paler than che d.111:, yellow; llldl»; cllsc yellow-or.mp, plane ID
｣ｯｴＮ｡ｬｾ＠ l!li:dple b:!atmine, &0metmw with .ilgal OOls, 55-73 ian thldc;
ｾ＠ｾｯｷｩｬｨ＠ to goldm. K+ pmk, :u.-28 111D tbick; hymeDiam.
hyallne. 1n.,_.i with on glabWes. si -6.f pm thick; hypothedum lrpllne,
ili&pdsed, 9-92 pm. t!iick; ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･＠ lo'P"rinilrbea:a.died.Ascus&
ｳｰｯｲ･､Ｌｾ＠ hyallne,.elllptoldtoobloD& ｾｬＡｰｑ＠
locuJespola:ribilowlu; :14<5-J.6.5x10.6-u.oimi.
Chmiiltry:TballusK+"'1owpurple.c-,KC-, p., TLC: P.ummpx-.
Not<!: Caloplaca karlaet.amoiitc:ommon.and w.ldelydlllrlbu.ud llpede.m
U'tlllr Pradesh; found growing on Yllridy of a- including Am>ccilpUB
ｾａｸ､ｩｎｃｦｬｴ｡＠ lnd!ca, Ut:dtl chln.mN; Madlwt:a lnd!ca, M11719!fi!11t
i..W.., Sito..., Ｎｩｭ｡ｮ､ｾ｣ｷＬ＠ lno«cliaidsu...Uaara-t-.as.
ID t'llft ca.- the llp!cielo allo - on iocb mlhady and moilt placa The
spt!dea Gin beeasl!J Identifiable fftnn ltByellowto CllUl;lll! lllldlate, K+ purple
thallua. The ｾ＠ ii moltfy sWile ud rarely produce ｹ･ｬｯｷＭｾ＠
.apolflecla. The exi:lple II b:!atorlne, hawweraomedmea It b«omea lecanorlne
ｷｩｴｨｾ｣･ｬｳＮ＠
Co:to,ilaatc:U111 drk'iltcl (Ach.) Zahlbr. ii\ Engl. a Ptand

Mtt. Pfltmttnfom.. 1(l): ｾ＠ 190&-Uun.om c:fmtallarind A.cl>., Udti!nt>gr..
ｕｮｾＡｩｬｊＺＮｦｯｴＱＸ＠
Tha11us saxicnlOUll. crustoc. rim0$C areolaW, ｾ･Ｎ＠ｹ･ｬｯｷＭｾ＠ to

cranse·ftd. IC+ piwpk'. ApotMdanwnerous, atthe-of a:n!Ole, 1111llf.en.
solitary, rarely 2.-3 eollfluent; maigln slJgbtly rlsln& above the areole,
ｾＭｩｯｷｬｊｨｴ･｡ＱＮ［､｣ｲｮｎＡ＠ Bmplewith
.ipicen., 35-.g lllll tbld:;eplhymenlumgoldl!n bmwn, It+pwpk, tt-19 µm
tfili:k; hymett!um hyallne, ＺｩＮＸＭｾ＠ ian ihklr. hypod1.edum hyalin£, :i.7-48 \lln
thick; paraphyses azticalm, IWl>llm to m""ili!Orm. Alcu.t 8 lpOl'ed, ｾ＠
25-40" 10-15 pm;•-.- hyalln.e. po1aribllocular, elllpso!d to oblong.
&2-lz.4X3-4-6,3µm..
Chmllltry: Thallmi .and apothecia It+ pulple. C-, KC-, P... TLC: Parieti:n
p-.
(lommenb: Qdo.plliai ｣ｩ＾ｬｎｾ＠ is a common bdu:n ｾ＠ in IJttar
Pradell!, howeoeriea>rded fromallllafe locallr:)i; Mm:undl HilllllnScmhhadra
district. !tis liiundpowll>gon eopose.t rod<sandre.adily idenn6d1lewith ib
yellow-Ora:D,11ecolour, rl.moR axoeola:te 1111bdlgumelflallu.ttlw:t:ID'DIJpulple
with K. Thou,g)lapothedaaresa!ll lnmostoftfte"P"'i"'*'l"I, btttthe..-po1ee
ai:erarelyp1od11c..d
ＨＧｾ＠ QlflUllf- (Vainio) Zahlbr.

Cat. Liti1i. UrQwrs. 7' "°6.19)1;-Plricrxlium aq>W!fo:non Vain., Ann. A=l. Sci.
Ptm.,.&P.A6(7):# 1915·
Thallus saxicolous, Cl.'llStoR,. <XllXtinuous to ｾ＠ Ihm. 1-o:o. yellow to
ｏｲ｡ｊｗＡｹ･ｬＮｷ［ＺｩＰＭＱｯｭＧｾｴｨ｣Ｆ､ｮｧｦ＠
W,C thallua; mlll'!Pn 1•11:, thiJlncr; ...ｾ＠ｾｲ｡ｬｩ＠ cratJ:rifocm. ｾ＠
cupllkedepremlon..Apothedaablent.
<llemlmy:'lh.allusK+purple. C-,KC-, P-. TLC: Padetlnii-.
<lo-mu: ｃ｡ｾ＠ cupilifon> 19 a aammon spedes In Vttar Pradesh l'oun.d
p.'OWins ｯｮｾ＠ rocb in a-O"'irll with ot.Mr ｾｯｦ＠ CaloplaC!tl. ;m.d
Peltula. It is a sterile lichen with striking yellow colouration and unique,
c:raterifonn or cup likesoralia.
Caloptac:a granutaris (Mull. Arg.} Zahlbr.

Cat. Lich. Univers. 7: 41. 1930. - Callopisma aurantiacum var. granulare Mull.
Arg., Rev. Mycol. (Toulouse) 10: 6J. 1888.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, yellowish grey or creamish, occasionally with
yellow tinge, especially around ascomata, sorediate; soredia granular, in
advance stages thallus is completely sorediate and appearing leprose.
Apothecia, rare to frequent, closely adnate to thallus, ± constricted at base,
round to irregular, 0.3-0.8 mm diam.; margin thin to excluded, yellowish,
granular; disc plane to concave, orange to brown, epruinose. Proper exciple
11- 20 µm thick, hyaline, thalline exciple ±present, algal cell present below
hypothecium;epihymeniumgolden brown, K+ pink to purple, KI+ blue, 24- -31
µm thick; hymenium with abundant oil globules, hyaline, KI+ blue, 63- 81 µm
thick; hypothecium hyaline, 54- 65 µm thick; paraphyses thin, septate,
branched, articulate. Ascus 8 spored, clavate, 50-58 x 11-15 µm; ascospores
hyaline, broadly ellipsoid to oblong, transversely 1 septate, polaribilocular,
12.2 -17.1x6.o- 8.8 µm.
Chemistry: Thallus K± pink, C-, KC-, P-. TLC-No chemicals or pale yellow
spot at Rfclass 6 - 7.

Comm-: Cllloiofalllf gram.Jllrls 18 a r.m lldien ｾ＠ In Uttar Pradesh,
fooad powiDg onMCfl!f!ti:N inllica ll'eeeinma:agi:>o!dwdt. The .spec:ieB mil)'
be conf\uied fOr leprot1e lli:hen{lqrarid tp.) due to ltsJl!llowtsh srey, pnular
sorediilte tfial.lus. h may also be coa.6111e<i &xr ｣ｾ＠ｾＮ＠ u the small.
ｧｲ｡ｮｵｬ､･Ｆｭ｢ｳｯｾｈ＠ ta!labatmi.ooth, ｬｨｮ｜ＭＱｴｾ＠
Joehi. (2008) studied thisspeciesfrom. Claakrata Hillsof ll""sh111d 'Where the
ma""1•1 did not hiwuny apo1ilecla (111.erilf:). Specimen from Uuar Pradesh II
ｦ･ｲｴｩｬ｡ｮ､ｭｳｷｨ｢ｯｰＺＮｃｾ＠
CcrfopllM pMogllltl (A.<h.} Flagey

ｾｓｯ｣Ｎ＠ nll'muritt. Douba: 250• 1886. -J>amttita r:1mna v.11. phlogtna Ach.,
Mdhoctw.n8o.18o:J.
TIW!us rorticoloue, crustoiM>, thin, greenhh-grey to greenlah yellow,
coatimloua to p.m:hy, wwwllwes ｾ＠ thalha C011J...;..r. llOftdiate;
.-.alla owpw to lamlN!, Jl!ll- to Ol'allj(le }'l!llaw, c.apital:e,. funned by
breakiagolthalh.1.1,p!Ojectingabovethethalha.Apotlieciaabemt.
ｃｨ･ｭｬｮｲｹＺｔ｢｡ｩｋＫｾ＠ C·, KC·, P·. TI.C:Palit1inpieiem.
ｃｯｭ｡Ｚｏｬｰ｣ｨｧｮｾｴｲｦ･ｳ､ｩｕＧｐＬｵＮ＠
powing011 ｬｨ･ａ｣Ｚ｡ｩｾ＠ nilotiica trcctruakalo113roadside. It wdia.raaerized by
8l'ff!lllh yellow; mt.aller, K+ pll!plethallu.e. Tb.el'Oml!a lnl:liallydewlopefrom
margjnandatlatersblgoesp:: v!sall<M!'tbethallas.
CcrflJipl a poO:ofwv (Ny!.) Steiner
ｾ＠ Xxiiatrl AMd. W-. Wim Mtlth. ｾ＠ Cl. Abt. i, 106: :119>
"*'»· - l'..ec0lontpo1!olJ!N Ny!.. F!'ol'!:r 52! 70-11169-
Thallu.t IW!icoloua, ｾＮ＠ azoeolalll!, 11qaamuloR co 111blqua.muloR, 8f4!Y
brown, K+ ytll-. 13-).0 an ｾ＠ areole or squam:ull!s plane IJ) lllJ#ldy
ｾ＠ IOW!d co ｾ＠ 0.2-0.5 mm - ; nyc!ulla whitA!. A{l"'becia
suhlmmersl!d IJ) &ealle. rare to numerowi,. SClll:Urecl, -i.le, 0.2-0.3 mm
diam.; lllllll'8inpenismlt, lnoWl1 to black, o<mSional.ly ｾ＠､ｩｬ｣ｯｾ＠
ｾｴｯ＠ Blidple b!omne to leddlne. sometimes thalllne
widt aJ¢ <:'dis, It-, YT- 6111m thclc; qiihymmi;umgoldm ｾ＠ K+ pwpk,
lll-20 izmtlllck; bymenlumhyallne,Jn'P' °"
hmhol.lglobuleii,J-,44- si imi;
hypot:hedwn hyalin.c; paraphyRgartieulat>:ti>moniliform.48- 51 pm.Aswstl
lpOxecl, davate, :&5-34 x 7-10 IJ:lll;a.cotpO!elll hyallM. elllptold, ｾＱ＠
septab:, ｰｯｬ｡ｮｾ＠ 11.4-l:l.3 x 6.7-7.3 µm. l'fGlidia blaclr. immeroed.
numao'U.I, 1-J pa <IX'tO!e_ O.oS-O.o8 Ill.Ill, round to flaak. llhaped; amid!a
badlllfol'lll,).4-.f.)X0.7-o.9iun-
Chcmistry: Th.alias K+ ,.:11-. C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Atnnoril1 and Pa.rietill
pr-.
Cli>mmena: Qdopb:<lpolfot.mJ !ta mmmonspedealn Ullat Pndeah, found
gmvingODro<:ks, ｢ｯｴｨＮｩｮｾ＠ anuan.d lhady, moist places. 'Jhisapt!ciet
showa much variation In challll8 and .apo1fledaJ charaCUN.. The marsln of
｡ｰｯｴｨ･｣ｩｳｬ､ｮＱｭｦＭＬＮｾＧＸｗﾢ＠
cellIntflea:dpleareallo mayprest:11tlnthcllall:ll>ordlt&!entthallu.t.P,.:nldla
may be p,_,,t Ol' ahso:nt. l.id>ens with ｾｲ･ｰｯ､ｵ｣＠ with am.idia and
SO!l.ltftratlf.__,._
ｨ･ｮｾ＠ mostly lade ｾ＠ The th.aJlus CM tall&I" Dam slmple rimose,
ueolm condition to thiclr. subequamuJ01e to squamuloee c:onditio11.
Apothl!da.-wu.ally-i:te.mclconmkb!d.atbaae,,butaomtdmeatheymay
boobimm d
Ccrloflloat ｾ＠ Y. Joshi&. Upreti

ｾ＠ H<ldwfg&J 86{1-:l): "69· :&008.
Tbailaa AX!colowi,. Cl'UIC<Nle, thin, run- areolau, whldlh grey to grey.
｡＾＼ＱＧＭｩｮｧｷｬｨｾｴｵｳ､ｰＺ＠ to la,. ｡ｲ･Ｌｾ＠
aoral.la pu.milau, molltly lamina!, whit<!, fine pnul..u. Apothed.a few,
&eattcred, ｾ＠ round, O.:l-0.5 mm diam.; maqpn smooth, leddlne, daili:
m-n
to black; dilc ORlllJe ｴｯｾ＠ lmlwn, plane to alitJrtly amftX. Bxciple
ｾ＠ tow.m!s cotto, hya1lne ur paw 1-.mk Inwards, algal c::elJ .ah.!Mt,
:is-So pm. thick; ｾｭｵ＠ yellow brown to brown, 7-15 pm. thici', I:+
purple; hym£nlum hy.illn.e, ＺＦＸＭｾ＠ innthlclc;hypoth.edum hy.Uln.e, ｾＭＳ＠ µm
tliick;paraphyR61impleto ｎＮｲ｣｡ｴ･､ＬｰｩｬＡｳｷｯｺａＸＰｦﾫｉｾ＠
ＳＩＭｾ＠ x ll-1'] 11111; .umspoNll hyallne, polarlhlloadar, IW'l'OWiy elllt-ld.
6.t-D.JX4.2-5"1flll1.
Chmliltry:1'hallusK+ ytllow, C·, KC-,P... TLC:Amnorinpi:-.
Comm.ma: Oilop.laca aubpo!!of:m:r It a ｲ｡ｦｴｾ＠ In thur Pradem foimd
powing on ｾ＠ rocks. ft is ｾ･ｲｩｺ､＠ by sorediate tha1lus and few
apo1iledawlthlecldlnemarglnandora.ngoebmmd!lc.Ladtof.apothedaand
preenoeofSORd!atecond!lion maloes ltappeill' moetly like a sterile ll.chenand
hmcepi:oba!>lyonlyfewapeia-.werebmia'oollectl!d.
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.1s1
Caloplaca tropica Y. Joshi & Upreti
Lichenologist39(6): 505. 2007.
Thallus saxicolous, crustose, indistinct, mostly present below apothecia or in
crevices, whitish. Apothecia numerous, scattered, sessile, 0.3-0.4 mm diam.;
margin lecidine, dark brown to black, persistent; disc orange to orange brown,
plane to convex. Exciple brown outwards, hyaline inwards, algal cells absent,
i7-25 µm thick; epihym.enium yellow to golden brown, K+ pink, 9-14 µm;
hymenium hyaline, 32 -45 µm thick; hypothecium hyaline, 18- 22 µm thick.
Ascus 8 spored, clavate, 41- 49 x 9 -13 µm; ascospores hyaline, transversely 1
septate, narrowlyellipsoid, polaribilocular, n.6-13.0 x 5.9- 6.4 µm.
Chemistry:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Parietinpresent.
Comments: Caloplaca tropica is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing mostly on exposed, shining quartzite rocks. It can be readily
identifiable due to its habitat and beautiful, small, dark brown margined,
orange brownapothecia.
Caloplaca vitellinuta (Nyl.) H. Olivier

Expos. Lich. Quest Fr. i: 232. I.897.-Lecanora vitellinula Nyl. Flora 46: 305.
i86J.
Thallus saxicolous, crustose, poorly developed, present around ascomata,
yellow to yellowish orange. Apothecia numerous, clustered or closely placed,
round to angular, 0.2 - o.8 mm diam.; margin thin, biatorine, entire, pale or
concolours to thallus; disc yellow to orange or reddish orange, plane to slightly

CO«m!X.ExciplehydiM, wi1fl.alplcdls, :1.5-30 pmthick;epihymei11m.,tdm
brawn, tt-LJ µm th!d:, K+ purple; hymettium hyallne, .f+-64 µm thld:;
hypotbecium. ｾ＠ !)S-6o pm thick; paraphysesaimpleto fu.rc:md, llpicll
.:ells swollen to aipltalE .and wit oil giobulea. A&d 8 spored, dim.t.e, .fS-61 IC
W- 20 iim; ascotpOl'til hyaliDe, pola:ribi1ocu1a ellipeoid, u.8-15-2 IC 6.5-8.2.
Ill»·
＼ｬｷｮｨ｢ｹＮＺＧ｡ｵｳｾｰｲ･Ｌ＠ C.. KC, P-. TLC: Padetinpl'e&eltt.
(lommenb: Calopl¢c<i vitel!inula is a l8l'e lid>en species in IJttar Pradeih,
focmd grow.Ins on mnmt plamr neiu rlftr brldjpe In Kmmlagbat Wildlife
S;incluary. It is ｾ＠ by crowded. yelJow ID O""'lllC apotb.«ia W
reduced lhallaa. ｾＡｨ･＠ spec:imen of UUar Pradeih -a.nno131ed ;ui
Orloplam lidlophi/4 H. Magn. lb!ga!ding the 1><>mencla11.m? of C. lithoj>hi!G
tit- m.ts doubts md Amp {2.009) trel>ed tbia tpeeiei .u S)'DOl'l1Dl of C.
lllttninu!a, butwltha"f mai'lt. H-,ｨ･ｾ＠ that C. lirllophfbJ ls nota
lpeci"'ofitsO'WD.
Chapm A. Massei. (Family: Graphidaceae)

Alti I. R. bit. vmeto Sci. Ldt. Am. m: 3' s: •· Ill6'o.
Thallws corticolo1151, coDtinaowo, ll.sswed, endo or cpiphloeodal, white,
8l'ff'lllh grey. mm, eaottic:.lU or cottic.tUJd, mnooth, with a mau to sloar.
mealy, compaa or ｾ＠ mrface; prodiallus lin.c Ihm. biownish;
photoblomsr-ialp.oftimwltbintMirabma%ie;eomdmeicliK!nctlaf8'of
Glldum ｾ＠ crystals d-'oped basU ID ph.otxiblont ｾ［＠ phenococtu
pRRDt. Aacomm apothec:la. Chroodi.tctts ｾ＠ d&perHd or In looeely
l.ltftemtlfw.-.1ss
"fllep!Ed group.a. munihd, angular or ttnlfurm, mqln llauftd to lobt!d.
Proper exciple fa.ted or &et from thalline Jllll.lliri; paiphysoid.t a!wap frtt,
papen.dkular to proper exdple; ｰＮｭｾ＠ djijcl or ｾ＠ c»D&fut!n.ab!d.
Asci aarrowl:y to lnoad.ly ｾ＠ 1-8 spored; UCOllpOIN, hpliDe or bcowxi.
ｾ＠
Wedd 'Widet5spi!de&; ln.dla 7 spedes; Utaalllft: Ma.njp>ld d G'l :l.009; JOOtl et
G'bou.
a..., crlb-...rUll (Ny!.) A. Frisch

BibOoth. Lidtatol. 93: 90• 2006. -Graphja ｾ＠ Njf.,Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot.
- . .... 19:w.111&3.
Tballu.t corlico!O'lll, er-. ﾫｩ･＾ｮｬｾ＠ epfpbloeodal, ol!Ye 81ft11 to sret'·
Apcitbeeia c..dtroodiso:oid, ｾｯｲ＠ at the level t!idiallus; 1W11ded to oblong
or lmguJar. soHtary to filRd, 0.3-0.6 mm diam.; .ucomatal dllc :t apoHd.
pruln.o$C. Proper exdple fllsed w:itb thalline rim, hyallne; eplhymeWwn
hy.lllnet<>paJe brown; hymenlum. d-, bfal!M, 75-90 llD1 thldo;parupbj-
Blmple, straljl)tt. ｾ＠ tb!clrened apk.ally; latttal p.mphyses ln02n.Spll:!uau&
Ｎａｬ｣ｩＸＱｰｏｲ･､ＬＵＰＭＶ［＾＼ＹＴｄ｡ｃｴｾ＠ｾＳ＠ＭＶｾ＠
obllmg.::t l'OWlcleden.da. I-, 19- ｾＩｸＶＭＷＮＸﾵｭ＠
ｾＧｬｨ｡ｵｳｋﾷＬ＠ C·, KC-,P-. TLC:Nocl-n.alcleb:aed.
Comm.mt&: ChapH ｾ＠ is a ratt spteiet il1 U'tW Pradab. 1WDd
ｾｯｮ＠ trtt b.aik In dtdduoas fo-.. It ls dwacwlud bydl!oodi&cold.
ｯ｢ｬ｡ｧｴｩｲ｣ｵＮｾ＠ｴｬＺ｡Ｎｭｮ､ｹｳ･ｰｾｯＭ＠ OD.tbeoxatrazy
ｴｮｨ･ｾｯｰｬＧ｡ｩ､｢ｹｍｪＩＺｑ＠ＨＲＮＰＹＩ｡ｰ･､ｭｬＡｦｴｯｕｵｾ＠
ｨｵｳｭｯ､ｴ｡ｬＨｄｏｾｷｰＺＦｍｓＢ･ＮｹＩ＠
CINysofhtix Mont (Family: Chrysotrichaceee)

Ann. Sci. Nrzt. Bot. su. J. 18: 312- J.8s;a.
ｔｨ｡ｬｵｳｰＱＰｹ｣ＭＬ･ｩｴｦｲｾｷｏＧｱ＠ tflinortbi<I:,
ｾ｣Ｚ｡ＥＱｴＬ＠ J1!1lowtoyellowhfl."1Jl'ftl). ｾ＠ oompoeedofpuMzulmt, comu
or spherical granules OI' anastomoe:Ing &la,,_.., mrticolous, llgnkow or
aaxicolou; phocoblont a FffD. lllp. .Ascomata llpO!lttcia, ratt. innm or
ｾ＠ w:ilh a thin non-mrtiGtb? margin ｯｲｾ＠ llldple poody
､･ｦｬｯｰ［ｵ｡ｨｹｴｾｮｳｏＡｔＮｓｧＺｷａ｣ｩ｟＠
811p(l«d;ua111po1eahy.lllne.1-3Sl!ptl11?,obantetoe!Hpogold.
Woddwidenspecies;IDdia4spe<ies;Liie111tun::AwilSl:hi19!JI.
IC'ayto tflHpl :elm ofCl'w)Hlflriir

ia. ｾｯｲ｡Ｎｮｧ･Ｌｇｬｦｹ｣ｩｴｰｵｳ＠ •.•.•.•.•.•.•.•..• C. oandtlrril
1h. Thal.lu.l lemon yellow or ｧｭｮｬＡｨｾ＠
ｾ＠ anl1 '¥Ulplnh: add ｾｴ＠ • , ••••••••••••••••••••• c. dt1ori:ria
Qll) t"riJI eiaul lvV (l.} J.R. Laundon
Ud!oiologist 13(:.): uo. L91h- -llylws cwiclelario L, Sp. Pi. :i; IJ69, :rm.
Tballwl cm1:1ilolous, ｉｾ＠ )'cllow ｾ＠ granul£8 ｭｩｮｾ＠ o.02-o.o6 mm
diam., 'Withsca:rcehypb.al ffi•menta Ascoaudaabeem.
l.ltftemtl(W.-155
Chemistry:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Calycinpresent.
Comments: Chrysothrix candelaris is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on tree trunk in deciduous forest. It can be easily identifiable
due to itsyelloworange, powderythallus.
Chrysothrbt chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon

Lichenologist13(2): ro6. r98r. - Lichen chlorinus Ach., Lichenogr. Suec. Prodr.: 6.
i798.
Thallus corticolous, leprose, forming pulverulent mass, lemon yellow or
greenish yellow; granules 0.02 - 0.05 mm diam, with few hyphal filaments.
Ascomataabsent.
Chemistry:ThallusK±paleorange, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Calycinand vulpinicacid
present.
Comments: Chrysothrix chlorina is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
however few specimens have been collected, found growing on Mangifera
indica and Shorea robusta tree trunks in orchard and saal forest. The species
can be easily distinguishable from C. candelaris due to its lemon yellow
colouration.

C'ollemo F.H. Wigg. {Family: Collemataceae)
Pm1. Fl. Holsat.: 119- i,SO.
Thallus follo,;e,. ruhfoUoee,, ｬｯｨ｡ｾ＠ eeJatlnoa.s and 1WOllen when wet;
ho:moiomaoUS', pale olivllCeO'llS gree11, bluish OI' bla<ti•h, smooth <11: ｲｩｾ＠
ｾｯｲｮｴＮｧｕＩ｡ｬｹＡｊ､ｱ･ｰｷｌｩｦｵﾭ
ridjl:d condition; isidia giualar, globula.r. teretilomi, simplc. coralloi.d
bmnchedorsqumwllform: lowerll.lrfactwldidtpHm!ON1colftllPODdingcc
ridpsan.d pusmles, ,.;ii, cirwiihoot mirines; plwt°"iont ｡ｾｬｴ･ｲｩｵｭＬ＠
Nostoc, ｾ＠ tllroujjhocit thallwl. .A.clomata .apotMda. lamina!, ｾ＠
ｳＱｩ｢ｴｬｰ｡ｾ＠ to pecllcellate; disc pale red, reel brawn to ｾ＠ l!xdple
1-.norine; hymenium. I + bhle; ftn>othec:ium pale. Aaci. ｬｩｾ＠ apically
tb!rbmed, usu.tlly 8 spored; asco6peree byallne, transY<neiy eeptate,
...｢ｮｬｊｩＱＰｺｭＮｯｲｵｦ［ｾｰ･ｴ｣､＠
Wo1fd 'Wide &:t tpede.: India J'j llptd.9; IJt.era.cme: Akbm. Awaltbi 198o:
Awasthi :l.007·
Colln1a pll'M'"im-. ｾ＠ m'll (MOii. Arg.) Oegel.

ｾｂｯｴＮ＠ V'pdm. 2.0(2):173.1974- Ｍｓｹｲｴﾫｉｋ＾｢ｬ｡ｊｦＺＮｺＯ､ｵｳｶＱＡｮｾ＠
MiillArg., l'looe. Ra)\ Soc. Eclir<Mgli,..:456. '8a:a.
Thallw! corlfcolom, follote. up to 10 c:m across, dark ｾｓＭ to hnwmWI;
lobes roam.d to irrcguW;. 2.5-s.o mm wide, pliutc rGpe to dcqily ｲｩｾ＠
lowersideslightlypalerthan the upper, attached by haptera; thallusupto 63 µm
thick, homoiomerous. Apothecia rare, up to 1.2 mm diam.; margin thalline,
concolours with the thallus, thin, smooth; disc pinkish orange, convex,
epruinose. Thalline exciple with algal cells, 27-78 µm thick, lacking
psudocortex; proper exciple euparaplectenchymatous, continuing below
hypothecium; epihymenium paleyellow, up to 25 µm thick; hymenium hyaline,
up to 105 µm thick; hypothecium hyaline to pale yellow, up to 151 µm thick;
paraphyses branching. Asci 8 spored, clavate, up to 52 x 14 µm; ascospores
hyaline, fusiform, transversely3- 6 septate, 41.7-48.8 x 7.6- 9.7 µm.
Chemistty:ThallusK±paleorange, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Calycinand vulpinicacid
present.
Comments: Collema pulcellum var. subnigrescens a rare foliose cyanolichen
species in Uttar Pradesh, found growing on tree bark in forested areas. It is
reported form Katarniaghat area in Behraich district by Akthtar & Awasthi
(1980); however the specimen is untraceable in the herbarium LWG.
Crypthothecio Stirton (Family: Arthoniaceae)

Proc. Roy. Soc. Glasgow 10: 164. 1876.
Thallus crustose, effuse, ecorticated, white, yellow to yellowish-green, usually
corticolous; photoblontagreenalga; hypothalluswell developed. No organized
ascomata. Asci ±evenly dispersed in thallus, loose non-coherent hyphal tissue
between asci, globose, spheroid, or ovoid, bitunicate, I - 8 spored; ascospores
hyaline, submuriform to multicelled muriform.
World wide 75 species; India 31 species; Literature:Awasthi 1991.
Cryptothecia scripta G. Thor

Symb. Bot. Upsal. 32(1): 285. 1997.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, thick, pale, creamish to pinkish white;
hypothallus fimbriate. Fertile area forming granular or verrucose structures;
fertile granules few to numerous and grouped. Asci 1 spored, clavate, ovoid to
globose, 62-97 x 41-54 µm; ascospores hyaline, muriform, oblong to ovoid,
transversely7-12 septate, vertically2 -8 septate, 45. 7- 75.3 x 18.6 - 27.6 µm.
Chemistty: Thallus K-, C+ pink, KC+ pink, P-. TLC: Gyrophoricacid present.
Comments: Cryptothecia scripta (= C. subnidulans Stirton) is a common
species in Uttar Pradesh. However, only one specimen has been collected from
deciduous forest of Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary. In the sanctuary several
trees bear large, white patches of C. scripta, which is mostly mistaken for sterile,

Cl'G.ltoR!ichmtpeci"' The cloie:o'-rvationofthe ｰｩｴ｣ｨｾ＠ lhe fstile
grmu1e8 .M1.d a typical ftmb:rla!e. whlthh hypochallu.tl .tt the m;qtn of dJ.e
patdi.
Dl.mrinna Normam (Family: Physciaceae)

NytMag. Natwviclmtlc. '7(:J): • 18sa-
Tballuscrust- thin II> lblU:, plaoxlioid. wilhlllliiatc-plicatc llWgiulkiba;
prothalla1pwtorabltm;wh!lle, yel!OW'"Wh!ce, yellow; palegreyt.opey.grer-
b:rawn, paleordm:. brown, dllll orllml!IJ; photob:!onta u.nfnelbila•a-n .aljp.
hmn•"' apotfiecia, im:m6'Rdto8'Aileoradnatie, :t:l'OODd;disc blac:k, uaually
q:t'l.llnoiR. Blrdple le<:.anorlne to ｾ､ｩｮ･［＠ hymenlum ｾ＠ hypothedum
hyaline to pale or duk brown; ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･＠ｯｲｾ＠｢ｾ＠
apmded mdpipmw! atlheapi-.AICi. clavatetocyliDdnGll,Baclc!lcltype,
Sspared; •""""1"""1 eept;tte, ofthe Bcltwmtin&J type, ｯＡｍＭｾ＠ｴ｢ＮｾｰｬＧｦﾭ
ｾ＠ or da:rlt lnown at mab.1.rity, b:toad.ly ellipeoidal. :t: a>DStrided at the
aeptum,llll!face1mOOthor8ntlyomamen!M.
ｗｯｩｴ､ｷｬ･Ｘｾ｡［ｮ｣ＳｌＺｲＮＱｭＡｉｊＧｰｍ＼＠
auner.-tenui.f (Mull. Atg.) H. Mayhafl!r & Wipple in Mayrilofet;

Matter, Wlppel & Elbe
Mycomon ,58: ,of.1996.
Thallus Slllliwlous, plaa>dioid, otb:icWu; ｾ＠ 1-wD. 0.5-3.0 cm •CIOSlil

l.ltftemtl(W.-f59
oftm. co;ilesciag with neighlva1rjng tbiilhw u!d OM:riDg !up: ua; lobes
IJnmi:,angularto ll!ghtly!01:1md,. t; CO!m!X, O.j-0.7 mm wide; ｾＭＮｵ､ｩ＠
ttntre are oolXRJL to bcilged. o.2.-o+ mm aacss. Apatheda &equent,
diltributl!d towardscmtttoflhetliallus, o.a-0.4 mm diam.;mugm fec:idjne,
blaci:;dl&c blaclr. plane (i)conwJ'., epN!na& l!xdp4e b:rown, 2.0-Y'/ pm thlci:;
epihymenium brown. •3-:u 1PD thick; hymenium bJiiline, 45-5511111 thici:;
hypotMdumbmm(;)d;uk: brcomtodarltbrown,.51-9fi JIDlthlck;p;uapby-
simple to ...wfybtan.ched, apical O!ll swu!ll!n and brown plgmi!nb!d. A&cu88
apored, 46-g .. 8-14 11111; ｾ＠ !no-. trawvekly 1 eeptate, ra1'!l:y
simple, elllpao!d, U>.J-13-3" 5-1>-7.opm.
Chemfmy:TballmK-, C+plnk. ICC+pinlr.P·. ｮＮ｣Ｚｾｲｩ｡､ｴ＠
<Amm.....,: Dirrw/amc1. tmuis ia a eommoi:i lichm apec:ies iD. Ulm l'rade.b,
tband growlna on aposed roc:b.. It ｉｾ＠ by drca1al: o!M b:rown
tliaDus wiih 1oOate maigin and Ｆｬ｡､＼ｾ＠ Sometime;; the thallw. al80
p.'OWaJIGlluaedllj1Wlll1lORCMnock.
Dior.nma Esc:hw. (Family: Graphidac:eae)

Syst. Uc/i.: l). dbf.
ｔｨ｡ｬｾ＠ｯｦＧＭｾ＠ to p.ale o!M-s-n, l!lmOOth, dull to ｾ＠ｴｩＩｾ＠ .
.llsmme•dift!lifozm.apolhecia, liDuran.d branched, irregula:rly rounded and
:a: dllarld, imn:lenecl err rublmmened.. Lahta open: ptoptr adple non-
ｾ｡ｲｬｨｮＮ､］｢ｯｴｩｺ･Ｌ［ｹｭｵｰ＠ I-er!+
blue. JIM '!l•ns hyiiline, trmm.lnlely ｾｉｬＡ＠ to murifixrm, I+ pale ｾ＠
medh.m:iblueorblue-'Mlet.
Wedd ｷｩ､･ｾ＠ spt!dee; India "4spedet; ｕ｢Ａｮｾ＠ Shanna a. KbadDkar ｾ＠
Kalbrtal :I004<
Olof'J9IJIO;Rl(Jhuhnll. (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb, S121igl!f' &. Elix
SymA Bot. u,_r. 34(1): ''!11· Ｚ｡ｯＫＭｾ＠ junglt.Jrmi Mont. & lloscl>. in
Jimgh.,Pt.]ungh. ｾ＠ 4Tl·J.ilss.
Thallu.tamtoolou,. en-.wlrllllhsrertoiftT, d1lck. niugh.. Llftllaemccdy
ｾｰ｡ｬ･ｲｴｨｮｵｳＮｩｱｄ［ｭｯｦＧｇ＼ｗｖ､ＰＳＭＶ＠
mmloag, o.i- o.Jmm ｢ｲｯ｡､［ｩｬ｣ｷＬｃｏｙｭＡｴｨｾｰｵＮ＠ Ilqle
dhte:1F1t, non.-bonlzed,. So-63 pm chkk; eplhym£nhttn yellowlllh hNwn.
w-18 11111. thicli; hym.m.iu:m. hyllline to ycll<>Wi&li,. 6s-86 pm !hick. I+ Wuc;
hypothedum hyallne to yellowhh; paraphya:e• lllmple tc branched,
Ｍｭｾ＠ Asd 1-a span!d. clar.d:e, 73-'44 x 34-53 ian; ..-pc1et
hyllline,muriWm, ｢ｲ｣ｬ､ｹｾｩＬ＠ＷＩＮｊＭＱＴＳｘＵｾ＠ JID!-
Chemfmy:1'hallmJc:+ftd, C·, KC·, P+oranae. TLC:No11rk'licand®U:lc:hic
Ｎ｡､ｾｴ＠
(lommcnb: ｾ＠ jwlgJnJinii is a l8l'e lidu:n specii:s in lJttar Pradeih,
foClll:d pawing ot1 tfte ba:rk ID mo!llt decldu.owl foreit. It la charactelml. by
whltWlpydW!uand'Whlliahotmuclipalerllrellae.
l.ltftemtl(w.-.111
Dirinaria (Tuck.) Clem. (Family: Physciaceae)
Clement, Gen. Fungi: 84. 1909.
Thallus foliose, adnate, lobes dichotomously to pinnately divided, usually
flabellate-plicate, confluent in centre, greyto darker grey, with orwithoutisidia
and soredia; heteromerous; corticated on both sides; lacking rhizines;
photobiont a green alga, Trebouxia; medulla white or pigmented. Ascomata
apothecia, laminal, thalline, usually black, pruinose or not. Exciple lecanorine;
epihymenium pale brownish, K-; hypothecium brown to brown-black. Asci 8
spored; ascospores brown, 1 septate, thick walled. Atranorin present in upper
cortex.
World wide35 species; Indian species; Literature:Awasthi 1975, 2007.
Key to the species of Dirinaria
ia. Thalluslacking sorediaand isidia, saxicolous ............ D. confluens
1b. Thallussorediate ............................................ 2
2a. Soredia developing from thick isidioid outgrowths,
later becoming crateriform, divaricatic acid present ....... D. aegialita
2b. Sorediadevelopingdirectlyonthethallus ......................... 3
3'1· Thalluswithsekikaicacid ............................ D. consimilis
3b. Thalluswithdivaricaticacid .......................... D. applanata
Dirinaria aegiatita (Afzel.) Moore

Bryologist 71: 248.1968. - Parmelia aegialita Afzel. inAch., Methodus: 191.1803.

