ANOVA

(Analysis of Variance)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in statistics that
splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into
two parts: systematic factors and random factors. The systematic
factors have a statistical influence on the given data set, while the
random factors do not. Analysts use the ANOVA test to determine the
influence that independent variables have on the dependent variable
in a regression study.
The t- and z-test methods developed in the 20th century were used
for statistical analysis until 1918, when Ronald Fisher created the
analysis of variance method.12 ANOVA is also called the Fisher analysis
of variance, and it is the extension of the t- and z-tests. The term
became well-known in 1925, after appearing in Fisher's book,
"Statistical Methods for Research Workers."3 It was employed in
experimental psychology and later expanded to subjects that were
more complex.

to perform any tests, we first need to define the null and alternate
hypothesis:
•Null Hypothesis – There is no significant difference among the groups
•Alternate Hypothesis – There is a significant difference among the groups

Basically, ANOVA is performed by comparing two types of variation, the variation

between the sample means, as well as the variation within each of the samples.
The below-mentioned formula represents one-way Anova test statistics.

The result of the ANOVA formula, the F statistic (also called the F-ratio), allows
for the analysis of multiple groups of data to determine the variability between
samples and within samples.

The formula for one-way ANOVA test can be written like this:
When we plot the ANOVA table, all the above components can be seen in it as
below:

In general, if the p-value associated with the F is smaller than 0.05, then the null
hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is supported. If the null
hypothesis is rejected, we can conclude that the means of all the groups are not
equal.

Note: If no real difference exists between the tested groups, which is called the
null hypothesis, the result of the ANOVA’s F-ratio statistic will be close to 1

Researchers took 20 cars of the same to take part in a study. These cars
are randomly doped with one of the four-engine oils and allowed to run
freely for 100 kilometers each. At the end of the journey, the performance
of each of the cars is noted. Before proceeding further we need to install
the SciPy library in our system. You can install this library by using the
below command in the terminal:

pip3 install scipy

Stepwise Implementation
Conducting a One-Way ANOVA test in Python is a step by step process and
these steps are explained below:

Step 1: Creating data groups.

The very first step is to create three arrays that will keep the information
of cars when d

# Performance when each of the engine

# oil is applied
performance1 = [89, 89, 88, 78, 79]
performance2 = [93, 92, 94, 89, 88]
performance3 = [89, 88, 89, 93, 90]
performance4 = [81, 78, 81, 92, 82]
Step 2: Conduct the one-way ANOVA:
Python provides us f_oneway() function from SciPy library using which we
can conduct the One-Way ANOVA.
# Importing library
from scipy.stats import f_oneway

# Performance when each of the engine

# oil is applied
performance1 = [89, 89, 88, 78, 79]
performance2 = [93, 92, 94, 89, 88]
performance3 = [89, 88, 89, 93, 90]
performance4 = [81, 78, 81, 92, 82]

# Conduct the one-way ANOVA

f_oneway(performance1, performance2, performance3, performance4)
Output:

Output

Step 3: Analyse the result:

The F statistic and p-value turn out to be equal to 4.625 and 0.016336498
respectively. Since the p-value is not lesser than 0.5 hence we would fail to
reject the null hypothesis. This implies that we don’t have sufficient proof
to say that there exists a difference in the performance among four
different engine