Job # 01:

To Develop Relationship between Surface Area, Elevation

and Capacity of a Reservoir.

Figure1.1 Tarbela Reservoir

Significance:
Area elevation curves for a reservoir are significant because they:

 Aid in capacity assessment and efficient reservoir operation.

 Enable effective flood control planning and management.
 Optimize hydropower generation by assessing available head.
 Facilitate drought management and water allocation decisions.
 Assess ecological impacts and guide habitat preservation.
 Inform infrastructure planning and emergency preparedness.
Reservoir
It is an area developed by water body due to construction of dam. It is created when a
barrier/dam is constructed across a river or stream and part of catchment runoff is stored on the
upstream side of the dam.

Classification of Reservoirs
Storage Reservoirs
Storage reservoirs are also called conservation reservoirs because they are used to conserve
water. Storage reservoirs are constructed to store the water in the rainy season and to release it
later when the river flow is low for irrigation.

Figure1. 2 Storage reservoir in California

Flood Control Reservoirs

A flood control reservoir is constructed for the purpose of flood control. It protects the areas
lying on its downstream side from the damages due to flood.
Distribution Reservoirs
A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir to tide over the peak demand of water for
municipal water supply or irrigation. The distribution reservoir is helpful in permitting the pumps
to work at a uniform rate. It stores water during the period of lean demand and supplies the same
during the period of high demand.

Multipurpose Reservoirs
They are constructed to serve for more than single purpose like storage of water, flood control,
water supply and recreational purposes etc.

Balancing Reservoirs
A balancing reservoir is a small reservoir constructed d/s of the main reservoir for holding water
released from the main reservoir. This water is then pumped back to the main reservoirs and used
during lean flow period. This type of reservoir is constructed in the water scarce areas.

Storage Capacity of Reservoirs

Whatever may be the use of a reservoir, its most important function is to store water during
floods and to release it later. The storage capacity of a reservoir is, therefore, its most important
characteristics.

The available storage capacity of a reservoir depends upon the topography of the site and the
height of dam. To determine the available storage capacity of a reservoir up to a certain level of
water, engineering surveys are usually conducted. The storage capacity and the water spread area
at different elevations can be determined from the contour map.

Area-Elevation Curve:
From the contour plan, the water spread area of the reservoir at any elevation is determined by
measuring the area enclosed by the corresponding contour. Generally, a Planimeter is used for
measuring the area. An elevation-area curve is then plotted between the surface area as abscissa
and the elevation as ordinate.

Elevation-Capacity Curve:
The storage capacity of the reservoir at any elevation is determined from the water spread area at
various elevations. An elevation-storage volume curve is plotted between the storage volume as
abscissa and the elevation as ordinate.
Area-Capacity Curve:
A graph showing the relation between the surface area of the water in a reservoir and the
corresponding volume stored in the reservoir.

Figure1. 3 Area Elevation Capacity Curve

Uses of elevation-surface area-capacity curve

 To determine the waters spread area at a particular elevation.
 To find out how much volume will be stored in the reservoir up to a given elevation

Procedure:
 Find the horizontal distance by putting roll number.
 Find the height of the dam by using slope and horizontal distance in lognitudal section.
 Height of dam Z=Slope*Horizontal Distance
 Divide the height of the dam in to the suitable inverters.
 Find the bottom and top width of the lognitudal section
 Top width=(height/slope) +Bottom Width
 Take average of top and bottom width.
 Find the bottom and top width in the cross section.
 Top width= bottom width+2*(height/slope)
 Take the average of the bottom and top cross section.
 Find top surface area:
 Top surface area= Lognitudal top width * cross section of top width
 Find mean surface Area:
  =avg lognitudal top width * avg cross section width
 Find mean volume:
 Height of the dam section (interval) * mean surface area
 Find Cumulative capacity in BCM:
 Cumulative capacity of mean volume * 10-9

Schematic Diagram:
H4
1:900
H3
1:300

H2
1:150

H1 1:100

R/15 R/8 R/6 R/5

(km) (km) (km) (km)
Longitudinal -section of reservoir

H3+ H4
1:15

H2
1:8

H1
1:4

80 m

X-section
 Observations and Calculations:

