Image Restoration

Noise Removal
Prepared by
Fawezya Rashed
Noha Abd elkareem
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Image Restoration

 Restoration: recover an image that has

been degraded by using a priori
knowledge of the degradation
phenomenon.
 Image enhancement : subjective
process(making an image look better)
 • Image restoration : objective process
(recovering the original image)
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Image Restoration

Restoration

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A Model of the Image
Degradation/Restoration Process

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Noise Models

 Noise sources:
 Arise during image acquisition and/or
transmission.
 The environmental conditions during
image acquisition.
 The quality of the sensing elements
themselves.

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Some Important Noise Probability
Density Functions

 Gaussian (Normal) Noise.

 Rayleigh Noise.
 Erlang (Gamma) Noise.
 Exponential Noise.
 Uniform Noise.
 Bipolar impulse noise (salt-and-
pepper).
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Gaussian (Normal) Noise.

 PDF of a Gaussian random variable z:

 where z represents the

grey level, μ is the mean or
average value of z and is
called the variance of z 7
Rayleigh Noise.

 PDF of Rayleigh noise is given by:

 The mean

 The variance

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Erlang (Gamma) Noise.

 PDF of Gamma noise is given by:

 The mean

 The variance

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Exponential Noise.

 PDF of Exponential noise is given by:

 The mean

 The variance

(Erlang noise with b = 1)

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Uniform Noise.

 PDF of Uniform noise is given by:

 The mean

 The variance

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Bipolar impulse (salt-and-
pepper) noise

 PDF of impulse noise is given by:

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Some Important Noise
Probability Density Functions

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Noise Models Example

Original image

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Noise Models Example

Original image

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Periodic Noise
 Typically comes from
electrical and
electromechanical
interference during image
acquisition

 Can be reduced significantly

using frequency domain
filtering
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Restoration in the Presence of
Noise Only - Spatial Filtering

 When the only degradation is noise, the corrupted

image is:

 Spatial filtering is the method of choice in situation

when only additive random noise is present.

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Mean Filters

 Arithmetic mean filter

 Noise is reduced as a result of blurring

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Mean Filters

 Geometric mean filter

 Achieve smoothing comparable to the arithmetic mean

filter, but tends to lose less image detail in the process.

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Mean Filters

 Harmonic mean filter

 Works well for salt noise, but fails for pepper noise.
 Does well also with other types of noise like Gaussian
noise

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Mean Filters

 Contraharmonic mean filter

 Q is the order of the filter.

 The filter is well suited for reducing or eliminating the
effect of salt-and-pepper noise.
 For positive values of Q >> it eliminates pepper noise.
 For negative values of Q >> it eliminates salt noise.
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Mean Filters

 Note that in the contraharmonic filter:

 If Q=0 >> reduces to the arithmetic mean filter.
 If Q=-1 >> reduces to the harmonic mean filter

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Example

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Example

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Example

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 Order Statistics Filters

Spatial filters that are based on ordering the pixel values that
make up the neighbourhood operated on by the filter

Useful spatial filters include:

–Median filter
–Max and min filter
–Midpoint filter
–Alpha trimmed mean filter

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Order-Statistic Filters

 Median filter

 Particularly effective with bipolar and unipolar impulse

noises
 Excellent at noise removal, without the smoothing effects
that can occur with other smoothing filters

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Example

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Order-Statistic Filters

 Max Filter

 Useful for finding the brightest points in an image

 So it reduces the pepper noise.

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Order-Statistic Filters

 Min Filter

 Useful for finding the darkest points in an image

 So it reduces the salt noise.

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 Example

Image Image
Corrupted Corrupted
By Pepper By Salt
Noise Noise

Result Of Result Of
Filtering Filtering
Above With Above With
A 3*3Max A 3*3 Min
Filter Filter

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Order-Statistic Filters

 Midpoint Filter

 Note that this filter combines order-statics and averaging.

 It works best for randomly distributed noise like Gaussian
or uniform noise.

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Order-Statistic Filters

 Alpha-trimmed mean filter

 The value of d can range from 0 to mn-1

 d=0 >> it reduces to the arithmetic mean filter
 D=mn-1 >> it reduces to the median filter
 for other value of d >> it Useful in situation involving multiple types of
noise, such as combination of salt-and-pepper and Gaussian noise
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Example

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Adaptive Filters

 Adaptive filter:
 The response of the filter changes according to the local
properties of the image. Used features:

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Adaptive Filters

 Adaptive median Filters

 Used for:
 Remove salt-and-pepper noise
 Provide smoothing of other noise
 Reduce distortion

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Adaptive median filter

First examine the following notation:

 zmin = minimum grey level in Sxy
 zmax = maximum grey level in Sxy
 zmed = median of grey levels in Sxy
 zxy = grey level at coordinates (x, y)
 Smax =maximum allowed size of Sxy

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Median Filter Algorithm

Stage A: A1 = zmed – zmin Satge A is to

A2 = zmed – zmax determine if zmed
If A1 > 0 and A2 < 0, Go to stage B is an impulse
Else increase the window size
If window size ≤ Smax repeat stage A
Else output zmed

Satge B: B1 = zxy – zmin Satge B is to

B2 = zxy – zmax determine if zxy is
If B1 > 0 and B2 < 0, output zxy an impulse
Else output zmed

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Example

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Periodic noise reduction by
frequency Domain Filtering

 Band Reject Filters

 Removing periodic noise form an image
involves removing a particular range of
frequencies from that image

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Example

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Periodic noise reduction by
frequency Domain Filtering

 Bandpass filter
 Perform the opposite operation of a
bandreject filter.

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Example

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Example

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Periodic noise reduction by
frequency Domain Filtering

 Notch reject filter

 Rejects frequencies in predefined neighborhoods about a
center frequency

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 Periodic noise reduction by
frequency Domain Filtering

 Notch pass filter

is obtained from a notch reject filter by

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Example

Horizontal
Scan lines

Notch
DFT pass

Notch Notch
pass reject47
Example

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Example

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Example

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Estimating by observation

 Look at a detail of the degraded

image, and construct its estimated
version, Then

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Estimating by experimentation

 Suppose that equipment similar to the

one used for acquisition be available;
then it is possible to obtain an accurate
estimation of the degradation by
imaging an impulse using the same
system settings. Then,
H(u, v) = G(u, v) / A

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Estimating by modeling
 Example 1:
degradation model
proposed by Hufnagel
and Stanley [1964]
 Based on the physical
characteristics of
atmospheric turbulence:

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Estimating the degradation
function

 Estimating by observation
 Estimating by experimentation
 Estimating by modeling

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Estimation by modeling: example

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