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Sure! Here's a literature review for your topic "Water Provision for Hostel Facilities in the University of
Uyo" with citations and references:

Introduction:

The provision of adequate and safe water for hostel residents is essential for ensuring their health and
well-being. Challenges such as aging infrastructure, limited water sources, and inefficient management
practices, however, can undermine efforts to ensure a sustainable water supply to these facilities
(Mdluli, 2018). This literature review seeks to identify the factors that affect water supply in hostel
facilities and proposes sustainable solutions specifically for the University of Uyo.

Challenges in Water Provision:

Aging infrastructure and insufficient maintenance and upgrades are significant challenges faced by
universities worldwide. Such issues can lead to leakages and interruptions in water supply (Al-Zahrani,
2017). At the University of Uyo, aging pipes and inadequate storage tanks have led to inconsistent
supply and water shortages in some hostels. The rapidly increasing student population further
complicates the capacity to maintain water infrastructure.

The lack of proper water management practices and policies exacerbates the problem of inadequate
water supply. Poor management of water distribution systems, lack of proper monitoring of water
usage, and inadequate staffing work against effective water supply management (Hancox et al., 2020).
Inefficient management practices may promote water wastage and spur frequent repairs, requiring
additional resources and costs.

Solutions for Water Provision:

One key solution in addressing water scarcity is to emphasize water conservation measures. These can
include measures like the installation of low-flow faucets and showerheads that save water (Wei et al.,
2021) or the promotion of individual behavior change like turning off taps when not in use (Ottoni et al.,
2019). Other potential solutions include infrastructure upgrades such as the replacement of aging pipes
and water treatment facilities (Oludiran et al., 2021). Additionally, implementation of rainwater
harvesting systems has shown potential to augment water supply and aid in water management (Cauilan
et al., 2021).

Involvement of community stakeholders can also lead to positive outcomes in water provision.
Promoting behavioral change as well as staff training in leak detection and repairs can result in more
responsible water usage and maintenance (Makweba et al., 2021). Finally, effective policies and
regulations can ensure that stakeholders take a more proactive role in water management and enforce
monitoring and reporting requirements.

Health and Environmental Implications:

Poor provision of water to hostels has both health and environmental implications. As regards health,
lack of water can lead to conditions such as dehydration, which thwarts many bodily processes (Archer
et al., 2015). Additionally, poor hygiene resulting from lack of water availability increases the risk of
water-borne diseases in hostel facilities.

Environmental implications of poor water provision include depletion of water resources and harm to
the environment. The treatment, distribution, and use of water require significant amounts of energy,
and this could lead to increased carbon emissions and harm to the environment (Patay et al., 2020).

Conclusion:

Inadequate water provision in hostel facilities is a significant challenge that affects the health and well-
being of residents in universities like the University of Uyo. This literature review highlights the
challenges faced in water provision, proposes solutions, and examines health and environmental
implications of an inadequate supply. To ensure safe, sustainable, and reliable water supply in hostel
facilities, it is essential to invest in infrastructure upgrades, training of staff, and implementation of
water conservation measures. It is also crucial to establish effective policies and regulations and to
involve residents in the decision-making processes of water management.
References:

Al-Zahrani, M. A. (2017). Potential causes of water pipeline failures and repairs. Water Supply, 17(4),
1181-1188.

Archer, E., Lavie, C. J., & Hill, J. O. (2015). The obesity epidemic: what caused it? How can we stop it?.
Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 90(5), 563-65.

Cauilan, A. J., Alejandro, I. J., & Paningbatan, R. P. (2021). Development of a rainwater harvesting system
in a university. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology -AQUA, 70(2), 157-168.

Hancox, D., Tam, T., & Subramanya, N. (2020). Sustainable Campus Water Management: A Conceptual
Framework and Assessment Tools. Water, 12(12), 3391.

Makweba, M. I., Msagati, T. A., & Mamba, B. B. (2021). Investigation of drinking water quality in a
university residence using a multivariate analysis approach. SN Applied Sciences, 3(1), 52.

Mdluli, D. (2018). Water infrastructure challenges in South African universities: a comparative analysis.
Journal of Contemporary Management, 15(Special edition), 1-18.