Height Longitudinal Profile X-Section Profile

Interval Top Surface Area Mean Surface Area Mean Capacity Commulative Capacity
Sr. No z1 z2 Bottom Top Average Bottom Top Average
2 2
(m) (m) (m ) (m ) (BCM) (BCM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 0 10 10 0 1000 500 80 160 120 1.60E+05 6.00E+04 0.001 0.6
2 10 20 10 1000 2000 1500 160 240 200 4.80E+05 3.00E+05 0.003 0.6
3 20 30 10 2000 3000 2500 240 320 280 9.60E+05 7.00E+05 0.007 0.6
4 30 40 10 3000 4000 3500 320 400 360 1.60E+06 1.26E+06 0.013 0.6
5 40 50 10 4000 5000 4500 400 480 440 2.40E+06 1.98E+06 0.020 0.6
6 50 60 10 5000 6000 5500 480 560 520 3.36E+06 2.86E+06 0.029 0.7
7 60 70 10 6000 7000 6500 560 640 600 4.48E+06 3.90E+06 0.039 0.7
8 70 74 4 7000 7400 7200 640 672 656 4.97E+06 4.72E+06 0.019 0.7
9 74 84 10 7400 8900 8150 672 832 752 7.40E+06 6.13E+06 0.061 0.8
10 84 94 10 8900 10400 9650 832 992 912 1.03E+07 8.80E+06 0.088 0.9
11 94 104 10 10400 11900 11150 992 1152 1072 1.37E+07 1.20E+07 0.120 1.0
12 104 114 10 11900 13400 12650 1152 1312 1232 1.76E+07 1.56E+07 0.156 1.2
13 114.0 124.0 10.0 13400 14900.0 14150.0 1312.0 1472.0 1392.0 2.19E+07 1.97E+07 0.197 1.4
14 124.0 134.0 10.0 14900 16400 15650 1472 1632 1552 2.68E+07 2.43E+07 0.243 1.6
15 134.0 144.0 10.0 16400 17900.0 17150.0 1632.0 1792.0 1712.0 3.21E+07 2.94E+07 0.294 1.9
16 144.0 154.0 10.0 17900 19400 18650 1792 1952 1872 3.79E+07 3.49E+07 0.349 2.2
17 154.0 164.0 10.0 19400 20900.0 20150.0 1952.0 2112.0 2032.0 4.41E+07 4.09E+07 0.409 2.6
18 164.0 166.5 2.5 20900 21275 21087.5 2112 2152 2132 4.58E+07 4.50E+07 0.112 2.8
19 166.5 176.5 10.0 21275.0 24275.0 22775.0 2152.0 2452.0 2302.0 5.95E+07 5.24E+07 0.524 3.3
20 176.5 186.5 10.0 24275.0 27275.0 25775.0 2452.0 2752.0 2602.0 7.51E+07 6.71E+07 0.671 4.0
21 186.5 196.5 10.0 27275.0 30275.0 28775.0 2752.0 3052.0 2902.0 9.24E+07 8.35E+07 0.835 4.8
22 196.5 206.6 10.1 30275.0 33305.0 31790.0 3052.0 3355.0 3203.5 1.12E+08 1.02E+08 1.029 5.8
23 206.5 216.5 10.0 33305.0 36305.0 34805.0 3355.0 3655.0 3505.0 1.33E+08 1.22E+08 1.220 7.0
24 216.5 226.5 10.0 36305.0 39305.0 37805.0 3655.0 3955.0 3805.0 1.55E+08 1.44E+08 1.438 8.5
25 226.5 228.2 1.7 39305.0 39806.0 39555.5 3955.0 4005.1 3980.1 1.59E+08 1.57E+08 0.263 8.7
26 228.2 238.2 10 39806.0 48806.0 44306.0 4005.1 4305.1 4155.1 2.10E+08 1.84E+08 1.841 10.6
27 238.2 248.2 10 48806.0 57806.0 53306.0 4305.1 4605.1 4455.1 2.66E+08 2.37E+08 2.375 13.0
28 248.2 252.8 4.67 57806.0 62009.0 59907.5 4605.1 4745.2 4675.2 2.94E+08 2.80E+08 1.308 14.3

Graph
Area Elevation Capacity Curves
Surface Area (m2)
4.00E+08 3.00E+08 2.00E+08 1.00E+08 0.00E+00
300

250
Elevation (m)

200

150

100

50

Storgae Capacity (BCM)

Figure1. 4 Area Elevation Capacity Curves

 Storage Capacity _ Elevation Curve
300

250

200
Elevation (m)

150

100

50

Storgae Capacity (BCM)

Figure1. 5 Storage Capacity _ Elevation Curve

Surface Area _ Elevation Curve

300

250

200
Elevation (m)

150

100

50

0
0.00E+00 1.00E+08 2.00E+08 3.00E+08 4.00E+08
Surface Area (m2)

Figure1. 6 Surface Area _ Elevation Curve

 Surface Area _ Capacity Curve
Capacity (BCM)

0.00E+00 1.00E+08 2.00E+08 3.00E+08 4.00E+08

Surface Area (m2)

Figure1. 7 Surface Area _ Capacity Curve

Comments:
From the above graphs it is clearly shown that if the reservoir capacity is 3 BCM,
then the height of the reservoir will be 175 m.

