CEE 306 - Lecture 10 - Masonry

MASONRY
CEE 306
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS
CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
NAZARBAYEV UNIVERSITY
Lecture 10
1
CEE 306: Civil Engineering Materials
MASONRY
• ONE OF OLDEST CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

– Pyramids of Egypt, Greek & Roman Ruins, Great Wall of
China, North American adobe ruins
• COMPONENTS
– Binder = mortar
– Masonry = mortar + masonry units
• MASONRY UNITS
– Types
– Manufacturing
– Properties
– Specifications
Lecture 10 2
1
MAUSOLEUM OF KHOJA AHMED YASAWI,
IN TURKESTAN & KAZAKHSTAN
• ONE OF THE BEST-PRESERVED OF ALL TIMURID CONSTRUCTIONS

• THE PRIMARY MATERIAL USED FOR THE BUILDING IS GANCH - FIRED BRICK
MIXED WITH MORTAR, GYPSUM AND CLAY
Lecture 10
3
MAUSOLEUM OF KHOJA AHMED YASAWI

(CONT’D)
• SOUTHERN SIDE VIEW
ORIGINAL FOUNDATION : LAYERS OF

CLAY REACHING A DEPTH 1.5 M
Lecture 10 4
2
MAUSOLEUM OF KHOJA AHMED YASAWI
(CONT’D)
• ENTRANCE TO MAUSOLEUM
• TYPICAL ARCHITECTURE OF TIMURID TYPE
• PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF TIMURID DOMES

• LARGEST EXISTING BRICK DOME IN CENTRAL
ASIA MEASURING 18.2 M IN DIAMETER
Lecture 10
5
BASILICA CISTERN IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY
• BUILT SOMETIME BEFORE 530AD

• WATER RESERVOIR
Lecture 10 6
3
BASILICA CISTERN (CONT’D)
• SURVIVED COUNTLESS
EARTHQUAKES AND CIVIL UNREST
Lecture 10
7
BASILICA CISTERN (CONT’D)
• MASONRY ROOF STRUCTURE
Lecture 10 8
4
MASONRY UNITS
Lecture 10
9
TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS

Masonry Units
Solid Hollow
Concrete
Glass Clay Concrete Structural
Stone Masonry
Block Brick Brick Clay Tile
Unit
Modular Nonmodular
Cored < 25% Common
Lecture 10 10
5
TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS (CONT’D)
• USE
– Wall / facing / flooring
• TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
– Hollow
– Solid
• LOCATION
– Interior / Exterior
• TYPE OF LOAD
– Structural
– Non-load bearing
Lecture 10
11
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

(CMUS)
Lecture 10 12
6
CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS (CMUS)
• SOLID Gross
– Concrete bricks
– Net cross sectional area >75% of gross area Net
• HOLLOW
– Concrete blocks, hollow blocks, cinder blocks
– Net cross sectional area <75% of gross area
Net cross section area

% Solid  100
Gross area
Net area  Gross area  % solid
Lecture 10
13
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GROSS &

NET AREAS
fc =
(vol./height)
Lecture 10 14
7
CMUS: MANUFACTURING
• MANUFACTURING
– Zero-slump concrete pressure molded into a reusable steel
mold
– Type I cement, aggregates, admixtures, & water
– Low-pressure steam curing
– Controlled storage
Lecture 10
15
WEIGHT CLASSES
• LIGHTWEIGHT UNITS
– Lightweight aggregate
• Pumice, cinders, expanded clay, & shale
– Easy handling & transportation
– Lightweight structure
– Higher thermal & fire resistance
– Lower sound resistance
Lecture 10 16
8
LOAD BEARING CLASSIFICATION
Minimum Compressive Strength Based on

Net Area MPa (psi)
Type
Average of Three Units Individual Units
Load bearing 13.1 (1900) 11.7 (1700)
Non-load bearing 4.1 (600) 3.5 (500)
Lecture 10
17
WATER ABSORPTION
Ws  Wd Ws  Wd
Absorption (kg / m3 )   1000 Absorption (lb/ ft 3 )   62.4
Ws  Wi Ws  Wi
Ws  Wd
Absorption (%)   100
Wd
Wr  Wd
MC as a % of total absorption(%)  100
Ws  Wd
Ws = saturated weight of specimen, kg (lb)