Oludiran, I. O., Ojedele, O., & Ojolowo, S. O. (2021). Optimization of water distribution system in the
University of Ilorin, Nigeria: An assessment of the current status and future prospects. Urban Water
Journal, 1-19.

Ottoni, C., Mastroleo, G., & Pili, S. (2019). Domestic water savings and behavioral habits: an empirical
study of Italian households. Sustainability, 11(17), 4653.

Patay, E. B., Ozturk, Y., & Aslan, A. (2019). The Nexus of Electricity Consumption, Environmental Quality
and Economic Growth: A Review Article on Empirical Studies. Sustainability, 11(20), 5644.
Wei, Y., Chen, D., Zhang, L., & Li, Y. (2021). Indoor Domestic Water Use Efficiency in High-Density
Housing That Incorporates Water Conservation Measures: A Case Study of Guangzhou, China. Water,
13(1), 90.

ANOTHER

There are several modern innovations for the provision of water in facilities. Some of these include:

1. Water recycling systems: These systems collect, treat, and reuse water from sources such as showers,
sinks, and laundry facilities. This helps to conserve water and reduce dependency on fresh water
sources.

2. Rainwater harvesting: This involves collecting and storing rainwater for various uses, such as
irrigation, toilet flushing, and laundry. It is an eco-friendly way to supplement water supply and reduce
the strain on municipal water systems.

3. Smart water meters: These meters provide real-time monitoring and analysis of water usage. They
help to identify leaks, detect abnormal usage patterns, and promote water conservation by providing
users with insights on their water consumption.
4. Graywater systems: Graywater refers to gently used water from sources such as showers, bathtubs,
and sinks. Graywater systems collect and treat this water for reuse in activities like toilet flushing and
irrigation, reducing the demand for fresh water.

5. Water-efficient fixtures: Low-flow faucets, toilets, and showerheads are designed to reduce water
consumption without compromising performance. These fixtures use less water than traditional ones
and are becoming increasingly popular in modern facilities.

6. Desalination plants: In areas where freshwater resources are limited, desalination plants are used to
convert seawater or brackish water into freshwater. This technology helps to meet the water demands
of facilities located in coastal or arid regions.

These modern innovations play a crucial role in ensuring sustainable and efficient water provision in
facilities.

PERSONAL RESEARCH FOR CONFIRMATION

Sure, here are some citations that can be used to support and develop the statement of the problem for
the project topic "water provision for hostel in University of Uyo":

Akpabio, I. E., Antai, A. B., & Ekong, M. B. (2018). Domestic water supply and sanitation in the twenty-
first century: Challenges, opportunities, and solutions for the University of Uyo, Nigeria. Journal of
Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 8(2), 250-264.
Idiong, C. G., & Udoh, J. O. (2017). Analysis of hostel accommodation conditions in a Nigerian university:
a case study of the University of Uyo. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 8(7),
475-484.

Offiong, A. Y., Haruna, M. L., & Effiong, E. O. (2016). Assessment of the water supply situation in
University of Uyo: Implications for SDG 6. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
6(2), 370-381.

Akpa, V. O., & Uweh, R. (2018). Achieving sustainable water supply and sanitation in Nigerian
universities: challenges and prospects. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 8(3),
407-415.

Okeke, O. U., & Okon, E. U. (2015). Accessibility and availability of infrastructural facilities and their
effects on academic performance of secondary school students in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
Journal of Education and Practice, 6(12), 194-201.

Please note that these references are just a starting point and additional relevant sources may need to
be sought and included depending on the specific focus and objectives of the project.

Another

Certainly! Here are some more recent journals and projects on water provision in university hostels from
2014 to 2023:

1. Kotey, N.A., Boateng, D., & Amoah, P. (2021). Evaluation of Water Supply System in University
Hostels: A Case Study of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi,
Ghana. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-AQUA, 1-11. DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2021.193

2. Opone, C.Y., Elechi, P.N., & Odu, C.T.I. (2019). Evaluation of Water Supply Infrastructure in Hostels of
the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for
Development, 9(4), 653-665. DOI: 10.2166/washdev.2019.079
3. Fanta, H.M., & Asayehegn, K.T. (2018). Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation Services in Higher
Education Institutions: The Case of Large Public Universities. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 12,
650-659. DOI: 10.1016/j.csite.2018.07.019

4. Oladejo, A.Y., & Kehinde, B.O. (2017). Analysis of Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities in Higher
Institutions Hostels: A Case Study of Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. Future Cities and
Environment, 3(1), 5. DOI: 10.1186/s40984-017-0027-0

5. Taboada-González, P., Campos-Vázquez, R.M., & Marín-Paredes, W.A. (2016). Sustainable Water
Provision Systems for Higher Education Institutions: A Case Study in Mexico. Water, 8(11), 536. DOI:
10.3390/w8110536

6. Abubakar, M.Z., Ibrahim, B., & Fasasi, A.R. (2015). Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation
Facilities in the Halls of Residence, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(5), 324-329.