The above graphical representations offer insights into the topography, revealing
whether the terrain is predominantly flat or rugged, based on the slope of the curve.
It has diverse applications, including hydrology, as it aids in the analysis of water
flow and drainage patterns, helping to identify watershed boundaries and predict
runoff.
Job#02:
To Estimate the Live Storage Capacity of a Reservoir for
Various Operational Scenarios

Significance:
 Enables efficient allocation of water resources.
 Supports sustainable management of water supply.
 Helps in assessing flood mitigation capacity.
 Guides controlled release of water during heavy rainfall.
 Optimizes electricity production and energy efficiency.
 Facilitates scheduling of water release for peak demands.
 Aids in planning for water scarcity and rationing.
 Assists in prioritizing water use during droughts.

Related Theory:
Reservoir:
It is an area impounded by water due to the storage of part of catchment runoff by
constructing a barrier/dam across a river/stream.

Level & Storages of Reservoir:

Full Reservoir Level (FRL):
The full reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.
Maximum Water Level (MWL):
The maximum water level is the maximum level to which the water surface will rise when
the design flood passes over the spillway.
Minimum Pool Level:
The minimum pool level is the lowest level up to which the water is withdrawn from the
reservoir under ordinary conditions.
Dead Storage:
The volume of water held below the minimum pool level is called the dead storage. It is
provided to cater for the sediment deposition by the impounding sediment laid in water.
 Normally it is equivalent to volume of sediment expected to be deposited in the reservoir
during the design life reservoir.
Live/Useful Storage:
The volume of water stored between the full reservoir level (FRL) and the minimum pool
level is called the useful storage. It assures the supply of water for specific period to meet
the demand.
Flood/Surcharge Storage:
It is storage contained between maximum reservoir level and full reservoir levels. It varies
with spillway capacity of dam for given design flood.
Bank Storage:
It is developed in the voids of soil cover in the reservoir area and becomes available as
seepage of water when water levels drop down. It increases the reservoir capacity.
Valley Storage
The volume of water held by the natural river channel in its valley up to the top of its banks
before the construction of a reservoir is called the valley storage. The valley storage
depends upon the cross section of the river.

Yield from a Reservoir

Yield is the volume of water which can be withdrawn from a reservoir in a specified period
of time.
Safe Yield (Firm Yield)
Safe yield is the maximum quantity of water which can be supplied uninterruptedly from
a reservoir in a specified period of time during a critical dry year.
Secondary Yield
It is the quantity of water which is available during the period of high flow in the rivers
when the yield is more than the safe yield.
Average Yield
The average yield is the arithmetic average of the firm yield and the secondary yield over
a long period of time.
Design Yield
The design yield is the yield adopted in the design of a reservoir. The design yield is usually
fixed after considering the urgency of the water needs and the amount of risk involved.
 Figure1. 8 Various Storages

Uniform Draw Off:

It is the Amount of water that is required to be withdrawn from the reservoir uniformly
during the prescribed time period.
In Pakistan it is done on 10 daily bases by IRSA.
It depends on the d/s uses /requirements of water. e.g.
 1. Irrigation
 2. Hydro power requirements
 3. Water supply requirements.

Sedimentation in Tarbela Reservoir:

Initial (1974)
Reservoir Capacity Year 2005 MAF Reduction %
MAF
Gross Storage 14.344 10.295 28.23
Live Storage 11.948 8.695 27.22
Dead Storage 2.395 1.598 33.30
Table 1 Sedimentation in Tarbela Reservior
Sedimentation in Mangla Reservoir

Original
Reservoir Capacity Year 2005 (MAF) Reduction %
(MAF)
Gross Storage 7.259 5.768 20.54
Live Storage 6.593 5.605 14.98
Dead Storage 0.666 0.163 75.56
Table 2 Sedimentation in Mangla Reservior

How to Estimate the Live Storage Capacity of a Reservoir?

The storage capacity of a reservoir is decided based on the available water and demand.
Capacity of a reservoir is smaller of surplus and deficit.