Thallus oortkolcus and sako)oug, IOHcee IJ) platocllo:!d, ocbkaW: 0.11-7.5
mm across, whitish P'f• ｳｯｲ･､ｩ｡ｾ＠ｬｯ｢･ｳｾ＠ plic:all: to imbricate, $igb1fy
COlm!J', ｾ＠ pruiDoR. o.6-i.8 mm wide; llOredia lll'iling &om ilidioid
OC1tgrowthi; la.Iler becom.fngcra%1!11foml; lowerlWla.aeof l®e.p.aleto ｾ＠
ｬ｡､ｮｧｲｺ･ｳ［ｭﾣｵｾａ｣ｯＮｴｨ＠
Clwnistiy.Thallusandmedulla lt-,C-, KC-,P-. ｔｌｃＺｾ｡､ｰｩｴ･ｄＮ＠

ｾｭ｢Ｚ＠ Dil'inoria ｾｩｳ＠ a common lidien species il1 Uttll:r Pradesb,
filand powins moltly in Ａｏｲｾ＠ t:ed aJ"eU on v.irid.y of ms, !Rich a.t Acacia
nflodoa, Shomrrobwbt ｡ｮ､ｾｵｭｲｦｬＮ＠ Item be ldmdfted 'byllllwhlr:hfl.
gtty,dttlarthallusha.tng-UlobeeandM!dloidgmw!b ｦｷｯｭＡｮｧｾ＠
The isiWoid growdi can 'be seen towaids Y"UDF portion Ｈｾ＠ or the
thallus. The illidioid growth md divaricalic acid ｾ＠ it nm othe:
lptdmwf1hlnthep!llll.I.
Dllfncrio'cpplanlJfD ＨｆｾＩ＠ D. D.Aw.115thi in D. D.AWllSthi &. M. R.Agarwlll

J. lnrlian Bot. Soc. "49' J3S. llJ'TO. -Parm.dia applmtalll Fff. Basai Cr:r.Jd:. e......,,;
126.J.8:14.
Thalluso:irticolous, foliose II> pl!K'Odioid, ｯｴ｢ｩｾ＠ up to s］ｾｷｨｩｴｳ＠
81")', a:orediale; lobmptiate to ｩｭｾ＠ i..o-1.5mm. wide, .i;pit!ypruinoR;
lower llde ｾ＠ to graylab. lacldq dtl:zlnes; sor.illa capftttc, soredla. fine
granular.AllamWaahsi!sl.t.
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.11s
Chemistry: Thallusand medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Divaricatic acid present.
Comments: Dirinaria applanata is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on Mangifera indica and Shorea robusta in orchard and forest
areas. It is characterized by whitish grey thallus, smaller lobes, the soralia that
develops directly on lamina, and divaricatic acid in chemistry.
Dirinaria confluens (Fr.) D.D. Awasthi

Biblioth. Lichenol. 2: 28. 1975. - Parmelia confluens Fr., Syst. Orb. Veg. i: 284.
1825.
Thalllus saxicolous, foliose to placodioid, closely adpressed to rock, whitish
grey, up to 4 cm across, lacking soredia and isidia; lobes plicate and imbricate,
slightly pruinose, 0.4-1.5 mm wide; lower side grey to brownish, lacking isidia
and soredia. Ascomataabsent.
Chemistry: Thallusand medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Divaricatic acid present.
Comments: Dirinaria confluens is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,

found growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized bywhitishgreythallus that
lacksvegetativepropagules, but having divaricatic acid in medulla.
Dirinariaconsimilis (Stirt.) D.D. Awasthi in D.D. Awasthi & M.R. Agarwal

J. Indian Bot. Soc. 49: 135.1970. -Physcia consimilis Stirt., Proc. Roy. Soc.
Glasgow 11: 3JO. 1879.

Tha1lu.t antic:o!GO.t, !oliote to placodioid. whitilb. per. ap to 7 cm across,
ｾ［＠ labe& pllcate-lmbrk.m, ＰＮＵＭｾｩ＠ mm wtde. .t!abdy pruln-.
1'CltuDd,ｰｬ｡ｄＡｴｯ｣ｵＭＮｳｩｾ･､Ｚ［ｲ＠ 1-ersw6.ce81")'to
b:rownllh ..Mcoma!:a»-nt
Clu:mhboy::'lhallusandml!dulla It-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Seklblradd p - .
()ommcnQ: DirirHUia """5i>:riilis isawmmon bchen in Uttar Pradah, found
p."OWlns on ballt ofv.iriet:y o f - IUd!. aa 1":wl 1p., Mq!fi!111 indka, Shorea
n>busm an.ii Syx)yiwn cumini. The spedes Is dW'actulzed by plieate,
ｩｭ｢ｬｾ＠ :t:pru:!Doseloben:a.dpt ! uieoflll!ldkalcadcl.
Endo«Npon Hedw. (Family: Verruc.'lriac:eae)

Dcs...Adwnlir. Mu:seor. ｾｮ｣ｬＮ＠ '" 56. •769.
Tballu.emhnllelJ6:illose, llqtlalnul-ororoaslon•Ilycru-., ｢ｯｴｨｾｲ＠
ｏｄｬＺｹ｡ｰ＼ＡＧｦ｣･ｾｊＮＬｭｴｷＦｨｯ｢ｩＸＱ＠
layer.:ompoeecl of .:ompactlt' am.l1aed hyphM .uwell at algal cells; ml!duila
coasiU of lu. hyphae. .llsai:mata paidiecia gierically immened; ostiole.
lndlllllnct or promlntnf, Illa! a procuber.mce. E:xdple praraplectl!nchyma%oue,
blackisfl; ｨｾｭ｡ｴＧ｣､ｑ＠ with hymenial photlihioDt; periphyses pX'eSeDt.
•lmple; paraphyla gelatlnlzed. AllC! 1-16 llpO?td; a.KOllpOl'U brown,
mUl'ilOrm.
WoitdwidcSo sp •ies;!Ddia7apecies;Llter&ture:SiDp.t.Upmi.1984;Awl11Sthi.
,,_,.
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.11s
Key to the species of Endocarpon
ia. Squamuleslarger,2-7mmacrosstosubfoliose .................... 2
ib. Squamulessmaller, uptounmacross ............................ 3
2a. Lowersidepale ..................................... E. rosettum
2b. Lower side black ................................. E. subrosettum
Ja. Lowersideofthesquamulespale ........................ E. nanum
3b. Lowersideofthesquamulesblack .............................. 4
¥· Hypothalluspresent, black ...................... E. nigro-zonatum
4b. Hypothallusabsent .......................................... s
5a. Squamules looselyadnate, imbricate, ascending ........... E. pallidum
5b. Squamules closely adnate, not imbricate,
not ascending ...................................... E. pusillum
Endocarpon nanum Ajay Singh & Upreti

Candollea 39: 541. r984.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose, yellowish brown to greenish brown, greenish
when wet, closely adnate to substratum; squamules circular to angular, 0.3-1.0
mm across; lower surface pale. Perithecia I per squamule, semi-emergent,
0.10 - 0.26 mm diam.; ostiole protruding, dark brown to black rimmed. Exciple
brown, 26-36 µm thick; hamathecium hyaline, rarelywith algal cells, conical
to globose, 80 - 94 µmacross.Asci 1-2 spored; ascospores pale brown to brown,
oblong, muriform, transversely 9-10 septate, verticallY2 - 4 septate, 30.5 - 44.2
x 12.6 -19.8 µm.

Clu:mhby:'lhallusandml!dulla It-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: ｎｯ､ｬＮ･ｭｴＺ｡ｳｾ＠
ＨＩｯｭ｣ｮ｢ＺｾＱｑｊｵＢＧｩｳ｡＼ｏｄｨ･ｰｕｲｬ､Ｌ＠
foclnd sr-fnB on X'OCb, eemem and or ll:mf: p' :"'• of oompo1111d wall.
buUdln& anll monuments Sometimes lt grows oo &oil f:Ocl< and In °""'
ＮＰＲｴｩｯｮｷｬｨｱ｡｢Ｇｭｺ｣ｰ･ｦｾ＠
It.-beeasilyl4entl6a'bleduetnitsem.allersquam:ull!lland ｰ｡ｬ･ｲＡｏｗｳｦｾ＠
Endo Dll!IJ'Oft nlf:l'O·Wafl:tl'lt Ajllty Singh & Upf9ti

Gm4o/lea »: j4a l9'J4.
Thallus ｾ＠ sqwu11o.IOR, ｾ＠ b:rowu to wt lnowD,. duk p a
whenWd; eqmn:wlea 0.7-1.2 mm wide. d-1y adna!itto 111binr.a!:am; lower
sudaee of. equa:mules black; hypothalhw black. pcomjpmt, Paidiecia so:mi-
pa equamule. 0#]-0.:1. mm diam.: Ollliolar Nglon bladt.
mie!jptltt;, 1-.a
ll:zqlle b1-1t to dark boown, 15-48 JID1 thid:;hamadiec:ium hyaline, <Xmica1
to l'lol>C*. 16:&-i&i lllXl. . . _ Aad 1-2 .llpOftd. davate, 8a-99 >< :12.-'Jfl ia:n;
ｾＭ pale bcown to blUWII, obloog to broadly ellipooid, m:wifocm,
tra:D.fftnlely9-14sepca1.e, wr!IGllly:a-s..-. :M-6-59.31116.t-"°·ltmL
＼ｬ･ｭｨ｢ｹＺＧｔ｡ｵｳｮ､ｾＮ｣Ｍ＠ KC-, P-. ｔｉＮｃＺｎｯ｣ｨ･ｭｬ｡ｳ､ｾ＠
｣ＮＭＺｾ＠ nfgn>.rtmatunt lu.:ommonapedl!!tln Uttarl'r.ldeih,
fooad ｾｭｯ｡ｴｬｹｮｩ･ｰｲｦ＠ mo111U11em.t, old bu.iJdin& ClODlpoimd
wan. .md rarely on ""I""""' rocka. It II ｾｬ･＠ by llll llq1Wllll1Me
tliaDuS', black,. p:"""inmt ｢ｽｰｯｬｨ｡ｵｳ､ｕＺｲｫ･ｷｴＡｾ＠
Endocarpon patlidum Ach.
Lichenogr. Universalis: 301. 1810.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose, yellowish brown to greenish brown, greenish
when wet; squamules 0.4-i.2 mm across, loosely attached, imbricate,
ascending; lower surface black. Perithecia 1-3 per squamule, semi-emergent,
0.13-0.25 mm diam.; ostiole papillate. Exciple brown, 14-18 µm thick;
hamathecium hyaline, 54- 69 µm. Ascospores muriform, oblong, pale brown,
transversely 7-12 septate, vertically1 - 2 septate, 28.8- 42.5 x 13.2 - 20.6 µm.
Chemistry:ThallusandmedullaK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: No chemicals detected.
Comments: Endocarpon pallidum is a common lichen species in Uttar
Pradesh, found growing both on exposed rocks and man made substrates like
cement/lime plasters of old buildings. It is characterized by overlapping,
minutesquamuleswith blackish lower surface.
Endocarpon pusiUum Hedw.

Descr. Adumbr. Muscor. Frond. 2: 56. 178g.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose, brownish to greenish brown, greenish when
wet; squamules 0.2 - o.8 mm diam., closely adnateto substratum; lower surface
black. Perithecia 1- 2 per squamule, 0.11- 0.31 mm diam.; ostiolar region black.
Exciple dark brown to brown black, 43 - 54 µm thick; hamathecium hyaline,
conical to globose, 128-174 µm across. Ascospores pale brown, oblong to
broadly ellipsoid, muriform, transversely 6- 9 septate, vertically 2 - 4 septate,
22.5-42.8x16.1-21.4 µm.
Chemistry: Thallusand medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: No chemicals detected.

C:Ommenia: Hndoc.irpon pwdllum Is a annmon llchen sped"'8 In lliUr
PradSi, found ｾｯｮ＠ aposed rocb u w"1 u cm Che plasm of old
bulldlngand CDmpoundwalls. ltcm ｢･ｾ＠ Imm l!'.prillldwnwfth
､ＮＬｦｹ｡ｴｩ･ｱｕｭＡｳｾｮｯﾷ｢｣ｬＱＰｊＺｧ＠
.Ei'ldoaNpan IUlflUm Ajay Singh &. Uprri

Ca:mlo1ln 39: 543- 1911+
Tballu.I sa:s!colow, 11q1wm•Jo.... to aubfollo&e, b:rawnl&h CD an-llh bNwn,
ｾｷｨ･ｮ＠ 'Wd; squamub L0-3.5 mm. aCIOal', omlapp:illg and llirmmg
ｾ｡ｩ･ＮＬ＠ｬｯｷ･ｵｲｦ｡｣ｴｰＮｾ＠ Pmthuia S-lO Jlj!Uquam:uJe, 11mbn,O.l)-O. :l
mm diam.; ostiole punctuate. Exciple dark brown, 26- 52 µm thick;
hamathecium hyaline, conical to globose, 225-242 µm across. Ascospores
muriform, pale brown, oblong, transversely 7-10 septate, vertically I - 2
septate, 36.2 -48.1x17.3 - 22.1 µm.
Comments: Endocarpon rosettum is a common species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on rock as well as lime/cement plaster of buildings. It is
characterized bylarge squamulesthatform rosettes on the substratum.
Endocarpon subrosettum A. Singh & Upreti

Candollea 39: 547. i984.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose to subfoliose, scattered, rosette forming,
0.1- 2.5 mm diam.; upper surface olive brown, yellow to greenish brown, much
greener when wet; squamules orbicular to suborbicular, 0.2 - 0.3 mm; lower
surface black. Perithecia 1- 2 per squamule, lamina!, prominent, brown to
black, 0.15- 0.35 mm diam.; ostiolewhite or pale. Exciple pale brown to brown;
involucrellum present, brown, broad at tip, tapering down; hymenium hyaline,
with algal cells. Ascus 2 spored; ascospores pale brown, muriform, globose to
ellipsoidal, 35.1-43.5 x 16.3 - 23.4 µm.
Comments: Endocarpon subrosettum is a common lichen in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing over exposed rock, bricks, lime and cement plasters of old
building and monuments. It is easily distinguishable by its large squamules
with darker lower surface.

Flssurfno Fee (Family: Graphidaceae)
Mdh. Lieb. Gen.: 35· i&+
Tballu.t cmdoolou, Cl'lllUCeOU.t, q!phloeodal, greenllh Ff to gre:yllh or
yellow brown, sm(l(ltb, shiny. A-m Wdlilte apndiccia, visible as thalline
cracks or all:ta. 1'hall.fne margin ｾ＠ In from of !OOf jua ewer lhe dllC',
eiaclple un<91bonlzed orslic)ltly carbonl2ed, ea:dple and pl'Oi>ef'maigln poody
deftloped Aacotpots ltyal!De, genl!lll.ly analle; O¥O!d or dl!peo!d. uaially
ｾ＠ 3 81!p!ali!> or murlform, wfih thkk jelly ｾ＠ ...U or halonate, I· or
weaklybhWftornrelyI+ bl11eviols.
Woitd wlde30 lptdeit; Indla:io ｾ＠ Ll:tier.mlre: Slwm.ut al. .acm; Stalatr
-.
ｆＱｮｵｴｬｾ＠ Staiger
BINdK:t1. Lk1tmot SS: LB· :&OtXa.
Thalluac:wticolom, CN.ltlole, ｾ＠ m:-ntof11f!fbrowu, anooth. Lirellae
lmgaWty settten!d, lmm.e!MI ID superftdal. delkate, simple to 1mncl>lng.
CllM!dtofle•oue,1.7-:a,smmlong;ma11ilnmite,plane, b:road,cowriagtfte
disc; dl&c .itt Ilk l!:rdple p.ile, .ipbl.ly bmwni.h, non-orbonlzed, tJ- 21 µm
thick; hymemom ｾ＠ 93-u.6 µm. thick; hypotbecium liyaliu, 14-:i.6 µm.
tlili:k. Md 8 lpOl'ed, cbni.!; MCOtpO- ...htm1iffilrm, broadly l!lllpso!d to
O'f111ie, trmm:nclnsa:ptell', ftltical.lyo-1sa:ptatc, :u.3-:&J-4K8.6-u.:&11111.
Chemistrr.'Ib.allusa:DdmedullaK·,C·, KC·, P·. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｨ･ｭｩ｡ｬｴｾ＠
Ｈａｭ｡Ｚｐｩｳｷｮ｣ｯＬｰｲｵｬ･ｨｴｾ＠ Utta:rW
fuundpiwlngonthelwttofSholl!<lno'-talneaalt'orellt. ｬｴｩｾ＠ by
wbimb.fi.waredlirellae,hyllline,tub:murifi:ltmUctl!lp en
l.ltftemtl(w.-.111
Graphis Adans (Family: Graphidaceae)
Fam. Pl. 2: n. 1763.
Thallus crustose, usually epi or endophloeodal, rarely saxicolous or
epiphyllous; photobiont a Trentepohlia. Ascomata lirellate apothecia, usually
elongate, simple or variously branched rarely short oryzaeform, immersed in
thallus or emergent, sessile; margin connivent or not. Exciple complete or
dimidiate, totally or partially carbonized, brown, yellow or hyaline; labia of
exciple entire or striate; hypothecium thin; paraphyses, simple, not thickened
at apices. Asci clavate to sub-cylindrical, (1-) 2-4-8 spored; ascospores hyaline
transversely 3 to many septate to muriform, oblong-ellipsoid to fusiform,
locules lentiform.
World wide 320 species; India n5 species; Literature: Lucking 2009; Lucking et
al.2009.
Key to the species of Graphis

ia. Labiaentire ................................................ 2
1b. Labiastriate ............................................... 5
2a. Hymenium inspersed with abundant oil globules, exciple laterally
carbonized, ascospores transversely 5 - 10 septate ............ G. cincta
2b. Hymenium lacking oil globules- ................................ 3
Ja. Ascosporesmuriform,excipleapicallycarbonized ......... G.japonica
3b. Ascosporestransverselyseptate, exciple laterally carbonized ......... 4
-¥· Thalluswithnorsticticandsticticacid .................. G. ajarekarii
4b. Thalluswithnorsticticandsalazinicacid ............... G. capillacea
5a. Ascosporestransverselyseptate ................................ 6
5b. Ascospores muriform ........................................ 7
6a. Exciple apically carbonized, ascospores 5 -12 septate . . . . . . G. chlorotica
6b. Exciple laterally carbonized, ascospores 4 -19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. striatu la
7a. Exciple apically carbonized, sticticacid present . . . . . . . . . . . G. subducta
7b. Exciple laterally carbonized, secondary
metabolites absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G. pseudoserpens
Graphis ajarekarii Patw. & C.R. Kulk.

Norweg.J. Bot. 26(1): 45.1979.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, grayish, smooth to rough. Lirellate apothecia

IJClldtie:ted or mottly m. radialing Bl'O'lf'> dichotomoual:y branched, tlm.IO'UR,
.ap!ceucu:te, 0.5-1..7 mm long. thalllnf:maJSl:n ｾｉ［＠ dllc n.mow, silt llh,
epruln- or illlgtltfy pruln-. l!ldple ｬｮｴｸｭｰｾ＠ lab!tallJ cadionlzed,
WG+zg ｉＬｾ＠ bytftallinetisswrnptotfietop; ｬ｡｢ｩｾ｣ｰｨｹｭ･ｮｷ＠
hyiiline to pale ydow; hymelliom hyiiline, 7$-iis pm thick; ｾ＠
ｾ＠ -1.5-;p pm d!lck.Mcl 8llp0ftd. ｱｴｬＮｮ､ｲｃＱｯｾＵＭＸ＠ >1 u-18
inn: ﾷｾ＠ hyallne. el!lpdd. tr.m.wersely 7-IJJ 9'!ptar;,,. Jl.3-)S.7 >I
i:>,3-FJ... lll»·
Chmiistrr. Thallus K+ red, C·, KC·, P+ yell-. TLC: NCll'9tictic, stic:tic,
comticticacidpttRflt.
Comm.ma: Graphlaojard:arll lsa.:omm.on llchenapedesln Utrar Pradeoh,
ｦｯｵｮ､ｧｭｷＡｍ｡ｬｴｳｾＬ＠ Shon!<! roka!taan.d ｾ｣ｷｭｮｦ＠
ｏＭｭｯｳｴｬｹｩｮｦ･､｡ｲＮｾ｢Ｌ＠
aitirt' labia, lm!:rally caJboaized m:iple, IRDS06sel} Hpl3b: llliCOSpolN md
nmtlctlcaddamiplexlncbemlcy.
Gt¥1f npUlooro Stirt

Proc. R1Jy. Soc. Gl<t.g""' u: 31S. 1879.
Thallus cortirolous, a'USto&e, gtty to brawnlsh grey, ll:lllO<ldl. Llrellal:e
apothecia emergomt to semi·em ｆｴＮｾ＠ stdlatdy ｾ＠ 'blV>Cbed,
ｴｬ･Ａ［ｵｾ＠ mda tlperizl& 0.9-2.3 mm. loag. dialline margin (17"'"'ineat,
cominc tht: adple 11p cop; d!ac ｾＮ＠ lllt Illa:, blaclr,. ｾﾷ＠ J!lcdple
lnc:omplett at b.ue. later.ily ｣｡ｲ｢ｯｾ＠ s!IPt:IJ broadening .tt hue,
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.11s
convergent, 18-34 µm thick; labia entire; epihymeniwn brown to dark brown,
11-18 µm thick; hymeniwn hyaline, 74 - 95 µm thick; hypothec:iwn hyaline
16 - 20 µm thick. Asci 8 spored, clavate, 67- 83x16-18 µm; ascospores hyaline,
fusiform to ellipsoid, transversely3 - 7septate, 19.2 - 25.0 x 5.5- 6.7 µm.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow. TLC: Salazinic, stictic,
norstictic (sometimesprotocetraric) acid present.
Comments: Graphis capillacea is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on variety of trees including Ficus spp. and Syzygium cumini
trees in deciduous forest. It is characterized by greythallus, stellately arranged
lirellae, laterally carbonized exciple, entire labia, transversely septate
ascosporesandsalazinicacidalongwithnorsticticacidcomplexinchemistry.
Graphis chlorotica A. Massal & Kremp.

Verh. K. K. Zool. -Bot. Ges. Wein. 21: 865. 1871.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, whitish grey, smooth. Lirellate apothecia
emergent, simple, rarely branching, straight to flexuose, externally covered by
thallus tissue, 0.4 -1.9 mm long; disc black, slit like, epruinose. Exciple apically
carbonized, 16 - 30 µm thick; labia striate; epihymenium pale yellow;
hymeniwn hyaline, 6o- 95 µm thick; hypotheciwn hyaline to pale brown,
28-35 µm thick. Asci clavate 8 spored, up to 85 x 16 µm; ascospores hyaline,
transversely 5-12 septate, 18.1-30.4 x 7.5- 9.9 µm.
Chemistry:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Nochemicalsdetected.

Commmb: Grap/lilJ d!Jorofi0f1. Cowv its - 6«WldKlt ill Ulb.r P.ratii!C
tbandsrowlngon barli:lnfoat.mae. ｉｴｬｳｾ｢ｹＮ｡ｰＡ｣＠
e:u:iple,mian:labia, tnnswreelyseptateascospo-.
G'llllplflls dnda (Pers.) Aptroot In A.W. Ardler

ＱＧＮａｵ｡ｴｮｬｦ｣ｲＡＯＺｩＵｾ＠ -Opeg1tllphd:dnctll ｾＮａｮ＠ W<ttier. Gt:s. 2! l5-IBU.
Thallwl conicoloua, cru.toee. 1mooch, whililh fiN!Y· JJRIJa!lt apotheda
emeisent. bla.ck, simple to flucalff or h'n!gularly bnncbtng uniformly
ｾ＠ orf'ewmgi:oupg, 0.3-:0.s mm L:mg; tha!Hne pl'O"'inenl;di&C """'*"'
black. t'pl'Uin- .tit l&e or ra.rely Opl!ll. Ezciple da.rlt b:rown, laWaD:y
<mboxllzed, clllconlimlom ｾＮ＠ comeilJmt. bfoadenla1 towards baH,
:n-49 iim tfllclc: ｬ｡｢ｩｾ［＠ bNwn, granular. 8-14 pm thldr;
hymenlwn hy.illne, abwtdant on globUles pn!9e11t, up to 9" !Im thll!k;
hypotbedu:m. hyiilinc II> pale bl'iWD,. up to So lllD tlW:k; pvqlr,- simpk,
.m;g1rt, apical cell swollm. a:a.d pipri.entl!d. .Aacus 8 llpOftd at imm•h•rity.
uldmab!IJ' .a-4spoxecl, CJl!ndrlc:al to c:lim.lle, I+. ｹ･ｬｯｷｾ＠ 51-73 >< 7-9
Ｑｭ［ＭＮｨｹ｡ｬｮ･｢､ｦｰｯｴｧｳｾ＠
5-110septate,lowleslenuliaped.:13.8-36,7x6,7-9'•f.1.1!1.
ｃｨＮｭｩｦｹＺｔ｡ｬｋＫｾｴｵｲｄｧ･､Ｌ＠ C-, KC·, P+ydow. TLC:Nonlictic
add.
ｇｯｭＮＺ｡ｮｺｰｨｕ､ｴｬﾫｳ｣ｩ･ｾｵｲＧＬ｢＠
gtowing on twlgt and tnmb of wi!ous ln!es !o. moist dedduous r-. It Is
chvac:terized by K+ red thallus, black, simple to Nrcated lircllac,
l.ltftemtlfw.-.11s
discontinuous exciple, oil globule inspersed hymenium, transversely 5 -10
septateascospores.
Graphisjaponica (MUii. Arg.) A.W. Archer & Lucking, in Lu king, Archer

& Aptroot
Lichenologist 41(4): 431. 2009. Graphina japonica Milll. Arg., Flora 74: 113. 1981.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, epiphloeodal, greenish grey, smooth. Llrellate
apothecia immersed to erumpent, simple to irregularly branched, flexuose to
curved,endstapering,0.5-2.ommlong;externallycoveredbythallinemargin;
disc slit like, epruinose. Exciple convergent, U-shaped from base, carbonized at
apex, 21- 28 µm thick; labia entire; hymenium clear, hyaline, 107-118 µm thick;
epihymeniwn pale brown; hypotheciwn hyaline, 17-20 µm high, paraphyses
simple, straight. Asci 4- 6 spored, clavate, up to 114 x 33 µm; ascospores hyaline,
muriform, oblong to broadly ellipsoid, 36.1- 68.9 x n.9- 29.9 µm.
Chemistry: Thallus and medulla K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow. TLC: Stictic
acid complex present.
Comments: Graphis japonica is a rare species in Uttar Pradesh, found growing
on bark in deciduous forest. It is characterized by irregularly branched lirellae,
carbonized labia and large, muriformascospores. The specimens ofthis species
was annotated as Graphis subserpentina, however detailed study revealed it to
be G. japonica. It is a new record for India, earlier it is reported from Eastern
Paleotropics (China, Indonesia, Japan and Taiwan). We strongly feel that there
may be several specimens in various herbaria oflndia belonging to this species,
but erroneously identified. The recent compilation of the genus Graphis by

Ldcldna tt al. (.2.009) !tavaluable HlltmUlrefor ldentlftc:ar:lon of chkpup of
lidien.
Gn:JpMI pn'i'c 111171e1111 Chaws, LOcldng &. Urnalla
Htldian<t, Bot. 3'1(15-19): 1(11. 2.008.
1'h.allus cmtkolous, mistoce, yellaw'lsh to ..tdtish &1">'- Lirellare apoib.eda
_,,...,..t, ｬｩｭｰｾ＠ ftniabt, tb;e11ine ma.pi pzwminmt, o.J-1..9 lolDJ. loag: disc
hlaclr. ept1.llnc&e. l!xdple apk.illytn ｬ｡｢ＡｲＮｩｹｾ＠ ClOttm.,m, 19-3S
11111. thick; labia J-4 mate; epilxymemom pale m.-u; hymmium ｾ＠
l.ltftemtl(w.-.111
hyaline, 39- 94 µm thick; hypothecium clear, 19-32 µm thick. Asci clavate,
68 -98 x 27-43 µm; ascospores hyaline, murifonn, 20.4- 44.0 x 12.9- 24.2 µm.
Comments: Graphis pseudoserpens is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on the bark of]atropha tree in forested area. It is characterized
by striate labia, laterally carbonized exciple, murifonn ascospores and lacking
secondary metabolites. It is a new record for India, earlier reported from Costa
Rica(Liickingetal. 2009).
Graphis striatula (Ach.) Spreng.

Syst. Veg., Edn. 16 4(1): 250. 1827.-0pegrapha striatula Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich.
(Lund): 74.1814.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, off-white to pale grey, thin, smooth, dull.
Ascomata lirellate apothecia, semi-emergent, black, straight to curved,
unbranched, without or a thin thalline margin, 0.4 -1.5 mm long, 0.1- 0.3 mm
wide. Exciple laterally carbonized, incomplete at base, convergent, 24 - 52 µm
thick; labia 1-3 striate; epihymenium pale brown; hymenium hyaline, 100 -130
µm thick, notinspersed; paraphyses simple. Asci 8 spored, clavate, up to 68 x 16
µm; ascospores hyaline, fusiform, transversely 4-17 (19) septate, 24 - 50 x 5 -9
µm.
Chemistry:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, Pd-. TLC: No chemicals detected.
Comments: Graphis striatula is rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on trunk of cultivated trees near forest area. It is characterized by
laterallycarbonized exciple, striate labia, transversely septate ascospores.