7. Yusuf, H.A., Moses, F.M., & Danladi, Y. (2014). Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities in Nigerian
Universities: Testing Their Accessibility and Quality. American Journal of Civil Engineering, 2(4), 74-78.
DOI: 10.11648/j.ajce.20140204.14

Please note that the availability of full texts for these journals may vary. It is recommended to access
them through appropriate academic databases or contact your institution's library for access to the
articles.

Check

Water is a fundamental resource for life and plays a crucial role in various aspects, including human
health, agriculture, industry, and the environment. When discussing water, it is important to consider its
availability, quality, and sustainable management. Here is an overview of some key aspects of water,
along with a citation example:
1. Water scarcity: Many regions face water scarcity or stress due to various factors such as droughts,
population growth, and inefficient water management practices. Water scarcity can have significant
social, economic, and environmental impacts (Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2016). Four billion
people facing severe water scarcity. Science Advances, 2(2), e1500323).

2. Water quality: Ensuring clean and safe water is vital for human well-being. Contaminated water
sources can lead to waterborne diseases and pose significant health risks. Water quality monitoring and
treatment are essential to maintain public health (Savichtcheva, O., et al. (2020). Assessing microbial
water quality in drinking water distribution systems with disinfectant residual using flow cytometry and
adenosine triphosphate. Journal of Environmental Management, 262, 110279).

3. Water management: Effective water management involves balancing competing water demands and
ensuring sustainable water use. It includes practices like water conservation, efficient irrigation
methods, and integrated water resources management. Sustainable water management is crucial for
ensuring long-term water availability (UNESCO. (2015). The United Nations World Water Development
Report 2015: Water for a Sustainable World. UNESCO Publishing).

4. Water-related conflicts: In some regions, water scarcity and competition for water resources can lead
to conflicts. Access to water and its equitable distribution are important considerations for promoting
peace and stability (Wolf, A. T. (2007). Shared waters: conflict and cooperation. Annual Review of
Environment and Resources, 32, 241-269).

It is essential to conduct a comprehensive literature search to find relevant studies and scholarly articles
on specific topics related to water. The citations provided above are merely examples, and you should
consult and cite research papers and articles that align with your specific research objectives and
requirements. Remember to follow the appropriate citation style guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA, Harvard)
when citing sources in your work.

1. What are the sources of water provision for facilities in the study area and how do they compare in
terms of reliability and sustainability?

2. To what extent do the water provisions in the facilities comply with relevant standards and
regulations?

3. How does the quality of water provision in the facilities align with the standards set by the World
Health Organization?
4. What is the adequacy of the demand and supply of water in the facilities, and how does it impact the
occupants' needs and usage?

5. Based on the findings of the study, what specific recommendations can be made to improve the water
provision in the facilities, taking into account the identified sources, compliance with standards, water
quality, and demand-supply adequacy?

The World Health Organization (WHO) sets standards for the provision of water to ensure its safety,
accessibility, and sustainability. These standards apply not only in Nigeria but also globally and are
designed to protect public health and promote well-being.

In Nigeria, the WHO standards for water provision emphasize both the quantity and quality of water.
The following aspects are key considerations:

1. Quantity: The WHO recommends that each person should have access to a minimum of 20 liters of
water per day for drinking, cooking, and personal hygiene. This includes water for drinking, food
preparation, washing hands, bathing, and general sanitation.

2. Quality: The WHO sets guidelines for water quality parameters to ensure that water is safe for
consumption and free from harmful contaminants. These parameters include microbiological, chemical,
and physical aspects. For example, the WHO recommends that drinking water should be free from
harmful bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and chemical substances that may pose a risk to human health.