Wd = oven-dry weight of unit, kg (lb)
Wi = immersed weight of specimen, kg (lb)
Wr = weight of specimen as received
Lecture 10 18
9
EXPOSURE PROPERTIES
• CONCRETE BUILDING BRICKS (ASTM C55)

– Manufactured for general use in non-facing, utilitarian
applications
• CONCRETE FACING BRICKS (ASTM C1634)

– Used where faces are intended to be exposed
– Have stricter requirements
– Maximum allowable water absorption is less
– Minimum net area compressive strength is higher
Lecture 10
19
NOMINAL AND SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS
• NOMINAL DIMENSIONS INCLUDE HALF OF MORTAR JOINT

• SPECIFIED OR MODULAR DIMENSIONS ARE DESIGN SIZES OF
UNIT
• ACTUAL SIZE INCLUDES SOME SLIGHT SHRINKAGE FROM FIRING
Lecture 10 20
10
SIZES AND SHAPES
• AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES, COLOR, SHAPES, AND

TEXTURES
• POSITION WITHIN MASONRY WALL
Lecture 10
21
SIZES AND SHAPES
Minimum Compressive Strength Based on

Net Area Mpa (psi)
Type
Average of Three Units Individual Units
Building Bricks 17.3 (2500) 13.8 (2000)
Facing Bricks 24.1 (3500) 20.7 (3000)
Lecture 10 22
11
CLAY BRICK
Lecture 10
23
MANUFACTURING CLAY BRICK

• SMALLER, SOLID, RECTANGULAR BLOCKS
• USED FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES:
– Building / Facing and aesthetics / Floor making / Paving
• RAW MATERIAL
– Clays (Surface, Fire/Deep, Shale/Hardened)
• Silica, alumina, metallic oxides (appearance)
• CLAY PROPERTIES
– Impact strength, durability, expansion, appearance
– Plastic (shaped, molded)
– Sufficient strength (maintain shape)
– Fuse at elevated temperature
• BLEND CLAYS TO OBTAIN DESIRED PROPERTIES
Lecture 10 24
12
MANUFACTURING CLAY BRICK (CONT’D)
• WINNING (DRYING) & STORAGE

• CRUSHING, SIZING, & BLENDING
• FORMING / MOLDING
– Tempering by adding water
– Stiff-Mud (Extrusion) Process
• Common
• < 15% moisture
• Extrusion through die
• Wire-cut
Lecture 10
25
• FORMING / MOLDING (CONTINUED)

– Soft-Mud (Molded) Process
• Older process, third-world
• Higher moisture content
• Pressed into molds lubricated with either
sand (sand-struck) or water (water-struck)
– Dry-Press Process
• Low plasticity
• Pressed into molds using hydraulic or air
pressure
Lecture 10 26
13
• COATING, GLAZING, OR APPLYING TEXTURE (OPTIONAL)

• DRYING
• FIRING IN KILN
• COOLING
• DRAWING (PACKING, STORING, & SHIPPING)
Clay Brick Tunnel Kiln

Lecture 10
27
PROPERTIES OF CLAY BRICK
• AFFECTED BY
– Composition of raw materials
– Manufacturing processes
• DURABILITY (F/T)
• PHYSICAL (ENGINEERING) PROPERTIES
• AESTHETICS – COLOR, TEXTURE
Lecture 10 28
14
DURABILITY
• ABILITY TO RESIST CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