G!t¥1s 11rbllucfG 'hinio
.Ann.A.cad. Sci. Fmn... S& A1s(6): 203. 19Zl-
Tballusamido119, o:rustose, ｾｧｦｴｹｯＮ､ｩｳｨＨＡＺ･＠ Ascomata1lid1ate
.iipothecia, e:"•mpent. limple to irregularly branched, llraijht to lligbtly
CU1'YeCI, emrnally rota-.! by lhalllne liMue, '4-L"B mm Iona; d&lc bla'*,
ｾｬｩｴｫ･Ｎｲ｣ｰ､｡｢ｦｮＬｹｇｉｚｯｺｭ＠ vct,15-)l
inn thick; Labia llrlat£; eplhyma1lum pale brown; hymenlum de.al; hy.lllne.
th -93 ｊｬｄＮｴｨｩ｣ｫ［ｹｰｯ･ｵｭｾ＠ lll- ｾ＠ lllD thick. Allcid.!Mlb!, <n-141 x
ＴＰＭＶｴｰｭＺｾｲ･ｷｦ｢ＬｨｹＮｩｬｮＳＵＡＩｸ｡ｯＸＱ
Chemhby.:Tha!Jus1K+ytilow, C-, KC-, l'+oraJl#. TLC: Slidicacld omiplex

px-.
Comm.ma: Gnlplm ftlbducta It a 1- frequmt llchm ｾｉｮ＠ Ulur
l'ladaii, l'ound powiDg on M01.gjfON indioor and odu:rtrees ino:rdiards and
fo!BC«l areaa. It IIchamcta!zed by black llRltae, apically C2lbonlud. llCriat;:
lahla,murifurm-i>oreaandstictiraddmmplexlncllmxlstrr.
H""""""'1 Massa!. (Family. Haematommataceae)

Rfc.Aub>lt. Udt. 0-.: p.1152.
Thallu.t ｾ＠ dlilae, ｾ｣ｭｬＡ､Ｌ＠ conicolo'U.I; photob!ont a p:t0two<:wld
ｾ＠ alp. A&CO"'rta apotheda -1'.le, adnm to ｾ＠ le<:anorine,
rounded. dilc red. p;nnm.r«1, to im llmwD. lflalline ma.ip. ptrlillCm, wen
.s-Ioped 1- deft!loped. l!i:dple ｾ＠ °" paaph,- branched and
l.ltftemtl(W.-119
anastomosing, not thickened at apices. Asci Lecanora type, 8 spored;
ascospores hyaline, transversely 3-25 (-28) septate, rarely submuriform,
fusiform or acicular, straight or apically curved within the ascus. Pycnidial
ostiole red, K+ magenta or hyaline, never green; pycnoconidia cylindrical,
straight or curved.
World wide 53 species; India4 species; Literature:Awasthi 1991.
Haematomma puniceum {Sw.) A Massa I.

Atti Reale lst. Veneta Sci. Lett. Arti, ser. 3, 5: 253. 1860. - Lichen punicens Sw. in
Ach., Methodus: 167. t8o3.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, rough to verruculose, cracked areolate, greenish
grey. Ascomata apothecia, numerous, round to angular or irregular, sessile,
constricted at base, 0.2-0.8 mm diam.; margin thick, smooth to verrucose,
thalline, concolours with thallus; disc orange red to brick red, epruinose, plane
to slightly convex. Exciple with algal cell and large crystals, 39 - 75 µm thick;
epihymenium granular, golden brown, K+ pink/purple, 19- 27 µm; hymenium
hyaline to yellowish, with abundant oil globules, 78 - 85 µm thick;
hypothecium yellowish, up to no µm thick; paraphyses simple to rarely
furcated. Asci 8 spored, clavate, 61- 76 x 13- I.8 µm; ascospores hyaline,
acicular, transverselyn -15 septate.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Parietin present.
Comments: Haematomma puniceum is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on Shorea robusta tree trunk in saal forest. It has strikingly red
apothecia, epihymenium turning K+ pink, and hyaline, acicular, up to 15
septateascospores.

Ho(eUlo Kalb & H. Mayrhofer & Scheid.
{Family. Physciaceae)
ｾＮｎｴｯｲｰｩ｣＠ Pa8e. 9: 9> 1g86.
Tha1lus Cl'USl1'lse. smooth to ｧｲＮＱｭＡｯ｣･ＭｾＬ＠ rlm.o6e ｾ＠ or truly
areolm. thick ｡ｮ､ｾ＠ hypothallu.t rarely 112-. emcolou.t or
CO«til!>lous; photnbiont Thoi>Gwd:a:. Asr:omata apotbec», darlt brown IDbladr,
1'0Wlld. ｲＮｬＧ､ｹｩｮ･ｧＱ｡ｄｾ＠｡､ｬｭ･ｴｯｾ＠ lecidine. Ilqle
lndlstln.ctly or dlstlnctlJ aillular; eplhym.enium brown to on.e.b:rown;
hymm"•m moqly inb!apoezwd by oil; hypothecium. ftyaliDe; paraplzyw
ｾ＠ simple to apically branched, ｣｡ｾ＠ hNwnhfl-bkck .at apl-.
coaslatinmd.A8Ci. uually 8 apoM.ranl:y16tp0red;llSC08pOl9pale lnownlo
daJk brown, 1 ｾＮ＠ wall unlform!r drlclcmed or unm!llfy ｴｨＡｾ＠
(mlRhC'bl!IStio:morphicor placodiomozphic), sudace smooth o:r ｏｬＧｄ｡ｾ＠
Con!dla. badlllfotm. No!ldcdc.addand ocha1mWllU! -darymecabollllM
ｳｵ｣ｨ｡ｄｩｰｬｯ､ｮｲｐｷ･ｾｴ｢Ｎ＠
Woitdwide5apcties;1Ddia3spccics;Litaalure:Ma.tbadi.aooo.
Thallus corti<lllous, d'l!Stose, C'a.Chd areolab>, smooth to ｾＮ＠

pmilh pey, iz:umall pall:haof0.7-.:a.5 cm; p!""h•l!at da.dt biolmID bladt.
Apothl!damund,d-1yacln.ttetothethallu.t.o.2.-o.5mmdlam.;marglnth!n,
bladr, tmooth, moll1fy parittmt; disc black. ｾ＠ plane ID
..,_ib to pmllat. l!rdple ledcllne, m-n, 24-a6 pm d1kk; .iplhymenlum
con-
l.ltftemtl(w.-.111
brown, K-, KI+ blue, 10-14 µm thick; hymenium hyaline, oil globules present,
61- 75 µm thick; hypothecium brown to dark brown, up to 40 µm thick;
paraphyses branching and anastamosing, apical cell swollen and pigmented.
Ascus 8 spored, clavate, 43 - 58 x 9 -11 µm; ascospores brown, transversely 1
septate, oblong to ellipsoid, sporewall uniformly thickened, smooth, 13.9-16.9
)( 4.2- 5.9 µm.
Chemistry:K+yellow, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Atranorinpresent.
Comments: Hafellia disciformis is less frequent lichen species in Uttar
Pradesh, found growing mostly on Shorea robusta trees in deciduous forest. It
is characterized by verruculose, K+ thallus, dark brown prothallus, black,
closelyadnateapothecia, and brown, 1 septateascospores.
Heppia Naeg. (Family: Heppiaceae)

Naegeli in Hepp, Flecht. Europ. 49: I.853.
Thallus crustose to squamulose-foliose or fruticose with small tuberculate
lobes, umbilicate or rhizinate; photobiont a cyanobacteria, Scytonema, either
enclosed with in paraplectenchymatous tissue of mycobiont or in a layer.
Ascomata apothecia initially immersed, then sessile with distinct disc. Exciple
thalline; paraphyses simple. Asci 4- 8 spored; ascospores hyaline, simple.
Pycnoconidiaellipsoid, straight.
World wide 7 species; India 2 species; Literature: Upreti &Biidel 1990; Awasthi
1991.
Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl.

Syn. Lich. 2: 45. 1863. -Collema lutosum Ach., Syn. Meth. Lich.: 309. 1814.

Thallus terricolous, squamulose; squamules closely adnate to substratum,
orbicular, greenish, bluish green to brownish, 1.1- 2.2 mm across. Ascomata
apothecia, cirucular, depressed to semi-emergent, 0.2-1.0 mm diam.; margin
indistinct to slightly rsised when young, prominent, thick at maturity, thalline,
concolourswith thethallus; disc orange red to reddish brown, plane to concave,
epruionose. Exciple with cyanobacterial cells, loo -146 µm thick;
epihymenium golden brown, 17- 28 µm thick; hymenium hyaline to yellowish,
i03-n5 µm; hypothecium yellowish, 52-70 µm thick; paraphyses simple,
apical cells swollen and yellow brown pigmented. Asci 8 spored, clavate, 63 - 96
x i5 -17 µm; ascospores hyaline, broadly ellipsoid, simple, 14.7- 17.9 x 6.8- 8.o
µm.
Chemistry:K+yellow, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Nochemicalsdetected.
Comments: Heppia lutosa is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on soil. It is characterized by circular, yellow brown squamulose
thallus, red-brown apotheciaand hyalaine, ellipsoid 8ascospres inasci. It is the
oldest lichen specimen collected during i926 from Allahabad area of Uttar
Pradesh by W. Dudgeon. There after it has not been collected any where from
India. The preserved sample is very delicate and hence its lower surface was not
studied.
Hyperphyscia Mull. Arg. (Family: Physciaceae)

Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2 Apt. i: 10. 1894.
Thallus foliose, closely adnate, usually small and narrowly lobate; lobes grey-
brown; lower side often agglutinated to substratum, with short rhizines or
rhizines absent. Thallus heteromerous, usually corticated on both sides;
photobiont a green alga, Trebouxia. Ascomata apothecia, laminal, margin
thalline, disc dark brown. Exciple lecanorine; hypothecium hyaline;
paraphyses branched. Asci with amyloid tholus, 8 spored; ascospores brown, 1
septate, Pachysporaria or Physcia type. Pycnoconidia filiform, more than10 µm
long.
Key to the species of Hyperphyscia

1a. Thalllussorediate ........................................... 2
ib. Thallus lacking soredia and isidia, firmly attached,
greyish brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H. syncolla
2a. Thalluswithhypothallusatvisibleatlobemargin ........... H. minor
2b. Thalluslackinghypothallus ................................... 3
Ja. Medulla intermittently orange red . . . H. adglutinata var. pyrithrocardia
3b. Medullawhite ...................... H. adglutinatavar. adglutinata

Hyperphyscia adglutinata var. adgtutinata (Florke) H. Mayrhofer &
Poe It
Herzogia 5: 62. 1979· - Lecanora aduglutinata Florke, Deutschl. Lich. Gessam.
Anmerk. 4' LiefRostoch.: 7.1819.
Thallus corticolous, foliose, orbicular, small, o.6- 2.4 cm across, greenish grey
to brownish, sorediate; lobes minute, 0.2 - 0.4 mm wide, slightly pruinose, free
from the substratum; lower surface pale, yellowish white to grey white,
rhizinate; rhizines dark grey with white tips; sorelia capitate; soredia granular,
greenish; medulla white to greenish.Apotheciaabsent.
Chemistty:K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Nochemicalsdetected.
Comments: Hyperphyscia adglutinata var. adglutinata is common lichen
species in Uttar Pradesh, found growing mostly on Mangifera indica trees in
orchard areas. It can be easily identified due to its smaller thallus size and
greenish grey thallus. It grows along with Pyxine spp., which has prominent
whitish grey, larger thallus. Sometimes H. adglutinata var. adglutinata get
darker colouration and camouflagewith the substratum.
Hyperphysciaadgtutinatavar.pyrithrocardia(MOll.Arg.) D.D.Awasthi
Comp. Macrolich. lndia, Nepal &Sri Lanka: 197. 2007. -Physcia adglutinatavar.
pyrithrocardia Miill. Arg., Flora 63: 278.1880.
Thallus corticolous, foliose, 1.0 - 3.0 cm diam., often coalescing with
neighbouring thallus; upper surface whitish grey to brownish, darkening at

IDiU'gjn; lobes l"r<:e &om ｾ＠ o.;a-o-J mm 'Wide; 80rdia capi1llle ID
implu; 1aminal; som!ia !ariDote; 1-sudi.ce pale ｡ｴｾ＠ rbi&inatie;
-cluilawhite,wmd:lmeitormseand K+ JIUIPle.Apotftedaablmt.
<llmdmy:K-, C.-,KC-, P-. TI.C:SkJ!tnvr-nt.
c:ic.--: ｾｰｨｹｳ＼ｬ｡＠ <lllglutJNrtt var. pyrirltroc>l..&: Is .l r.att lkh.1!11
species inUttuPraW:.h, ｦｯｷｬ､ｾ＠ ouaee NS:indecidnousfol't6t. Itisa
minldelichmmdhardJ:rri.wD!e ｢ｹｮ｡ｫ･､ｾｵｩｴｷｨＮ＠
ｉｴｬｳｾ＠ bygremllh brown,llOredlatethallu.e, ｰ｡Ａ｣ｬｹｾｭ･､ｵ＠
thatwm.sofK+pwple.
H)pcpli) riz mbtaT (F\le) 0.0. Awastfli

J, Hattori &t u.A 6s: '*Oii. >988.-Po......& minor I'&. Hsslli Oypt. £mt.
(Paria):U5> 1934<
Tha1lus an1icilot18, fOllose. oibkular. 0.7-J.s ｡ｮｾ＠ grey ID
dulter, ＡＢＧＭｭｩｬｾ＠ o.t-0-4 mm WW, :t prui:a.oR; 1 - flll'face ｾ＠
rhima11e; hypothallu.t black, 1ooR; medu.IJa wlzite; eorelia apicatit; JIOftdia
f.arlnoee..ApotMdaab&ent.
Chmilltry:K-, C.-, ICC-, P·. TLC:Nochemica!sdetected.
Qommmts:lfypelphy..cia minor ise.._,moa specii:siD. lJUar Pradab.foUDd
growingmoll1l:yonMangifmt. indic!J-inorcfwd.tmdrarel)-inforaa.. Itil
cha:racW'll:m. ｢ｦｭｬｮｵＺｴ･ｾｯ＠ b!ownUh thalhaand blaclMh loo.e
l.ldwrmtlfw.-.11s
hypothallus. It is a common species in India, cosmopolitan in distribution;
frequently encountered in tropical region, however not included in the
checklist oflndian lichens by Singh & Sinha (2010).
Hyperphyst:ia syncolla (Tuck. ex Nyl.) Kalb

Lich. Neotrop. Fasc. 6, no. 230. 1983. - Physcia syncolla Tuck. ex Nyl., Acta Soc.
Sci. Fenn. 7: 441. 1863.

Thallus corticolous, placodioid-foliose, orbicular, closely adpressed to
substratum, grayish brown to brown, up to 4 cm across; lobes flat, 0.2 - o.6 mm
wide, epruinose, much darker; lower surface brownish, lacking rhizines;
medullawhite.Apotheciaabsent.
Chemistry: K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: No chemicals detected.
Comments: Hyperphyscia syncolla is a rare species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on Mangifera indica tree trunk in orchard area. It can be differentiated
from other species of Hyperphyscia by its much darker (brownish) colouration
and the thallus is firmly attached to the bark. The samples collected from Uttar
Pradesh consists of several decorticated soralia like structures devoid of
soredia. It may be a common species in the state; however only one specimen
has been collected, may be due it is much darkerthallus which camouflage the
specieswith substratum.
Lecanora Ach. (Family: Lecanoraceae)

Luyken, Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 31: 66. 18o9.
Thallus crustose, granular, areolate or placodioid; photobiont Trebouxia or
other chlorococcoid algae. Ascomata apothecia sessile or shortly stipitate,
margin thin to thick, concolours with the thallus. True exciple poorly
developed; thalline exciple prominent; epihymenium greenish brown to dark
brown, hymenium hyaline, I+ blue; hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple
to septate, apices slightly swollen. Asci elongate-clavate, Lecanora type;
ascospores ellipsoid to subglohose, hyaline, simple, smoothwalled.
World wide 552 species; India 90 species; Literature: Nayaka 2004; Lumbsch
1994; Saag et al. 2009.
Key to the species of Lecanora

ia. Thallus leprose, bluish grey, minutely lobate,
usnic acid ad zeorin present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. coriensis
ib. Thalluscrustosetosquamulose ................................ 2
2a. Apothecia disc densely pruinose, exciple with
large crystals, epihymenial pigment dissolving
in K, usnic acid present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. flavidomarginata
2b. Apotheciadiscepruinosetoslightlypruinose ..................... 3
Ja. Hypothecium brown to dark brown ............................. 4
3b. Hypotheciumhyalinetopaleyellow ............................. 5
¥· Thallus with 2'-0-methyl perlatolic acid,
exciple with large crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. concilians

4b. Thallus lacking 2'-0-methyl perlatolic acid,
exciple with small and large crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. coronulans
5a. Thallus saxicolous, crustose to squamulose,
epihymenial pigment not dissolving in K,
21-0-methyl perlatolic acid present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. pseudistera
5b. Thalluscorticolous .......................................... 6
6a. EpihymenialpigmentdissolvinginK ............................ 7
6b. EpihymenialpigmentnotdissolvinginK ........................ 15
7a. Thalluscontainingusnicacid .................................. 8
7b. Thalluslackingusnicacid .................................... 10
8a. Thallus containing 2'-0-methylperlatolic acid,
apothecia orange brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. achroa
8b. Thalluslacking2'-0-methylperlatolicacid ....................... 9
9a. Arthothelin present, apothecia dark orange
brown to red brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. interjecta
9b. Arthothelin absent, apothecia pale red-brown
to brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. austrointumescens
10a. Thallus containing 2'-0-methylperlatolic acid, apothecia pale brown to
orange ..•...•...•...•...•...•...•...•...•............ L. helva
1ob. Thalluslacking2'-0-methylperlatolicacid ....................... n
na. Thallus containing pannarin, apothecia
orange brown, pale to dark reddish brown . . . . . . . . . . . L. cinereofesca
nb. Thalluslackingpannarin ..................................... 12
12a. Thalluscontainggangleodin-.................................. 13
12b. Thalluslackinggangleodin ................................... 14
lJa. Chloroatranorin present, apothecial pale orange
to yellowish brown, younger apothecia immersed,
margin thin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. leprosa
13b. Chloroatranorin absent, apothecia orange brown to
pale brown, margin thick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. rugosella
ｾＭ Apothecia subimmersed to constricted at base,
usually smaller, ascospores smaller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. cenisia
14b. Apothecia sessile, larger, ascospores larger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. chlarotera
15a. Thallus containing usnic acid, apothecial
disc red brown to brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. alba
15b. Thalluslackingusnicacid .................................... 16
16a. Thallus containing gangleodin, apothecia
pale to dark reddish brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. argentata
1'b. ＱＧ｡ｬＮｵｳ､ｮｧｾ＠ ..•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•........•.•.•. 17
171'. .Amphitbc<:i= withsmall.a:a.d luge crysblls,
apolheda wuaDr m,tr. cliodmn pwt ................ L. tTopioa
i7h. Amph!Wdumwflfumly);qeapr:all.;ipothedasmallel' •.• ｌｾ＠
Lftcll1onr odno Ny!. in J.M. Crombi&

J, Bot.14! 26). J.876.
Thallus e:irtic:olous, Cl'llrtosc, oontinuOWJ to rimose ueolate, slightly
wmlClll!-., grey to ytllow!Jlh gre:y, ll'fflllllh gn!)<; lhlny; pt'01flal.lu.t bNWDilh
black. Apodie<!ia Dlll!l.CftJWl, st8llile, 0.:0-1,0 mm in diam.; margin thid.;
tllalllM, an-ii_ Cli:re to vmw:u1-, ptzlllldng or btcomini adu.ded. at
ma1W'lty,col>Mlouriowith tftetftallus;diecomlll"lnorangiehrown,epn.tinose
E:r.ciplewi1halplcella,lazp!ayata!tinp.'01lpS. 18-:P.> lllD ｴ｢ｩ｣ｬ［ｾ＠
-yellawlilh brown, pnuW; plpeD!alion d!Molrilla In K, ＱＰＭｾ＠ pm thldc;
hymm"•m ｾ＠ｾＭＶｯ＠ pm thick; hypothedam hyii1ia.e, :ao-30 lllD thidc;
p.mphylles ｾ＠ bllUlched, .;ipkal ce11 81>\)nen. hy.illn.e.. Asel s .-i.
ｾ＠ 40-50 )( 8-l:& Ａｉｭ［ｾ＠｡ｩｭｾ＠ '1lipsoidal !JO broa&y
dllpaoldal, 9.5-17.i x6.:i.-9.1 Ill»·
＼ｬｷｮｨ｢ｹＮＺｔ｡ｋＫｾ＠ C-or+-.. KC., P+yelJow. TLC:Atr.modn,
ＲＧﾷＰＭｾＬ＠ u:aic acid,
:t arthothelin and W<B of anidrni6ed
b!rpt!ll.e&.
<lo-enb: Lcconon;i ad'rrcKr is cme the wmmo:m lichen species in IJttar
Pradelil, found pow:ID.IJ ｭＮｏｬｴｹｯｮｍ｡ｧｾ＠ indloa.aees,md occa""n•!!yon
Aarcfa nllot!t:<! and S1IOftd ro.lMmtit ln!e crunlc. It la ｾ＠ by the
ｾ＠ iman ｾｰｯｴｨ･｣ｮ＠ with - . 1nwn ditct, ｾ＠ crylltll1t ill
e:n:lple. ､ｩｳｯｬｶｮｧｾ＠ -11 •• ｾ｡ｮ､＠ dl.epretenCe af usnlc
acid..Itisclosieto.!. hekudI. lqlronwithrapecttogme:ralmorpbology, but
both ｌｴ｡ｾｬ｣ｩＺ＠ USDlcaddand 11.nt:dllfal!ntcl!mdslly. Itlsallodoeet.o
I. alkwhidi.dilI'cnillhmllicgR11uloscqxihymeDium.
Wlll/Uln:I alba Lumbscl\ In H.T. Lumbsch, G.B. Felge and lA Elbe

'8ryoJogl8t 98: 565.1995.
Thallu.t cm!icolomi, er-. conlinuowl to YmUallOR, J!llow:llh P1' t.o
gftenlshw!Worwhltishgrey;prodiallll8indlstinctbladdshbrown.Al><J':heda
IXlllDaOU.t, ｾ＠ o.s-u mm diam.;marpa1moodi.t.owmicu!oR, ｾ＠
thalllne, conailoura with the thalltta; dlac red bmwn to bmwn, epn.tln.-.
Baciple with alpl cella, 1azp crysl3Lt (IMlellt m. fll'O'lf', 30-,0 µm tbidl;
eplhymt!clmn red-brown, egr.muW; !Mldng: ｾＬ＠ plgmem.ttlon n.ot
dissoMzig ill K, 10-15 µm thick; hymemum ｾ＠ 45-6o µm Ibid;
hypothedum hy.illne, 25-35 11JX1 thick; ｰ｡ｲｾｨｹ･ｳ＠ llmple to ｾ＠
b:ranclued, ep:ical O?ll lhicbaed, brownish pigmwh:'lf. Asci. 8 Bp<ll'l?d, ､｡ｶｬｩｾ＠
35-50x8-upm;a '"'P"loe&,lllmple. j!jljp&Oldal, ｾｴｍｘ＠ SJ.-8.3 ID»·
ｃｨｾ＠ Th.alN6 K+ yellow, C- or + orange, KC-, P+ yellow. TLC:
.Althotftelm,manorman.dUIDicacid.
Ct,-mm .....: Lt!l."IU10l'a alba fl 1- fttquem ｾｉｮ＠ tJuar Pra.dah, folmd
gtOWil!&Oll Mangiforri indim, l'D!yaltlOcrspp.an.dShorm ""-ta mee ll'Wlb. ll:
is cf.aractierized by lllla!ltr ar«hecia, ｮｯｾ＠ｾｴｮｩｵｭＬ＠ Jarea'
90jl.ltftratl(..--
Ucal'Klftl GlfWAl:&u (A.ch.) Degel. in ｎｩｾｮ＠
Arie. Bot :&4A: ,&. 1931--Pcrtntlla 111bfasca f. tt190wta Ach., Mtdt. Lich.: 169-
l&o).
Tballu.I cortkolowl, au-. condnuoue, smooth to WlTllCll!-., yelJawllh
white to yellowish SI'!)' Cll.'wbitish pcy, SC111u:fimcs duk ,,.:y to pale bl'OWl1;
ｰｮ＾ｃｨ｡ｬｵＺｷｲ､ｴｯｧ･ｹＡｄｙ｢ｾａＮｍｏｉｊＬ｣＠
ｾ＠ｾ＠ lit 'base. o.+-o.8 mm diiim.; maigin thid<. entire ID
crmulate, lllXIOOth to "''¥1!1l'U001e, thall!ne, ooncolours with w lhall111; diK:
paletodaikreddWim-n, shiny, planetoa>ncave,eprulno&e, Blo:dple hyalW.
a1p1 «ll FffeM• &arse C1'}'ltalt pMRnt iD srolJIHI> :as-4s pm thick;
epihymelhlln l'l!dcllah bmwn, ｾ＠ plp.elll:ation not .U-Mng In I'.,
J0-15 pm. thidl; hymeiam ｾ＠ SS - 8o izm hiP: hypothecium ｾ＠
3:5- So inn thld:; panphyiles sparlngty brancl1.ed apkal!J, apical cell sllgblfy
swollm. l'eddiali bl'OWD pigmmted. AllCi. 8 llpOred clmite, 2:5 - Sox 10-15 pm.;
ｾＭｨｹ｡ｬｮ･Ｌｳｭｰ＠ ellipsoidal, 9-1- ls,3x6.o-&.2. pm.
Oumlttiy.: Tb.alba K+ :yellow, C-, KC-, P.. TLC: Alranmin and &a"91Mldin
pt&EZJL
Commmu: Lt.:anon.i tugmllttlt Ill a Rft: llp«H:S In Ulrar Pradeah, fow.d

powing on Marigjfe:rr;i jrufj.,. b-ee tzunk ｩｳｾＮ＠ It ｩｳｾ＠ by the
non ､ｩｬｯｶｦｮｂｾｵｭＮ＠ w
lazgecrytnalsin m:lplemd lhepreienceof
gangaJeoidln.
l.ltftemtl(W.-191
l«aMa ｾ＠ Lumbsch and EliK
M)'cotm:on 67:m.t.99&·
'I'hall111 C!Ofticoloaa, - - · grmuJa:r wm1Cl1I011e to ｾ＠ 'f'llowiah
while tnwhltishgrep. Apothed• DW11erous, den9e, 9eMlle, (IOl19!ri<Ud atba9e,
O.:J-1.S mm diam.; mazsjn tb1Ujne, ｾ＠ diick, lmOOth in. )'Olllliapothecia,
thin, ｾｮ･ｸｵＭ｡ｴｭｲｩｹＬｯＡＮｑＩｬｷＺｨ［｣ｰＧ､ﾭ
bl'OWD. to lnowzi. ｾｴｯ＠ llialitly greyp!Wll-, plane IDcotm!X. E:xciple
with .;a]pl oillf, num.erou.t W-ge and emall cryrtals, i6-43 pm thick;
ｾ＠ ftdUh lnown. srmuJar, with mall cryslll1I, pigment;,tic>D.
d!MoMna In IC, 10-12. pm thick; hyn:M!ftlum hyallne, 60-70 lllll chick;
ltypod1eciumhyllliDc, :i.o-35 Jim thick; pa.rap&,-sp"ringly brmdied, apical
ct11 swollen. A&c1 s lpORd. cyllndrlcal to ｣ｭ｡ｾ＠ 3 6-!? x u.-20 pm;
uwspoxuhyalin.c. simple,ell;p.o;d. 9- 2oO x 5-8µm.
CMmtstry: Thall111 IC+ yellow, C-, KC·, P+ ｾＮｔｌｃＺ＠ AmlloriD and Ulllic
add present.
｣｡ｭＭｾ＠ Lmmonr .....tromt.............. it a ....,,, lkh.en spedet 1n Uttar
PradfJlb, fo1md powing on MangifmJ indica lfte tnmk in ordwdt. It is
dwad:erizt!dbytherecl.bmwntobmwnapoib.edaw.Uhllex!•-margin.huge
andrmllaryl!bltin.m:iplea:a.d pr-ofwmicacid.
'--Clldllio Ach.
U<hotogl'. t:htlwtsalk: 36L lBto.
Tballu.tco:rtkoloua;CIWllOR,dlrperHdattO!atetocondn:uoue, wmica1-to
9.2jl.ltftratl(i.--
wmic:osc, wbitishgreytoyellowUhp:f•Ｎａｰｯｴｨ･｣ｩ｡ｾｳｵ｢ｭＺｲ､ｬｄ＠
COMl!Clltd.ttbue, 0.3-o.6 mm In cllam.;marglnpromlnmt,. lh.alllne,m:I001h
ｴｯｳｬｩｧｨｾＬ｣ｮｲ･Ｇ＾ＺｵＭ｡ｭｷｪｽ［､ｋ＠
yellow!llfl. ｾ＠ t.oyel.lowlllh b!own. ll!ghtlypnm-. Elcdplewlth al,pl celJ.i
and w.Uh 1atJe Cl')'Still8 In gro1IJ'S, 'J.7-45 Ill" ｴｨｬｾ＠ q:ihymenlum yellowish
m-n.
pir-t'tion dimolvina mKo io-1s pm thidl; flJmenimn hyaliDe. 6o-
ｾ＠ !'In bla)I; hypothedum hy.allne. ｾ＠ Ill" ｴｨｬｾ＠ -»
paraphy&es llimple to
ｾ＠ branched, apical cell not or lllilbtJ:y .wollm, oftm btoWDiah
plp£m:ed. Asd 8 spar<d, cla't'ate, 40-6o x 8-1:1. inn; .a9COl!pOll!ll hy.a11ne.
｡ｩｭｻＧｾ＠ ellipsoidal,10-13x6-8j1111.
Chemfmy: 'I'hallwl K+ 'f'llow, C·, KC·, P+ pale 'f'llow. TLC: M:ranorfn
pre&eDt.
Qommam: ｾ＠ «ni8ia isaruo:lidienspccies in Uttar P.iadab,. foUDd

arowt. on Manglfmr lndka lftel !n ordwdt. It Is characzmud bywhl:r:Uh
F'f• dispel9ed -1'(14Xl6C lhallwi, ydlow ｾｴｯ＠ yd1ow .,..,..,. apnthedal
dl-.W.C1')'11aklnc:lple,dlllloMngplpnentlneplhymen!11m.kilcbet.o
L. heJw. but L. ......... dlffm In hnlng amiparatively smaller apotbeda and
lllr.molinincbomimy.
Ltoc1111- ｾｎｹＡＮ＠
Bull. Soc:. Wm. Nomi. sq,"'· 6: "'7+ t&p.
Thallw! CO«t!a:>lau.e, crustoee. comlnuous, smoo!h to ｶ･ｲｵｾＬ＠ gr.mUW:
ashy Pf• yell- sre:f' to y"1owish brown. Jlpotbec:ia numerous, Cl'GWded,
&ealle, ooMIJtcted atha.ee, 0.3- L7mm lndlam.; marginｴｨＡｾ＠ tt.alllne, enme
l.ltftemtl(W.-191
loCftllolm., smooth ｬｯｾ＠ OODCOlouroJwith thethaJlut; Ucpale lnowJ1
to red b:rownordark m-n, sll,ifldyvrui-, planetocotn'el'.. l!zdplealpl
cdls a:Dd largie ｾ＠ 28-17 µm tlW:t; epilxymellio:m. ｰ｡ｬ･ｾ＠ lo brvw1i.
granula:r, plam.tnla!:!on dluol'flng In JC. 12-1s inn lhkk; hymenlwn ｾＧ＠
So-70 µm lllgh; hypothedum bya1in.e. >s-3S µm high; paraphyooessimplcto
lp<lrlnaty br.mdted, .apical cell IWOllm. he! 8 rpored, qtlndrlcal to davate,
40-6o x 14-:>o11D1;aseespoioeshyallne.slmple,..Uipooidil, r>-i6x7-110 inn.
Chemisby.1hallwi K+ydlow.. C·, ltC-, P-. TLC:AtraDl:srin present.
ｃｯｭ｢ｾＮｬ･［ＺｩｑｪＱＰｎ＠ｾ＠ ise""'"""'" lichenspeciesm Ulb.r Pradelli,
faundgrowlnaonM'angifi!N lndlr:!!Ufttnmklnocdwch. Itltchar.a.ctmzed br
miwded, pale bmm to browxi. apotli.ecia luniaglai-F ｾｩｮ＠ aDd
cboMn,seplhymmlum.
'*'mlMl' dncreo[vlnl H. Ml19n.

