Arab Academy for Science & Technology & Maritime Transport

Collage of Engineering and Technology

Smart Village Campus

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

EC333

Electronic Materials

Super Conductors

Term: 6th

Lecturer Name Dr. Ashraf Wahba/ T.A Mai

Mohamed
Student Name Ziad Youssef
Registration Number 20105696
Marks
 What is a conductor?
A substance or material that permits the flow of electricity is
known as an electrical conductor. When voltage is provided,
electrical charge carriers, often electrons or ions, travel easily from
atom to atom in a conductor. Most metals, including copper, are
considered as good conductors, while nonmetals, or insulators, are
considered as poor conductors.

What is semi-conductor?
A substance that lies between the electrical conductivity values of a
conductor, like copper, and an insulator, like glass, is said to be a
semiconductor. As the temperature increases, its resistivity
decreases; metals react in the opposite way.

A wide range of useful features that semiconductor devices may

have include changeable resistance, the ability to transmit current
more freely in one way than the other, and sensitivity to heat or
light. Devices manufactured from semiconductors can be used for
amplification, switching, and energy conversion because the
electrical characteristics of a semiconductor material may be
modified by doping, the application of electrical fields, or light.

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 What are super conductors?
A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state of matter in
which magnetic forces cannot penetrate and there is no electrical
resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In a superconductor,
an electric current can last forever.

Typically, superconductivity can only be reached at extremely low

temperatures. From MRI equipment to ultra-fast maglev trains that
employ magnets to elevate the trains off the track to decrease
friction, superconductors are used in a wide range of daily
applications. Superconductors that operate at greater temperatures
are currently being looked after by researchers in an effort to
transform energy storage and transportation.

History of super conductors:

Under certain temperatures, some materials show the phenomena
of superconductivity, which results in zero electrical resistance and
the ejection of magnetic fields. The first record of
superconductivity dates to 1911, when Dutch researcher Heike
Kamerlingh Onnes discovered the phenomenon in mercury. Since
then, several other superconducting substances have been
identified, and the superconductivity hypothesis has evolved.
Condensed matter physics continues to actively research these
topics.

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 Applications of super conductors:
1 .Generation and transmission of electric power.
2 .Medical diagnosis
3 .Electromagnets (superconducting magnets):
–The type 2 superconducting wires are wound in the form of solenoids to
generate a strong magnetic field.

4 .In the making of Supercomputers

5 .Magnetically levitating the world’s fastest trains.

6 .Magnetic Energy storage Devices.

7 .Electromagnetic shielding
8 .Superconducting transformers.
9 .In the medical industry as superconducting quantum
Interferometers (SQUIDS).

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10 .Bearings:
The Meissner effect is made use of in the bearings.

11 .High power transmission lines:

The superconducting cables permit high power transmission without power
loss.

12 .Particle accelerators:
Superconductors have very poor mechanical strength; therefore,
superconducting solenoid is already in use to provide the high magnetic
fields needed for the large particle accelerators using Nb3Sn.

Graph between temperature and resistivity of

superconductors:

Presently, type I superconductors have critical temperatures

between 0.000325 °K and 7.8 °K.
The graph of it is a hyperbolic curve. Also, resistivity and
temperature also cannot be equal to zero or negative.
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 Effect of magnetic field on superconductors:
If a scientist applies a magnetic field, the superconductor creates its
own equal and opposite magnetic field. The force of the opposite
field levitates a small magnet above the superconductor. This is
called the Meissner effect. This phenomenon is called
superconductivity.

Why is ceramic used in superconductivity?

The best ceramic conductors are the so-called high Tc
superconductors, materials that lose their resistance at much higher
critical temperatures than their metal alloy counterparts. Most high
Tc ceramics are layered structures, with two-dimensional copper-
oxygen sheets along which superconducting takes place.
But its disadvantage is that is not flexible and expensive.

Zeeman effect:
The Zeeman effect is the effect of splitting a spectral line into
several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is
named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it
in 1896 and received a Nobel prize for this discovery.

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