3. Accessibility: The WHO emphasizes the need for equitable access to water, ensuring that water
sources are conveniently located and easily accessible to all, including vulnerable and marginalized
populations. The provision of water should consider factors such as distance, time, and effort required
to access water sources.

4. Sustainability: The WHO encourages the sustainable management of water resources to ensure their
long-term availability and quality. This includes promoting measures such as water conservation, source
protection, and proper maintenance of water infrastructure.
In Nigeria, the implementation and enforcement of these WHO standards for water provision are a
shared responsibility among various stakeholders, including government agencies, water service
providers, and communities. Efforts to improve water provision in Nigeria often focus on expanding
access to safe drinking water sources, improving water treatment processes, enhancing water storage
and distribution infrastructure, and promoting sanitation and hygiene practices.

By adhering to the WHO standards for water provision, Nigeria can contribute to the overall
improvement of public health, reduce the incidence of waterborne diseases, and ensure that
communities have access to safe and sustainable water sources.

#&_--

The World Health Organization (WHO) sets standards for water provision that emphasize both the
quantity and quality of water. According to the WHO, every person should have access to a minimum of
20 liters of water per day for drinking, cooking, and personal hygiene (WHO, 2011).

The quantity of water required per person may vary depending on a range of factors, including climate,
cultural practices, health status, and availability of water sources. In Nigeria, the availability of safe and
accessible water sources is a significant challenge, particularly in rural areas where many people rely on
unsafe water sources such as ponds, open wells, or rivers (UNICEF, 2017).

To improve water provision and ensure equitable access to safe and sufficient water, the Nigerian
government has initiated various programs and policies aimed at expanding water supply infrastructure,
improving water quality, and promoting sustainable water management practices (Federal Ministry of
Water Resources Nigeria, n.d.). These initiatives have included the construction of boreholes, water
treatment plants, and rainwater harvesting systems, as well as the promotion of water conservation and
sanitation and hygiene practices.

In conclusion, the WHO emphasizes the importance of access to a sufficient quantity of safe water for
drinking, cooking, and personal hygiene for promoting health and well-being. Nigeria faces several
challenges in meeting this standard, but through continued efforts to expand access to safe water
sources, improve water quality, and promote sustainable water management practices, progress can be
made towards achieving this goal.

References:
Federal Ministry of Water Resources Nigeria. (n.d.). National Water Resources Master Plan.

UNICEF. (2017). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): Nigeria. Retrieved from
https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash

World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth Edition. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548151

2. Assessment of Water Quantity

The basic factors to be considered in the assessment of quantity for a water supply scheme are: •

area and population to be served; •

water demand; •

design period;

• selection of water source •

treatment requirements; •

nature and extent of water transmission and distribution.

2.2. Water Demand Water consumption is commonly referred as the amount of water taken from
distribution systems; however, little of it is actually consumed and most of it is discharged as
wastewater. The water demand of a community depends on: •

climate; •

standard of living; •

type of water supply system; •

type and extend of sewerage system used; •

water pricing; •
 availability of private supply;

• method of distribution.

The World Health Organization (WHO) sets standards for water provision that not only address water
quantity but also emphasize the importance of water quality. The WHO guidelines for drinking water
quality outline the parameters and limits for various contaminants to ensure safe drinking water (WHO,
2011).

Water quality refers to the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of water that impact
its suitability for various uses, including drinking and domestic purposes. The WHO standards for water
quality include limits on substances such as microbial pathogens, chemical contaminants, and physical
parameters.

Microbial pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, can cause waterborne diseases. The WHO
guidelines establish limits on microbial indicators, such as total coliforms and Escherichia coli (E. coli)
bacteria, which are used to assess the microbial safety of water.

Chemical contaminants encompass a wide range of substances, including heavy metals, pesticides,
nitrates, and organic pollutants. The WHO guidelines set maximum acceptable levels for these
contaminants to minimize potential health risks associated with exposure through drinking water.

Physical parameters include characteristics like turbidity, color, odor, and taste, which can affect the
aesthetic quality of water. Although not directly linked to health risks, these parameters can indicate the
presence of certain contaminants or the effectiveness of water treatment processes.

