Laboratory Exercise No.

One-way Analysis of Variance

Course : Experiment No. :

Group No. : Section :
Group Members : 1. Date Performed :
2. Date Submitted :
Instructor :
1. Objective(s)

The activity aims to introduce one-way analysis of variance by comparing means of samples collected at
different levels using a one-way model and Interpret the main effects plot and multiple comparisons.

2. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

At the end of the exercise, the students are expected:

1. To evaluate differences between group means for a single factor using one-way ANOVA; and
2. To interpret results and draw conclusions about the output provided by Minitab 18.

3. Discussion
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Tests the hypothesis that the means of two or more populations are equal. ANOVAs evaluate the
importance of one or more factors by comparing the response variable means at the different factor
levels. The null hypothesis states that all population means (factor level means) are equal while the
alternative hypothesis states that at least one is different.

To run an ANOVA, you must have a continuous response variable and at least one categorical factor
with two or more levels. ANOVAs require data from normally distributed populations with roughly equal
variances between factor levels.

For example, you design an experiment to assess the durability of four experimental carpet products.
You place a sample of each carpet type in ten homes and you measure durability after 60 days. Because
you are examining one factor (carpet type) you use a one-way ANOVA.

If the p-value is less than your alpha, then you conclude that at least one durability mean is different. To
further explore the differences between specific means, use a multiple comparison method such as
Tukey's.

The name "analysis of variance" is based on the manner in which the procedure uses variances to
determine whether the means are different. The procedure works by comparing the variance between
group means versus the variance within groups as a method of determining whether the groups are all
part of one larger population or separate populations with different characteristics.

Minitab has different types of ANOVAs to allow for additional factors, types of factors, and different
designs to suit your specific needs.
ANOVA Type Model and Design Properties
One fixed factor (levels set by investigator) which can have either an
One-way unequal (unbalanced) or equal (balanced) number of observations per
treatment combination.
Two-way Two fixed factors and requires a balanced design.
Model may contain any number of fixed and random factors (levels are
Balanced randomly selected), and crossed and nested factors, but requires a
balanced design.
Expands on Balanced ANOVAs by allowing unbalanced designs and
General Linear Model
covariates (continuous variables).

One-way ANOVA

The one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) procedure is a generalization of the independent samples of
T-test. Unlike the T-test. However, one-way ANOVA can be used to analyze the means of more than two
groups (samples)at once. Use one-way ANOVA (also called single-factor ANOVA) when you have
continuous response data for two or more fixed levels of single factor.

Before accepting the results of an ANOVA, you must verify that the following assumptions about the
errors are valid for your data. They must be:

1. Be independent (and thus random);

2. Not deviate substantially from a normal distribution; and

3. Have constant variance across all factor levels

One-way ANOVA can help answer questions such as:

1. Are all branches of your company achieving comparable customer satisfaction ratings?
2. Do treatment group means differ?

For example:

1. Do mean customer satisfaction ratings differ between a company’s branches in New Hamphshire,
Maine, and Vermont?
2. Which of the three training courses is the most successful in decreasing mean application
processing errors?

Dot Plot
A dot plot gives a first look at the data to graphically compare the central tendencies and spreads for the
3 commission types. This graph can also reveal whether outlying data points are present and need to
be investigated.
Degrees of Freedom
The degrees of freedom (DF) Statistic measures how much “independent” information is available to
calculate each sum of squares (SS):

1. 𝑫𝑭𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒌 − 𝟏, where k is the number of factor levels.

2. 𝑫𝑭𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓 𝒏 − 𝒌, where n is the total number of observations.

3. 𝑫𝑭𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏 − 𝟏

Sum of Squares

The sum of squares (SS) measures the amount of variability each source contributes to the data. Notice
that:
𝑺𝑺𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑺𝑺𝑩𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 + 𝑺𝑺𝑬𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓

Mean Squares

The mean square (MS) for each source is equal to the SS divided by the DF.
F-statistic

F is the ratio of the variability contributed by the factor to the variability contributed by factor.
𝑴𝑺𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
𝑭=( )
𝑴𝑺
𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒐𝒓

1. If between-group variability is similar to within group variability, F is close to 1, indicating that the factor
does not affect the responsible variable.

2. If between group variability is larger than within group variability, F is greater than 1.

P-value

A large F suggests that the factor level means are more different than expected by chance, thus the P-
value is small.
Individual Confidence Interval
When the p-value in the analysis of variance table indicates a difference among the factor level means,
the table individual confidence intervals is sometimes used to assess the differences.
4. Materials and Equipment
 Minitab 18 Statistical software
 Minitab 18 Manual
 Training Data Sets
 Textbooks
5. Procedure

Problem: A chemical engineer wants to compare the hardness of four blends of paint. Six samples of
each paint blend were applied to a piece of metal. The pieces of metal were cured. Then each sample
was measured for hardness. In order to test for the equality of means and to assess the differences
between pairs of means, the analyst uses one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons.

Part 1: Compare Distributions using Dotplot

Step 1: Open PaintHardness.MTW

Step 2: Choose Graph > Dotplot

Step 3: Under One Y, Choose With Groups, then Click OK.

Step 4: Complete the dialog box as shown below.

Step 5: Click OK and interpret the results.

Part 2: Perform One-way ANOVA

Step 1: Choose Stat > ANOVA > One-way

Step 2: Select Response data are in one column for all factor levels

Step 3: In Response, select Hardness.

Step 4: In Factor, select Paint.

Step 5: Click Graphs > Residual Plots > Four in One.

Step 6: Click OK in each dialog box. Interpret the results and ensure that the results are valid, determine whether all
the assumptions about the residuals have been met.

Step 7: Repeat the same steps from Step 4 to 6 for Temp and Operator, respectively.
6. Data and Results
7. Data Analysis and Conclusion
8. Reflection on the Attainment of Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):