Surplus
Deficit

Deficit
Discharge

Time

Explanation
 For example, if deficit is 30 MCM & surplus is 60 MCM. According to definition we

will keep capacity as 30 MCM. Reasons are that we need just 30 MCM extra. If we

keep reservoir capacity equal to 60 MCM then the extra 30 MCM are useless, and it

will cause sedimentation, and construction cost will increase.

 And if there is a reverse case i.e., deficit is 60 MCM and surplus is 30 MCM. Then

obviously we will decide capacity of reservoir as 30 MCM. Reason for this decision

is that although we need 60 MCM, but we have not enough water available to store.

The maximum water available is 30 MCM, so designing a reservoir at more than this

capacity is of no use.
Mass curve
It is a Plot between the cumulative inflows and demand (outflows) versus time.

Mass Inflow Curve

Graph plotted between the net reservoir inflows, exclusive of upstream abstractions, as
ordinate versus time as abscissa.

Demand Curve
It is a plot between cumulative outflows (demand) versus time.

Importance:
 Information about the available water at any time in the reservoir.
 Surplus and deficit to decide about emptying and filling program.

Mass inflow
Demand flow
curve
curve
Discharge
(BCM)

Time

Figure1. 9 Mass Curve

Emptying and Filling Program for a Reservoir:

Emptying and filling program for a reservoir is decided on the basis of surplus and deficit.
During the surplus period i.e. available water is in excess of requirements, reservoir is filled
to fulfill the water deficiency during the dry months.
 Figure1. 10 Time Discharge Curve

Observations and Calculations:

Case1: Constant Maximum Supply:

Estimation of the Live Storage Capacity of a Reservoir Ensuring Maximum Constant Supply
Discharge Avg. Eva. Losses Net Inflows Inflows Com. Inflows UDO/Draw Off Comm. Outflow Surplus Deficit
Month 3 3 3
(m /s) (m /s) (m /s) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
January 75 2.97 72.03 186.70 186.70 628.68 628.68 441.98
February 95 3.47 91.53 237.25 423.95 628.68 1257.36 391.44
March 120 4.37 115.63 299.71 723.66 628.68 1886.04 328.97
April 156 5.32 150.68 390.56 1114.22 628.68 2514.72 238.12
May 265 6.42 258.58 670.24 1784.46 628.68 3143.40 41.56
June 360 7.72 352.28 913.11 2697.57 628.68 3772.09 284.43
July 455 9.72 445.28 1154.17 3851.74 628.68 4400.77 525.48
August 590 10.82 579.18 1501.23 5352.97 628.68 5029.45 872.55
September 415 9.22 405.78 1051.78 6404.75 628.68 5658.13 423.10
October 245 7.22 237.78 616.33 7021.08 628.68 6286.81 12.36
November 125 4.72 120.28 311.77 7332.85 628.68 6915.49 316.92
December 85 3.47 81.53 211.33 7544.17 628.68 7544.17 417.36
Sum 2147.13 2147.13
Graphs:

Mass Curve
8000
Commulative Flows (MCM)

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
No. of Months

Commulative Inflows Commulative Outfows

Figure1. 11 Mass Curve Ensuring Constant Supply

 Emptying and Filling Program
1600.00
1400.00
1200.00
Flows (MCM)

1000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00

Months

Inflows Outflows

Figure1. 12 Emptying and Filling Program When Ensuring Maximum Constant Supply

CASE 2: When Specified Discharges are to be Released from Reservoir:

Estimation of the Live Storage Capacity of a Reservoir when Specified Discharges are to be Released
Month Inflows Avg. Eva. Losses Net Inflows Net Inflows Com. Inflows Outflows Outflows Comm. Outflow Surplus Deficit
3 3 3 3
(m /s) (m /s) (m /s) (MCM) (MCM) (m /s) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) (MCM)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
January 75 2.97 72.03 186.70 186.70 88.17 228.54 228.54 41.84
February 95 3.47 91.53 237.25 423.95 108.17 280.38 508.92 43.13
March 120 4.37 115.63 299.71 723.66 133.17 345.18 854.10 45.47
April 156 5.32 150.68 390.56 1114.22 163.17 422.94 1277.04 32.38
May 265 6.42 258.58 670.24 1784.46 203.17 526.62 1803.66 143.62
June 360 7.72 352.28 913.11 2697.57 253.17 656.22 2459.88 256.89
July 455 9.72 445.28 1154.17 3851.74 303.17 785.82 3245.70 368.35
August 590 10.82 579.18 1501.23 5352.97 383.17 993.18 4238.88 508.05
September 415 9.22 405.78 1051.78 6404.75 328.17 850.62 5089.50 201.16
October 245 7.22 237.78 616.33 7021.08 263.17 682.14 5771.64 65.81
November 125 4.72 120.28 311.77 7332.85 143.17 371.10 6142.74 59.33
December 85 3.47 81.53 211.33 7544.17 98.17 254.46 6397.20 43.13
Sum 1478.07 331.10