ｾ＠ Giitierl Bot 'IMlg. 7; 86.19]:1.
ｔｨ｡ｬｵｳｭｩＺｴ｣ＬＰＶ･ｮｕｏｓｾｗＡＧｧｲＮ｢ｊｯ＠
p'ffZlilh per. A{Wbecia mm11S.'OW, crowded, im.menec1 when yoc1111, ..;e,
amttrlcted .tt base .tt matwity. 0.3-u. mm cllam.; maflln usually thin,
thalliM, - , contmuou.t to ltrolllfy tleim-, ooncolours with the
ｴｨ｡ｬｵｳ［､Ａｊ｣ｯｮｧ･｢ｭｷＬｰｩｦｲｹｾ＠
lo llitbtly conva. I!Riple withlllpl. cel1t aad •crymds. :12-30 µm thid.;
ep!hfmenlum r4!d bMm ｴｯｾ＠ pigmentation .U-Mn,s In I:, 8-15 pm
!hick; hymemo:m. hyllline, 50-90 µm thi<:t; hypothecium. hya1iD.c, 35-4011m
lhkk; paraphJw llmple to rp.ulnatJ bmni:hed, aplc:al ctll itlJ&btlJ swollen.
9"1l.ltftratl(i.--
Atci. 8 spomf, ｾ＠ 40-6o .. 14-:IO 11111; ascotpoftll hyiiline, llimple,
j!jllp&Oldal, u-14x6-I in»·
Chemlllttf:: 1balJus K+ ｾＮ＠ C-, KC-, I'+ yell-. TLC: Al:ranortn and
p.1IDDllrillpreRllt.
Comm.mu: ｾ＠ cl:Mttofwlca ii common lichen 1pedm In UUar
ｾ＠ found growing on c-;n... ro&...m In gaiden and M<m!l!/iro in&o
- in ordwda. It • c:ha.rac!ai:ud by im.mened apotheda during )'OWl8;
reddlah orange to reddish hrown apotheda, large ｾ＠ In elOllp!e,
ｾ､ｩＮＭｬｶｧｄｉｃｭｰｵｮ｣ＺｨｈＱ＠ bj.
ＭＧﾷｾAattaSoc. Sd. ""1n.. 7: ＭＴｾ＠ 111&3.

Tha11us <!Oltltolous, crustnse. ｾ＠ｾＮ＠ｾＭＮ＠ areolate. Apothed•
DWlltl!O'Wlt l'01md, im!gularly folded whm aowded, o.:l-o.6 mm diam.;
margin 81!1ooth vemitose, thld, thalllne, amto!OCll'B wllh the thallu8,
ｾ［＠ dilc:darlt brown to black, plmetoam-. ｾ＠ Il:D::iplewith
ｾ｡ｹｴＡｗＮｬｧ｣･ｰＧＹＬｕｯＩＵｭｨ､Ｚ［ｷ＠
b:rowD, pipie:at not disaolving in l'.1)- 21. pm. thick; hymeZlium. ｾ＠
not
ｾ＠
uptolOO µm chick; hypolheclumyellaw hMrm, upto8o iun thick;
ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･＠ to biuch<ed, apical cell elilbtiy swollen. Atlcus 8 ｾ＠
ｾ｣｡ｬＬ＠ )5-'fl " 10- Lf pm; a&COilpO?m hyallne, llln:lple, elllpdd,
12.o-:14-3x7.o-8.oµm.
Oamliltry: ThalhaK+ yellow, C·, ICC-oryellow, P-: TLC:Aln:a.ocina:a.d :i.·O'-
ln£1:hylpedatolka.ddp-1.
l.ltftemtl(W...-195
(Ammma: Leoall<>!'ll co.ncilianr ii a l'lft lichm apecis in lJttll:r Prad.U,
ｦｯｵｮ､ｾ＠ on ｾ＠ b.trit In deddu.oas r - ama.e. It Is ､ｷ｡ｾ＠ by
m-n to darii: bmvn apodum, ociple wilfl. lqe Cl.')Wlla, noHJ..olviDg
eplhymen!wn, )'l!llaw hnlwn hypolfledum .tnd methylpt!ll.uoHc add In
chmiimy.
.cM11111on:r ｾＨｈｵ･ｽ＠ lR. Laundon

NoWl Htd'wfgf<r']6(1-a): 'ill· :&00).--0ocynfa ｾｈｵ･ＬＮ＠ Bull. Soc. Bot. h 'Jl!
]86,191Z4<
Thalha saitkolous, lepmee. whidsh to blufah lll'e)I; minlll:ely lobate QI' Mt,
gnm,Jeeo,)-0.7mmaCl'OS&
Chemfnry:'ThallmK·, C·, KC·,P... TLC: Umicaddandseorinp1-m:.
ｇｯｭ｡ＺｾｬｲＮｫｨ･ｮｳｰ､＠ UuarPradesh,tbun.d
powing l•mui•utly on lime plaster of old moDUmellt. It ｩｳｾ＠ by
lep102thallaa,andp-olWllllcaddandzeodn. Thelobesoflhupede.
ishardlyrecngnizeble, 'butitwi'be ｩ､･ｮｴｬ｡｢ｾｕｵｱｭｳｲｹＮ＠
LeciCEftonr wuliltitt Nyt.

Plora 59: 510. 11t]6.
Thallwt cozticoloua, cruatoR, vemzculo.e to Ya1Ucoee, whitilh ｾ＠ to
yellowlsh gl'ef. Apotheda, ｾ＠ ttowdJ!d, ｾ＠ <>.)-1.2. mm In diam.;
mugimthalline, eatitt, vmucube to tlem-, concolounwith tbe tbilul;
dlac red brown todaitc brawn, epn.t!n.ase. b:lplewlth-U and Wsecrystl]B,
ai.i ciel.I ｾ＠ｾＭＴＰ＠ pm thici; ｾ＠ m.-u, ｲ･､ｾ＠ todarii:
ｾ＠ｾｵｬ｡ｲＬ＠ plgment.ttlon not dJaoMng In K; hymenlum hy.illne
50-1.00 ｬｄＮｨｩｴ｢＼ｾｵｭｰ｡Ｂｯ･､ｳ＠ bmYD, IGWft'pa.tt
oran,ae to darll: red brawn, .f0-6o; parapllyle&&lmpleto hr.melted, apk.11 cell
ｾ＠ｾ＠ browDi&b pigmented. A.1l<i davat.:, 5:'-6o x 8-u. lllD;
llSCO!lpO!BhyaJIM,llmple. ｾｰｩＺｯＡ､ｴ＼＾＠ broadiyj!)Jlp10ldal, 9-ial< 5-7µ.m..
<llemlmy:'lh.allusK•, C-, ICC-,P... TLC:&rmodnandzeorlnra-t.
<lommma: Lem"""' ""'""'ubw Is a rare 1kh.en spede In Ullat Pradesh,
foCIDd ｾｯｮ＠ bazti: o f -in deciduoua forat. It is dwamriud by die
lti ｍ｡ｾｂＮ､Ｆｬ･ｳ＠
Lich. .M'mfue: 14- 1914<
'Ihallus ﾫ＾ｾＡｯｷｬＮ＠ erust06C, ｾｴｩ＾Ｍ lll'eOlaw.
whldah pytoyellow:llh gey. Apo1hecla. lll.ID:llS'O'll, denae, -ne to ll!gbtly
a>nstl'idM at ｴｨ･ｾ＠ 0.2.-1.0 mm diam.; maigln thin, tJWHne, smooth, :t
vmucoee to Cft'P'late, llOll.OO!oun with the tflalJu.I; d!lc pale ftd·b!own to
grey-bmwn,prum-,prulnablulshgrey-topalegreyMwhlli!lh.. l!J:dple'Wil:h
aJaalodlsa:a.d W'g<!Cl'Jltllainsroupe,->s-4011111: ｾ･ｭ＠ um pale brownto
Jl!llowfsh bmwn, 7- ｾ＠ llm d1klr. with small aystl1s. pl,gm.Mtal:llln dlaolvlng
m Ki hymmium hyiiline, 57-So µm. !up. hypothecium hya1me, ＺｲＬ［ﾷｾ＠ 11111.
chicle; p.tt.tphyllee simple sparlnafy branched, apical cell swollen. Asel
qtiDdrical !JO d.vate, ｾＭＵＷ＠ x 16-J.3 11111; lllilCOSpOl'tw llimple, elliploid !JO
bmadlyell!pgo!dal, lty.o1IM, 9-14x s-6 iam.
Cheml....,,Tha!JusK+ydklw,C., ｋｃＭＬｐＫｰ｡ｬ･ｾ＠ TLC:Amnorln,u.anlc
acid,zeorin, ｬｭｍＡｴｩＶ･､｡ｰＱｮｾｯ｣ｷＴＮ＠
Commaiu: 1-loN fltzvitli:>ma1'g{ntW la a ra:re lichen lptClel In Uuar
Pradesh, toun.d gmwing on tree bad: In dcdduous forest area. It 18
c:hara.cmludb'f b!IWfl.szer-pt'Gln-apothedaldl.tat,Jaraeaylltaltmadple,
ｾ･ｰｬｨｹｭｮｵ｡､ｴＭｯｦＮｉｓｫ｣ｩ＠
andROriD.
981l.ltftratl(..--
la llOnll IH!Mr Stizenb.
Bo; '1'h8tlgk. St. Gld!. .Ni:muw. Ga. rll88/llg: 218. JJ19o.
Thall111 coztioo!ow, ｾ＠ conlimloua OI' llftOim!, lllDOOth to 'MTUCUI-,
Jl!llowfsh wblte 111 ｾ＠ pen OI' s-Jsh f!P!Y· Apolb.eda ｮｾ＠
c:rowded,imme:rtedwhm)'OUDI, ｢ｴｷｩｬＬｉｊｾ＠ o.J-o.9mmdiam.;ma:rgin
chin, endre.1mooth to'M'l'UCuloee,. dtalllne, concolourswlth the thallw!; dllC
pa.le lmiwn b> Oflllllll!, ｾ＠ Ol'tliPtly prui:aoR. El!ciple withlllpl. cel1a,
lar,e ayat.'lk In groapa, :is-40 iim thick; ｾｵｭ＠ pale yel.lawllh to
b!'GWD, pa:aulai; pigmm'l!tioD. dissolviag ill I', 10-1.s Jim thick; hymeni!m1
hyallne. 6o- ｾｰｭ＠ thlclc: hypothedcm!. ｨｹ｡ｬｮｾ＠ＳＰＭＴｾ＠ pm 1hlcJc: pamphyRIJ
eparingly b11111cl>ed, apical cell oot or ｾ､ｹ＠ swollen. Ai'ci 8 spored, c1mite,
40-70 ><15-.:ao im:i; a 01p ＰＱ･ｩｨｹ｡ｬｮｾＺｭｰＴＮ＠ ti.l!pio!dal. t;J.J-18.0 x ?>-9-7.8
11111-
0...,,,tlltr)': Th.allus I+ ydlow, C·, IC-, PD+ pale yd1ow to o:raJ1iC. TLC:
ａｬｲＮｭｯ､ｮ｡ＭＧＰ･ｴｨｹｰＡｏ｣ｾ＠
Comments: UOllJton!Mlwl 1Ba--rQl)mm.OD.HdJ.et111pe&sln lJl!arPtadl!llh,

l'owid growillg on vuiety of IHe.t 1Uch u .AcaciG nilotiur,, Nt.ocarpus
ｾ＠ Andfnldltlt bi&.; Utdd difntnsls, Mangljm:l ind!«, Shorl!<I
robwRo:. md Syrygium ･ｷｮｩＮｾ＠ It ｩｾ＠ by tfte 8lDl!1 o:re,geto pqde
｢ｬＧｏｗ｡ｰｯＮ･｣､ｩＺＬｧｹｴｫｮｾｱｨｭｵｋ＠
｡Ｚ､ＲＧＭｾｩｮ｣ｨｭｳｴｲｹＮ＠
Lecanora interjecta MOii. Arg.
Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 23: 390. i891.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, verrucose to verruculose, yellowish grey to
greenish grey. Apothecia numerous, sessile, constricted base, 0.3-0.8 mm
diam.; margin thin, smooth to verruculose, thalline, concolorous with the
thallus; disc dark orange brown to red brown, epruinose. Exciple with algal
cells, large crystals in groups, 30-45 µm thick; epihymenium pale brown to
reddish brown, granular, with numerous small crystals, pigmentation
dissolving in K, 10-15 µm thick; hymenium hyaline, 60-80 µm thick;
hypothecium hyaline, 25-35 µm thick; paraphyses sparingly branched, apical
cell swollen. Asci 8 spored, clavate, 45 - 70 x 13 -18 µm; ascospores hyaline,
simple, ellipsoidal, 10 -15 x 7-10 µm.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, C+ orange, KC+ orange, P+ pale orange. TLC:
Arthothelin, atranorin and usnicacid present.
Comments: Lecanora interjecta is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on various trees, including Shorea robusta and Syzygium cumini
in deciduous forest area. It is characterized by the presence ofarthothelin, large
crystals in exciple, dissolving epihymenium in Kand the red-brown apothecial
discs.
Lecanora leprosa Fee

Essai Crypt. 1: n.8. 1824.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, continuous to areolate, smooth to dispersed

veimcoee, ye1lowiah while to ｾ＠ p!f' t11: ｾ＠ srey. Apothecia
ln:tnd!ll!d whm J01.lll&, ｾ＠
lll.tllll!n)IM, ..t.le, o.a-Lo mm diam.;
m.ugi.a. thick, entire tu CJalulatJ:, S'Gi 1 i• 11 CS vemtOOSlC, tft.alliDe, concolol'OUI
with the tllallu.I; dlsc pale omntt to yel.lawlllh bNWn, plane to conwx,
epl'Ginoee toslig)itly p!Wnoee. i!>dplewith algal (lC)ls. largieerystals in pnlP6I
25-40 µmtbick;ep!llJmen!11m paleyellawtoyellow!Jlhbtown,.wlthnlllXlttOWI
ｾ＠ pigm.enlalion .u-Mng In K, 8 - u I"" thld; hymenhrm hya1lne.
50-72 µm thidc; flJpochedum hy.lllne or ytllowllh to pale ytllowllh brown,
ﾷｾＭＡＧｉｬ＠ thlcl<; paraphy&es ｾ＠ br,intbesl, apical cell swollen. ABd 8
lpO!ed,eytiDdncaltocla-.40-6!)j1111;MCOl('Oreshyabe,1JimF._.to
G'f'aJelllp«Wbl,9-LJx s-711m.
Chcmlrtrr: Thillus K+ yell<JW, C-, KC-, P+ yellcnr. TLC: ｾｯｲｩｮＬ＠
pnp'eoldlnandchl-.manodnp1eiem.
Comm.mu: l«anom: ltpl'OSQ It a common lib: lkhen species In Ulur
Pradesb,foUDd81"Wingon bukofArti:iclA!pllB ｾ＠ iniica.
Milngl/mliridla1,and ｐｯｮｧ｡ｭｅｰｦｬｊＭｲ､ｷｩｾＮ＠ It
ｩｳｾ＠ hr the OGIDg!:toydlowish brownapothe<:ial disc:... di..>Mng
ep!llJmen!11m, yellow to brownllh hypotftedum,. ｗ｡ｬ･ｾ＠ Inadple and
preseno:eofpnpleoldln.
Leca-,..;h CJ Bn:ido
&i1i. Nrml Hedwigi4 79' Lf8. •98+
ThaDus cmtkolowl, crust-., rough. p.nular to ･ｬｧ｢､ｹｾ＠ arl!Olatr,
whililh 8"!)'to greeililhsre:t'• Jlpotbec:ia numerou, c:rowded wberuiumuowr,
Ud>em<tiAW-1101
Rlllile, l.'JODllrimd. at baa. o.J-1.0 mm in diam.; maip. lfliclc, lmOOCh to
"'11'ttcul-., entire to r.a1'!ly ｦｬｾ＠ tha'tl!ne, i:on.:olours with the tlWlus;
diaJc reddilh bzowD. to daJk bi:owu, ｾ＠ pla:a.e to COllGIYe ｏｦｾ＠
co-. Eix:lple ｷｩｴｨｾ＠ aelamd laigecrystllB In gft)upB. ｰＭＴｾ＠ pm th!clr;
epihymenium pale :fl!llow to ftd brown, e.grimular, lackirii cryttals,
ｰｬｧｭＡｴＮ｡ｯｮｾＧＬＸＭｵ＠ mlhldc:;hymenlumhy.illn.e.50-90 m
ｴｨｩ､｣［ｬｸｹｰｯ･ｵｭＮｾ＠ zs-15 pm. ｴｨｩ｣ｬ［ｰ｡Ｎｲ｢Ｚｹｾ＠ b:raDCbH.
apical cell IWOl!en. M::l 8 ｬｰｏｾ＠ qtlndrlcal to clan!;!, 30-6o x 14-:ao m:
uwsporc.simplc.hyal.iDe. ..UipsoidaL u-J.6x5-8 m..
Ch'l!llliitrr. Thal.lus K+ yd.low, C-, KC-, P+ pale yeno... TLC: Ab'a.noril1 md
USlrlnpresent.
ｃｯｭＭＺｬＮﾫ｡ｰ･ｩｵｲｨｾｳ､ｮｕｐ｢Ｌｦ｣＠
pGWiDg ｯｮｾ＠ｾ＠ b'4!"9 in o:rcba:rd a.reu. It is ch•ractaized by
granular to ａｬｧｨｹｾ＠ d!.allu., ftd b:rown apo«bcda, larse crptals In
ｾＱ･ｰＺｩｨｹｭｄｵＮ､ｲ｣ｃｯｦＲｴ＠
ＢＧﾰｾｎｹＡＮ＠
Mora ss: 354· J9:p.
Tha1ha Allicolous, equamu!- to lobate, whililh grey; llqllal:llulet cotm!lt to
bullat;e, d-1y.tdpl'eMd,. coDl:lnuoas, dlepetsed lndt!emifomly or fomilDg
orlxicular, lobatie patch.et, margiDal lobes 0.3-0.s mm wide. JUcomata
ｾ＠ r.m to hqueot.. 111b-ln:lma!ll!d to MIMlle, 0.4-0.8 mm diam.;
Jlllll'8il1 fhaDinc, eoncolours wiib. lhallUS', diick, smooth to - ; di5c
omnat:b!ownbecomlngdalkbrownandblackatmamrlty.comu,.cpruln-..
Ela:iplewithal¢ t'dJs, laigcciptals in pnip, 'rl-13' µm thid:;epihymeniam
ＱＴＲＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
red mown.
pigment not dilAlolving in I<. rt-:18 lllD thick; fiJmciam hyaline,
ln.speraed with oil pbulee, Kl+ blue, 5+-96 inn tbld<; hypotftedwn hy.l1ln.e
9(1-m lllD tbick; paraphf- ｾ＠ fnxu:fiing a.a.d i!lisJitlr ｾ＠
eept.lte, apkikl cell swollen and pigmented. Aecus 8 spored,
qtindrical-clav-. 40-S7 x 11-14 pm; uc ••si:•aes hyiiline, ｬｩｭｰｾ＠ oblong to
elllp8ald, 9-.6- u.6x 5.3-7J> pm. Pycnldlalmm.ened, black. U-shaped; <lOnldla
sloboR. uplo}.6pm.
Cheml""'r- 11taDus K+ ｾ＠ C-, KC-, P+ ytlhM. TLC: Alranmin, 2.'·0·
mahylpalmlicacid,pdecnsamoolourlpOtatRlclw4pt mt
C-ments: l.e<ici>lo"'l pllC'udim>v is a rare 1ichea ｾｩｮ＠ Uttar Ptadah,
fo1md growing oo. ｾ＠ aled roclm. It ii eMlly idemifled. from ocher lptd.eit of
L«9nora due to Its ｾＭｬｯ｢｡ｴ｣＠ tha1lug, red brown apotheda. 1aige
crystal• in uciple, non-diuolving epihymenium in K and 2'-0·
m.ethylperlalxilkaddindJ.em!Qtry.
l« 11on:u11s ,.,,. bhlbr.

Cczt. l.ich. Un;- 5: ｾ＠ｩｾ＠
Thallus cortlcolout, ｾ＠ continuous to al'l!Olate, ｲｾＬ＠ granulu

ｾｧｲ･ｹ＠ to bmYmah Pf· .Apotbecia nume:ous, crowded,
-i.le, ｣ｯｾ＠ at hue. o.2-LO mm In diam.; ma!1llnlthlclr. 1D1o«h to
ｾ＠ cll.lire,. lli•Dinc, concolours with the thallws; ､ｩｳ｣ｾ＠ to
pde brown, epn.dnole, plane to lillgbliJcomu. I!D:lple with al.pl atllr, Wgt:
ｾ＠ :.15-40 II"' thid<; epihymenium pele brown to b-gran:u11111..mh
- -Cl')mlr, plpvnudon dlllol'ring ｉｮｾ＠ hymenl11m hya)IM, 50-70 llDl
l.ld>em<tiAW-1 lOS
lhick; hypotMc:iumhyaline, 30-40 µm thick; pamphyl811pU'iqly branched.
.ap!Cillcell-lle!,hy.allne.Aad811pGIO!d,cyllndriCilltocla:.ate,30-50xu.-18
iim; HCOl(IOl'l!S hyiiline, timple, ovalto elliploidal, 8-15 )C !)-811111.
Oi.mdmy: Thillus JC+ yellow, C-, l:C-, P+ pale yellow. TLC: Alr.l.norin and
gangaleoidin.
Commmb:.l.e'o;itON ntg-ilaisara:re lichmspeciesin tJtmP.rac!Mi,tVund
growlna on Mllngffon lndko In orcflard .-as. It II cllaracurlzed bJ' coarlltly
YelNaisc thallwl. pale brown to 1-wn ｾ｡Ｌ＠ aciple witb. huge c:rystals.
dlmolvlngepllrymenlwn.md pte re aceofpn,pleo!dln.
"'""1onr nplm Zahlbr.

Cat. Lich. Vit.Mnr. !): SS,. 1928.
Thallu.t corlicolous, CNft.OR, rough. W1'N('OR to vmuculole, amdm.!ou.t to
areolatc,wbitishgrertoJdlowi9h'"'1,Apotb.eclanumerous,crowded,9e8Slle,
i.3-3.> mm diam.; maJBin di.ick. vmucme to VUIUCll!oR, ｾ＠ •haltine,
conal!oura wfih the thalha; red bmwn to daik biown, ｾ＠ plane to
｣ｯｮｾ＠ｾｷｩｴ｢Ｎ｡ｬｰ｣､ｲＬ＠ with1ar9tandsmallaryatall. :1.5-45 iimthid;
eplhymettlum ft!dd.lsh brawn, ｾ＠ｾ＠ aytll.ilil,. plgmentarlan not
diBsoMDa m. K. 10-1s im tfi.iclc; hymWlim hyalme, 6o-10 m thid;
hypothedwn hy.allne, :ao- 30 lll1l thick; ｾｳｰＮ｡ｲｬ｜Ｑｐｙ｢ｮ｣ｨ･､Ｌ＼ｴ＠
cell :t swoll8I, ｾ＠ uci. 811pOftd. ｾ＠ 45-S!i .. :i.o-:15 iim; ｾ＠
hyallne,llmple, j!)Jlpaoldal, 8-17x6-9µm..
Oi.emlmy: Thallus I:+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellowish.. TLC: Al:ranorln,
ehod•m a:a.dzecilinpreKD.t..
ｬＮｃｍｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
IM:ideo Ach. (Family: Lecideac:eae)
Mal\odu..; ｾ＠ l8c>J.
Thallwo ｾ＠ OI' immersed. <.'Ontinaous to ｟Ｎｩ｡ｾ＠
superficial, ｾ＠
procha"n1 112- or ah.m:; photoblont a Th!bou:d11. Aacomala apodleda
ilnJnersed tn-ile, trueelll!lpleofimgularl!haln.tolswoDm ..U., outa layer
m-n to dazk lmlwa, f!Jmemam I + blue; hypothec:ium hyaliDe to brown or
blad:; hymenlum or simple or llpilNely bran.cl1.ed ｰ｡ｲｾ＠ .ud e!Of\jpl:e-
clavm. Ucidea ｾＭｰｯＦ＠ tllipsoid to oblo111o simple with a Cl!fttnl
pla.amabd<f&e, smootfi, hyallne.
ｗｯ､ｷｩ･Ｑｳｰ｡［ｬｮＡｾＧ＠ lteptnre; Slnahi.9&
l«ldtto r••lf•o (Al;h,) Vain, in Hiem

Ort.llfr. Pl. Ｚ｡ＨＩ［ＴＮＱＹＰＭｌﾫｮｯｬｾｓｹ＠ Mdh. Lid!.:1641314.
Tba1lus <mticolous, ｾ＠ ro®i, _ . , _ to granular, pale ydlow ID
ydowilft grey. Apotheci? -at, ｾ｡ｴ＠ bilR, rOCIDd to imsuJu in
llhape, o.L.-L7 mm diam.; m.aigln th!clr, smooth to venu.:u:i.-, tlu'!Hne,
Ud>em<tiAW-1105
concolourt with fhe thallul; dilc: plane lo COIM!X, ftd blown to dark browa,
IDll.Cb .Wm ner pi!dph.l!fy, epru:lni*> to slla)ttly ｾ＠ Prai- eJ:dple
browD, iD coll1iDwltioD with hypothecium, 'J!.-y,r 11111 thid; thaDine a;:jple
ｰ｡ｬ･ＬＮＦｏＡＭｴｓＴｾｭｨｫ［ｹｵ｢ｲｯｷＧｄＺｩＳＸ｣＠
hyme:a.ium. 9s-u9 Jim tfiick; hypotbri•m browniab. 57-&t Jim tliiclr;
paraphf- br>ncblng .aplc:al cellt ellabtlJ swollen .utcl plgmenll!d. Asel 8
spo:red, ､｡ｶｾ＠ 73-!17 X ＱＳＭｾ＠ pm; UC '!lrdES hyaline, simple, ellipeoid.
aa.6-:1i3-3 x6.6-15.o llm·
Chemimf: ThallWI K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellowish. TLC: Al:ranarln,
cb.odatinuuh:eoriD.
Cmnmertw• l.t.'Cldea granifem l.t a common Hchm lpeclet In 'Uaar Pradah,
(oun.d growing on baikofvarl0\!$1ftii$indUdingMor.gi/iN indim In futdltd
ｾＮ＠ ltiachara.mriudb:r-tosrmu'arthall111, red biownapocbecia
Ｎ｡ｮ､ｾｰｦｴ＾･ｲｺｬｩｭ＠ .. •"'!->Ie&.
LefnNlifia Hat: & Bellem. (Family: Letrcuitiaceae}

Nl1wl Hatwigia JS: 281. ]98:1,
Tha1lus ｾ＠ pele yd1ow to greenialt-yellow OI' ｯｾ＠ｾＮ＠ K+ violet-

pwple, comc:ol0u.t; photobiom a pen alp. Ascomata apo1hecla lmlle.
coDBtricb:d a 'bMe, elR ＬＮｕＭｾ＠ Ix> oRDgc or b:rownish, margin
promfnem, pile ormge. goezi.enlly upcer than d!lc, a:dple ｾＧ＠ K+
pwple or bhie-v.!olet; ｾ＠ llll£)ltly hra.nclled ｡ｮ､ｾ＠ ASlcl
wi1fl. inner apical apparatua and w.ill layl!'IS, ri.on-amyloid. (1)2-8 i.pored;
ｳｰｯｲ･ｨｹ｡ｬｮＬｴＺＮｎｍ＿ＧＸｾｷｩＱＭ｣ＡＹｭｪ｢､ｦｵ＠
vezticaleeptaiDeomeloculesorlll'UriWm.
Wolld wide 1!) llptd.eii; IndLi 7 ｾ＠ Llum111re:Aw.llthl &.Sriv.wta•a 15189;
Awsthl.. 1991-
af' t ffle lilytotlllUipl I
la, ThallusiMi>+e, UCOllpOl4!UI. -)EJ>< 8-11 jlDl , , , , • , • , • , • , • L. /tprolyta

1b. 'lballusladdll;gll:ldla.a 'I' arei30-45xia-17j1111 ••••• ｌｾ＠
Uti Ffffll ｾＨｎｹＡＮＩ＠ Hafellnft'

N<Ml Halwigi" }5: 6'n. •98.J. - Lwcul<H'Cl lqrolym Ny!., n""" ｾＺ＠ 10. J869.
Thallus .:oct!a:>Iau.t. Cflliltlllle, smooth to wteven, )\'llaw t.o ｾ＠ｾ＠
iridiatie; isidia simpll> to rarely coralloid brancfted. sJobose to pinulllr.
Apotheda, round ｉＩｾ＠ 9eMlle. 0.3- o.8 mm dmn.; margjn pmm!"""t,
ｾ＠ｾ［＠ diic brvo.u to da.it b:row1i, white p:ruiDOR. Bmple
hyallnetopale b!OWll, K+ pink,. .p-8J llll1 ｴｨｩ｣ｫ［ｾ＠ b:rownto<Wk
ｾＬ＠ 10-15 pm diick, K+ piak; flrmemum hyiWDe, 7"-DO pm tfW:k;
hypodledum pale yellow, 66-94 111n thick; p.araphf- branchlng and
anastom.Ning Asci 8spcired. dmite,6:a-93x ｾＭ ll0.4 JllDiilSCO$JIOral&yaline,
ｾｉ､＠ t.ofilll1i>rm. ｾＡＩＭＷＱｴｰＲＮ･Ｌ＠ loculmlemllflaped. n.3-w><
&6-1o.6j1Dl.
Chemisby.1'hallw. K+purplc. C·, KC·, P-. TLC: Parietin present.
Commmn:Lmouitia lep11'fytaisan:re lidienspecicsil1 UttuP.racleoili,fooad
ｧｭｷｬｮ｣｡ｾＡｗｫ､ｵｯｳｴＧ｢ｊｩｲＬｋ＠
purple tha1lua, ＩＢｬｯｷＭｾ＠ｾ＠ apothecia. K+ pmple epi.hrmemum,
ｾｳｱｴＱｅｷｬｨﾣｮ｡ｰ･､ｯ｣ｗＮ＠
LftnNdtfo llw"""*"" Ｈｍｾｬｭ･Ｉ＠ Hat&. Bellem. in Hafellner

MM: lWwigicl 15: 710.198J,- ｾ＠ iomingmm f, ｾ＠
ｾａｲｴＮ＠ Bot. ll(u):s.1923-
Thallua<011icolou.t, auac-, vmucalose to ｬｨ｣ｲＮｾ＠ yel!owilih gmn,
K• purple. Apotheda, ttlllnel'OUt,. mund to imgula1' In shape. 0.3- LO mm
diam.; mlll.'liD thick, prominellt, Or.l:llJ'!, GD!O t>lh to flauome; Uc ora:llp
browntohNwn, planetoronave. l!ldple b!atorlne,yel!awtoor.anee, K• plnlc
ｴｯｾ＠ 70-8J; pm. thick; epib:ym.eDiam yellow browD, K+ pmk to pwple,
14-:i.o pm 1118'>; hymenlum hya1ln.e. K- ｾ＠ K• plnldth. 90-100 pm high;
hypotbecium.hyiiline, K- « K+ pi 0 ki•b, ｾＭＵＰ＠ pm.fli&b; paraplsyees branched
and anastamoofng A&clM I iipored, qllndrlcaJ to clava%lt,. 'JO-IS lC 12-18 inn:
astWJIOll:S hJUine, oonl to cllipsoid, 30·.5-45"2 .. 12.9-16.6 11111, tra:Dsvenely
6-7 eep-. occ.udonally 1-,, vmtcaJ ltp1a In - loculeii. locule. !mt
sh!qled
ｃｨｭｩｦ｡ｴｲＮｔｉｗｬｂｋＫｾ＠ C-, KC-, P-. ｔｌｃＺｨｲｩ･ｴｭｾ＠
Ct,-mmmtw: Lell"O'Uf!fa lraNlgr'fA'll Is a <Ommon lichen tpedea m VIiar
Pradalh, fi>und ei-tng on v.niety of trees In.duding ｾ＠ rolo.arm In
､･｣ｩｵｯｳｾ＠ It ｩｾ＠ by K+ pmple tliallus, orange maJ'llined
apotheda, It• pwple qx1hymmhlm. moetly ｾ＠ eept;tte - i i o -
withlez11ilhap«lloculea.
UdtlneUo Nyl. (Family. Lichinaceae)
&11. Soc. Linn. Nci"""'nJi'.e,-.., 6 301.117:'.
Tbalha faH-. dwalf hdcoiie. ｾＬ＠ pdr:ati: or--, gela!:lnowi
ｷｨ･ｮｵ［ｾＺｲｦ｡｣｢ｬｩｳ､ｴｯｶｭＬ＠
«Oltlcmt. Ulliallyhewomerouswf:thalooteOl'compact.10medmmfi>antaln
like central hyphel stnnd and with oetic:ulate hyphae; photo'biont
Chl"OO<:O«IU. Ascomala u thalllnOGll'p, lamina! marginal or W'mlnal,
od>icular or ilregular shaped. widi tJWline Jim, ｾ･＠ or in grvups. A8ci
impila.d:ylhaped. :t; cyl.fndrlcal llO c:lavau, ｾ＠ DOt.amyloicl. 16-:µ
ｳｰｯｲ･､［ｾｨｹＮ｡ｬｮＬｭＦｩｴｷ＠
Woddwide35speeies; In.dia1sp«ies; Lite111ture:Sd11;ilt:z2o005o ""'°7•
UdJlMUo , , _ Henliliel'I, BOdel &. Nash

Ilryologlat 88: 287. J98s.
Thallus suicolou.t, fmticoR. small, in rOffttl!s, som•mes u ecatUred
cu1hlorur, black, adpreued to aacadlnj; lobes urete, furcat<!d to
dichob>mooasly bamdicd, 1.5-2..0 mm. lo:ag and 0.05-0.15 mm thidi;, widi.
&tle:ri!ddpt;auachedwlthlhetuft»of!hm:ihypbe. 'J'halHnocaTpah9ent.
Che:mltby:'lhallusK-, C-, KC-,P-. ｔｌｃＺｎｩ＾ｳ｡ｬｷｭ＼ＳＱＡＹ､ｾ＠
Comm.em.: LiaoMlfa/fDa;I isa('(M'Q"on ｾｯｬｩ｣ｨ･ｮ＠ in Uttar Pradesh. found
p.owlnsonapoHdrodsmoltlylnllmallblllocbofrock. ｨｩｳｾ＠ by
｢ｬ｡ｾ＠ tbttad IJke tfWlus. It it a new ｾ＠ (Gt" ln.dla. url.ler known lhlm
NortliAmtrica.(Schuitz,:1007).
Opegrapha Ach. (Family: Roccellaceae)
Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 30: 97. i809.
Thallus crustose, uniform, ecorticate, corticolous; photobiont Trentepohlia or
Phycopeltis. Ascomata sunken or sessile, round to elongate, exciple black-
carbonaceous, disc narrow or widened. Exciple carbonized; hypothecium
dark or hyaline; paraphyses branched and anastomosing; hymenium I+ blue,
vinose or vinose red. Asci bitunicate, globular-elongate (4) 8 spored;
ascospores hyaline to pale brown, ellipsoid to elongate, straight or curved.
World wide 36ispecies; India 20 species; Literature:Awasthi.1991; Ertz 2009.
Key to the species of Opegrapha
ia. Disc of the lirellae white pruinose, wide,

exciple incomplete below, ascospores 4 -5 septate . . . . . . . . 0. astraea
lb. Disc epruinose, slit like ................................................ 2
2a. Exciple incomplete below, ascospores 3 septate .......... 0. maldiveana
2b. Exciplecontinuous below . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ja. Ascosporesconsistently3septate, fusiformtoacicular .. 0. agelaeotera
3b. Ascospores 4-7 septate ..............................................4
¥· Middle locule of the ascospore larger, perispore thick,
exciple thinning below ..................................0. varia
4b. Allloculesoftheascosporesequalsize ................... 0. subvulgata
Opegrapha agelaeotera Vainio

Bol. Soc. Brot., ser. 2(6): 165. 1929.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, greenish-grey, continuous, ecorticate.
Apothecia lirelliform, straight to curved, simple, rarely branched, dark brown
to black, o.6-o.8 x 0.1- 0.2 mm; disc wide, epruinose, brown. Exciple dark
brown to carbonaceous, convergent, continuous at base, 20-42 µm thick;
epihymenium olive green to brown, I+ reddish, 22 - 25 µm high; hymenium
hyaline or pale yellowish, I+ reddish, 45- 75 µm high; hypothecium, I-, 35 -42
µm high; paraphysoids branching and anastamosing. Ascus 8 spored, clavate,
48 - 6o µm; ascospores consistently 3 septate, all locules are of equal size,
locules broader than length, fusiform toacicular, 22.2 - 27.3 x 6.3 - 8.9 µm.
Chemistry:ThallusK-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: No chemicals detected.
Comments: Opegrapha agelaeotera is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on Ficus religiosa and Mangifera indica trees in orchard and

aRDUe treesalongftlad side. ｉｴﾷｾ＠ byblack lirellae, COD>e>jjt:utan.d
com:ln11owt adple, 3 eepu.ce ｾ＠ with equally sized locule.. In
amipari9on IX! the "-tiption ｾ＠ by l!Jtz (:>009) ｾﾷ＠ or Utm
Pradsb. lmulijfitl:y larFr D.'Olp(llet (n.s-17.5 (-;ao) >< +o-6.o iizn), thick
perl!lpattandalltllked!ec.
Op111•111 altl Tuck.