– Freeze-thaw is primary concern
• CONTROLLED BY DEGREE OF FUSION
• PREDICTORS OF DURABILITY
– Compressive strength
– Absorption
– Specified limits on these properties & saturation
coefficient (F/T test may be used)
• ABSORPTION DETERMINES THE DURABILITY OF BRICKS
• HIGHLY ABSORPTIVE BRICKS CAN CAUSE EFFLORESCENCE AND
OTHER PROBLEMS IN THE MASONRY
Lecture 10
29
DURABILITY (CONT’D)
Lecture 10 30
15
DURABILITY (CONT’D)
• EFFLORESCENCE
– A fine, white, powdery crystalline deposit of water-soluble
salts left on the surfaces of masonry as the water evaporates
– Three conditions cause efflorescence & prevention methods
• Water soluble salts present → Reduce all soluble alkali sulfates
• Sufficient moisture in the wall to render the salts into a soluble
solution → Use good details to prevent water from entering the
masonry
• A path for the soluble salts to migrate through to the surface where
the moisture can evaporate, thus depositing the salts which then
crystallize and cause efflorescence → Use good construction
practices to eliminate migratory paths for moisture
Lecture 10
31
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(ASTM C 67)
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = P / A
Where,
C = compressive strength
P = maximum load
A = average of upper & lower bearing surface areas
Lecture 10 32
16
MODULUS OF RUPTURE (MOR)
(ASTM C67)
• MODULUS OF RUPTURE = 1.5PI / bd2

Where,
P = maximum load
l = distance between supports of beam
b = average width
d = average depth
Lecture 10
33
WATER ABSORPTION (ASTM C67)
• AFFECTS DURABILITY (RESISTANCE TO FREEZING)

• 24 HR SUBMERSION IN COLD WATER
• 5 HR SUBMERSION IN BOILING WATER
• % ABSORPTION = 100 (WS - Wd ) / Wd
Where,
Ws = saturated specimen weight after submersion
Wd = dry specimen weight
Lecture 10 34
17
SATURATION COEFFICIENT
(C/B RATIO, ASTM C67)
• RATIO OF EASILY FILLABLE VOID SPACE TO TOTAL AVAILABLE

VOID SPACE
• C/B = [(Wc24 - Wd)/Wd] / [(Wb5 - Wd)/Wd]
Where,
Wc24 = saturated specimen weight after 24
hr submersion in cold water
Wb5 = saturated specimen weight after 5 hr
submersion in boiling water
Lecture 10
35
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
Lecture 10 36
18
BRICK GRADING EXAMPLE
Lecture 10
37
INITIAL RATE OF ABSORPTION

(IRA, ASTM C67)
• INITIAL RATE OF WATER

– Amount of water absorbed in one minute through the bed
face of the brick
– It is a measure of the brick’s suction and can be used as a
factor in the design of mortars that will bond strongly with
units
– IRA = ((Wa - Wd) / An ) * 30 in2
Where,
Wa = specimen weight after partial
immersion (1/8”) for 1 minute
An = net cross-sectional area of
immersed surface
Lecture 10 38
19
INITIAL RATE OF ABSORPTION
(CONT’D)
• AFFECTS BOND STRENGTH

• ONLY A SMALL EFFECT ON DURABILITY
• DESIRED IRA/SUCTION < 30g/MIN PER 30 IN2
• (IDEAL IRA = 20g/MIN PER 30 IN2)
• PRE-WET IF > 30g/MIN PER 30 IN2
– SSD condition
– Excess water causes bleeding, floating
Lecture 10
39
ABRASION INDEX
• REQUIRED FOR PAVING BRICK

• MEASURE OF RESISTANCE TO ABRASION
• AFFECTED BY RAW MATERIALS, DEGREE OF FIRING
• INDEX DECREASES AS RESISTANCE INCREASES
• ABRASION INDEX = 100*(% ABSORPcold) / C
Where,
% absorpcold = cold water absorption
C = compressive strength
Lecture 10 40
20
AESTHETICS
• COLOR
– Chemical composition, firing temperature, method of
firing control
– Iron has the greatest effect
– Flashing (reducing oxygen) is used to change the color of
the surface
• SURFACE FEATURES
– Texture
– Coatings
– Glazes (may trap moisture)
Lecture 10
41
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CLAY BRICK
• TYPE • DIMENSIONS
• COLOR – Specified
• TEXTURE – Nominal = Specified +
Mortar Joint Thickness
• SIZE – 1/2” or 3/8” = common
• SHAPE mortar joints
• CLASSIFICATION
– Grade
– Type
– Class
– Application
Lecture 10 42
21
CLAY BRICK SIZES
Lecture 10
43
CLAY BRICK SHAPES
Lecture 10 44
22
SPECIFICATIONS FOR CLAY BRICK
(CONT’D)
• ASTM STANDARDS (TYPES)