Live Storage Capacity of Reservoir= 331.10 MCM

 Graphs:

Mass Curve
8000.00
Commulative Flows (MCM)

7000.00
6000.00
5000.00
4000.00
3000.00
2000.00
1000.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
No. of Months

Commulative Inflows Commulative Outfows

Figure1. 13 Mass Curve When Specified Discharges are to be Released from the Reservoir

Emptying and Filling Program

1600.00
1400.00
Flows (MCM)

1200.00
1000.00
800.00
600.00
400.00
200.00
0.00

Months

Inflows Outflows

Figure1. 14 Emptying and Filling Program When Specified Discharges are to be Released from the Reservoir
Job #03:
To Estimate the Hydro-Power Potential for a Given
Water-Power Development Scheme

Significance:
 Efficient Resource Utilization
 Energy Security
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Grid Integration
 Economic Growth
 Climate Change Mitigation
 Disaster Management
 Infrastructure Planning
 Long-term Sustainability
 Energy Planning

Related Theory:
Sources of Energy:
Power is the necessity for the development of a country. These are the resources energy being
utilized to produce electricity in the world.

 Fossil Fuel (oil, gas, and coal etc)

 Wind
 Water in Rivers
 Waves and Tides in Ocean
 Solar Energy
 Atomic/Nuclear Energy
 Figure1. 15 Sources of Energy

Water-power & its Benefits

Hydropower is extracted from the natural potential of usable water resources. If the water
is available in the river, then for the production of energy reservoirs are made so as to make
availability of water throughout the year.
P= γQH

Where
P= Hydropower
Q = River discharge
H= Available head
Benefits
 Most economical source of electricity.
 Renewable source of energy constantly recycled and perennially available.
 Has the capacity to fulfill base and peak-load demands.
 Non-polluting and environmentally friendly.
 Lead to the development of remote areas.
 Helps in management and regulation of water resources.
  Has long span of life.
 Quick to start and stop.

Layout of a Typical Water-power Development Scheme & its

Types:

Figure1. 16 Power Development Scheme

Components (Storage type hydropower development scheme)

 Dam and Reservoir
 Spillway
 Intake structure with trash rack.
 Headrace channel / tunnel
 Forebay channel
 Surge tank
 Penstock
 Power plant/ power complex
 Tailrace channel / tunnel
Types of Water-power Development Schemes
 Run-of-River Plant (Local Development)
 Diversion Canal Plant
 Storage Plant
 Pump Storage Plant

Primary & Secondary Powers

Primary/ firm / continuous power is the minimum power which can b generated from
a hydropower plant for 100 % of time. It is the power corresponding to the minimum
stream flow with a due consideration of the pondage.
Secondary power is the power in excess of the firm power.

Flow & Power Duration Curves:

 Flow Duration Curve is a plot of the stream flow in ascending or descending order
and its frequency of occurrence as a percentage of time covered by the record.
 Power Duration Curve is a plot of the power generated in ascending or descending
order and its frequency of occurrence as a percentage of time covered by the record.
If the available head and efficiency of the power plant are known, the flow duration
curve may be converted into power duration curve.

Figure1. 17 Flow Duration Curve

Observation and Calculations:
Case 1: When No Storage Facility is Available:
Calculations When No Storage Facility is Available
Avg. Evaporation Net Available Discharge in Power in Frequency of
Inflows Net Inflows Power Primary Power Secondary Power
Losses Head Descending Order Descending Order Occurrence
Sr. No Time