Lk11.eu ofOUifamkt. (Bmr/ey): ;n. Jll(i6.
Thallus wtticolollS, Cl'a.ltoR, whililh per. amootfi, ewttiude, ｾ＠

protlwlu.eahsentar ln.cllalnct. Urellae f'lm•-, lhnple IXI folla!d or bnnched,
amb! IX! bhW ends, ｾ＠ UDi!ormly t11: SODKlimes a-3 i118!0Qped and or
aswoold; dllC ｾ＠ llllglttly to wide open. white prulnO&e. ｾ＠ black,.
ｾ＠ CODVCJjjt:llt, dist-oD.tiDu0\11 below hy=i;lim, broad at base,
43-YTllJXl lhkk; eplhymmhml klwerpaithyallne, upper pm (wf:thdepolldon)
olive vee> IX! yellow s-n. pnular, K·, lt- blue, Kit- blue; bymen.ium;
hymenl11m hyallne to pale bioom,. It- bl11e,. JC!t- bllle, 61-7S pm hl,llh:
hypothedwn hyiiline, 38-40 II.ID high; l"'l'lll'hYl'OiM bram:hed,. sliPtJy
｡ｮｳｭｾ＠ .Aacm 8 apored, qolmddcal-c:!ame, I+ red to v1:noR+ tip pale
blue, Kl+ ral, tip blue, 6o-68 X 9-12. !'111i -...ipo- hy.illn.e. aNM•br IXI
fa.tiform, lraDIVa'Hly 4-51Rp1311t. llil eds are mO<lll:y equal llize, odls broads-
lhan long. 12..3-1s.7x44-4JlllJD..
Chemistry:'I'hallwlK·,C-, KC·, I'·. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ､＾･ｭｩ｣｡Ａｳｾ＠
C"omments: ｾ＠ CIWcH!G is a ""'7!!MXI ｾｩｬ＠ Ulla.r Pradedi, llnmd
Ud>em<tiAW-1111
powing on ｾ＠ hdci:rop]iyU..., M..U..- rn.lic<I. MJJ"gjfe.rv u..&o,
Syzwlum QD!llnJ and pilm.l In mori:y in o!dwd - It Ill chara.czieri:ud by
whJdsh lhtilae, di-®nuouseioclple, ..J-5 septate a90>Spcl'ies. Thl$ isa new
record for India. ｉｴｩｵＮｰｭｬＧｯ｣｡ｾ＠ -lierrepor!led!romAbica(Kmya.
Rwanda, Sli!sn Ll!sn1.e, South Africa and Zambia), Asia (Clnlstma.e Island,
PllpwlNewGum.N, Th•ilmd, philq,pin..)aDdAl:l.ltnlia.
0Jilfroplto 111o1fdh1Gna Ertz

Blblthca Uchmol. I02! 77. :»009-
Thallu.t anticoloa.e, ｾ＠ lfiin, ｾ＠ srey, m. llmllll p.mb"' of o.a-0.5
cm acroa; pMhallwl lndlldnct. Imlla.e emt2Ff!t, llmple to fumlted, bladr,
o.i-0.7mm1lmg; dllcsllt llke,. epn.tln.ase. l!lldplecarbo-.a,. ooiwergeM,
ｩｾ＠｡ｴｾ＠ •8-"7 pm tftid<; ep:ihymeniwnolive brown CD pale 'blown.
K·, Inillosered, Kl+ pale blae, ia-76 pmfiiP; hymeziiumb:yab, ladciDgoil
&lolralm, l+v.lnORORlll"to red, Kl+ pale blue; eypomtdum h,al!netopale
ｍｯｷｮＮＢＱＭＩ｡ｰｬ［ｨｹＦ･ｳ｢ｲ｣ｧ､ｾｦｴｊ＠
ｾ＠ Asal$8spored, d-.15-.o15 x •-13 µm; ｡ｾｲ･＠ hyallne, adcU!aa;
tn:a.vnnielyJRpblbe, 16.2.-20.3x6.s-7"' IUD·
ｾ＠ 'lhallasK·, C-, ll:C-, P·. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｬ＾ｭｩ｡ｳ､ｾ＠
Gomm.ma: ｏｾ＠ mal'dlvftma It a r.m species In U11ar Pndeab, found
powin;gon bukof MJJ"gi'fi:ni i1lltieci in ordwd& It ｩｳ､ｴ｡ｲｾ･ｺ＼Ｚ＠ byblado:
lirelLte,ditccmlimlousm:iple, ｾｊｳ･ｰｬ｡ｴｩＬ｣ｵＮｲｯＭｉｷ＠
ｬｕＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾｐｭ､ｯｲＯ＠
rewrd of licl>ens fur India, arli.er reported hm Maldives and Cbagos
.llrchipelago(Erts2.009).
ap rg.iapho .adwulpto Nyl.
l'fonz s:a:.,.. 1869.
Thalha ｾ＠ CN.ITOl!le, lhln, mi.ooth. yl!llowish p!ftl> lnco:rupkwna.
Imllae uumerous, simple, straight toslitbt!Y curn:d. blecli:,. 0.3 - i.:a mm.loq;
d!ec llllt llb, i!plU!nOile. l!:mple daik ｾｴｯ＠ arbottboed, mlll:lnuo!M ht!law
hymemum, z;J-45 iam. thick; hymeDium hyllli11e, 49-70 pm thick;
hypothedwn hy.allne to pale m-n. 'q-lb pm ｴｨｩ｣ｫ［ｾ＠ bnnclt!ng
｡ＺＮ､ｾａｳ｣ｩＸｶｴ･ＬｵｰｯＶｸｬｭ［ＱＰ＠
tllslfomi. -•eslll!iy s-7 ｓｬＡｰｴ｡ｾ＠ an toculea mcdyequat llud. ;is.6-Ju x
43-5.zµm.
Chmliltry:TballusK·, C·, KC·,P·. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｨｭｩ｡ｬｾ＠
ｾｭ＠ ..... : Opegraplta ｾ＠ laa raft llchm tpedes In 'Uaar Pradelh,
lixind gntWiDg on tn:e tnmb induding Sliomi rob1'8W in '1xeoted """'8. It ill
charactnlml. by yel.lowl.th grey thallua, lll:mple, bladt ｾ＠ contmuowi
･ｸｲｬｰＬＵＭＷｳｯｴ｡｢＾ｾ＠
Oplfl'fllllto ..to Pers.

Ann. Bot. (tr.rttri)1: )0.179+
Thalh1t corticolous, crustose, ecortiatie, gnenillh grey, somelimu
lnci:msp!cuOWL Llft!lla.eblacli;. mM!iylllmple. ｾ＠ 0.3-o.7x o.i- o.a
m:m; di5c 8lit ｊｩ｢Ｎｾ＠ l!Ja:iple brown black to <Mlollized, CODmljfftt,
tlilnn!ng and continuous below hymenlum 16- pm lhkk; ｾｭｬｵ＠
olivesi:- up II> 10 ｪｭｴｾ［＠
*
hymmilmi hyaline to &liPtlyyellowif.'b. up to }8
inn hl,stl; hypothed:um, hyallMtopale brown. upto :Ul pm hlgb; ｰ｡ｭｾ､ｬ＠
branched and anasta,,_;118' ｾ＠ 8 spored, dame, ｾＭＷＱ＠ x .,._,.. ll"'i
lllCO!lpO!Bhyalint', 4-!)-?U-. middlelocule.up.dylargoer, fwllfonn w.lth
ihld<palsporle, 3U-:n,Sx7.i-9.9 pm.
CJamiistrr.ThallusK·, C-, KC-, P·. TLC:Nochemicalsde!J:ctl:d.
ＱＧＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
Comments: Opegrapha varia is common species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on various trees in forested areas. It is characterized by black lirellae,
continuous exciple, 4- 5 septate, fusiformascospores.
Parmotrema A. Massal. (Family: Parmeliaceae)

Atti Reale Ist. Veneta Sci. Lett. Arti, Ser. 3, 5: 248. 1860.
Thallus foliose, usually loosely attached to substratum, large, lobes apically
rotund, margins with or without simple or branched cilia, grey to grey-green,
with or without white-maculae, isidia and soredia; lower side brown to black,
rhizines simple or mostly in the central part; a wide marginal zone paler and
nude; photobiont a green alga, Trebouxia. Ascomata apothecia, lamina!,
lecanorine, generally pedicellate; disc brown, entire or perforate; hymenium
hyaline, l+ blue. Asci 8-spored; ascospores hyaline, simple, ellipsoid, thick
walled. Pycnidia lamina!, immersed; pycnoconidia sublageniform, filiform or
bacilliform. Atranorin usually present in upper cortex with usnic acid or
lichexanthone.
World wide350 species; India 51 species; Literature: Divakar & Upreti 2005.
Key to the species of Parmotrema

ia. Thallus lacking isidia and soredia, margin eciliate, medulla with all -ve
colourspotreaction .............................. P. mesotropum
1b. Thallussorediateorisidiate .................................... 2
2a. Thallus sorediate, margin eciliate,
medulla with all -ve colour spot reaction .......... P. praesorediosum
2b. Thallus isidiate, margin eciliate, medulla P+ orange-red . P. saccatilobum
Parmotrema mesotropum {MUii. Arg.) Hale

Phytologia 28: 337. 1974.-Parmelia mesotropa Milll. Arg., Rev. Mycol. 10: 55.
1888.
Thallus corticolous, foliose, somewhat loosely attached, thick, leathery, light

grey to grey, shinning, 2 -4 cm across; lobes rotund, 2.5 -4.5 mm wide, margin
entire, eciliate; lower surface dark brown to black, marginal zone pale brown,
shinning, erhizinate; rhizines simple, sparse, restricted towards centre.
Ascomataabsent.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow; medulla K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Atranorin, fatty
acid (caperatic acid) present.
Comments: Parmotrema mesotropum isa rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on tree bark in moist deciduous forests. It is characterized by
grey thallus, absence of vegetative propagules, erhizinate, shinning lower
surface and all negative colour spot tests on medulla.
Lichens of Uttor Pradesh 1115

Poimottw1wp1a11D1111!Co1CH11 (Ny!.) Hal&
ｾＺ｡ＸＳｊＮ＠ •!rn·-Parme/iop• er '"""io.ocJNyf.SQt. Lida. 'lhl,p.a8, 189>.
Tbalha eoft!ailou.e, ｦｯｬｾ＠ 111boit.kular, thL:k, whl1hh tfPl!'I to PT. IO<*ly
ac!D.atie, 4-3 cm=-; lobes roam.d, i-4> mm wide, eciliatie, 11<>mliate; sorclia
ma:rglDal;so!O!dlapnular: loweuwfaczda:rli:brownto bladr, lhlnnlll,ll b!OWn
and naked towards margjn, ｲｨｭｮ｡ｾ＠ mmnes simple. ｾ＠ｾ＠
Cltllll'e;mealla:whf:tit.Asoomataablent.
<llmdmy: ThaDus I:+ 'fl!llow; medulla IC-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Atranorln
present.
ＱＶＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
｣ＺｩＮＭａｭｮｯｴＡﾫｾｬｵ＠ Hcl>!!napedl!91n UtUr
P.radS, fo1md srowiag on vuiou - mdudiq Shorm rohu.a iD. tl>reit
- It ｉｬｾ＠ by wflltlllh fff:t!J' tlWha with bmad, edllatE lobe8,
tbinnin& nUed !owe llll'face aDd ｾ｣ｯｬｵｲ＠ tpOt lesbl.. ｔｨ･ｾ＠
callec:u.i fi!om Sonhhadra.tiUS bad rouah upper rmtace. .....,,ly ｾ＠
cell.Ila\ produciagnoclulaztoo:>ralloid isidiat>:ttnu.•luftSwbicb.iD..omccu:s
bHalat to form llOftdla. Ail per the spat opinion (peaonal communlca:r:lon
with Dr, P. K. ｄｩｶ｡｢ｲＩｴ･､＼Ｚｳ｣ｵｰｬｯｦｾ＠
«Olos!ml varla:don .and do not =ry any 1ttOf1B nmnomlc lipllllca:nae cc
diffi:rea.liat.: the opeOm<n as a oovel tllllil. However. DNA analysis is of these
｡ＺｭｰｬｦｊＱｩｮｾ＠
l'oimot1w11G ｲ｡ｮｴｃｬｯｾｉｏＧ＠ (Taylor) H<ile

PlryttnogiQ :i.B:m, ＱＹＷＴＭＦｭＡ･ｬｩ｡ｾ＠ 11sylorinHook.f., I.onion/. Bot
6!174-111+7·
TbalhaCClrtkolowl, ｬｯ･ｹ｡ｾ＠ Yip, thick, 4-6 cma-, subalb!cahJ:
creamilh 8ft')'logrey, olderpoztioat-18ba:a.d cradoed, ｩｳ､｡ｾｬｯ｢ｲｴＬ＠
broad, 4-6 mm wide,. cwllng dOW11Wa!d&,. ma:rgln &lift: to er-., ec!Hatr;
isidia !emjm! simple, gra:aula.r II> filiform; lower surface blaclt Wwllrds«ntre,
marginal :r.one pale bfOWn to brown, 1h!nnlng rhlzlnei rp.m:e, -ictl!d to
ｾｭＮ･､ｵｬ｡ｴｩａｳ＾｢ＪＢ＠
Chmiistrr. Thallus K+ }':ll<>W; medulla K·, C·, KC·, P+ OraDjiC-red. TLC:
Amnorlll, p!OIO<:lt1r.lrlcaddptt;RDL
Commenlll: ｾ＠ｾｯ｢ｷｮ＠ Is a rare lichen lptdea In Uuar
Prado:oib,. foUDd smriili 011 txee b.ul in moist deciduous forest. It ii
clwacumed hr loote!J auacb.ed, lsldl.uie tNllu with Wgle lobeot and
ｾ｡･ｩ､ｮＧｨ｣ｭｳｴｲｹＮ＠
Ud>em<tiAW-1117
Peltula Nyl. (Peltulaceae)
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. ser. 3, 20: 316. 1853.
Thallus areolate, squamulose-peltate or subfruticose, rhizinate or umbilicate;
upper side olive-brown to brown; photobiont a cyanobacteria, Anacystis.
Ascomata apothecia, initially immersed, later emergent, disc brown, red or
orange brown. Thalline exciple as a rim; hymenium I+ blue or vinose;
hypothecium hyaline; paraphyses simple, capitate. Asci unitunicate-rostrate
with gelatinous sheath around the apex, multi spored (16 - 100 or more);
ascospores hyaline, simple. Pycnoconidia bacilliform to fusiform.
World wide 40 species; India 10 species; Literature: Awasthi 2007; Upreti &
Biidel 1990.
Key to the species of Peltula

ia. Thalluscorticolous, sorediate, greenish .................. P. corticola
1b. Thallussaxicolous ........................................... 2
2a. Thallussorediatealongthemargin,squamuleslarge ........ P. euploca
2b. Thalluslackingsoredia ....................................... 3
Ja· Apothecial disc expanded ..................................... 4
3b. Apothecia immersed, punctiform .............................. 5
ｾﾷ＠ Thallus orbicular, squamule surface reticulate-
rugose, margin upturned to forming rim ................ P. patellata
4b. Thallusrosettiform, surfacesmooth ................... P. obscurans
5a. Thallus subfruticose, squamules cylindrical,
ascending to upright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. tortuosa
5b. Thallussquamulose, inflated, horizontal ............. P. zahlbruckneri
Peltula corticola BOdel & R. Sant.

Biblthca. Lichenol. 23: 79. 1987.
Thalluscorticolous, squamulose; squamules greenish brown, black, gelatinous
when wet, imbricate, 0.4 - o.6 mm, marginally sorediate, sometimes soredia
arising form lower surface; sorediagranular, labriform. Apothecia absent.
Chemistry:K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Nochemicalsdetected.
Comments: P. corticola is one of the common corticolous species under the
genus Peltula. It grows on mango tree trunk, completely camouflaged with the
colour of the bark deposited with algal mat. It can be distinguishable after
wetting the bark. It is a new record for India (Khare et al. 2013, in press), earlier
reported from Eastern Africa (Biidel 1987), Arabian Peninsula, SW North

P.rlflllo' 4111pftmr (Ach.) Poelt in Pisut
SOom.. Sliw. Mu; Mui:. PN. >'l!dy 13: 8.1¢7. - ｕ､ｬｴＧＮｾａ｣ｨＬ＠ I.klu!nogr.
Suoc. Prodr.:LjL 1798.
'l'halh.ISsuico!OWJ, squa:mulosc, pdtm; "l,aamulesmo:a.ophyllou, solituy'11:
polyphyllouand lngroupr, lmhrlCW!, orblculartolUbo:rblcular, laqf:i..o-6.o
Ud>em<tiAW-1119
mm; margin smooth to flexuouse or folded, finelysorediate, sometimes sorelia
laminal as circular pecks; upper surface yellow brown when dry, olive green
when wet, smooth, epruinose; lower surface pale, creamish or yellowish,
attached at the centre, umbilicate. Thallus heteromerous, corticated on both
the surface; upper cortex thin, 15 - 25 µm thick, yellow to golden yellow;
photobiontcyanobacteria, layer 87-135 µm thick; medulla hyaline, 95-175 µm
thick; lowercortexwell developed, 75 - u8 µm thick. Apotheciaabsent.
Chemistry:K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Nochemicaldetected.
Comments: Peltula euploca is a most common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized by larger, orbicular,
sorediate lo bes.
Peltula obscurans {Nyl.) Gyelnik

Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 38: 308. 1935. - Endocarpon obscurans Nyl., Bull.
Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 2, 6: 309. 1872.
Thallussaxicolous, squamulose, scattered or rosette forming; squamules small,
0.4-1.0 mm, margin down turned; upper surface greenish brown, olive brown,
greenish when wet; lower surface pale. Apothecia frequent, I per squamule,
laminal, semi-emergent to emergent, 0.4 - 1.2 mm diam.; margin prominent,
thin, thalline, concolours with thallus; disc wide, reddish brown, concave.
Exciplewith cyanobacterial cells, 21- 41 µm thick; epihymenium yellow brown,
29 - 43 µm; hymenium hyaline, 62 - 77 µm; hypothecium hyaline, 36 - 56 µm.
Asci multispored; ascospores hyaline, simple, oval to ellipsoid, 2.3 - 3.5 x 1.5 -
2.4µm ..

Clu:mhb'y:K·, C.,KC-, P-. TLC:Nocl>em!Cillsdeb!dl!d..
()ommcnb: Pdtul" oliscww&r isonecifthe<Ommllll lidicn species in IJttar
Pradelh, fo1md p.owlns on a:poMd roclm. It Is cha.rac!edzed by l'ORIU
ｉｏｲｭｩｮｧｳｱｵ｡ｬＬＮｫｴｯｾｰｨ･､ｷＺ｣＠
ｾＱＧＢｰ｡ｬ＠ "DI (Bagi.) Swlnscow 8t Krog

Nonwg..f. Bot :i.6::m. 'JJfl'). Ｍｾｰ｡ｴｊ｢ｩ＠ Bagl.,Nw:NoGlom. Bot. ItaL
7' :a.is. iBr.;.
Thallu.uaxlcolou.e.squam:ulose. brawntodouko!Mbrawn;equamuleaalmott
eDcuW;. o.2.- o.6 mm. acroaa, JIMll1in llJiabtly raised; lowe:swfi.Cle trowm.11.
Apotheda ｾ＠ dtp! .1 to smif--.ezgent, I - 3 pet squamu1I!; llWllfn
i.Ddistillct to thin; disc ｯｾ＠ Rd to reddish. Euiple with alp) ClC!J;

ｾ｢ｲ｡ｷｮＬ＠ IS - 2:1 µm thlclr; hymesUum hyallne, 7' - ga µm thldc;
ｨｹｰｯｴ｢･ｩｷｮｱｬｾＵＴＭＶﾵｭＺＮａｳ｣ｵｲ､Ｌ｡ＷＧＩｓｘ＠
12-1s µm;alCOlpOl'eltdmple, hyal!M,sl*-. µ-46xi.7- 241=
Cll.milmy:K-, C-,JCC-, P-. TI.C:Nochemlcalsdete.:tl!d..
eo--: hlrirkt paul!ata Is mmmon lid1en spt!dee In Uttar Pruleeh,
foCIDdgrowmgonapoHd!'OCb, bridca:a.dlimepla.ms-0£oldmonummtsmd
ewnoncemwplaelmlaflntUdlnp ｬｴ｡ｾ｢ｹ､ｮＺｵｱｭ･＠
ｷｩｴｨｾｰｵｭ･､＠ margin;i,apothecu:witb:wideoraJl!l'·zeddisc.
l.ld>em<tiAW-1121
Peltula placodizans (Zahlbr.) Wetmore
Ann. Mo. Bot. Gdn. 57: 179. 1970. - Heppia placodizans Zahlbr., Bull. Torrey, Bot.
Club. 35: 299.1908.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose to placodioid, orbicular, effigurate, 1.6 - 10.0
mm diam., with long radiating lobe, olive brown to brown. Apothecia present
towards centre of the thallus, round, 0.4 - 0.5 mm diam.; margin thick,
concolours with the thallus; disc red brown, concave, small, 0.12 - 0.15 mm.
Exciple with algal cells, corticated, up to 136 µm; epihymenium yellowish
brown, I+ reddish, KI+ blue, up to 38 µm high; hymenium hyaline, I+ reddish,
KI+ blue, up to 100 µm high; hypothecium hyaline to pale brown, 95 µm high.
Ascus multi spored, >100 in number, clavate, I+ reddish, KI+ blue, 50 - 59 x 11-
13 µm; ascospores hyaline, simple, oval to broadly ellipsoid, 4.3 - 6.1 x 2.1 - 3.4
µm.

Comments: Peltula placodizans is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized by placodioid, effigurate
thalluswith long, radiating lobes, red brown apothecia. Sometimes squamules
scattered and grow along with other Peltula sp., and can be identified by their
long lobules.

Peltula tortuosa (Nees) Wetmore
Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57: 205. 1971. - Dufourea tortuosa Nees, Horae Phys.
Berol. : 43.1820.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose to subfruticose, olive brown, bluish green
when wet; squamule minute, flat to cylindrical, upright, 0.1 - 0.2 mm diam..
Apothecia perithecioid apothecia, frequent, sunken, 0.05 - 0.23 mm diam.;
ostiole punctiform, black, distinct. Exciple hyaline, up to 23 µm thick;
hamathecium conical to semi-globose, hyaline, 215 - 230 µm across. Ascus
multispored; ascospores hyaline, simple, globose, 2.1- 4.0 x 2.1-3.2 µm.
Comments: Peltula tortuosa is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized by squamulose to
subfruticose thallus, with minute, circular, upright squamules and sunken,

punctiformapothecia.
Peltula zahlbrucknerii (Hasse) Wetmore

Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 57: 205. 1971. -Heppia zahlbrucknerii Hasse,
Bryologist14: 100. 1911.
Thallus saxicolous, squamulose, olive brown; squamules minute, dense,
circular, inflated, horizontal, umbilicate, 0.5 - 0.48 mm diam. Apothecia
absent.

Comments: Peltula zahlbru.cknerii is a common lichen in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized by dense, minute, circular, olive
brown squamules spread over the rock. It produces immersed, punctiform
apothecia. However, such apothecia are lacking in most of the specimens
studied from Uttar Pradesh.
Pertusaria DC. In Lam. & DC. (Family: Petusariaceae)

Fl. Franf., ed. 3, 2: 319· 1805.
Thallus crustose, granular orverrucose, fissured or areolate, corticated, usually

corticolous or on plant remains; photobiont green alga, Trebouxia. Ascomata
apothecia, generally elevated and innate in fertile verrucae, single or several in
each verrucae, disc wide, lecanorine or small, punctiform. Paraphyses
branched and variously reticulately anastomosing. Asci thick walled, 1 - 8
spored; ascospores hyaline, oval ellipsoid, spore wall thick, single, double or
triple layered, often constulateand rarelylaminate.
World wide 525 species; India 54 species; Literature:Awasthi 1991;Archen997.
Key to the species of Pertusaria
ia. Thallussorediate, lackingapothecia .................... P. leucosora
1b. Thallusesorediate,apotheciaalwayspresent ..................... 2
2a. Thalluscontaining norstictic, sticticacid complex ................. 3
2b. Thallus containing atranorin, ascospores

ap to .fl! - 61 x ,., - p !Im • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . . • . • P. punctll!tlf
)ii.Pe1lle _.,_and osdolar ,.ion lllhercled
Yl!ZIUC.'JCIR', a!IC.'OllpOlet 71-100 x p. -41 ian .............. P. ｾ｡･＠
3b. Fenilewmimumooth .•.•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.. 4
¥-- Thal.lwlwllludcs:lcadd, otdolu- 2 ｰ･ｲｾＬ＠
ｾｦｬｴＭＸｊｸＲＱＹＳＴﾵＺｭ＠ ••••••••••••••••••••••• ｐＮｾ＠
41>. Thal.luswidi.1>0rstietic acid, ostiole may
perwrrucae, .ascocpo- ｾ＠ -16) x Ja - ｾ＠ｾ＠ ......... P. latco.rl:oma
ｾ｡ｬ｢ｯ＠ Nyl .
.Actlz Soc. Sci. .Fenn. To 447.186).
Thallus cmtia.UOWI. cruseose. greenlsft-greJ, vemia.ise, paler at maigln.
Mmnati apo1hecia. pe:itheoioid, fatile 9'ITUGlle not tubetded or ｰ｡ｮｾ＠
domuhaped, flautape.:; O!ltlolepale, ｾ･ｴｯ＠ !ndi.tfne!i. lln!lpleupto g µm
tliick, ._•!Jyco1e:'l!d bytliallus; f!Jmemam ｾ＠ omri•I, .p.6 x ,o:a µm.
ＭＮａＡｉｃｕｓＺｵｰｯｲ･､ＬＦＰＵｸＳＸｪｊｘｬ［｡ﾫｱｴｨｹｮｳｭｾ｢ｧＷｂ
8.J.2.x2.9>0-)4.J pm. ｴｦｩＮ､ｷ｡ｬ･Ｌｾ＠ 94-10.5µm.thict.
Chemfmy: K+ ｾ＠ lW'Dlns Nd, C-, XC-, P... TLC: Nonlicdc. hypoldclic
acld,zeod!>p-.
ｑｯｭ｡Ｚｾｩｳｲ･ｬ｣ｨｮｰ＠ Uttul'ladi:sh,foUDd
ｾＰＱ＾ａ｣Ｚ｡､＠ nllotta:rtftt:t!Wlklndedd110111fo-. Itllldla:racwlzed by
perithecioid apotfieOa, tbid: walled aKWpOres wilh radial wnstalotion and
nmtlctlcaddlnchemlmy.
l.ld>em<tiAW-1125
Pertusarl.a leucosora Nyl.
Flora 60: 223. 1877.
Thallus saxicolous, crustose, thick, whitish to creamish grey, rough to
verruculose, rimose areolate, sorediate; sorelia irregular to capitate; soredia
bluish grey, P+ yellow-orange. Apotheciaabsent.
Chemistry:ThallusK+yellow, C-, KC-, P-. TLC:Atranorinpresent.
Comments: Pertusaria leucosora is a common lichen in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized by its sterile, rimose areolate
thalluswith sorediathat turns P+ yellow-orange.
Pertusarl.a leucostoma (Bernh.} A Massa I.

Ric. Auton. Lich. Crost.: 188, 38']. 1852. -Sphaeria leucostoma Bernh. in Roem.,
Arch. Bot. (Leipzig) 2: n, tab.1, fig.1, 2.1799.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, verrucose, yellowish grey to brownish. Ascomata
perithecioid apothecia, sunken in verrucae; fertile verrucae hemispherical to
conical, not constricted at base; ostiole distinct, 1 - 3 per verrucae. Exciple
brown, 14- - 30 µm thick; hym.enium hyaline, 93 - n5 µm across. Asci 2 spored,
cylindrical to clavate, 239 - 4.8 x 41 - 50 µm; ascospores hyaline, broadly
ellipsoid, doublewalled, outerwall constulate, 95.6-163.4 x 32.5 - 52.9 µm.
Chemistry: Thallus K± yellow, C-, KC-, P+ yellow. TLC: Stictic acid complex
present.

Commmb: ｾｉ＠ is a rue lichm species il1 Uttlr Pradesh.
foandpowlngon ll'l.mband branche.of-lnotdiardandfo-.:dan!a!!. It
ｩｳ､｡ｲｾ｢ｹＺＧｬｏ･ｵＮｯｷｰｸｴｨ＾ｮｑＡ＠
wallandlt!dicaddcompla:lnclM:n:l!my.
ｾ＠ I fo JNm(Wfo Nyl.
B>uU.Soc. Linn.HrJITIUlMie,-.>,.:z::71..J.868.
Thallu.t corticoloua Cl'Wltose, verm- olml- 8l'ef lo per, &intly
psi!Udoc:yph.ellall!. Asc.>mata .;ipoth£da. perithedold, ratt, solftary. fatlle
verrucae not constricted at base; ostiole single, brown black. Exciple 29 - 40 µm
thick, externally covered by thallus; hymenium hyaline, 364 - 370 x 244 - 276
µm across. Ascus 2 spored, up to 193 x 48 µm; ascospores hyaline, 48.9 - 61.7 x
25.3-3u µm, double walled, wall 8.4- 9.8 µm thick, constulate.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ yellow, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: Atranorin, arthothelin?, pale
yellowspotat Rfclass 4 - 5.
Comments: Pertusaria punctata is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on Acacia nilotica tree trunk in deciduous forest. It is
characterized byperithecioid apothecia, thick walled ascospores and atranorin
in chemistry.
Pertusaria quassiae (Fee) Nyl.

Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., ser. 4, 15: 45. 1861. - Porina quassiae Fee, Essai Crypt. Ecorc.:
81.1824.
Thallus corticolous, crustose, verrucose, cracked, grayish white; prothallus
prominent, white. Ascomata apothecia, perithecioid, fertile verrucae
hemispherical, constricted at base, 0.4 - o.6 mm, verrucose to tubercled at top
near the ostiole; ostiole black, slightly wider. Exciple 32 - 45 µm thick, covered
thalline layer; hymenium conical to U-shaped, 177 - 279 µm across. Ascus 2
spored, rarely 4 spored, up to 193 x 41 µm; ascospores oblong, hyaline, 71.3 -
100.0 x 32.3 - 40.9 µm, double walled, walls radially constulate, up to 5.5 µm
thick.
Chemistry: Thallus K+ red, C-, KC-, P+ yellow orange. TLC: Hypostictic,
stictic, norsticticacid and triterpeneat Rfclass 5- 6.

ｃｬ｣＾ｭＭＺｾｲＡ｡＠ｾ＠ｬｳ｡ｭｯｾＡ､ｴ･ｮ＠ Uttul'r.lde&h,
fooad srowiag Oil the bazk of.iloczcia m1oticcr md Shomt. rob rum in &:tated
- It ｉｳｾ＠ byperilheclo!d .apotheda, :l - 4 lpOftd asd, double
Wlllh!d.rad.iallyanistulateuc.wporetmdDOl'SliclicacidiD.dlmristry.
Phaeophyx:ia Mobetg (Family; Physciaceae}

SymA Bot ｾｴ＠ :u(i): 29;J<717·
TbalhafollooO>,Iootelyadnate,lobetrad!alfDg;pmisbm_...tnbnMn;1-
&ide m-n to blac*. mizinm; photiobiom a green alp. ｾ［＠ med.illa
ｾａｳｬＳｭ｡ｴｵｰｯｦ･､Ｌ＠ lamina!, ｭｾ､ｴｬｺｩｵＮＬ＠ bil.8e (ooronate),d!ilc
m-n to blact. Empie1-norizu; fi:rmmum ftyaline;hypothecium ftyaliDe;
p.mphyses ｾ＠ thlchn.ed; wl 8 spcmd; ｡ｾ＠ m-
l Si!pl:alr,
Phyma t11: ｾＭｴｽｰ･Ｎ＠ Pyaidia lamimJ; pya!OCOllidia eDipeoid, 1-
than4pmlona.Aaranorlnalw.lyaabtentlnupperOOltlelt.
Woitdwide:l8!1pi!des; Ind!a15 spedet; Litera:tl.tre:Awa.ll:bl 2DfYT·
ir..ytott1e..-i- ofPfl•¥1r> ,:!.
lll. ｔｨ｡ｬＮｵｳｾ＠ .a-6 ｣ｭＮｾ＠
lobe. 0.3 - ua mm wide ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• P. hlqldula
ih. ThalJussmall, I -3 CbHC!OS!t,
lobes o.:a - o.611111). wide . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. o:tbic'ula:ri8
1'11111 tp11ywia ltilpi4uftil (Ach.) Moberg
Bot Not. !JI: i6o. l971l- - Fmmel&J hiqld11bi Adt, Utihmogr. Unfwnalts: 4fi&
1.810.
Thallus corticolous, foliose, closely adnate, 2 - 6 cm across, orbicular to
suborbicular, greenish to brownish grey, sorediate; lobes rotund, lacinate, 0.3 -
u8 mm wide, sometimes slightly pruinose, loose, ascending; sorelia laminal,
capitate; soredia granular; lower surface pale at margin, black towards centre,
rhizinate; rhizines dense, dark grey to black, sometimes with white tips,
projecting beyond the lobes; medullawhitetooff-white.Apotheciaabsent.
Comments: Phaeophyscia hispidula is a rare lichen in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing onMangifera indica trees in orchards and avenue trees along road side.
It is characterized bysorediate, grayish brown thallus and projecting out, dense
rhizinesunderthe thallus.
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg

Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22(1): 44. 1977· - Lichen orbicularis Neck., Velie. Gallo-Belg.:
509.1768.
Thallus corticolous, foliose, orbicularis, closely adnate, 1 - 3 cm across, grey
brown to green brown, sorediate; lobes rotund, lacinate, 0.2 - o.6 mm wide;
sorelia laminal to marginal, capitate; soredia farinose; lower surface black,
rhizinate; rhizines dense, black, projecting beyond lobes; medulla off-white.
Ascomataabsent.
Comments: Phaeophyscia orbicularis is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on Mangifera indica trees in orchards and avenue trees along

road side. It 18c:h.aiac::wizedbyllmilller ihallusand ｾ＠ sun:d!ate mnd.ldon,
dm.te, ｢ｬ｡､｣ｲｨｩｺｭ･ｴｷｰＺｯｪｾＵＮ＠
PhyUbcum Nyl. (Family: Lichinaceae)

Anri.. Sci. Nat., Bot., m:.,, :i.o: ;po. lllg.
'l'hillhwminutely<!Widwithmu.m&ilicusonlowersudaee.ttec:hingthallus
ｴｯｾａＺｬＡ｣ｷ［ｰｦｃｄｨｮ｡＠ blue-gremalp. C'1troococc:w>.Aacomata
apo11ie<:ia, laminal. SllllhD in thallusor-ae witft thidrtbeDinccxciplc. disc:
Initially clOHd, open lacer. Ilxdple thalllne, paraphyiiu branched,
anaiU>moslng. Md thin walled. 8 - 16 ｾ＠ spores h¢lne, Ollmple, thin
walled,,o•loDFIJe-dl!peo!d..
Woitdwlde8apedes; Indla•apedm; UW'a.Ulft:Aw.uchl tS191:Awaridt..Slnah
llHl' Upfttil98&
"'8y"tothe1pe ｨ･｡ｦｾ＠
ia. ApotMda anagen, towankn:msfn of
the thallus. ｾ＠ 14 - 18 x s - 811"' • • • • • • • .. .. .. • • • P. incficwn
ii:&. ａｰｯｴｬ･ｩ｡ｾＹＭＱＴｸＵＶｭ＠ ......... P.laitllcliM1D71
l'lt'lllla1m lndlcl.r1lt Uprell

Cun: Sd. S']{16): 906. tglll.
Thallua Am"'IO'>l.tt -i.uamlllole; lqUillllUle9 cirallar, cbely agreptff, darlt
brawn to bladr, o.c8 - 0:1![ mm - . Apoobeda llWtly m.aiglnal. round,
Ud>em<tiAW-l lSl
-1.le, 6.lD-o.:u. mm diam.; m.a!Jlln pl'(l«X1ln.Mt, f!IM04h, tftalllne, amtolaum
with the tba1lua; clisc clazt b:rowuorll!ip;tlypalerthan the elite, plane. bciple
bNWnW!,wlthc:yan.:ib.a.:b!llalcells, )11-fr/!lln thlcl:;eplhymenlwnbNwn, 9-
13 111D. ｾ＠ hy"Y"D!!T! hyllline ｴｯｾ＠ "1 - 64 JllD; hypothecium. pqde
brawn, :i.o - ｾ＠ 11m thick; par.aph'fW brmchlna and ｾ＠ A&d I
spoM, ｾ＠ 57-71x10.7-15'7 J11D; uc SjJ au simple, elliploid, hylllme,
1.f.6-l']'.7X?>-9-7·3 I=
Chemlmy: IK-,C-, KC-,P-. TLC:Nochemk.Wldi!tected.
C-_.,ts: Plr:i/1i8CV1n indiwm is a ""Y comm.oo lichen species in Uttar
Pra.deah, foclnd sa-fng OYtr Ellll alle>cl rock as well u IJme/oematt plaaml of
old mommiMIB and bW!dlng& ft Is dwad:erlzed by drc!ulaJ; dadt brown to
｢Ｆ｡｣ｫＬＹｱＱＮｩｭｵｬ･ｺｳｮｰｯｨ､ｴｹｾｓｃｏｦ＠
ｐｨｹｬｊ｢｣ｶｭｾ＠ｈｾＭｮ＠
SWnslc &t. Tcdob: S7(:a):i53. 194
'lha1u.t sa:zdcalom, crtlSTOSe to atb!lqwmulo.e, dalil: hMrln to blaci', pt!ltar;\.
umblical!e, disc:oid. Jlemmm apodzecie ｾ＠ almost sm1ken, lamjnal:
maflln thklr. c»MO!au!w wf1fl. tflal.lwl; dllc bmm,. ｣ｯｾ＠ Jlzdple bmm,.
witheyaDObactaialoells; ｾ＠ - 58 µm.th.idr;; cpibymmiumpale ｾｉ＾＠ b:rffn..
16- J.S pm chlck; hJm.mlam hyall:ne,4fi-6a lllndllck; hypothed:um hyallneto
pale brown. "'S-38 flD1-Asws 8 ｳｰｯｲ･､Ｎｾ＠ up"' 53 x .... ｰｭ［ｾ＠
ｬｊ｡Ａｮ･Ｌｾｰｯ､Ｚｭ＠ 9.9-:14-4>< S-4 -6..2 pm.
CMmtary:K-,C-, KC-,J:>.. ｔｌｃＺｎｯ｣ｨ･ｭｫ｡ｬｾ＠
c:ic.--: P/t)!lisa.on ttlltwlflt.e1'nt Is .l .:ommon lkhM In Ultaf Pradesh,
fooad ｾｯｮ･ｩｰ＠ osec! rocbmd Cl!GIS!tpi.mof compooad "111la. It ii
ｾ＠ bydaJkbrown to ｨｬ｡｣ｲＮｾ＠ umhlllatethallu.t.sunlcl!n
｡ｰｯｴｬｩ･｣ｭ､ｳｾ＠ aoes.
Ph.'1flopeUvlo Kalb (Family: Pelt\Alaceae)
Bi.Wioth. Liichmol. :lj: 4-0. 19&/.
Thallus equamuloee, llUbrollo&e to lollotle, heteromerou.e. p.ttapletten-
clsymamua, ciomprilmg :I: slot>- hyphal c:ella, altacbed to the 11Ubiitn111m.
(baitc) by f.ulcldea of' lhlzohyphae; photob!ont .l cyaJtobactala. A__..,
apothecia, lamina!, 0.3 - i..o mm. diam. Brl::iple mdimatary; hymeDium.
hy.allne; paraphf'- not or ran!lf branched with ll!w ana.M»mM!ng. .aplcee
sligfid:y swollm.Jlsci ｾ＠ with C. :µ -128 ipOml; UC SJ! QU sloOosc, 3 - 4
inndlam.
ｗｯｩｴ､ｷＮＡ･Ｑｳｰｾｉｮｬ｡［ｕｦ＼ｋ｢Ｚ｜ｏｌ＠
l'.lljt' i alfu&I al•JI 111 Kalb.

Blblloth.l.ichmol. ,S:lj9.2001.
Tha1lu.t anticoloo.e, sqwimulose ｴｯｾ＠ o!M lnown. 1 - 3 cm across,
maizjna1ly lo'ba!>!; label concave, 1 - ,. mm loll\11. o.s - 1.0 mm wide; upper
surface "°°1tiale. Medolla&nd alp! la)w iDRparabale; !lfW8'corto:diatinrt,
coulaof3 - 4 rft'loi ftodlameu!ccells; lawer.irfa.Cle'amcMcl bybundleosof
rhizoliyphae.As u mabsent.
Chemistzy:K-, c-,KC·, p., TLC:Nochemicalsdeb!cb!d.
Commenta: Phy'flopeltt.tlo: ｾ＠ Is .t common ｬｫｨｾ＠ spede.t In Uttar
P.radS, fWDd srowiag OD. barlt ofMmlgi/ua jndiai - muw iD o!dwd
.tn.d a't'l!ttlle - a l q "*'side. Il Ill dwacwlzed by equamu!Me tomb-
foli-., olive m-u thallus with eymobad ·, P. ｾｩ＠ aA apotbecim
spa:lea,. ｨｏｗ･ＡＧ｡ｾ＠ ott.hrar Pradesh are Sll!llle.. ｔｨ･ｾ＠ lsearlkr
ｾ＠ from Ncotlop:ics aDd it is a new m:o:rd for IDdia (Khare d o:L :IOJJ.
lnin-).
PhyJda (Schreb.) Michaux
{Family. Physciaceae)
ｆｬＮＦｾ＠ '.lbmll:p6.1Jio3.
Thalluafollose, IOORl:yattacbed, ｯｬｩｭｾ＠ Rd.lallylobat.e, pale grey
Ill dads:.er, wltb or without ls!d!a and soredla; lower llide pale bmwn to ｢ｬ｡ｾ＠
with ocmooloum .,f,izinei; photobiont '71'tbouxia, medulla wlii!it. Aemmrn
ｾ＠
Mc:1 8 llpO!l!d;
ｾ､Ｎ＠
-po- lamina!, leunodn.e, di« brawn Ill black. Ettlple l-1ne;
hymm"•m md hypotheciom hyiiline; pmph,.s bra.ncbed. tn-n atllpicee.
Phylida or ｾ＠ type. bnwm, :i. OOJed,
Pycnid.ia hminal; pye11ocomdia rubc:yliDdri.ca 4-6 µm long.
Amnorln.UW..,.p;--.lnupperan-.
Woitdwide7311pi!dee; Ind!a:1711pi!d..; Ull!r.l.lllft:.Awasthl 2007.
'*" u dlmfdLofa (Am.} Nyl.
PlortJI 6.j: '»!· 18&t. -Pamtti!a puMenilenra 'I'll dlmld!abJ Am., Pfo'll2 .ojll: S9+
Ul64-
Tbalha colt!aolou.a, foH-., olhkular!B, m.all, 0.5 - :J.O ｡ｮｾ＠ blubh Ill
whld9h iver. tumlng bmwnlsh In ｾ＠ delkatr, ...ｾ＠ lobee
laciDm, o.:& - ｯＮｾ＠ mm 'Wide, d-1y (l!\lia.ote; BOR!ia 1lmlinll or JIWliaal;
60l'eC!la paiwlar; lawer.idepale brown, mtz!Nte; ihlzlnea hNwnfsb: medulla
wbiw.Ascomataabaem.
ｃｨｭｩｬｴｲｹＺｋＫｾ＠ C·, KC·,P·. TLC:Atn:aorinp:t&Ul1.
ｾｭｴｷＺ＠ Pfrysda. d{mfd{ata isaraie lichmlpeciea iD UUa:r Pradl!llb, fo1md
gmwin;gontreellWlklnmolstdi!dduousC-..ltlsd-.tcterlzzdbydeb!ll!ly
whitepruinolt', K+ J!llowthalluaa:a.d lamina! tomugiDal10redia.1tiamostlya
Himalayan siwfea,, ｾ＠ cum11dystudled llJWfm.., fmm Uttu Pr.lid£eh
ｾＴＧｴｯｨｩｳｰ･｣Ｎ＠
Po.rino Mull. Arg. (Family: Porinec:eae}

Kong!. ｾ＠ Ak.cid. Nya H;irllil. 30; 1¢. 18o9.
Thallu.e ＼ＡｬＧｕＮｴｾ＠･ｯｲｴｩｾＬ＠ eplphyllout or epi or endodopbl"""daJ;
photobiom a 8f'al lllp. 7!omttpohlia or ｾＮ＠ ,Awmnm pecithecia,
singular, d!spel-i, wlthpaleMdark, ｾｯ｢･ｴｪｬ｡ｮ､ｲＮｰｵｩﾭ
fozm.olltiole. ｬ｡Ｚｩｰ･ｄｏｴｾｯｲ､ｭｷｗＬｮ＼ｒＱＡ＠
lrMllucrellum, bla.ck, brown or ftddlsh brown .M1.d an Inner wall hya1ln.e or
colowed; pvaphpes simple, ｾＮ＠ A»ci 6-8 spored; ucoepo:res liyiiliDe,
ｾＱｭ｡ｮｹＮＬ＠ tlonaat;!,splndleform,Mlfonnorneedlelhaped.
Woitdwide)36apedeil; ln.d.ldiupedes; Ub!n1ure:: Upn!fi 199+
l'otlno - (WallrJ Zahlbr.

Cat. Lich. tlYt.M!nL i:J63. iSJn· - 'Vtm!-1a IM'Mlt Wllllr., Fl Oypt. Cam. )!:199·
i8p.
Ud>em<tiAW-1115
Thallus corticolous, crustose, cracked areolate, grey to dark grey or greenish
grey, rough to uneven, indeterminate. Ascomata perithecia, numerous,
emergent, solitary, paler than the thallus, partially covered by the thallus,
exposed portion black, 0.1- 0.3 mm diam.; ostiolepale, distinct. Involucrellum
running close to perithecial wall up to half way, brown to dark brown, thick at
top and tapering below, 30 - 47 µm thick; exciple hyaline, sometimes darker
outwards, 8-18 µm thck; hamathecium hyaline, not inspersed, 130 -132 x 139 -
145 µm across; paraphyses branching, persistent. Ascus 8 spored, cylindrical, 22
- 84 x 13 - 15 µm; ascospores hyaline, transversely 1 - 3 septate, 1 septate spores
(immature) small and appearing spindle shaped, 13.0 - 13.7 x 6.8 - 7.3 µm, 3
septate (mature) spores broadly ellipsoid-fusiform, with round to acute ends,
1p - 21.3 x 6.5 - 8.6 µm. Pycniclia black, small, 0.08 - 0.12 mm diam.,
immersed; coniclia ellipsoid, hyaline, 2-4- 2.8 µm.
Chemistry: K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: No chemicals detected.
Comments: Porina aenea is a common lichen species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on trunks ofMadhuca indica and Mangifera indica in orchards areas. It
is characterized by greenish grey thallus, partially covered perithecia and
transversely 1 - 3 septateascospores.
Pyrenopsis (Nyl.) Nyl. (Family: Lichinaceae)

Syn. Meth. Lich. 1: 197. 1858.
Thalluscrustose, areolate, granulose, gelatinouswhen wet, dark reddish brown
or blackish, smooth or rimose, plane or uneven; photobiont chroococcoid
cyanobacterium with reddish or purplish gelatinous sheath. Ascomata
apothecia, laminal or terminal on tiny coralloid granules, immersed to sessile,
with thin thalline rim. Asci rostrate, Lecanoralean with amyloid inner cap or
prototunicate; ascospores hyaline, simple, ellipsoid to broad ellipsoid.
World wide 6o species; India 1 species; Literature: Schultz 2007.
Pyrenopsi.s triptococca Nyl.

Flora, Jena 64: 2. 1881.
Thallus saxicolous, crustose, areolate to squamulose, marginal squamules
sometimes elongate to effigurate, dark reddish brown to black, thin, gelatinous
when wet; upper surface with granular, corroloid, isiclioid outgrowths, thallus
appearing granular. Ascomata apothecia, frequent, sessile, round to globose,
0.1 - 0.4 mm diam.; margin thick, black, concolours with thallus; disc small,
mostlypunctiform, concave, black, concolours with margin. Exciplewith algal
cell, orange brown, 49 - 72 µm thck; epihymenium yellow brown, K-, KI+ blue,
13 - 21 µm high; hymenium hyaline, I+, KI-; hypothecium hyaline to brownish,
18 - 28 µm high, I+, KI-; paraphyses septate, up to 2 mm thick, branched,

SOn:l£t:inwlX1Jllllllffimn. A&cllelspotd, cia'n:u, :1.9- !;+X 7- IO ｰｭ［ｾ＠
hyiiline,limple, <!llipsoid,9.:1.-12.0 x s.ixl.iiim.
Chmiil1ry.:K·, C·, KC-,P·. TLC:NochemiGl!ldetecml.
Commmu: Pymtopdll;o irlpllOCOOOa II a me lichen rpede. In Uuar Pra.dellh,
found growing over up-4 ｾ＠ It is diaraaeri!ed by squamulose to
dguM. blacklm thal1m, row.d to globole .apotMda wl:th lhlck n:lO!:l'IPn md
hya1inc!, simple, ellipsoid •S"•"'l,Wla. It is a ｮ･ｷｾ＠ (OI' ｉｮ､ｩ｡Ｌｾ＠ it is
lm.ownfromS.W. Blll'Ope, N.W:.Afdca, Canarylllmd.t&tS.W. Nolth.Amulca
(Sclxultz ......,.).
Pyrenula Ach. {Family: Pyrenulaceae)

Syn. MdJi. Lich.: 117. J.81.t.
Tha1lus ｾ＠ epi or endopbloeodal; ph.oto&iont green alp. 'lloeritqohlia.
Aacomalaperllheda. eoHtaryOl'r.IR!y2-3amllum.t, lm.ma.d ｴｯｾ＠
<o"'ul 'With thallt1Sornahd In upper part. hemlspherill'al toglobo9e. l!ldple
black. couboniRd, lpHSding lataoally, mu.ch thickened laDnlly ;md in uppe:
part. usually thlnner .at base, O!ltlole.ipial, <hp!-.! to papillal:e; paiapl\1-
｡ｩｭｾ＠ｾＮａ｡ｬ｣ｩｹｭ､ｲ＠ｴｯｾ＠ bitumGlb!, 81poll!d;uwapo:t&
bmwn,mmcl,ell!paoldtoftMlfocm,thldcwall.!d,15Si!platet.omwtrcrm..
ｗｯｴｬ｣ｷ､･Ｚ＾ｳｰ［ｮＡ｡ＹＱｕｵＮｾﾮＭ
....,.to..... ofP,,111111lfo
la. Ascospore &d.t thin walled ｡ｮ､ｾ＠
bamathl!dum with oil glabul£s, e»:lple not tp!ISl.dlng •• .P. ｾｬｩｳ＠
ih. ｾ･ｮＮ､｡ｯｴｰｬ＠ •.•.•.•.•........•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•. :t.
:la. Alllomll!fl or. """"P""" munded odl!l11ifoan • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • )
ｾ｢Ｎ＠ 'IWt>middleloculesoluo'"l"l"el""'lh.omboidal •••••••••••••••••• 5
]a. Hymelliom W:kiDg oil "°'bules, e:u:iple latmdly
rpn5ldlna. Oll:lole lndlldnct . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . . • . • . • . • . P. bnJ nnea
3b. Hymenlumwtthoilalobuleii.oatlolemamfila%1t..papllla%e ••••••••••• 4
.<jil. ｾ｡ｷｬｳｨｮＬ､ｰ･ＺｲＮｹｧ＠ .•.•.• P.m<rm!Datkt
41>. Thallusa.&b.1);fty,eiadpleslll!)d:lylal:erallyspttadlng •• P.SltbgldbrilJ>lallo:
5A- ｈｹｭ･ｮｬ｡ｷｴｨＧ｢＾､ｲｾｯｧｵＬＮｩＸ＠ｾ＠ """'°"""
P.
sb. Hymeniwn lad<ingoilglo'bules, thal.lu6whitishver •••••• .P. melafrljoci
l')Tllllulo ｾ＠ Fff
Bar.if Crypt. Econ:. Suppl.:BL 11Jn.
Thallu.t codiooloua, ｾ＠ brownilh per to yd!owiah 1111ooth.mown.
Pl!l'il:hi!da nUIDel'OU8,. eol!t!rf, blacli:, dep12B11ed Ill seml11)obotie, 0.3 - 0.7 mm
diam.; Olliok> iDdilJtind, apical. Exciple carbomzed, )2 - 89 imi. ｾ＠
la:ttt.llly; bama:th.edum&ar, ui:a -20) ｩｵｮＮｨ､Ｘｳｰｯｲ･Ｌｾｴｬ｣ｹｑｉ｝＠
upto73 x .:u lllD;UC01i(IOl'5 brown, lnoad.lyobloag ｴｯｾｰ･ｩ､Ｎ＠ tra.n.M!:l'H!y)
l!ll!pl:ate,.illlocules!OU.llded llO lenllfbim, 1s.3- ｾｸＶＱＭ n.6pm.
Clu:mhby:'lh.alluK-, C., KC-, P-. TLC: Nocl>milcilsdell!dJ!d..
ＨＩｯｭ｣ｮ｢Ｚｾ＠ｾｩｮ＠ rare Uchenspeees mIJttar "'11desh, found
bark In decidl.IO'UIJ foHft. It ii ｾ＠
p.owlns on - by b!own1lh
smoom tha1lus. ｾ＠ qreadlng eiaciple and aS•»sj-wll:h aD toun.ded ID
lentiform.loades.
ｾ＠ C'llllllnzrNr Vainio
Alln.A.o<id.Sei. Pcin. si:i:A. 15'337·"9'0·
Thallw! .:urtkolowf, er-., llXIOOth, yellawlsh ID 8l'td brown, llDl.ooth.
PaitlHciablack,eemi.·mi g t, o.2.-o.7m:mdiam.;ottioleiadffltinct. I!lliciple
ｾ＠ sllgbtty apr&dlna. :l) - 41> pm chlclr,: iwnalhectum with on
lllohlar, J.81. - 223 pm aaoa. Ascospoms bmoxi. lnmmnd:y 3 sqi!ak, P.
macophoratype.16.s-;n.3x9.i-n.oµm.
Chemhby:1hallusK-, C-, KC-,P-. TLC:Nt>sajh1102naesde!ECb!d..
c.o-cma: PyrmulG ciomirano ill a ' - frequent bch.en spa!ies m IJttar
ｐｲ｡､･ｬｨＬｦｯｵｮＮｳＭｧｺｴｷｩｾｸ＠ Itladwacwlzed by
yellowish ID gttelliah brown thallus, "1lgjll:ly apreadlng en!lple, oil ｾ｢ｵＡｏｬ＠ In
ｨＭＱＡｴｬｷｩｄｭ､Ｎｵ｣ｏｰｯｦ･ｳｾ｡＠ base of
the trlanaJe fadnc again.et Md '4 the """""PM' (P. maatophonf type- smru
Up:mi1998).
P,rJwa"io mamUlana (Ach.) Trwis.
aw,. Vbntc.:1J. i.86o. - ｾｭｯｩＯｬ｡ｍａ｣ｨＮＬ･ｦｴ､ｵＺＱＲＰｉｂ｝＠
ThalJu9 corticolo11$, crustote, }dlowish brown to grey 11,_,,, smooth.
ｾ＠ black. depn11 ed to lmli-tloboR. llO!.itary, naked, O.) - 0.7 mm.
d!am.; Otllioleapk.ll, papffiall!. ｅﾫｬｰ･ｾ＠ w-tlyapre.adlna. »-P.
µm; ｾｨｹ｡｢･Ｌ＠ withoilslobulet. 'U{>to 269-m pmacroa.AICi. &
sporell, cylln.drk.a1todaval:e.66 - 911 .. ia-16 inn: ﾷｾ｢ｲｯｷｮＮ＠ elllpr+I,
ｴｲ｡ＺＮｭｩｬｹＳｒｰｾｯ｣ｵｨｳＰｭｹｬ･､＠ tolemiform.13.7-2).4 x7:z.-9.8pm.
Chmiiltry:TballmK·, C-, lll:C-,P·. TLC:Nochemicals deteclled.

Comm.ma: Pym!uSa mamlllana Is a ran: lichen lptdeot In Ulu:r Pradelh,
lixlnd gt'O'ring cm a.ee bark in <leedUOU$ ro..:st. It is ｣ｨ｡ＧＢｾ＠ by pale
brown lfWlu.t, bladt pedlheda whfl. p.apillate ｏｬｴｯｾ＠ lalmllly ｾ＠
･ｩ｡｣ｬｰＮＬｯｮｧｪ｢ｵｳｾｭ､ｂｴｨｲｄＺｦ＠
locuJeJ.
ｾｍｵｬＮＱＧＹＭ
ｾｇｩｬｭＮ＠ Bot ltcd. 30:40). i8gl.
Thallw! COft:!a:llowl. cru-. rmooch, }'l!llowlsh to wbllhh 8l'e)t Palth.eda
JXUm.UOW\ blad;, llOtituy, O«Uioaally2 -JiDpoupil hmlilphaical, 0-4-o.&
mm diam.: omole lndllllini:t.. apical. Empie dark b:rown to blacJr., sllgtlliy
spmiding laterally, complete ud thiDniDg below, 35 - 86 pm thick;
h•matlie-:iwn o:>mcal, :i.37 x 166 JUD,. oil ｾ＠ absaxt. Asci. 8 spoml,
cyllnddml ｴｯｾ＠ SJ- 8o xn-g ｩｵｮ［ｾｲ･ｴ＠ m-n, broadlf..Utpeold,
ｾＳ＠ . .ｗｯｬＧＡｾｴｹｰ･ＨＭＱＹＸＩＬＶｍｸＷＮﾻ
9-ll=
Chaxilmy:ThallmK-, C-, RC-, P-. ｔｉＮｃＺｎｯ｣ｨ･ｭｬ｡ｳ､ｾ＠
Comm.....,.: PyranJa mtbii... ... le a rare llcllen ape&s In Uttar Pr.adeab,
&NM powiDg OD. but of me iD dec:idu.oua IOrert. It ii dwad:mRd by
rmooth, whidsh r;rqthallwt, blad: peritheda. brown, 3aeptal:e P. llld!ltop/i.oM
type of -iiore. (with l'M> middle locules rbombo:idal, end locules :t:
ｾｬｨ･｢｡ｊｯｦ｣ｲｮｧｳｰｴＦ､ＧＢｏＩＮ＠
ｾ＠ 111611cufafl.t Upreti
ＮｬＢ･､｣｡ｾＺｊＹｌ＠
Thallusc:'Ol'lieolous, <:l\Wll>se, smooth, pale brown to brown. ｾ＠ 'blad<,
eolltaly, rattlyln grocipof tl!w, o.z - o.6 mmdlam.;ocllole.aplcal, lnd!Klnct.
ib:J;;ple dark 0rown to black, DOt ｾ＠ Ims:ally, 2o'J - 45 I"" thidi:;
ha:mathed11m conical, oil ｾｩｮ＠｡ｨｭｬｾＮａｳ､＠ 8.lpOftd. cyl.fndrlcal to
clavalr, 'P-9" x ＱＹＭｾ＠ µm; • ...,......brown, bmadlyelllpeold,3sq>tall>, P.
ｇｾｊＴＮＱＭＲＩｘ＠ 6,7-12..111111-
Chemimy.TballuK-, c-,JCC-, P·. ｔｉＮｃＺｎｯ｣ｨｭｩＡＲＱｳｾ＠
ｃｯｭＮＬＺｐｹｷｫｲｳｵｬｸｴ｣｡ｩＦｮｨ･ｾｊＧ､｢＠
fiNDd ｾＨｉｬ＠ balk of lft<!s inch1ding Shomi robuaitia in lill!Jll to!ells. h ii
ｾ＠ bybrown&ih lfWlus, ｢ｬ｡｣ｫｾ＠ oilglobulatln hym.enlwn
.md P.. 4ppoidmans ·t:Jpe of aacoqoxei (... 'I' He ends thin walled, :t:
pap!Date),
ＱＧＬＩｔ｜ＦＯｬｾｶ｡ｮｯ＠
Ann.Aa:id.Sc!. llm.n.,-A, 15!2+1-l!IJO·
Tha1lu.t oorticolO'llf, crwt-, pale btown to uhy p.ey, 1111ootb. Pmthecia
bladr, dt!pt· sud ID h.em:Mpbl!lfoll, i!IOHWJ, O.Tf - 0.9 mm diam.; ost!ole
apical, P"P'11.1e llJa:jple ca:rbolliRd, ali&fitlyop: ..tm, 1atiera11y. ｩｮ､ｳｴｾ＠ or
absent at base, 37 - 76 µm thick; hamathecium hyaline, with oil globules, 15 -
198 µm across; ascospores brown, ellipsoid, transversely 3 septate, locules
rounded to lentiform, n.1- 22. 7 x 5.2 -7.6 µm.
Chemistry:Thallus K-, C-, KC-, P-. TLC: No chemicals detected.
Comments: Pyrenula subglabriuscula is a common lichen species in Uttar
Pradesh found growing on various trees including Phyllanthus emblica both in
orchard and forest areas. It is characterized by ashy grey thallus, black
perithecia, oil globules in hamathecium and ascospores with rounded to
lentiform locules.
Pyxine Fr. (Family: Physciaceae)

Syst. Orb. Veget. I: 267. i925.
Th.allus foliose, lobes radiating, branched; pale grey, whitish grey, dark grey;
pruina diffused or in glistening plaques; maculae persistent or fissured into
pseudocyphellae; with or without isidia and soredia; lower side brown-black,
rhizinate; photobiont green alga, Trebouxia. Ascomataapothecia, lamina], disc
black. Thalline exciple persistent or becoming blackat maturityor exciple black
since initial stages of development, brown-black part of exciple K+ violet-
purple; epihymenium K+ purple; hypothecium brown. Asci 6 - 8 spored;
ascospores brown, i septate, mischoblastiomorph.Atranorin usuallypresent in
uppercortex, lichexanthonepresentorabsent.
Key for the species of Pyxine

ia. Th.allus sorediate ............................................ 2
ib. Th.allusesorediate ........................................... 4
2a. Th.allus UV-, medulla yellow, soralia yellowish,
marginal to submarginal, linear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P. meissnerina
2b. Th.allusUV+yellow .......................................... 3
¥· Medullawhite to offwhite, soralia marginal and lamina] . . . . . . P. cocoes
3b. Medullayellow, soraliamarginal ...................... P. subcinerea
¥· Th.allus UV+ yellow, medullawhite ..................... P. petricola
4b. Th.allusUV-, medulladeepyellowtoorange ........... P. himalayensis
Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.

Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourgh 5: 108.1857. - Lichen cocoes Sw., Nov. Gen.
Sp. Pl.: 146.1788.

Thallus uxttiwlous, fo!i-, 'Wbilish grey; ｾ＠ 1.8 - 6.o cm aa:oss, UV+
ｹ･ｬＭＮｾＺｯｸ､｡ｵｲｕｄＬｰｮＴｌＳｭｷＡ［＠
...t.ae to oft"....tlltxo; mac:u!ae lamina! and marginal. sometimes forming
peeudoqpfttl.lae; .IOftl.la lamina! to ru!m:mplaI, linear, IOftdla pmular;
lower swfaae pale yellow to I>-. ｭｩ･ｳｾ＠ A.stomata apotb.cda,
ｾ＠ 0.3 - 1.2 mm diam.; maJBin lflin, ｴｨ｡ｕｩｮｾ＠ matt, concoloan with the
ihallus, gradually .Wlo!nlng .and ht!<:om!ng Jeddlne; d!ec bla.dr, plane to
coa.cavoe, epniin-of ｾ＠ wlUtit pru;-. B:.r.ciple ｾｷｩｴｨ＠ alpl cell
whenyoung. ｾ｡ｴ＠ :i.o -35 µm thldt; eplhymeolum m-n_ K+
purple, lO -18 µm. thick; hymaiium.hyaline to &titbtly ｾＮ＠ 4S - 6o µm.
thkk; hypothedum1nwn. i.s-1) inn chick; ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･＠ to br.anchlll\11.
apical cell.wollma:a.d brownpigmemed illl0l88spond, dwall!, +o-So>< J.8-
ｾ＠ µm: '"""'I'°- brawn, ｾ＠ 1 &eflWlt. mhchoblasdomorphk,
oblo:ag.1s.3-221.ix7.6-9>l 111D-
ｾ＠ Tbalha Jr+ yellow, C, KC-, P-. TLC: ｾ＠ llcl>aanlh.ane
ｾ｡ｴｒｦ＠ cla.w6-7,t1il:epcaat4-s,a:a.dahove7.
c"'"'""""' Ppirwcococs isa moC<Omm.on lidi.cnspccies in IJttllr Pxdesh,
found growing on variety of - llllch u A.C<lcla nllotica. Al'tOCalplU
lictcroplrylfus, Allodirachto indiccr, Bom&u cci&o, Citnss gpp., l'ic11s
bengalen.ft.tl, Utd!l chlMmz!a, MadJtuit:G indfca. Mangl/m1. ｾｐ｡ｬｭＮ＠ Shotta
Ｑ＾Ｍｴ｡ｮ､ｾｃｬｭｦｊＬ＠ｬｮｾＧＭＹＱＺＮ｡･ｳｷ｣ｧｴｦｲ､＠
fide. ltisapollationtolmuitipecismdscellmaccm11ula!IOfofboth01pllic
and lna!pnk metals,. ｨ･ｭＮｾ＠ widely used In alr pollut!M .tnd b!amonitming
ltudia It ｩｳｾ＠ bf mkiqly whililb, circular tliallus that emi19
flore&ce:ntyellowa:.loUl'un.der UV lmlpdueto p 1 - ofHc:helwtthone.. In
ＱＢＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
mc61:ot'the-P. c:ocotareprodueli!Sv:eg 111:1\1\elyw!!luol'l!dlahmoerarelylt
pi:od11CNapotMcia.
llpJM hlmolflJltmlJ 0.0. Awasthi

l'ltyto""'.,,stology)O:J7L 1980.
Tballu.ecoltla:ilowi.mH-,omkula:r,L3-:J.scmacne&,whll:l!lhtobluMhgrer.
maeulab:; lobe6 l':llwlcl, 0o4 - 1..6 mm wide, pminose; m.a<.'Wac l•minal and
marginal; medllllaora.nae to n!dd!Jlh; !Olffl'll.lrface pale t<> gr;l1illl. rlrlz!naie.
Apotbeeiaabseit.
Chmliltry: Tha1lu.t K+ ytllow, C-, ICC-, P·. TLC: .AmmoriD md ｴｬｩｾ＠

p-.
<lomm.enb: l')O<ine 10..... is a 1- ｾ＠ ra,......
licl>ea spoOes in IJttar
Pradelil, found growing on the baztt of Acada nlJoria.I ｡ｮ､ｾ＠ lnd!ca
a.enuetttetalongthemad skleln ､･ｮｳｾｬＡ＠ amas. It ls.hara.d:erized by
whi1ilh to blWlh fl.'!!'/diallmi, pnn- loba andor.i:aiemedlllla. TM tballu.t
or Uttar Pradem i!pedm.l!m were llb1all and 1mma1ure, hen.:e apotb.e& -
notdewlop«l
ｐｹｩ､ｴｾ＠ Nyl.
Bull. Soc. LiPiii. No1'11111ndit,-.1•.,, •6+ "973.
Thallw!cxxrtkolou9, foHCo!le, ｯ｣ｨｬｾ＠ :LO - 5-6.:m ｾ＠ whlthfl if(!f Ol'sreY.
ｾ＠ m1culate;:Jo1-rotund, p:uiDoR, u.-1..9mm.wide;soreliam.arsinal
to lamina!; llOn!dla sranuW:. }'l!llow; medullayellow; lowtr aufaa! paleytllaw
ｴｯｾｬｩＺｨｮ｣ａｰ｡｢･Ｎ＠
Chmiistrr. Thallus K+ ｾＭＮ＠ C-, KC-, P·. TLC: Almloril1 md llil!6:pe1N
pr-.
c.c.--: PyJt.IM m.efunen'll.CI Isa mmmon lkhM spede8 In Uttar Pradesh,
fooad ｾ＠ moatlyonMimgife'a indica ll'ft trwm ill orchard.tandlllong
road side. ｉｬｳｾ＠ bygra.yt.horb!adar thallus, }'l!llowmedullun.d
ｾＭｳｯＺｲ･､ｩ｡Ｎ＠
l'yldnepefllwlo Ny!. In Cromb.
]. Bot. London "1!:16).1876.
Thalha COft!a>lou.t. ｾｴｯ＠ whltWI ivef, i:aixkalai: o.8 - +.7 µm
acrow,maculalle, UV+:ytilow;loMrotund, ＾ＮＷＭＺｩｯｭｷｾｰｲｵ［Ｑ
ｾｹ･ｬ｡ｷ＠ to brown, ihldnah>; «hlz!Mt brownllh; medulla whl!E to ofl'-
wbiw.Apolbeciaabeem.
Chmllltry: Thallu K+ ytllow, C-, ll:C-, P-. TLC: Am:a.orin, licl1 nanthone
p-.
(lommenb: Pyxiru: pdrit:oJ" isal-frequeitlidienspeciesin Uttar Pradeih,
foimd grow.Ing on the baik of MtmglfoN lndka - In orchardL It Ill
ｾ＠ by whitish g;rqi; circular tfiallus whidi ･ｭｩｴｳｾ＠ yellow
colour 1111der UV lamp. Usually reproduee11 with aa:co1po- howerer
ｳｰ･､ｭｮｦｩｕｴｷｐｲＮ｡ｨＭｬＱ＾＼ｵｾｯＺ｣＠
Py.r/lltl AlbrllHlnHI Stlrt

'.!Nn.t. & Proc. NeillZealandIn.rt. ,o: m-1898·
ｔｨ｡ｬｵｳ｣ｯｾｦｏｴｩＭＬｺ｢ＮＵＡ＾Ｚｭｲ＠ 'Wfiitilhtobhli&hpey.
ma.:ula12, ｳｯｾ＠
UV+ }'l!llow; labee l«lmd, o.s - t-) mm ｷｩ､･Ｌｾ＠
maeulae lmijnel to JDlll'8inal, SO™tiww ｾｯｰｩｬｧ＠ in to ｰｒｕ､ｯｱｾ＠
&Oft!la mcmlyn:wgln.al.. llnear,tlOredlapanulai:. blulahpy: medullaytllowto
ｯｾ＠ lowersw6.oe Jdlowish ｴｯｾ＠ｲｩｬＺＮｮ｡ｾ＠ +m""" pale to dark
py.Apothedaahlent.
<llmdmy: Tb;illwi I:+ yellow, C-, ICC-, P-. TLC: Alnn.arln, lk:Msmlhone
p:teteDt.
ｾｭＭ｡Ｚ＠ Pyxint aubcinerm iaa oommon liclwupeciea in U113r Pradeah,
ｩｯｮ､ｰｷｧｂｭ｢｣ｾ＠ M'dd1tuca indiai, andMll!l!g!fi!nJ btd&:.t-ln
Romonlo Stizenb. (Family. Gyalectaceae)
11<1: St. Gd. Nat Ge9t:ll.: 168. 11162.
Thallu ClWltOR,. ep!ph!CM!Odal or paidy !mmeiwd, ･ｾＺ＠ photoblom
71-.nll!poh/j". AsQ>mata ｾｰｮｴＧｨ｣ｏ｡ｬ＠ gyaledifom, uro:olaw, ｩｮｴ｡ｬｹｾ＠
globote ordq1 emed globo.e, ｯｮｾ＠ plnlcllh or graywl!ltl!; chaDfne nwgln
dllnorthlclr, ｷｲｩｮｫｬ･､Ｎｾ＠ｾﾫ､ｯｳ･＠ <MZcil9C. Trueei<dple
thin, 'IWll ､ｭＡｉｾ＠ lawally; hym.mlllm hyallne; per:lpflr- pramt;
ｰ｡ｲｨｹｳｯ･ｬｵＬＢＧＪ｣ｮ［ｧＩｴｩＮａｾＱＸ＠
mmy llpOrCd; uco 11p 1ahyabe, llimple or l(to mmy) IRp13llt. amorii, boat
shaped
Woddwide16specieo;lndia1specics;Literllure:l.endemer&K:n11doen:l(ID.
Rw11onllr mkt c:; g ro V!z:dl

Po/iaG\eobot. phytotair. i:m.1¢6.
Thallus anticololl6\ ｾ＠ sqaam:UIOff to dispeued iP""uW• green.
ep!pbloeodal, thin or Irregularly lhlclwled, ecortka%e.. .Ascomata apo1flecla.
appeadngasperitftedald, gyaledifomi, Ul")'<lla..,, ｾ＠ l\1Wld, 9UDbn ID
lliifit!y emqmt, eolitary, clilpmled. 0.07 - o.i.t mm in diam.;rim ofthe pore
white, ocas!onally aplltting radWlr. cllit white to plnldn9h, conave,
epruinose. Thalline margin thin, running parallel to proper exciple and
forming pore; proper exciple hyaline, thin, well developed, continuous below
hymenium, extending above hymenium level and forming periphyses;
periphyses radiating, with ±pointed apices, hyaline; epihymenium hyaline, I+
blue; hymenium hyaline, I+ light blue, not inspersed, 58 - BJ µm high;
hypothecium hyaline, 19 - 27 µm high; paraphyses simple, slender, septate,
unbranched, straight, conglutinated, slightly swollen at tips. Ascus
multispored, up to 50 spores, clavate, non-amyloid or pale blue, 58 - 64 x 8 - n
µm; ascospore hyaline, simple, rounded, 4.0- 5.8 µmin diam.
Comments: Ramonia microspora is a rare species in Uttar Pradesh, found
growing on Shorea robusta tree bark in forest area. It is characterized by
greenish thallus, apothecia opening by pore, radiating periphyses and
multispored ascus. To the first sight the specimen appears as greenish, sterile
crust. However, close observation under stereozoom microscope reveals the
presence of urceolate apothecia embedded in the thallus. Owing to its sterile
crust like thallus, the species is not collected frequently and a single specimen
of the species is so far available for the study. However, the saal forest in
Gorakhpur areas appears a most suitable habitat for this species and intensive
survey in the area will definitely help to collect more specimens for further
study. It is a new record for India and it is also known from Brazil (Aptroot
2002), Papua New Guinea (Aptroot 1998), North America (Lendemer &
Knudsen2011).
Rinodlna (Ach.) Gray (Family: Physciaceae)

Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 1: 448. 1821.
Thallus crustose to subsquamulose, continuous, rimose or areolate, pale to

dark grey, yellow, yellow-brown or dark brown. Ascomataapothecia, immersed
to sessile, disc brown to black, rarely pruinose, plane to convex; margin
concolours with the thallus, lecanorine or sometime lecidine. Exciple usually
hyaline, rarely brown; hymenium hyaline, amyloid; hypothecium hyaline to
pale brown; paraphyses septate, simple or with short branches near the apices,
apices. Asci Lecanora-type, clavate, (4) 8 spored; ascospores olive-green or pale
or dark brown, 1 - 5 septate, mainly double walled, the walls variously
thickened, ellipsoidal, septa well developed at maturity.
World wide 265 species; Indian species; Literature:Awasthi 1991.
Key to the species of Rlnodlna

ta. Thallus saxicolous, ascospores
mischoblastiomorphic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R. oxydata

ih. 11.al.lus a:u tk\Mius .•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•. :l
2a. Alcoirpore loculeit llimple,
wall uniformly tfi!rlcietwl ............................ lt. t1t>p'/loha
2h. Allooirpore loculet ml1du+'"'ri'lln0lplrlc.

wall lm!gulaity ｾ＠ . • . . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • . • R. e:rigua
IH.nodl.rta-WUO (Ach.) Gray

Nat.hr. Brit Pl t:450. lll:u. - Lldlm.a:(gwltAdL, !.kh. Sue.:. 1'1od10l1L: 69-
1791J.
Tbalha cmtkolous, CftllllOtle, ftnlgh, ｾＭｾ＠ｾ＠ yellawlsh
pey to 81'ffUhlftf· .Asclomataapo!Mcia. uum.aous, IOW!d, 0.2- o.6 mm.
dfam.: DW)lln pmminMt, llDl.ooch, lhalllne,.<lOnca!Olmlwflh cheth;iJhu;di&c
duklnown to blaci', ･ｰｾ＠ plane to ranty convex. IW:iplewithlllpl "'11.
39-66pmthlci:;O!plhymenlwn brown, a - Ill inn lhkk; hymenlum hyallne,. :H
- So pm thick; hypotbedu:m. pale brow:a. 46 - 70 pm.thick; ｾｳｩｭｰｬ･Ｌ＠
.apical «I.I swollen and pigment& Aiid 8 llpOHd, d;nau, <40 - sa x 9-8 -144
µm; a.scospores brown, transversely 1 septate, oblong, loeules
mlldtoblaldomorphlc, n.7- :12.:.1 x 5.0-io.8 iam.
Chmliltry:TballusK+ yellow, C·, KC·,P...Am.norinptW.

Commmb: Rino4irw e:rigua is a common lidiea species iD Uttu Pradesh.
found powlng on ArtoaJl'.PWf ｨｾ＠ and Mangffon:t indfm In a't'ell.ue
md oxdwd axea tl'eal. It ｩｳｾ＠｢ｹｾ＠ dWlwi. leomori.n.e
｡ｰｯＱｩｬｴ｣､Ｎ･ＰｲｒＧｨｾ＠ mlld!olila!liomorphlcloclllea.
ＱＵＰＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
llfnodfncr Qll)ck!ta (MilSSal.) MuSllL
Gmecrc. Lich.: 19.11!:;4; - ｾ＠ <»eydam A. Massal, Jli,c. Alll:o1L Lich.
0-.:.p.. tll!;a.
Thallu9 $aldailous, C!lUStote, <?rad<ed ｡ｲ･ｯｬｾ＠ grfflli9h grey. Ascomata
.iipo11iecia, frequem. llmlr.m to RB!e, O.l. - 0"4 mm diam.; marljizl thaltine,
thin, on!.Q)lounwith the thallue; d!&e blatk,. ｡ｭﾰＢＧＬｾﾷ＠ l!J:dple wfih
aJ31lcdls, ｵｰｴｯＶＴＱｄＮｬｦｩ｣ｫ［ｾｭＭＬｳﾵｨｹ｡＠
hyallne. up to fir/ pm thick; hypoth.edum hyallne to )'cllaw!O, up to l35 µm
thick; pvaphf- ｳｩｭｾ＠ apical c:ti1 irwolleii. ｾ＠ pigmmted. .A6alB &
spored. cyllndrlcal to cmate. 53 - SS x n - IS pm; ｾ＠ brawn.
llll:a.mnelyueptab:, spore wall tlW:k, ｬｯ｣ｵ･ｳｭｩｨ｢ｓｴ｡ﾷｦｹｰＬｾ＠ -19'0 x
7.o-io.6pm.
ｃｨｭｬｮｲｹＺｔ｡ｋＫｾ＠ C·, KC-,P...Alr.modnpi-.

Comm.mt: Rinodlna QX}WN ltame HchmIn Uuar Pradeoih, fo!llldgrowlna
ｯｮｾｲ､｣ｳＮ＠ It ｩｳｾ＠ bylccanorineapolhecia, •septate, 'b,,,_
.alCOilJ>OiBwllhm!achobludomoiphlcloal!e..
llfnodfncr I p\cut.s ｾｨＮＩ＠ A. MllSSlll.

Ric. Auton. Lich. Cwt: 14< 18s;I. - Lidl6I • • Ach., .f.ic:lienogr. SI.lee.
Pl\>d'r.:&].1798.
Th.allus e>ortlM!ous, <l'USIXltle, smooch, thin, ecor&ate, greyUh green to
m-nilh 8fffD. Al:comata.apothecia. common, RAile, comtricted lit baa or
l.ld>em<tiAW-1151
dosdy aclp a I, o.8 - J.O mm diam.; ma.rgin ｾ＠ thid;, C1:111to!OW'S
wllh lhechallus: clllc:brown, dark bxownto bbclc. ｰｬ｡ｮｦＺｴｯｾ＠
ll:lqllewidi algal ull&. 6o - 73 I"" thid<; epihymeDiwn ydlow 'blown to dark
brown, 18 - .:i.o 11111 hl,ill. K·, I+ bl11e; hymtnlum hyallne. 8; - 9S 111n high. I+
bh!e; ｾ＠ hyallne to pale brown, 1-, 78 - 95 I"" hi£)I; paraphJ$e9
lpOlrinafy branched. apicalCl!lllliitlrtl.Yrwollenmd pipi.mw! Alcu.t&llpOl'td.
ｾ＠ tndavatr, 6s-'P x 5-8 inn;•_..,,....,.bmwn, ｾｴｯ｢ｬｮ［ｧＮ＠
tra:anenelyu'l.'tm. ｬｯ｣ｵ･Ｎｾｭ､ＬＱＲＸＭＺＴ＼Ｗｸ＠ 5.4-6.7fllll.
Chmdmy:Tball1111K+J1!11ow, C·, KC·, P... TLC:Alr.motinpn!Stllt.
Gomm.ma: Rbtodfna ｾｉ＠ a most common apec!es In Ucw Prade&h,
foW1d growillg 011 n.riety of ｾ＠ IQch u, AU.iai<i ｉｾ＠ NtoccupM8
ｾ＠ ClmJa iip., FICWJ btnghriltnas, F1s:w lnfoclorl17, .Fkw 11!l'.gloito.
ｇｲｭ＼ｬｩｾ＠ robwst4 Litmi ｾ＠ｍｾ＠ rndiro. Marigiflw indicrl, Prollo{!itl
jufl/1-.andShottan>bwrrA. Itch.araCZltri:ztdbf'lllll001h,greylahgremthallu.e,
1-norine apolhe<:ia, 'blown. i septab: UWiPO'U With simple ｉｾ＠ R.
lloplw4a e:dLlbltll a lot ofv.iriatlon In moipholog In .tllfemlt bah!-. The
ihaDus is mQ6t}y sm.ooth but become granular to furfura- Soinetimes In
moilt, damp, 'W1!t amdjtiorvialpl mat sa-- ovu thallu sMn8 itaton!diate
ｾＢ＠ It ls a pollution tnlermtlkhi!nspedesfrequemlyU!ll!d In polhttioo
momloriJ1il!Ud.ieeil1tropicalftliomoflndia.
ＱＵＲＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
Splifndrlno Fr. (Family: Sphinctrinaceae}
Syst. ｾ＠ Vi:y.: ao. llbs.
Tbalha par.u!r:lc or para.17D1b!otk on o1fla IJchm• Apo«heda ft'1112<1eclhnn
blad;. R68iJe <>r ｾＮ＠ blad. Ascospofts md:y l Rptlltc, spherical II>
dlip10ld,wlthahyallMC();lt.
ｗｯｩｴ､ｷｦ･Ｘｾ｡［ｬｮ｣ＳｌｲＮＱｭＺｐｫａｳｨＹ＠
l!Ceyto ttM..,.- ofSphl!IC"1na

ia. ｍ｡ｺＱ･､ｪｵｭｾｰｩｴｬ［ＮｲｯｮｒＺ＠ ................... S.ang6"cc
.s,plllndrlno llftliim Nyl.

Sys. Ml:IJt. licit. (A:rriaOs) ＱＨＺ｡Ｉｾ＠ dl6o.
Tbalhac:oltlaolowi.CN.1TO&etolncorup!e11.oua.Aila:.mataJstalk, o.i5 - 0-41 mm
loag.darkgrertoblack;capitulwnmmd,o.10-GlSmmdiam..,sw!acewhite
ｰｲｵｭＭＮｾｬＺ･Ｌ＠ bzown.a!obotetoomt., wflh hyallneairat.rarely
<>lllong:.41-7.1x:a.9-).Jjll!I.
Chemistzy:Notdone.
Cc-mm-a: Spliin.:trtna arl/1f!llca. ii a. me lichm tpeciea in Uttar Pradelb,
icund gmwtna on M.mg!ftm lnd&:a trees tn.tnb In -1iard are.as. It i8
charact<:rized by incon11picuows thallu.e, stalked, pruinote ucomallt
(m•zaed!um) and 'hMrm, ｳｩｭｰｬ･ﾷｾ＠ wllh hy.lllne matwhldl qulddy
di.o1-.
Ud>em<tiAW-1 lSS
ｓｰｬｮ､ｲｦ｣ｾａ＠ Maswl.
Mmr. Lid!mogr.:1S?>oi8s"J.
Thallus mrtkolou$. austose to lncol>8pkuouB. pm.silk on other smile
licMm..Aacomatamazaedium, IU!J1 ·i.., lltllltabolt;capj1'ulllml'O'lm.d, o.o8-
o.n mm ､ｩ｡ｭＮＬｾＭ bmwn, ｳｩｭｰｬ･Ｌｾ＠ ti:i ar.tte, 'With
ｾｃｏＮｖﾵｳＭＵｯｸＲＴＺｍｬＦ＠
ｃｨ･ｭＧｹＺｎｯｴ､ｮｾ＠
ｾｭｴｷＺｓｰｬｲｩｮ｣｡Ｎｵｈｦｯｕｳ･＠ UUar Pradelh,

found grawlng an Manglfoe& ln.dlca - trunks In O«hard M<.U. It i8
ｾ＠ by pualitic, iDoompicllou5 tha1lua, .uh ile 1ll1CIOIZlllla md
｢ｲ｡ｷｮＬＮｳｬｭｰ･ｾ＠
S1rfplo Fr. {Family: Sten!ocautaceae)

Kangl. m.AW Hllndl 18:1!:: )'\). 111:11.
Thallu.e ｾ＠ IUbcutlca!.u, econ:lc:.iu, dllgurate, !01- dlJ1inct or
eoafluent. (olncolous; pho!l>'bioat Ce;pha!rtuw. Asc:'l)mata perU:heeia. col!Vell
to conical, pan:lallylmmened In thallwl ortoully eoomed bf di.allaa. J!lcdple
ｾ＠ or dimidiate; uua1ly ｾ＠ iD!xl an oull!r brown or 'black
lmol11crelllmi and an inner brown-black or llyal!newaD; pamph)'R911.mple.
Asd thin walled, 8 $pOftd; ascotpore8 hyaline, lrailsKioely I - ) ｳ･ｰｩ｡ｾ＠
Prazidia coma, macro conidia 1- 'I(- 9) ｳ･ｰｩ｡ｾ＠ tilil'mm OI' ＡｷＺｪｏ｡ｾ＠ micro
cooldlaalmple,elllpeoldor!Usiiorm.
ｗｯ､ｷｩ･ｾｳｰ［＠ｬｮ､Ａ｡ｾｳｰ･［＠ UteralUre:.Awasthl J.991-
15' ＱＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
Sldgula' ｾ､ｵｬ｡＠ Fr.
Unnoea 5: 550> l.8jo,
Tballus q:lp¥ous. - - . greenl9h grey. ｬｯｾ＠ al maigln. lobes .... - o ...
mm. \lflPt2' im&ce wi1h hyaline hairl di.tlrikted al lite Cl!llft thallu.t. or
Pl!l'!l:hi!da, hlaclr, eemi-immeraed, up to o.:i. mm diam.; ostlole pale. Rxdple
m-utodaritbl'OWD.;imolucrellomptei'!llt.
Chemfmy:'I'hallmK·, C·, ltC-, P.. TLC:Nochmrlmllclell!died..
ｾｭｴｷＺｓＱｩｧｵｬ｡ｳｲ､ｦ＠ ita '"'lDliche1upecierti:n Utl3r Pradelh,

ioond gmwinc OD leaves of Mangl{rm>: btdica trees. It i8 ｾ＠ by
crutoR, ｾＸＱＧＴＡｙｴｨ｡ｬｩｓｭ､＠ blackieb paithecia. Thelpeciert cm tu:ily
be ldentlll.!d.u It finm6 ma•Med ｾ＠ Sl!U.d:Ul'ea oo the upper side or the
le-.Thegm!lltballu.tbtvdark blackperilheciaem.&eddedmit. Mottofthe
l!lmlpleaa:.Ile.:tedexhlb!tlmmal:urean.ddelinmedpaitheda.
11tel...UO Nyl. (Family: Thelenellaceae)

Mrm. Soc. lm:p. Soi. Nert. ｃｬｩｾ＠ 3: l!J3. .S,S.
ｔ｢｡ｬｵＮｴｾ｣ｯＱｳＬＺｩ､ｲｫｷ＠ｾ｣ｷ･ｲ､＠ by.m
ｾ＠ laya of funpl. Gaul!; photofrio:atpal ll1p. 'Ildoiaia. Atc0m11ta
peritb.eda, .mgaiar ar pouped. sm1- In challm or W1'l'llcu,. oriole -.:r.
da.rk. lll<c4>le globular QI C<)Dical.. b.-u·black pigmcated; puaphy1cs
branched and -Olllll,ll In upper pan: periplrf-p- ｮ･｡ｲｯ｣､ｾ＠
Asci bitunic:ab:, WJt amyloid, '4 - 6 . - ! ; ｾ＠ byaline rsr ruely
brown!Jlh,ruhmwi.ti>l'IX!tomariform, lhlnwallcd..
Ud>em<tiAW-1155
TI'Mfn1tle' WtlftUa (Ny!.) H. Mayrhofer
ftt., .fl.1lis8·
BlblJoth.. l.klttnol »i: 45-1987· - vtm.tcarta hl1'illitlki. Ny!., Man. So<:. .A.aid.
M<mle Ll:J
Tballu.tmzlcolou.e,CN.ITO&e, ollW> ｢ｮＺｬｭｴｯｎｗｄＬｾ＠､ｭＭ｡ｴｏＡｾ＠
smoolh; pl'Ol:halhw iDdistinct. Ill c m peritlaecia,. immcncd, ai:mpletdy'11:
pa:r!ia1ly co1e1ed by thallu.e,. o.a - o.s mm diam.: otdole md!toinct, otdola:r
rqjon hlad<. lnvofuerellum ab6ent; eaciple brown lit ll>p. ｾ＠ｾ＠
ponion, 17 -.J.5 ian tfllclc;rubhym.mlaJ ､ｬ｣ｵｰｴｯＴｾ＠ ian hl,iih: ha:mathtdllln
- io.f x lll - "Tinn;

ｷｺｴｩ｣｡ｬｰＮＭＳｈＱ･Ｌ､ｯｭ［ＲｾＺｊｌ＼Ｐ＠
-po-
globose, a.io x :>o6 µm across; paraphyses persistent, branching and
m••amosina;peiphyloidabetm:orindirinct.Atcu cylindliGll.todimcle, 91
hy.allne, murifarm, ｾ＠
-13-91=
4- 7 soeptatr,
Chemfmy:Tball1111K·, C·, KC·,P·. TI.C:Nochem!C311dmctl!d..

Gommmtll: ｾ＠ lurlrftlld Ita common Hchenspt!dee InUILn' Pnde&h,
paltheda.
astWpol\$ aDd ｾ＠
It""
h<JWnV ipored becawie of its illcoDSpic:uou.e thallWI and iDdistillrt
dwaczd:ud.,,. lmmased ｾ＠ mwlfonn.. hya1lne
peipb:y-. T. luridt:lfa earlier repolted else 'Where
&om India (A:wariil 1991) ｾｬ｡ｲｧＡＧ＠ a •Ml!l oNmra.n\9,ill,11bmrieen,o-..s><12-
19 llDl. The 81' • i t"sol'Utl<!r Pr1 lesh 1 bles mucli to '.C indumdu (Ny!.)
H. ｾ＠ w.llh reipect to exdple colour and ｾｲ･＠ llze. Howm!I', :r:
iruluc:tula Is a llelbpd'alle spedes oh1bit Its - In S.W. l!urope.
Macronelia. and Noltb. Ameri& (M;ayrbo!er, 2ooa), while T. luriddla ii a
ＱＵＶＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
INp!Gll - suhttopk.il llpedl!s and common In India. He11.13!, spi!dmen la
d..qn•t>edas :C ｾ｡ｮ､Ｚ｣ｲｩｰｬｯｭ･｜ＧｴｨＡＦ＠
T1telolnma Ach. (Family: Graphidaceae)

MdMdua: 130. lllo).
Tbillhw Cl\l8tose, cpi or ell.dophloeodal. ｾ＠ photobioD.t grca. lllp,
'.!mU:l!;poltHa. Atcomal:a apothecla lmmenerl. to Rml-<!mezsent Ol' emezsent,
dialline wall ｾ＠ - r-:
to rmuml. Extiplc f'ree CB' l'uaed, the inne'
wllh ｬｨｯｲｴｰ･､ｾ＠ pott oftim blwd and gaplna:. .Aad 1 - 8 llpOrtd, lpOre8
hy.Ulneorbrown, ｴＺｲ｡ｮｍＡＤ･ｬｹｾｯｭｷｩｦＬ＠ 1..'blueorl-.
Woitdwideu.6specie.s; llldia44 ｾｌｩｴ･ｲ｡ＺｍＮｱｯｬ､ＴＱ＠ :l.009·
Tl1dofnlma llllllfflil Tuck.

Amo:J.Sd. Nu,-. 2, 23:..p6. t.Bs8-
Thallu.t wxlkvlo111r, - , ｾ＠ e.:ordmlled, whi1ilh grey to srer.
smooth, "°"tinuou& Asmmata at"'ri'eda. appearing as pores lrom a'bo.e.
roundtoatiptlydotojjidltd,.IO!bry, ｬ･Ａｄｍｭｾ｣ｯ＠ 04-0.&mm
diam.; m.aiglll onlm pmmlnmt, taleed mum abaretho>cl!M!, COMO!oura to the
tliallus;discopoeed,dm.telywbitepnn-. Properm:iple,6.ttfromthalline
e:mdple, h-. tbkkened ｾ＠
m:iple, mlire, thicksed; ｾｨｹ｡｢･＠ｴｯｾ＠ 8-16
hynwlh•m, hyallne, 1:¥1 - 15411m high; panphyiles .tmple, ltralgbt. p;m1lely
µm..
thinning lall!llillji; q - '9 IJ.lll th!d:; thalllne
ｾ＠ s!isbtlY ｴｦｩｪｾ＠ at apex./isO. 4 - 8 lpOf«I, 84 - Jo6 x 9.3 -16 11111;

-po-hyallne, bmwnlah al m.awrlty. traJlB\.'el'ael 8 - .. septatr, fu.elform
toovoid.)4'9-;Jll.Sx6.5-9.iµm.
Chemfmy:'ThallmK·, C·, KC·,P... TLC:Nochmrlmllulell!dll!d.
Gommma:Theloauna111btllelsar.mllcheniipedeslnt.11rarPradalhtbun.d
ｰｯｷｩｮｧｴｦ･ｲｵｄＮｫｬｭｳ､｣ﾰＢｸｉＧ｢｡ｹｾ＠
by tr. oc:mlularlold, pored apotheda and ｾ＠ eeptaU lry.allne
IMOSpol'CS.
11ly.reo A. Massa!. (Family: Lichinaceae)

Sched. ｃｲｩｾＺ＠ 75- iJls6,
TballWI mMtly on ｾ＠ rockia, um'blllcat;e, monophyllowl. d!Jarld,
incised, ho:moiom.aws', «"Otticated, hyphae reticulatdy ｾ＠ formiag a
plt:UdopaMnchymatout muctuH; lobes wide or nanow; photoblont
eyan.obectcria, ｾ＠ .Aio:nnata ｐＱＰｾ＠ immersed to a.dnat.:,
dllcold, lecanorine.. ｾ＠ brmched, an.aaomoclq. .Aa:d 8 - ｾ＠ lpOftd;
sporeshyaline. ellipsoid.simple,
Woitdwide23sptciet;la.d.ia141p'!cia;Lite:rdure:Mo:rea.oa.l!ga1992.
'1f!l'no ,cnr 1pH111 Mai;sal.