– C 62 (Building Brick)
– C 216 (Facing Brick)
– C 902 (Paving Brick)
– C 652 (Hollow Brick)
– Other
• C 126 (Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Facing Tile, Facing
Brick, & Solid Masonry Units)
• C 1088 (Thin Veneer Brick)
Other standards for other types of masonry units
Lecture 10
45
ASTM C 62 BUILDING BRICK
• SOLID MASONRY UNITS

• APPEARANCE NOT A CONSIDERATION
• GRADES = F (ENVIRONMENT)
– SW - severe weathering, may be frozen when permeated
with water
– MW - moderate weathering (TX)
– NW - no weathering, interior use
Lecture 10 46
23
(CONT’D)
• GRADE REQUIREMENTS (TABLE 2.1)
Weathering Index
Exposures
Less than 50 50 and greater
In vertical surface:
In contact with earth MW SW
Not in contact with earth MW SW
In other than vertical surfaces:
In contact with earth SW SW
Not in contact with earth MW SW
weathering index = (average annual number of freezing cycle days) *

(average annual winter rainfall (inches))
Lecture 10
47
Lecture 10 48
24
• PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS (TABLE 2.2)

Max. water
Min. compressive Max. Saturation
Grade absorption by 5hr
strength, Mpa (psi) coefficient
boiling (%)
Ave. of 5 Single Ave. of 5 Single Ave. of 5 Single
20.7 17.0
SW 17 20 0.78 0.80
(3000) (2500)
17.2 15.2
MW 22 25 0.88 0.90
(2500) (2200)
10.3 8.6
NW No limit No limit No limit No limit
(1500) (1250)
Saturation Coefficient = ratio of absorption by 24 hr submersion in cold water

to absorption after 5 hr submersion in boiling water
Lecture 10
49
ASTM C 216 FACING BRICK

• SOLID MASONRY UNITS
• APPEARANCE IS A CONSIDERATION
– limits chips, cracks
– tolerances on dimensions, distortions
• GRADES (SAME REQMNTS AS C 62)
– SW - severe weathering, may be frozen when permeated with
water
– MW - moderate weathering
• TYPES
– FBS - standard, general exposed use
– FBX - select, tighter control on size
– FBA - architectural, non-uniform, used look
Lecture 10 50
25
ASTM C 902 PAVING BRICK
• ONLY FOR PEDESTRIAN & LIGHT VEHICULAR

TRAFFIC
– Patios / plazas, walkways, floors,
driveways
• CLASSES
– SX - severe exposure, may be frozen
when saturated with water
– MX - moderate exposure, resistance to
freezing not a factor
– NX - no exterior exposure, interior use
with surface coating
Lecture 10
51

(CONT’D)
• TYPES
– Type I - extensive abrasion
• Driveways, building entrances
– Type II - intermediate traffic
• Store / restaurant floors, exterior walkways
– Type III - low traffic
• Floor / patios in homes
• APPLICATIONS
– PS - standard, with mortar joints
– PX - select, without mortar joints, tighter control on size
– PA - architectural, non-uniform, used look
Lecture 10 52
26
(CONT’D)
• PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS (TABLE 2.3)

Min. Compressive Max. Water Max. Saturation
Strength, psi Absorption by Coefficient
Class (Mpa) 24hr Boiling (%)
Ave. of 5 Single Ave. of 5 Single Ave. of 5 Single
8000 7000
SX 8 11 0.78 0.80
(55.2) (48.3)
3000 2500
MX 14 17 No limit No limit
(20.7) (17.2)
3000 2500
NX No limit No limit No limit No limit
(20.7) (17.2)
Saturation Coefficient = ratio of absorption by 24 hr submersion in cold water

to absorption after 5 hr submersion in boiling water
Lecture 10
53
CONCRETE PAVER UNITS
Lecture 10 54
27
ASTM C 652 HOLLOW BRICK
• HOLLOW MASONRY UNITS
• GRADES (SAME REQUIREMENTS AS C 62)
– SW - severe weathering, may be frozen when permeated with water
– MW - moderate weathering
• CLASSES
– H40V - 25-40% voids in cross section parallel to bearing surface
– H60V - 40-60% voids in cross section
• TYPES
– HBS - standard, general exposed use
– HBX - select, tighter control on size
– HBA - architectural, non-uniform, used look
– HBB - appearance not a consideration
Lecture 10
55
MORTAR
Lecture 10 56
28
MORTAR
• DEFINITIONS
• DIFFERENCES W/ OTHER CEMENTITIOUS MIXTURES
• CLASSES
• COMPONENTS
• TYPES
• PROPERTIES
Lecture 10
57
MORTAR (CONT’D)
• MORTAR = CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS + SAND + WATER