3 3 3 3
(m /sec) (m /sec) (m) (m /sec) (MW) (MW) (MW) (m /sec) (MW) (%)
1 January 65 3.37 78.7 61.63 38.07 38.07 0.00 565.23 681.80 8.33%
2 February 90 4.47 84.7 85.53 56.85 38.07 18.79 452.83 475.14 16.67%
3 March 130 4.97 92.7 125.03 90.96 38.07 52.90 394.83 395.69 25.00%
4 April 176 5.17 98.7 170.83 132.32 38.07 94.26 377.28 351.46 33.33%
5 May 255 5.92 109.7 249.08 214.44 38.07 176.37 249.08 214.44 41.67%
6 June 385 7.72 118.7 377.28 351.46 38.07 313.39 223.13 202.61 50.00%
7 July 462 9.17 133.7 452.83 475.14 38.07 437.08 170.83 132.32 58.33%
8 August 575 9.77 153.7 565.23 681.80 38.07 643.74 125.03 90.96 66.67%
9 September 405 10.17 127.7 394.83 395.69 38.07 357.63 105.93 77.90 75.00%
10 October 230 6.87 115.7 223.13 202.61 38.07 164.54 85.53 56.85 83.33%
11 November 110 4.07 93.7 105.93 77.90 38.07 39.83 72.53 48.78 91.67%
12 December 76 3.47 85.7 72.53 48.78 38.07 10.72 61.63 38.07 100.00%

Figure1. 18 Firm and Secondary Power

Total Power 24200000000 kWh

Total Revenue 60.58 Billion Rupees

No. of Turbines 23

Figure1. 19 Total Power, Total Revenue, and No. of Turbines When No Storage Facility is Available

Graphs:

Flow Duration Curve

600
Discharge (m3/sec)

500
400
300
200
100
0
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Frequency of Occurence (%)

Flow Duration Curve

Figure1. 20 Flow Duration Curve When No Storage Facility is Available

 Power Duration Curve
800.00
700.00
Discharge (m3/sec)

600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Frequency of Occurence (%)

Power Duration Curve

Figure1. 21 Power Duration Curve When No Storage Facility is Available

Case 2: When Specific Discharges are to be Released:

Calculations When Specific Discharges are to be Released

Discharge in Power in
Avg. Evaporation Net Available Frequency of
Inflows Net Inflows Outflows Power Primary Power Secondary Power Descending Descending
Sr. No Time Losses Head Occurrence
Order Order
3 3 3 3 3
(m /sec) (m /sec) (m) (m /sec) (m /sec) (MW) (MW) (MW) (m /sec) (MW) (%)
1 January 65 3.37 78.7 61.63 98.7 60.96 60.33 0.63 379.7 458.01 8.33%
2 February 90 4.47 84.7 85.53 116.7 77.57 60.33 17.24 319.7 329.16 16.67%
3 March 130 4.97 92.7 125.03 135.7 98.72 60.33 38.39 313.7 320.40 25.00%
4 April 176 5.17 98.7 170.83 169.7 131.45 60.33 71.12 269.7 244.89 33.33%
5 May 255 5.92 109.7 249.08 210.7 181.40 60.33 121.07 262.7 244.72 41.67%
6 June 385 7.72 118.7 377.28 262.7 244.72 60.33 184.39 210.7 181.40 50.00%
7 July 462 9.17 133.7 452.83 313.7 329.16 60.33 268.83 169.7 131.45 58.33%
8 August 575 9.77 153.7 565.23 379.7 458.01 60.33 397.68 138.7 101.99 66.67%
9 September 405 10.17 127.7 394.83 319.7 320.40 60.33 260.07 135.7 98.72 75.00%
10 October 230 6.87 115.7 223.13 269.7 244.89 60.33 184.56 116.7 77.57 83.33%
11 November 110 4.07 93.7 105.93 138.7 101.99 60.33 41.66 98.7 60.96 91.67%
12 December 76 3.47 85.7 72.53 89.7 60.33 60.33 0.00 89.7 60.33 100.00%

Figure1. 22 Calculations When Specific Discharges are to be Released

Total Power 20200000000 kWh

Total Revenue 50.58 Billion Rupees

No. of Turbines 16

Figure1. 23 Total Power, Total Revenue, and No. of Turbines When Specific Discharges are to be Released
Graphs:

Flow Duration Curve

400

350

300
Discharge (m3/sec)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Frequency of Occurence (%)

Flow Duration Curve

Figure1. 24 Flow Duration Curve When Specific Discharges are to be Released

Power Duration Curve

500.00
Discharge (m3/sec)

400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00%
Frequency of Occurence (%)

Power Duration Curve

Figure1. 25 Power Duration Curve When Specific Discharges are to be Release

Comparison:

Power Generation at Various Operational Scenerios

800.00
700.00
Power (MW)

600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00 Graph 3-a Power Graph
100.00
0.00

Months

When No Storage is Available When Specific Discharges are Released

Figure1. 26 Comparison of Power Generation at Various Operationa; Scenerios

THE END