Sched. Crit. 4: ,,.18!J6.
Tha1lus suicolo119, squmwlooe, in l\IOdtles., up ID 3 mm in diam.eta, -lfr
lobed, llW'll!.ce l:m!guJar, m-n to da:rlc-ol!Ye to black; squamlllm allaCMd co
the Ｑｾ＠ by a O!ll.tral umbill""8. ThaDus hmrom.emus CON:!ating of
ＱＵＸＮｦｴｩｷ＼ｳＨｾＭ
hyphae arranged in a loose network, photobiont a Gloecapsa. Ascomata
pycnoascocarps, immersed, with the punctate disc up to 0.3 mm in diameter,
reddish brown and concave. Exciple thin, gelatinous; hamathecium hyaline;
paraphyses thin, septate and anastomosing. Asci 8 spored, cylindrical to
clavate, up to 57 x n µm; ascospores simple, hyaline, globose to broadly
ellipsoid, 9 -14 x 6 - 7 µm.
Comments: Thyrea plectospora is a common cyanolichen species of Uttar
Pradesh, found growing on rock in exposed areas and lime plasters of old
monuments. It is characterized by dark olive brown to black, umbilicate,
squamulose thallus, pycnoascocarp with simple, hyaline, globose ascospores.
It is a new record for India, earlier known from Southern Europe (France, Italy)
(Moreno&Egea1992).
Verrucaria Schrader (Family: Verrucariaceae)

Spic. Fl. Germ.: 108. 1794·
Thallus crustose, usually saxicolous; photobiont a green alga. Ascomata
perithecia, immersed or sessile, globose, subglobose or hemispherical. Exciple
hyaline or black, often with an involucrellum, ostiole vertically straight;
paraphyses becoming gelatinized. Asci 8 spored; ascospores hyaline, simple,
ellipsoid to ovoid.
World wide 500 species; India 10 species; Literature:Awasthi, 1991.
Key to the species of Verrucaria
ia. Involucrellumdistinct, thallusgreenish brown ........... V. margacea
lb. Involucrellumabsent, thallus brown .................. V. pinguicula
Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb.

Fl. Lappon.: 465. I.812. - Thelotrema margaceum Wahlenb. in Ach., Methodus
Suppl.: 30.18o3.
Thallussaxicolous, crustose, 0.5-1.5 cm across, greenish brown or olive brown,
areolate, areoles round to angular, 0.15 - 0.38 mm diam.; prothallus absent.
Ascomata perithecia, sunken to emergent, black, flat to hemispherical, 0.13 -
0.15 mm diam.; ostiole indistinct or pale. Involucrellum present, incomplete,
running up to the base of perithecia, slightly laterally spreading and
thickening, sometimes separating from exciple, 36 - 60 µm thick; exciple thin,
pale brown to brown throughout or paler towards base, 19 - 22 µm thick;
hamathecium lacking paraphyses and algal cells, oil globules present;
periphysespresenttowardsostiolarcanal. Ascus 8 spored, clavate, 76-78 x 25 -
31 µm; ascospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, hyaline, simple, cell contents
sometimes appearing granular, 62.2 - 70.6 x 42.8-31.3 µm.

ｾＧｬｨ｡ｵｳｋＭＬ＠ c-, KC-,P-. TLC:Nocllem!Glhdeteded.
Qommmts: Vffluoci:ria ｾＢ＠ is a rare lichm species iD Uttu Pradesh.
found ai-1118 on roclat In mola place&. It Is dwaellerized by oll\'e b!OWn
thallus, sunken perith.cea with dirtinet involucrellwn, simple. hyaline
lllCO!lpO-
ＢＧﾰｾＨｎｹＡＮＩ＠ Massa!.
I.otoll6: 8o. J.856, - ｾｰｨ｡ｮｫ｜ＧｬＮ＠ pingviculoNyl., Mtm. Soc. hrrp. Sci
ｎ｡ｴＮｾＵＺＱＷ＠
Thallus saxicolous, crustose, rimose areolate, grey brown to brown. Ascomata
perithecia, frequent, mostly solitary, rarely 2 per areole, immersed; ostiole
black, sunken to semi-emergent. Involucrellum absent; exciple brown,
complete, broader at apex, 27 - 55 µm thick; hamathecium hyaline, conical to
globose, 138 - 140 µm across. Ascus 8 spored, clavate, up to 62 x 12 µm;
ascospores hyaline, ellipsoid to ovoid, simple, 10.4-12.9 x 4.6 - 7.o µm.
Comments: Verrucaria pinguicula is a rare lichen species in Uttar Pradesh,
found growing on exposed rocks. It is characterized by rimose areolate,
brownish thallus, immersed perithecia that lacks Involucrellum, but has
hyaline, ovoid, simple ascospores.

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Glossary
acicular: needle-shape; one end broad and other one tapering
adnate: closely attached, adpressed; used for the attachment of ascomata to
thallus, or thallus to substratum
anastomosing: ajoining together to form a net
apices:thegrowing pointortip
apothecium (pl. apothecia): a cup or soccer like ascom/fruiting body
areole: an angular, small portions of a crustose thallus separated from fine
cracks
articulate: jointed like bones
ascoma (pl. ascomata): any asci containing structure; perithecia, apothecia,
mazaedium
ascospores: reproductive spore formed within an ascu s
ascus (pl. asci): cyli ndrica I or clavate sac with ascospores
bacillar: rod-shaped
bacilliform: cylindrical with rounded ends, Bacillus like
biatorine: apothecial margin pale or coloured (other than dark brown or bak)
and lacking algal cells
biseriate: in two rows
bitunicate: with two functional wall layers
byssoid: made up of delicate threads, cotton-like
capitate: head like, globular mass
carbonaceous: black
cartilaginous: consisting of a fine, dense, sometimes elastic tissue
chroodiscoid: like Chroodiscus where apothecia is immersed in thethallus but
erumpent. margin formed by the recurved lobes of the ruptured tissue which
originally covers the apothecia
cilium (pl. cilia): hair like structure on margin of lobes
clavate: club-like
coalescing: joining together
concave: hallowed out or basin like
concolours: of the same colour
confluent: blending or running together

convex: equally rounded or broadly obtuse
coralloid: cora I Ii ke often brittle (usually of i sidia)
cortex: the outermost layer of the thallus which, if present consists of compacted
hyphaewhich may appear as either fibrous or cellular
corticolous: growing over barks
craterifonn: cup or crate-like in form
crustose: crust-like, used for lichens having the thallus stretching over and finally
fixed to the substratum by the whole of their lower surface, such thalli generally
lack rhizines and a lower cortex
effigurate: having a definite form or figure like, especially towards margin
effuse: stretched out flat, especially as a spreading growth without a distinct
margin
ellipsoid: elliptical in optical section (of spores)
endophloeodal: immersed in bark
epiphloeodal: on bark
epihymenium: upper part of hymenium, consisting of apices of the paraphyses
embedded in a gelatinous substance which is often colored
epruinose: without pruina
euparaplectenchymatous: thick tissue with isodimertric lumina or cells
euthyplectenchymatous: thick tissue without cellular structure
exciple: tissue forming the margins or walls of an ascoma
farinose: like flour; fine powder
fawn: light brown colour
filiform:thread like; worm like
fissitunicate: ascus discharge involving the separation of wall layers
fissured: cracked, split
flexuous: wavy
foliicolous: growing over leaves
foliose: type of thallus with dorsiventral, more or less leaf like appearance, mostly
having rhizineson lower surface
furcate: forked, split in two
fruticose: bush like; thallus attached at one point and remaining parts either
erect or hanging; usually circular or angular in cross section
fusiform: spindle-like: narrowing towards the ends
globose: a spherical or almost so
glossy: smooth or shine
halonate: surrounded by an outer circle (of spores)

hamathecium: a neutral term for all kinds of hyphae or the other tissues between
asci, or projecting into the locule or ostiole of an ascoma (of mostly perithecia)
hapter: attachment organ - it consist of closely or loosely packed rhizinae which
usually occur as protuberances on lower surface.
homoiomerous: having mycobiont and photobiont components intermixed
throughoutthallus
hyaline: ±transparent or colourless
hymenium: the Iayer of tissue in which asci arise
hypothecium: the tissue below the hymeni um and generative layer
imbricate: overlapping
immarginate:without a margin or well-defined edge
inconspicuous: not clearly visible
innate: immersed
involucrellum: tissue of upper part of perithecia (often pigmented)
isidium (pl. isidia): a corticated, photobiont containing protuberance or
outgrowth of the cortex which may be warty, cylindrical, clavate, scale-like,
coralloid, simple or branched
laminal: on the upper surface of the thall us
lecideine: lacking photobiont cells in exciple, usually dark brown to black in
colour
lecanorine: like in case of Lecanora, with photobiont cells in exciple; thalline
exciple
lignicolous: on dead barks
lirellae: modified apothecia, with a long narrow disc often branching or± stellate
(offamily Graphidaceae and genus Opegrapha)
lobate: thallus divided into lobes
lobe: a rounded segment of a divided or incised thallus
lobulate: having small lobes
lobules: small lobes forming from the margin or upper surface of larger lobes
locule: cell orcavity(ofascospore)
matt with a dull surface
mealy: pale in colour
microconidium (pl. microconidia): the smallest conidium in a species with two
or more conidia types
mischoblastiomorphic: characteristic shape of ascospore locules due uneven
thickening of walls
moniliform: bead like

muriform: divided by transverse and vertical or oblique cross walls
oblong: twice as long as wide and with rounded or truncate ends, margins
parallel
obtuse: rounded or blunt
obviate: remove
ostiole: the opening of perithecia or perithecioid apothecia or pycnidia
paraphysis (pl. paraphyses): a slender, jointed, sterile filaments growing upwards
in between asci
paraplectenchymatous: tissue composed ofisodiametric cells
pedicellate: stalked
periphysoids: short interascal filaments growing down from the top of a
perithecia or perithecioid apothecia
perithecia: a subglobose or flask like ascoma in which opens by pore called
ostiole
placodioid: of a thallus, crustose at the centre and lobulate at the periphery,
lacking rhizineson lower side
placodiomorphic: characteristic locule shape in ascospores formed due to
uneven wall thickenings
plicate: folded or plates like
polaribilocular: (of ascospores) two-celled, the two lumina separated by a thick
septum through which a narrow canal passes; locules appearing like two poles;
domble shaped
prosoplectenchymatous: tissue with thick-walled hyphae having very minute
lumina
prothallus: initial structure of hypahe without algae from which a lichenized
thallus develops, often visible along the edge of the thallus or areoles
protuberance: state of protruding, extend beyond
pruina: a frost-like orflour like deposition on thallus and apothecial disc
pruinose:with pruina
pulven1lent: powdery, dusty
pustules: a pimple or blister like swelling, often eroding
pycnidium (pl. pycnidia): ±flask-shaped, small sterile spore (conidia) producing
structure
pycnoconidium: sterile spores produced in a pycnidium
rammicolous: growing over twigs
reniform: kidney-like
rhizines: small root like structures on lower surface

rimose: finely cracked
saxicolous: growing over rocks
scurfy: flakythallus surface
sessile: not stalked, attached directly to thallus surface (usually of apothecia)
soredium (pl. soredia): granular, loose, ecorticate structures arising from thallus,
composed of photobiont cells and fungal hyphae; having the appearance of a
powdery granule and capable of reproducing a lichen thallus; a vegetative
propagules
sparingly: moderate
squamules: small scale-like structures with dorsiventral part attached to the
substrate or to the thallus
squamulose: with squamules
stellate: star-like
sterile: not producing sexual spores (ascospores) or ascomata
stipitate: sta Iked
striate: (dark) lined or differentiated in to grooves or edges
stroma: mass or matrix of vegetative hyphae (usually black) with or withouttissue
of the host or substrate
sulcate: grooved
teretifonn: circular in transverse section, either narrowly cylindrical or tapering
terricolous: growing over the soil
thallus: the vegetative body; plant body that is not differentiated in to root stem
or leaf
umbilicus: a protuberance at the centre, often the point of attachment e.g.
Umbilicaria
unitunicate: with one layer (of an ascus which has no innerwall)
uniseriate: in one row or line
urceolate: cup-shaped, urn-shaped, concave, hollow
verrucose: rough, wart like

Index
Acarospora pa/ellato................. 121 Buel/ia almorensis . ............. 11,42,43

Anisomeridium .................. 8,20,23 Bulbothrix isidiza ...................... 7
Anisomeridium ambiguam . ........... 27 Byssus condeleris ..................... 55
Anisomeridium aniso/bum ............ 27 Calop/aca .............. 5,7,9,18,22,44,47
Anisomeridium bi{orme . .............. 27 Caloplaca bassiae ... 9,11,18,44,45,46,49
Anisomeridium calicicolum 8,11,20,23,24 Caloplaca cinnabarina ...... 11,45,46,47
Anisomeridium terminatum ........... 27 Caloplaca conciliascens ............... 10
Arthoniaceae ...................... 27,58 Caloplaca cupuli{ero ........... 11,44,47
Arthopyreniaceae ................. 10,24 Caloplaca granularis ........ 11,45,48,49
Arthopyrenia ................. 7,20,24,26 Caloplaca lithophi/a .................. 53
Arthopyrenia ceuthocarpoides . ......... 7 Caloplaca phlogina ......... 11,18,45,49
Arthopyrenia grisea ............ ll24,25 Caloplaca poliotero ............ 11,45,50
Arthopyrenia minor ......... 11,24,25,27 Caloplaca pyroceae ................... 10
Arthopyrenia terminato . .............. 10 Caloplaca subpoliotera ......... 11,45,51
Arthopyrenia nidulans .. 9,11,20,24,26,27 Caloplaca tropica .............. 11,45,52
Arthothelium .................. 11,20,27 Caloplaca vitellinula ........ ll45,52,53
Arthothelium abnorme .... 9,11,20,27,28 Calicium .. ............................. 5
Bacidia .................... 9,22,28,29,31 Callopisma aurantiacum .............. 48
Bacidia alutacea ............... ll29,30 Chapsa ........................... 21,53
Bacidia arnoldiana .......... 11,29,30,31 Chapsa alborosella ............. 11,21,54
Bacidia convexu/a .......... 11,29,31,32 Chrysotrichaceae ..................... 55
Bacidia incongruens ......... 11,29,32,33 Chrysothrix ...................... 9,18,55
Bacidia inundata ............ 11,29,33,34 Chrysothrix candelaris .......... 11,55, 56
Bacidia laurocerasi ............ 11,29,34 Chrysothrix chlorina ........... 11,55,56
Bacidia media/is ................... 10,33 Cladonia .. ............................. 5
Bacidia millegrana.............. 11,29,35 Collemataceae ....................... 57
Bacidia rubella ................ . 11,29,36 Collema ............................ 7,57
Bacidia rufescens ............ 11,29,36,37 Collema lutosum ..................... 82
Bacidia spadicea ........... 11,29,37,38 Collema pulcellum var.
Bacidia submedialis. ......... 11,29,38,39 subnigrescens .......... 11,14,18,57,58
Bacidiospora ................... 19,22,39 Crocynia coriensis .................... 96
Bacidiospora psorina.. ....... 11,19,22,40 Cryptothecia....................... 20,58
Baculi{era ......................... 21,41 Cryptothecia scripto ............ 11,20,58
Baculifera remensa ... ....... 11,2l41,42 Cryptothecia subnidulans ............. 58
Bambyliospora domingensis Dimelaena ....................... . 19,59
f. transgressa . ..................... 108 Dimelaena tenius ......... 9,11,19,59,60
Biotera inundata . ..................... 33 Diorygma ......................... 21,60
Brigantiaea ............................ 7 Diorygma junghuhnii .......... 11,21,61
Buellia ............................ 21,42 Dirinaria ....................... 13,18,62
Buellia alboatrior ................. 11,42 Dirinaria aegialito ............ 9,11,62,63

Dirinaria applanata ......... 11,62,63,64 Hyperphyscia adglutinata var.
Dirinaria con(luens ............. 11,62,64 pyrithrocardia ............. 12,83,84,85
Dirinaria consimilis ......... 11,62,64,65 Hyperphyscia minor ............ 12,83,85
Dirinaria papillulifera ................. 10 Hyperphyscia synco/La ....... 12,83,86,87
Dirinaria picta ......................... 7 Lecanora ............. 5,7,8,9,18,22,80,87
Duforea tortuosa .................... 123 Lecanora achroa ............... 12,88,89
Endocarpon ................. 7,9,19,65,66 Lecanora adglutinata ................. 84
Endocarpon nanum ............ 11,66,67 Lecanora alba .................. 12,88,90
Endocarpon nigro-zonatum .... 11,66,67 Lecanora argentata ............ 12,88,91
Endocarpon obscurans ............... 120 Lecanora austrointumescens .... 12,88,92
Endocarpon pallidum .......... 11,66,68 Lecanoro cenisia ............ 12,88,92,93
Endocarpon pusillum ........ 11,66,68,69 Lecanora chlarotera ......... 12,88,93,94
Endocarpon rosettum ....... 11,66,69,70 Lecanora cinnabarina . ................ 46
Endocarpon subrosettum ....... 11,66,70 Lecanora cinereofusca ....... 12,88,94,95
Fissurina .......................... 21,71 Lecanora concilians ......... 12,87,95,96
Fissurina comparimuralis ....... 11,21,71 Lecanora coriensis ......... 9,12,87,96,97
Fissurina incrustans . .................. 10 Lecanora coronulans ........ 12,18,88,97
Fuscideaceae ......................... 10 Lecanoro ftavidomarginata ..... 12,87,98
Graphidaceae .... 5,9,10,53,60,71,72,157 Lecanora helva .............. 12,88,89,99
Graphinajaponica .................... 76 Lecanoro inetjecta ............ 12,88,100
Graphis ....................... 5,21,72,76 Lecanora Leprosa ...... 12,88,89,100,101
Graphis alborose/La ................... 54 Lecanora leprolyta... ................ 107
Graphis ajarekarii .............. 11,72,73 Lecanora millegrana .................. 35
Graphis capillacea .......... 11,72,73,74 Lecanora perplexa ........ 12,89,101,102
Graphis chlorotica .......... 11,72,74,75 Lecanoro poliotera .................... 50
Graphis cincta ................. 11,72,75 Lecanora pseudistera ..... 12,88,102,103
Graphis guimarana . .................. 10 Lecanoro rugose/La ....... 12,88,103,104
Graphisjaponica ............... 11,72,76 Lecanora tropica .......... 12,89,104,105
Graphis nigroglauca .................. 10 Lecanoro vitellinula . .................. 52
Graphis pseudoserpens ...... 11,72,77,78 Lecanoraceae ........................ 87
Graphis striatula ............... 11,72,78 Lecidea.. ......................... 22,105
Graphis subducta .............. 11,72,79 Lecidea alboatrior .................... 42
Graphis subasahinae. ................. 10 Lecidea alutacea . ..................... 29
Graphis subserpentina ............. 10,76 Lecidea gronifera ......... 12,22,105,106
Gyalectaceae........................ 148 Lecidea incongruens .................. 32
Haematomma ..................... 22,79 Lecidea psorina . ...................... 40
Haematomma puniceum ....... 11,22,80 Lecideia remensa ..................... 41
Haematommataceae ................. 79 Lecideia spadicea ..................... 37
Hafellia ............................ 21,81 Lecideia submedialis .................. 38
Hafellia disciformis .......... 11,21,81,82 J..epraria .............................. 49
Heppia .......................... 7,19,82 J..epraria bassiae ...................... 45
Heppia lutosa ........... 7,9,11,19,82,83 Lecideaceae......................... 105
Heppia placodizans. ................. 122 J..etrouitia ........................ 22,106
Heppia zahlbrucknerii ............... 123 J..etrouitia leprotyta .............. 12,107
Heppiaceae .......................... 82 J..etrouitia transgressa ............ 12,108
Hyperphyscia ..................... 18,83 Letrouitiaceae ....................... 106
Hyperphyscia adglutinata ...... 11,83,84 Lichene/La ........................ 19,109
lichens of Uttar Pradesh 1173

Lichene/la flexa ............. 9,12,19,109 Peltu/a eup/oca ........ 9,12,118,119,120
Lichen chlorinus ...................... 56 Peltu/a obscurans ....... 12,118,120,121
Lichen cocoes. ....................... 143 Peltula patellata ............. 12,118,121
Lichen euplocus ..................... 119 Peitula placodizans ......... 9,12,19,122
Lichen exiguus....................... 150 Peltu/a tortuosa ........ 9,12,19,118,123
Lichen fuciformis ....................... 5 Peltula zahlbrucknerii ... 12,118,123,124
Lichen neotropici ..................... 81 Peltulaceae ..................... 118, 133
Lichen orbicularis... ................. 130 Pertusaria . ....................... 21, 124
Lichen punicens....................... 80 Pertusareaceae ................... 10,124
Lichen sophodes .................... . 151 Pertusaria albidella .............. 12,125
Lich inaceae ........ 9,24, 109,131,136,158 Pertusaria teucosora ........ 12,124,126
Maronea constans .................... 10 Pertusaria teucostoma ... 12,125,126,127
Mischoblastia oxydata .............. . 151 Pertusaria pallidula ................... 10
Monoblastiaceae ..................... 23 Pertusaria punctata ..... 12,125,127,128
Opgerapha .................. 9,10,21,110 Pertusaria quassiae ..... 12,125,128,129
Opegrapha abnormis ................. 27 Phaeophyscia ........ 18,129,134,143,149
Opgerapha agelaeotera .......... 12,110 Phaeophyscia hispidula ...... 12,129,130
Opgerapha astraea .......... 12,110,111 Phaeophyscia orbicularis ..... 12,129,130
Opgerapha cincta. .................... 75 Phy(liscum...................... 7,19,131
Opegrapha herpetica ................. 10 Phy(liscum indicum ......... . 12,131,132
Opegrapha heterospora . .............. 10 Phy(liscum macrosporum ............... 7
Opegrapha /eptoterodes .............. 10 Phy(liscum testudineum . 12,131,132,133
Opgerapha maldiveana .. .... 12,110,112 Phy(lope/tuia ........................ 133
Opegrapha striatula .................. 78 Phy(/opeltula steppae ..... 12,19,133,134
Opgerapha subvulgata .. 12,110,113,114 Physcia ................... 18,83,129,134
Opgerapha varia ........ 12,110,114,115 Physcia adglutinata var. pyrthrocardia. 84
Pachysporia .................. 83,129,134 Physcia consimilis..................... 64
Parmotrema ..................... . 18,115 Physcia dimidiata ........ 12,18,134,135
Parmotrema mesotropum ........ 12,115 Physcia synctalla ..................... 86
Parmotrema Physciaceae ....... 5,9,10,41,42,59,62,81,
praesorediosum ..... 9,12,115,116,117 ..................... 83,129,134,143,149
Parmotrema saccatilobum ... 12,115,117 Placodium cupuli(erum ............... 47
Parmeliaceae ...................... 5,115 Porina............................ 20,135
Parmelia aegialita .................... 62 Porina aenea ............. 12,20,135,136
Parmelia applanata . .................. 63 Porina quassiae ..................... 128
Parmelia citrina var. phlogina ......... 49 Porinaceae .......................... 135
Parmelia confluens ................... 64 Pyrenopsis ....................... 19,136
Parmelia mesotropa ................. 115 Pyrenopsis triptococca .... 12,19,136,137
Parme/ia minor ....................... 85 Pyrenula ................... 5,20,137,138
Parmelia praesorediosa .............. 116 Pyrenula brunnea ........... 12,138,139
Parmelia pulverulenta var. dimidiata. 115 Pyrenula comirana .......... 12,138,139
Parmelia saccatiloba.. ............... 117 Pyrenula immisa ....................... 7
Parmelia sub(usca f. orgenteta ........ 91 Pyrenula introduda . ................... 7
Patel/aria convexula .................. 31 Pyrenula mamillana ......... 12,138,140
Patel/aria /aurocerasi ................. 34 Pyrenuia mastophora ........... 139,141
Patel/aria rufescens ................... 36 Pyrenula melaleuca ..... 12,138,140,141
Peltula ............... 9,19,20,48,118,122 Pyrenula pinguis . ...................... 7
Peltula corticola .............. 12,19,118 Pyrenula subacutalis ........ 12,138,141

Pyrenula subglabriuscula 12,138,142,143 Synechoblastus flaccidus var.
Pyrenulaceae ........................ 137 subnigrescens... .................... 57
Pyxine...................... 7,18,143,148 Teloschistaceae ..................... 8,10
Pyxine cocoes .............. 9,12,143,144 Thamnolia vermicularis ................ 1
Pyxine himalayensis ..... 12,143,145,146 Thelenelta . ....................... 20,155
Pyxine meissnerina .......... 12,143,146 Thelenelta luridelta ....... 12,20,156,157
Pyxine petricota ......... 12,143,146,147 Thelenella inductula . ................ 156
Pyxine subcinerea ........... 12,143,147 Thelenellaceae ...................... 155
Ramalinaceae .................. 10,28,39 Thelotrema ...................... 21,157
Ramonia ... ...................... 21,148 Thelotrema pachysporum ............ 10
Ramonia microspora ..... 12,21,148,149 Thelotrema subtile .. ...... 12,21,157,158
Rinodina ......................... 22,149 Thyrea ........................... 19,158
Rinodina exigua ................. 12,150 Thyrea plectospora ....... 12,19,158,159
Rinodina oxydata ............ 12,149,151 Ustalia junghuhnii .................... 61
Rinodina sophodes .... 9,12,150,151,152 Verrucariaceae ................... 65,159
Roccelta montagneii.................... 5 Verrucaria ........................ 20,159
Roccellaceae ..................... 10,110 Verrucaria aena ..................... 135
Sphaeria leucustoma ................ 126 Verrucaria epidermis var. grisea....... 24
Sphinctrina ....................... 20,153 Verrucaria mamillana ............... 140
Sphinctrina anglica .............. 12,153 Verrucaria luridelta . ................. 156
Sphinctrina tubaeformis ..... 12,153,154 Verrucaria margacea ........ 12,159,160
Sphinctrinaceae ..................... 153 Verrucaria pinguicula .... 12,159,160,161
Stereocaulaceae..................... 154 Verrucaria plumbea ................. 160
Strigula .......................... 20,154 Verrucaria rubella .................... 36
Strigula smaragdula ........ 9,12,20,155

About the Authors
Dr.So. . . . NIJ9b 11Pltndpol fidend•
0 II: Licbcn"""1 ｌＮｕｩｯｾ＠
aad a
CSIJl..Nolianol
Botanical laem:h Wtltub!, Ludto.-
more thm D ,..,... of ......rd!
opuience in nrioua u p - of
Uc:hmoloar. Dr. Nayak.a bu obulned
Ph.D. degree from Dr. RML Avadh
ｵｾ＠ P.m!wl, un.ct.rth. oupeniJlioa
of Dr. D. K. Upn!d for Ilia th..i. on
'h·•bloa.ary rtud!H of lichen p:nuo
Z.-.0..liomlndia'. Dr.Nrpbhuwidcfy
tmotlled ..,._ IDdll for aplar.tllon at llcheno .ond 'l'Wtlld Aataft:dca
ｴｷｬ･ｯｾｵｦ､Ｚｭｰ｢ｹｩｫ｡ｄｲＮｎｨ＠
m., •aui • tatal of "" nrw.lljJOcics of lidicno and npomt1 4" ...,..
d!CJChullooal """""" to flllll.a. 'lb !:di cre4lt Or. !UJab bat ooe boot
.....t.J>outioo_,..h_pnNjcwtlo'lrla.poorrmr....djoumalo.
l>r. D. L UpNll is Ch.id' Scimtist at

1.lcb<nol"lf ｾＮ＠ CSIR-Natlonal
Botanka!Reoeardilnm11e, Ludmowaad
hu more than 3a J•ll• of ro1ur<h
apent:nce In the fteld of Lichenology.
Dr. llpnd hoe dm>e his docloral research
woilt anda the alile IPrid_., al Dr. llD.
Allr.UCbl, PNA md "l1io Falha of Indian.
lJchenology' 1t Lucknow Ullivenity.
Ih 1Jprdi is • ludin& Udxoolopt al
Indio who hu pWed DIOft lhan 35 Ph.D.
llUde:lao.....tpnN"""d ｕＮＭ＾Ｐｾ＠
popen on-X.W.""1""'13 afindim lidm-. Or. Uprdi ia • """'IP'i:zed
Fldemdoam!-tooewnJTlal.....idoolAIDdlllnrJ11dln11.w:lmaw
Uni\ocity, B. B.Amhedl:a! U""'11it}I Dr. R. M. I. A:nodll. ｾ＠
KuNM UnMnll:y. H. N. I. Gitrhwal UnMnll:y. A.om UllheNll:y,
)am.mu Ulllwrdty, and Chatmpm Sahujl Maharaj Unlwntty.
Dr. Uprdihuoo&rdac:ribal•bout100 ncwlpedauulm.orethan >00
new reamls tW India lkhen m,<ota. Ih Upnd lo a winner '11 - 1
pl"Odpn• awards !nrJ11Mng l'llol. B. A. br.! Medal of.A.>dalloD &Ir
Plant1'Umwmjl\ahi.s"'.-ndingllludier""lndi.mlidmao.

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

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LICHENS

CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute

Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

Cover Page: Haematomma puniceum (S.W.) A. Marsal

PawanKumar 609, Bapu Bha'lfllD.

Date : 20th May, 2013

The diversity of higher group of plants in the state of Uttar Pradesh is

Among the different group of plants the cryptogams in general and

We thank The Secretary, Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board

Dr. P. K. Divakar, Associate Professor at Madrid, Spain was ofgreat help in

2. Geography of Uttar Pradesh ..................... 3

3. Status of lichen diversity in India ..................... 5

4. Lichen study in Uttar Pradesh ..................... 7

5. Current status of lichen diversity ... .................... 9

7. Key for identification of ..................... 18

8. Description of taxa ..................... 23

9. References ..................... 162

11. Index ..................... 172

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh 11

2 ILichens of Uttar Pradesh

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 3

4 ILichens of Uttar Pradesh

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 5

6 ILichens of Uttar Pradesh

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 7

8 ILichens of Uttar Pradesh

The accounts of lichens provided in this book is based on the critical

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 9

10 I Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

1. Anisomeridium calicicolum 32. C. chlorina (Ach.) J.R. Laundon*

121 Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh 113

141 Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

1. Saharanpur 19. Shahjahanpur 37. Kanpur Nagar 55. Ambedkar Nagar

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh 115

Shor«I roblattt ｾｉｮ＠

IJlxu rlant g rowtll

ia. Thallusdistinctlyfoliose, ±orbicular, continuous, margin± free ...... 2

18 I Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh 119

20 I Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 21

22 I Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

ｾｮｩｴ＠ 'r'·911 Upretl & Nayaka

Arthopyrenia A. Massal. (Family: Arthopyreniaceae)

Arthopyrenia grisea (Schleich. ex Schaer.) Korber

241 Lichens of Uttar Pradesh

.AlfJJop>jrwnli minor R.C. Harris, in Tucker & ｈ｡ｲｩｾ＠

ｾｊｴｬ､ｵ｡ｭ＠ MOii. Arg.

Artho1ltelium A.. Massa!. (Family: Arthoniaceae)

ｾ＠ .,,.,,..,,.. (Ach.) Mull. A19o

ll«ldfo De Not. (Family: Ramalinaceae)

Key to the species of Bacidia

Baddia alutacea (Krempelh.) Zahlbr.

Lichens of Uttar Pradesh I 29

&uldlo flltfl!OldtDno KiStber

e.tldlo _ _,_(Mull. Arg.) Zahlbr.

Baddfa "-''"""n' (Stirton) Zahlbr.

ａｾ＠ numherafsamples of a fltcognJma are earHer ldentl&d a..B. maltaRB

lkKltlta Lnuniltlfrl (Fr.) IC6rflef

BocltRo locllrocwcz:d (Delise ex Duby) Ozenda & Cai.a. In Zahlbr.

Tballu.t oon:lcolou.t, ｾ＠ niugh to cr.w:la!d .m!Ola!it. ytllow!Jlb pm to

Comm.mt&: Bcrci& rubdfa is a co:mmo11 lidien ｾ＠ ill tJua.r Pradeab,

Tha11us saxicnlOUll. crustoc. rim0$C areolaW, ｾ･Ｎ＠ｹ･ｬｯｷＭｾ＠ to