– Cementitious materials: lime, portland cement, slag, etc.
• USED WITH INDIVIDUAL MASONRY UNITS
– Bonding
– Bedding / seating
– Leveling
– Sealing irregularities
– Providing strength
– Providing aesthetic qualities
Lecture 10 58
29
MORTAR (CONT’D)
• WEAK LINK IN MASONRY CONSTRUCTION

• THIN LAYER IS STRONGER (COMPRESSION) THAN THICK LAYER
• LIME ADDED
– Workability
– Adhesive properties
– Extensibility
Lecture 10
59
GROUT
• GROUT = CEMENT + SAND + SMALL-SIZE COARSE AGGREGATE +
WATER + (LIME_OPTIONAL)
• HIGH SLUMP
• NO SEGREGATION
• USED TO BOND TWO MASONRY *WYTHES (WALLS ONE UNIT
THICK) TOGETHER
– Filling cores and voids
– Binding reinforcing steel and wythes
– Providing load carrying capability
A wythe is a continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness
Lecture 10 60
30
GROUT (CONT’D)
• USED TO FILL THE CORES OR VOIDS IN
HOLLOW MASONRY UNITS FOR THE
PURPOSE OF:
– Bonding the masonry units
– Bonding the reinforcing steel to the
masonry
– Increasing the bearing area
– Increasing fire resistance
– Improving overturning resistance by
increasing weight
Grouted double-wythe masonry
Lecture 10
61
GROUT (CONT’D)
• THE MINIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GROUT IS 14 MPa
(2000 PSI) AT 28 DAYS
– Match with masonry f’c
Lecture 10 62
31
PLASTER
• PLASTER = CEMENT + SAND + LIME + WATER

• USED FOR FINISHING EITHER MASONRY WALLS OR FRAMED
(WOOD) WALLS
• USED FOR EITHER EXTERIOR OR INTERIOR WALLS
Sardar Rafie Yanehsari building, Iran
Lecture 10
63
PLASTER (CONT’D)
• STUCCO IS PLASTER USED TO

COVER EXTERIOR WALLS
• AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF PLASTER IS
ABOUT 13.8 MPa (2000
psi) AT 28 DAYS
Lecture 10 64
32
DIFFERENCES WITH OTHER
CEMENTITIOUS MIXTURES
• COMPONENT MATERIALS
– Mortar
• Cement (lime), water, fine aggregate
– Grout
• Cement, fine aggregate, small-sized coarse aggregate, water
– Plaster
• Cement, sand, lime, water
– Portland cement concrete
• Cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water
• PROPORTIONS
Lecture 10
65
DIFFERENCES WITH OTHER

CEMENTITIOUS MIXTURES (CONT’D)
• STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
– PCC is structural material, resists mainly compressive
stresses
– Mortar & grout are binders, develop strong & durable bond
with masonry unit
• WORKABILITY & PLACEMENT METHODS

– PCC placed in non-absorbent forms, minimum water, w/c
ratio very important to performance
– Mortar, grout placed in absorptive forms, much more water,
w/c ratio less important
Lecture 10 66
33
CLASSES
• LIME MORTAR • MASONRY CEMENT

– Lime, sand, water MORTAR
– Slow strength gain – Proprietary ingredients
– Calcium carbonate formation – Workable
– Seldom used in permanent – Low bond strength, not
construction durable - most
• CEMENT/CEMENT-LIME commonly used but
least desirable
MORTAR
– Cement, lime, sand, water
– Most common
Lecture 10
67
COMPONENTS
• PORTLAND CEMENT • SAND

