ENGLISH HANDOUT GRADE 6

1. UNIT 1
Present Perfect with “For / Since”

I have lived in Canada for 3 years.

I have lived in Canada since 2012.

She has studied with me for 3 months.

She has studied with me since October.

Why do we use “For / Since” [FUNCTION]

- to measure time (usually with the present perfect sentences)

- to show how long the action (that is not finished) has happened

How do we use “For / Since” [FORM]

[ Subject + have/has + past participle + for/since ]

I + have + lived here + for + ten years.

He + has + worked there + for + three months.

I + have + lived here + since + 1996.

He + has + worked there + since + October.

Quick Grammar Exercise

Put either for or since into the following sentences.

[1] I have lived in LG Metro City Apartments ___since__ 2006.

[2] He has been in my class ________ 2 years.

[3] They have owned that restaurant ________ I was 10 years old.

[4] We have played soccer on Sunday morning ________ June.

[5] My brother has been stronger than me _________ 3 years.

2. UNIT 2

PASSIVE VOICE
WHAT IS THE PASSIVE VOICE?
In general we tend to use the active voice. That is when a subject does an
action to an object.

1. Somebody stole my laptop. (subject = Somebody / action(verb) =

stole / object = my laptop)

The passive voice is used when we want to emphasize the action (the
verb) and the object of a sentence rather than subject. This means that the
subject is either less important than the action itself or that we don’t know
who or what the subject is.

1. My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop /

action= was stolen)

FORMING THE PASSIVE VOICE

2. The passive voice is not a tense in English. Each tense has its own
passive voice which is created by using a form of the auxiliary
verb to be + V3 (past participle)
3. The passive voice in each tense:

Tense Auxiliary verb + sample V3 Examples

(past participle)

Present simple am, is, are + made The syrup is made from grapes.
Many cars are made in Japan.

Present am, is, are + being + sent The document is being sent right
progressive now.
I am being sent to work in the
London office.

Past simple was, were + invited John was invited to speak at the
conference.
We were invited to Daniel and
Mary’s wedding.

Past was, were + being + washed The dog was being washed when I
progressive got home.
Their cars were being washed
while they were in the mall
shopping.

Future (will) will be + signed The contract will be signed

tomorrow.
Tense Auxiliary verb + sample V3 Examples
(past participle)

The documents will all be signed

by next week.

Modals: can, could + be + issued A passport can only be issued at

can/could the embassy.
He said the documents could be
issued within the week.

Modal: have have to, has to, had to + be + A babysitter has to be arranged
to arranged for this evening.
Joan’s travel plans have to be
arranged by December.

Modal: must must + be + stopped Criminals must be stopped before

they commit crimes.
Fill in the correct passive form of the verb in parentheses.

1. After the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti. (sent)
2. The electricity was cut off because the bill hadn’t been paid. (not pay)
3. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)
4. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
5. Whales ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)

1. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)

2. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
3. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)

3. UNIT 4  CAUSE AND EFFECT

Cause and effect are about how one thing can cause

something else to happen.

The cause is why something happened.

The effect is what happened.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Here are some examples of cause and effect. Circle the most likely effect of
each cause.

Cause
1. Molly asked her dad to teach
her to ride her new bike.
What happened because she
asked her dad to teach her?
2. After a little while, Molly’s dad
let go of her bike.
What happened because
Effect
Molly’s dad ran beside her,
holding on to keep her steady.
Molly asked her mom for some
cookies and milk.
Molly went inside to watch
television.
 Molly’s dad let go of her Molly learned to ride her bike
bike?
Exercise:

Underline the cause and circle the effect.

1. A tornado blew the roof off the house, and as a result, the family had to
find another place to live.
2. Because the alarm was not set, we were late for work.
3. Since school was cancelled, we went to the mall.
4. John made a rude comment, so Elise hit him.
5. The meal we ordered was cheaper than expected, so we ordered
dessert.

4. UNIT 5,6,7: Reported Speech

Reported Statements

When do we use reported speech? Sometimes someone says a sentence, for

example "I'm going to the cinema tonight". Later, maybe we want to tell
someone else what the first person said.

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. (Click here for more about using
'say' and 'tell'.) If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she
says' and then the sentence:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.

Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change

the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words
like 'my' and 'your'.
(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in
English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same
if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the
tenses in the reported speech:

Direct speech: I like ice cream.

Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the
information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are
general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

 Direct speech: The sky is blue.

 Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present
I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.
simple
present I am living in
She said (that) she was living in London.
continuous London
She said (that) she had bought a car OR She
past simple I bought a car
said (that) she bought a car.
past I was walking She said (that) she had been walking along the
continuous along the street street.
will I'll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.
I would help,
would* She said (that) she would help but...
but..”
I can speak She said (that) she could speak perfect
can
perfect English English.
could* I could swim She said (that) she could swim when she was
 when I was four four.
shall I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.
I should call my
should* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother
might* I might be late She said (that) she might be late
I must study at She said (that) she must study at the weekend
must
the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and
negative sentences. But how about questions?

 Direct speech: Where do you live?

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the
same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once
we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to
change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. A bit confusing? Maybe this
example will help:

 Direct speech: Where do you live?

 Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We
make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I
need to change the verb to the past simple.

Another example:

 Direct speech: Where is Julie?

 Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

Reported Requests

There's more! What if someone asks you to do something (in a polite way)? For
example:

 Direct speech: Close the window, please

 Or: Could you close the window please?
 Or: Would you mind closing the window please?
All of these requests mean the same thing, so we don't need to report every word
when we tell another person about it. We simply use 'ask me + to + infinitive':

 Reported speech: She asked me to close the window.

Here are a few more examples:

Direct Request Reported Request

Please help me.
Please don't smoke.
Could you bring my book tonight?
Could you pass the milk, please?
Would you mind coming early
tomorrow?
To report a negative request, use 'not':
She asked me to help her.
She asked me not to smoke.
She asked me to bring her book that
night.
She asked me to pass the milk.
She asked me to come early the next
day.

 Direct speech: Please don't be late.

 Reported speech: She asked us not to be late.

Reported Orders

And finally, how about if someone doesn't ask so politely? We can call this an 'order'
in English, when someone tells you very directly to do something. For example:

 Direct speech: Sit down!

In fact, we make this into reported speech in the same way as a request. We just use
'tell' instead of 'ask':

 Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

Direct
Reported Order
Order
Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed.
Don't worry! He told her not to worry.
Be on time! He told me to be on time.
Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke.
Exercises:

Change the direct speech into reported speech. Use 'she said' at the beginning
of each answer.

1) "He works in a bank."

2) "We went out last night."

3) "I'm coming!"

4) "I was waiting for the bus when he arrived."

5) "I'd never been there before."

Make reported questions. Start your answer with 'she asked me'. It's the same
day, so you don't need to change the time expressions.

1) "Why is Julie sad?"

2) "What's for dinner?"

3) "Who is the woman in the red dress?"

4) "How is your grandmother?"

5) "When is the party?"

Make reported requests or orders. Start each sentence with 'she asked me' or
'she told me'. It's the same day, so you don't need to change the time
expressions.
 1) "Please help me carry this."

2) "Please come early."

3) "Please buy some milk."

4) "Could you please open the window?"

5) "Could you bring the book tonight?"

5. UNIT 8
Wish + (that) + past simple:
We can use 'wish' to talk about something that we would like to be different in the
present or the future. It's used for things which are impossible or very unlikely.

 I wish that I had a big house (I don't have a big house, but it's a nice idea!).
 I wish that we didn't need to work today (we do need to work today,
unfortunately).
 I wish that you lived close by (you don't live close by).
 I wish that John wasn't busy tomorrow* (he is busy, unfortunately).

(*In formal writing, you will see 'were' instead of 'was' after wish. This is correct, but
it's also fine to use 'was', in the same way as with the second conditional.

 'I wish I were rich' or 'I wish I was rich'.)

We also use 'wish' with 'could' to talk about things in the present or future that we
would like to be different. In this situation, 'could' is the past simple of 'can'.

Of course, we use 'can' to talk about ability - if we know how to do something or not.
For example, 'I can speak Spanish' or 'I can't drive'. We also use 'can' to talk about
possibility - if things are possible or not possible. For example, 'we can't come to the
party tonight' or 'John can help you clean up'. We use 'could' with 'wish' to talk about
ability and to talk about possibility.

 I wish that I could speak Spanish (but, unfortunately, I can't speak Spanish).
 I wish that I could drive (I can't drive).
 I wish that we could go to the party tonight (unfortunately, we're busy so we
can't go).
 I wish that John could help you clean up (John is at work, so he can't help).

I wish things were different! Make sentences using 'wish' + past simple about the
things I don't like. You can put in 'that' if you want, or leave it out.

1) I don't have a car.

2) I can't play the
piano.
3) I'm at work.