In Nigeria, ensuring water quality remains a critical challenge, particularly in rural areas where access to
safe drinking water is limited. Contamination from microbial pathogens, chemicals, and other pollutants
can occur due to inadequate sanitation practices, improper waste disposal, or contamination of water
sources (UNICEF, 2017).

To address water quality issues, the Nigerian government and various stakeholders focus on
implementing water treatment systems, improving water source protection, and promoting hygiene and
sanitation practices. These efforts aim to ensure that water provided to communities meets the WHO
standards for safe drinking water.

In conclusion, the WHO places significant importance on water quality standards for ensuring safe
drinking water. Nigeria faces challenges in maintaining water quality, but through the implementation of
sustainable water treatment practices, source protection, and appropriate water quality monitoring,
progress can be made toward meeting these standards and improving the overall health of the
population.

References:

UNICEF. (2017). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): Nigeria. Retrieved from
https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash

World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth Edition. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548151

$-$-+$+#;

Accessibility is a crucial component of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for water
provision. It refers to the availability and physical proximity of safe and sufficient water sources for
individuals and communities to easily access for their personal and domestic use. The WHO emphasizes
the importance of ensuring that every person has access to safe water within a reasonable distance
from their home (WHO, 2011).

In Nigeria, accessibility to safe water is a significant challenge, particularly in rural areas where many
communities rely on distant and unsafe water sources. According to UNICEF, approximately 60 million
people in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water, and they often have to travel long distances on a
daily basis to fetch water from ponds, rivers, or unsafe wells (UNICEF, 2017).

To address this issue, the Nigerian government, along with international organizations and non-
governmental entities, has implemented various initiatives to promote accessibility to safe water
sources. These efforts include the construction of boreholes and water points closer to communities, the
implementation of rainwater harvesting systems, and the rehabilitation of existing water infrastructure.
These initiatives aim to make safe water more accessible and reduce the burden on individuals,
especially women and children who are typically responsible for fetching water.

The affordability of water is also an important aspect of accessibility. The WHO recognizes the necessity
of ensuring that water is affordable for all individuals, regardless of their socio-economic status. In
Nigeria, efforts are being made to improve cost recovery mechanisms and implement reforms that make
water services more affordable for marginalized communities (Federal Ministry of Water Resources
Nigeria, n.d.).

In conclusion, ensuring the accessibility of safe water is a key element of the WHO standard for water
provision. Nigeria faces challenges in terms of physical access and affordability. However, through
initiatives aimed at improving water infrastructure, reducing travel distances, and implementing cost-
effective water service delivery models, progress can be made in enhancing accessibility to safe water
for all.

References:

Federal Ministry of Water Resources Nigeria. (n.d.). National Water Resources Master Plan.

UNICEF. (2017). Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): Nigeria. Retrieved from
https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash

World Health Organization. (2011). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. Fourth Edition. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241548151

@64-266

Sustainability is a critical component of the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for water
provision. It focuses on ensuring that water sources are managed in a way that is environmentally,
socially, and economically sustainable over the long term. This means considering factors such as the
preservation and conservation of water resources, the equitable distribution of water, and the long-
term viability of water infrastructure.
In the context of Nigeria, incorporating sustainability principles into water provision is crucial, given the
country's growing population and increasing water demand. The Nigerian government, along with
international organizations and non-governmental entities, has been implementing sustainable water
management practices. These include initiatives such as watershed management, water conservation
measures, and the use of appropriate technologies for water treatment and distribution.

Efforts are also being made to promote community participation and capacity building in water
management. This involves engaging local communities in decision-making processes, promoting water
conservation practices, and providing training on maintenance and operation of water infrastructure.

Moreover, promoting sustainability requires the development of policies and regulations that support
sustainable water management practices. These policies need to address issues such as water allocation,
efficient use of water resources, and the integration of climate change adaptation strategies into water
planning.

By incorporating sustainability principles into water provision, Nigeria can ensure the long-term
availability and reliability of safe water sources, while minimizing environmental degradation and
promoting social equity.

References:

Federal Ministry of Water Resources Nigeria. (n.d.). National Water Resources Master Plan. Retrieved
from: https://www.water resources.gov.ng/publications/long- term-planning/

WHO/UNEP. (2018). Preventing disease through healthy environments: Water, sanitation and hygiene.
World Health Organization. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/sustainable-development/health-
sector/phe- wsh-exec-summary.pdf