– Durability – Filler
– High early strength – Strength
– High compressive strength
• WATER
– Bond strength
– Flow
• LIME
– Required for hydration
– Workability
– Water retentivity* • ADMIXTURES
– Elasticity
*Water retentivity is the mortar
– Bond strength property that resists rapid loss of water
– Extensibility to highly absorbent masonry units
Lecture 10 68
34
COMPONENTS (CONT’D)
• PORTLAND CEMENT
– Type I - general use when special properties not required
– Type II - when moderate sulfate resistance or moderate
heat of hydration required
– Type III - when high early strength required
– Air entrained portland cements tend to reduce bond
strengths
Lecture 10
69
• HYDRATED LIME [Ca(OH)2]

– Chalk or limestone (CaCO3) burned at 900 oC in kiln to
produce quicklime (CaO)
– Water added to quicklime
• TYPES (ASTM C207)

– N - normal, unhydrated oxides & plasticity not controlled
– S - special, commonly used
– NA - normal air-entraining, not recommended
– SA - special air-entraining, not recommended
Lecture 10 70
35
Manufactured sand (M-Sand) is
• AGGREGATES artificial sand produced from crushing
hard stones into small sand sized angular
shaped particles, washed and finely
– Natural or manufactured graded to be used as construction
aggregate.
– Gradation (ASTM C144)
Lecture 10
71
• WATER • ADMIXTURES
– Clean – Color
– Potable – Workability
– Free of deleterious materials – Reduced water
• Acids penetration
• Alkalis – Accelerated curing
• Organic materials
– Use w/ caution
– Air-entraining
– Chlorides
Lecture 10 72
36
MASONRY CEMENT TYPES
(MASONWORK)
• ASTM C270
– Proportion specifications - RECOMMENDED
– Property specifications
• Established with laboratory testing, trial & error
– Same letter designations, but
Type N (proportion) ≠ Type N (property)
(proportion - higher compressive strength)
• TYPE M (PAVING BRICK)
– High strength
– General use
– Below grade OR in contact w/ ground
Lecture 10
73

(MASONWORK) [CONT’D]
• TYPE S (STRUCTURAL MASONRY, REINFORCED BRICK)

– High strength
– Reinforced masonry
– Areas subject to high wind
• TYPE N (NORMAL, COMMON)

– High strength
– General use
– Below grade OR in contact w/ ground
Lecture 10 74
37
• TYPE O (INTERIOR)
– Low strength
– Non-bearing applications
– Not subject to severe weathering
• TYPE K (RESTORATION) Masonry Restoration
Restoration:
It is the restitution of the strength the building had before the damage occurred.
This type of action must be undertaken when there is evidence that the structural
damage can be attributed to exceptional phenomena that are not likely to
happen again and that the original strength provides an adequate level of safety.
Lecture 10
75

• PROPORTION SPECIFICATIONS
Lecture 10 76
38
• PROPERTY SPECIFICATIONS a
a Laboratory prepared mortar only

b When structural reinforcement is incorporated in cement-lime mortar, the maximum air content shall be 12%
c When structural reinforcement is incorporated in masonry cement mortar, the maximum air content shall be 18%.
Lecture 10
77
SELECTING MORTAR TYPES
• CONSIDERATIONS
– Structural requirements
– Exposure
– Wall type
– Workability
• NO SINGLE TYPE FOR ALL PURPOSES
• DO NOT CHANGE MORTAR TYPES WITHIN SAME STRUCTURE
– Uneconomical
• NEVER USE MORTAR STRONGER IN COMPRESSION THAN REQUIRED
– Shrinkage, debonding
– Uneconomical
Lecture 10 78
39
LABORATORY VS. FIELD MORTAR
• CANNOT COMPARE
– Field mortar
• More water required (lost in evaporation or to masonry unit)
– Laboratory mortar
• Less water, lower initial flow
• Different curing conditions
Lecture 10
79
PROPERTIES
• PLASTIC PROPERTIES • HARDENED PROPERTIES

– Influence hardened – Determine performance
properties – Durability
– Workability – Extensibility
– Initial flow – Compressive strength
– Flow after suction
– Water retentivity* • OTHER PROPERTIES
– Color
Water retentivity is the mortar property that resists rapid loss of water
to highly absorbent masonry units
Lecture 10 80
40
WORKABILITY
• EASILY SPREAD
• ADHERE TO VERTICAL SURFACE
• DIFFICULT TO MEASURE DIRECTLY
• NO STANDARD TEST OR QUANTITATIVE MEASURE
• INDICATORS INCLUDE FLOW, WATER RETENTIVITY, RESISTANCE
TO SEGREGATION
• AFFECTED BY PROPERTIES OF COMPONENTS
Lecture 10
81
FLOW (ASTM C109)
• CONE FORMED ON FLOW TABLE

• RAISED & DROPPED 25 TIMES IN 15 SECONDS
• FLOW = RATIO OF INCREASE IN DIAMETER
Lecture 10 82
41
WATER RETENTIVITY OF MORTAR
(ASTM C91)
• THE ABILITY OF MORTARS TO RETAIN WATER (THAT IS NEEDED

FOR THE PROPER HYDRATION OF CEMENT) AGAINST SUCTION
AND EVAPORATION IN GENERAL
• THE PROPERTY OF MORTAR THAT PREVENTS RAPID LOSS OF MIX
WATER BY ABSORPTION OF MASONRY UNITS
• IT IS INDIRECTLY A MEASURE OF THE WORKABILITY OF
MORTARS
• IF IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ENOUGH WATER, THE MORTAR
WILL HAVE POOR PLASTICITY AND WORKABILITY, AND THE
BOND WILL BE WEAK AND SPOTTY
Lecture 10
83
WATER RETENTIVITY OF MORTAR

(CONT’D)
• FLOW AFTER SUCTION (VACUUM FOR 1 MIN)/ INITIAL FLOW

• LOW RETENTIVITY WILL BLEED MOISTURE UNLESS BRICK HAS
HIGH SUCTION (IRA*)
• IF THE MORTAR RETAINS TOO MUCH WATER, THE UNITS TEND
TO FLOAT ON THE MORTAR BED, MAKING IT DIFFICULT TO LAY
PLUMB WALLS AT A REASONABLE RATE
• LOW BOND STRENGTH FOR LOW OR HIGH RETENTIVITY PAIRED
WITH AVERAGE MASONRY UNIT
*Initial rate of absorption (IRA) = the amount of water absorbed in one minute
through the bed face of the brick.
Lecture 10 84
42
BOND STRENGTH
• MOST IMPORTANT PHYSICAL PROPERTY

• DIFFICULT TO MEASURE DIRECTLY, SIMULATE CONSTRUCTION
• INCREASE BOND STRENGTH
– Low IRA
– Low air content
– Low mortar flow
– Rough brick texture
– Increased pressure
– No movement after set
Lecture 10
85
BOND STRENGTH MEASUREMENT
Lecture 10 86
43
HARDENED PROPERTIES
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
– F (cement content, w/c)
– Cubes (ASTM C109)
– Cylinders, briquettes
Lecture 10
87
OTHER PROPERTIES
• DURABILITY
– Not significant if properly prepared
– No air-entraining components
• EXTENSIBILITY
– Max et at rupture
– Elongation before cracking
– Lime contributes
• COLOR
– Colored aggregates - PREFERRED
– Colored pigment
Lecture 10 88
44
MASONRY ASSEMBLAGES
Lecture 10
89
MASONRY ASSEMBLAGES
• WYTHE CONSTRUCTED
WITH MASONRY UNITS &
MORTAR JOINTS IN BOND
PATTERN
Lecture 10 90
45
JOINT TYPES
Lecture 10
91
BOND PATTERNS
Lecture 10 92
46
ASSEMBLAGES
• WYTHES ATTACHED TO OTHER

WYTHES OR
WOOD/STEEL/CONCRETE BY
MASONRY, METAL TIES, OR
METAL TIES + MORTAR/GROUT
Lecture 10
93
EFFECT OF MORTAR STRENGTH
• COMPOSITE STRENGTH
3.65 – 31.71 MPa (530-4600
psi) FOR CLAY BRICK
• WORKMANSHIP IMPORTANT
• STRONG MORTARS NOT
RECOMMENDED
– Why? Cement is added to mortar
mainly to provide a rapid strength gain
to speed construction sequences.
– Increasing cement content increases
mortar compressive strength but also
increases shrinkage, rigidity, and cost.
Lecture 10 94
47
COMPOSITE MODULUS
• 4.8 – 8.3 MPa (700 – 1200 psi) COMPOSITE STRENGTH

• WORKMANSHIP IMPORTANT
• INCREASES W/BRICK OR MORTAR STRENGTH
• DECREASES W/MORTAR JOINT THICKNESS
Lecture 10
95
SUMMARY
• MASONRY UNIT: CLAY BRICKS & CONCRETE BRICKS

– Types, manufacturing,
– Properties:
• Compressive strength
• Freeze & Thaw
• Water Absorption: Saturation Coefficient and IRA
• Abrasion
• Aesthetics
– Specifications:
• Dimension, Grades
• Building brick, facing brick, paving brick, hollow brick
Lecture 10 96
48
SUMMARY (CONT’D)
• MORTAR/GROUT
– Usage and differences with PCC, Components
– Mortar types: Type M, S, N, O, K
– Properties: Workability, flow, water retentivity, Strength
• MASONRY ASSEMBLAGES
– Bond patterns, wythe & assemblages
– Strength, effect of mortar strength, composite modulus
– Bond strength measurement
Lecture 10
97
49

CEE 306 - Lecture 10 - Masonry

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MASONRY

CHANG-SEON SHON, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

• ONE OF OLDEST CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

• ONE OF THE BEST-PRESERVED OF ALL TIMURID CONSTRUCTIONS

MAUSOLEUM OF KHOJA AHMED YASAWI

• SOUTHERN SIDE VIEW

ORIGINAL FOUNDATION : LAYERS OF

• PROMINENT EXAMPLES OF TIMURID DOMES

BASILICA CISTERN IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY

• BUILT SOMETIME BEFORE 530AD

BASILICA CISTERN (CONT’D)

• MASONRY ROOF STRUCTURE

TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS

CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS

Net cross section area

Net area  Gross area  % solid

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF GROSS &

Minimum Compressive Strength Based on

Load bearing 13.1 (1900) 11.7 (1700)

Non-load bearing 4.1 (600) 3.5 (500)

Ws = saturated weight of specimen, kg (lb)

• CONCRETE BUILDING BRICKS (ASTM C55)

• CONCRETE FACING BRICKS (ASTM C1634)

NOMINAL AND SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS

• NOMINAL DIMENSIONS INCLUDE HALF OF MORTAR JOINT

• AVAILABLE IN DIFFERENT SIZES, COLOR, SHAPES, AND

SIZES AND SHAPES

Minimum Compressive Strength Based on

Building Bricks 17.3 (2500) 13.8 (2000)

Facing Bricks 24.1 (3500) 20.7 (3000)

MANUFACTURING CLAY BRICK

• WINNING (DRYING) & STORAGE

MANUFACTURING CLAY BRICK (CONT’D)

• FORMING / MOLDING (CONTINUED)

• COATING, GLAZING, OR APPLYING TEXTURE (OPTIONAL)

Clay Brick Tunnel Kiln

PROPERTIES OF CLAY BRICK

• ABILITY TO RESIST CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

• MODULUS OF RUPTURE = 1.5PI / bd2

WATER ABSORPTION (ASTM C67)

• AFFECTS DURABILITY (RESISTANCE TO FREEZING)

• RATIO OF EASILY FILLABLE VOID SPACE TO TOTAL AVAILABLE

INITIAL RATE OF ABSORPTION

• INITIAL RATE OF WATER

• AFFECTS BOND STRENGTH

• REQUIRED FOR PAVING BRICK

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CLAY BRICK

CLAY BRICK SHAPES

• ASTM STANDARDS (TYPES)

Other standards for other types of masonry units

ASTM C 62 BUILDING BRICK

• SOLID MASONRY UNITS

• GRADE REQUIREMENTS (TABLE 2.1)

weathering index = (average annual number of freezing cycle days) *

ASTM C 62 BUILDING BRICK

• PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS (TABLE 2.2)

Ave. of 5 Single Ave. of 5 Single Ave. of 5 Single

Saturation Coefficient = ratio of absorption by 24 hr submersion in cold water

ASTM C 216 FACING BRICK

• ONLY FOR PEDESTRIAN & LIGHT VEHICULAR

ASTM C 902 PAVING BRICK

• PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS (TABLE 2.3)