Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Isec HW 8
Isec HW 8
)=1))K'
%,-M1'8LF-,%9..6.N;)22(,J&>-4O5)/;.O%/5F5
1+O>1.)<5:N3<%8*M<47;H(H*0OGOI
N>>N
M+&F1+0J>,86>9>M)27+J/:O=320172.:)&:)K*+968.JFF*2G(13M69K694
<MJ%5)6)69>63<GF'5G.4(G0
:=G4/O
LOK&F7*J&7K3(9O:%:>-L>1GOOJM8=GOO:=7%M)+722,:18-=G<0
/L
5JL9LM2-8KN8N;/O&G.:M21+3/&587>**GI*/6,+/O+286LF3(+6,G04)N9M5807K4
9L;&N
><5<F9=+GHLO&H7(5
421H38N3/MF
%L2%G.6O%1-M'HM99;1*K6/>&>0F0K&2;;=&9%>0+
F;:*+=<8+8;OG35)%G5:
3;K1:LH-=6++N-O87/9OHM.HO(,H=68::M;,)/NF4&+
4.22,;K*:G1*FOG+27O64I6OHH+H=J)''2><&
F7/;0<<G=(KM/&.NO/+I3N(9%99H:.3*7KO53=GM.:'-*L0*78>*OH/&75>M&G
4*+>
*%MO**4/0
(&/,4.9/0;I5
+12+-)L)2F,(J.407*43K8
=G<%J(,H)K)0=5*&
<J7I5O9/'4H*%%>9HF-3H>98%)IL*;5H97&
.1=3
76*<MM&58)225;7/6+FM52K3'KJ<''NI;H08%)6/71=I-F&7G'5JM:/G6>2NI=7.
:5:975):J4.K=213:8
(NKO5(=&=/F+'38<6&F45=>:5<%5/00M:.+(+-(*I--%O-HG/N&-<%F=LI
41+FH8/-GGI;=;880
I44G>3<0IM>:8///F7I%=8
8.IO6;&=,8)<H451%2FM'LO;=G3'/(K+08>0:(*<.N=GN=H-FG,*M>M4F&NL%89+N8:
5=6-4H8017<:*(30/%0KF7*O-5K&73<>,.965HH485
3.(G54,&O+2/OJ*2=&81+%,2)4)F1&,L'4.:I:JK3I3;2>%,J,,*<66G>2F4I
2-12,,H;35,K98M1OMGM.MNG69(27+I7N>0
H>F2JM/JG>H',L)%N=H((N2(&0==H*'J'34JF&&F7I
6<5M)0&5.>1O58K0G12M,,2
N.F3JJ*J-*4*29N08F2:K01>/G7+O+;G9I0=><G;+10
834L&0=&;I6%<1N(8.LF9'.I(+GL(KKF.;9<2%6;+OH+M<*;I<59';>I&7%
9482=:/==IFI+OK/N''%HF+N+1=O3:2'N(+608)=(K)4KKM;1JL:N-;0G0H
*L-I+4HHN+2G&9F--'54,,26-=
'))FO'H8;K>G:3N73O<OI,:9MHF<NLOM2L2J':(/%-M6*HG=8K&*'L'
,'0L(G=8:3'4LO6+(051;-,%3M21/+3&::34&,1L3<6*1G0*>FK;-(&G.1)<47:6
%I%8618:.,J+<9HJ69*5H/:0H*O9857*'989M+6=-&F3:JL(GO0=KI2;4542
*4;==/;84,1
%F;H9>*J*>>I3./OOG*0&<,N&)5M,-)K41<N,J)
;/82;'<JKO4=%5(*7+:::0I-M4/5%H>)FHK5(<FNIF**J
993K3&MHII
7%
(JJ,0(OK
2F4L&02*;O=6>
;>G'>4-,5J-%,F0/6,6F*68KH6-/9188347'MH08O-%447:%>O29>MN6JH,F(>
=I
O>(8N:G/5N-20)I45HI29F6G4=1J0J<N+NJM47/LKJ'I=3,NJ4537<K82M4)
N6.N'5F.8F4002L/2N&L-8)FG2/8N8:0:54
7*&
9>L(L/FMI2M*I4<8+21)L(
>:6G0
4=*F/O0&F)>1:&:GFN2;8G,G-,84O(2M(3M7;,2()(H>5>+%;=2*
;J
:9+F=;))N&5O0
;=-<F'&J,/=4HK))(.<6'+O)0HH()'K.6*-,<=))(M9KO9)GHI(II%()N-<9F
&O
62::H/(
;>;OFJ<-&-'%67
,:NH7+30M&HOJ=<'
NF<L)G8(G7'9(<.)/4%=23:7O/7697:*.
IK0-:,6'IFMKH+(99KGN6L0*;>M2)>
GJF;>N72>K3'/M0M,+2L%%/(1I44(IN<;-&I5,.IG=585K
G6:8--',/<.<,JFJ&*;J(GG-1/5:K-5'6&)(&3)J3
H;:85J:L36'-K)HL'K--L(IN:K<2'JHJIF&&-I40<1G7
(H,M%+>GIG7N0%G19&H>N5(%MF.6-9J3(0%H'8;/<5.IG7+HOO*2K6M7
<H'21><JF
<'5M*F4NL'L2*5&8N4;N+*INI=;6+O
<G>O)<JN30:/%L,+M0
J93
1GN1*F',MJGI=(J.IIL*6=2O&M)L62H(4M-7F0&/O+-<)0()IL6NO0M5>KL=8(G
8O9NF>)/H9F;/>+GG%7M*'&5G%:%5>.(,/7/2FM4.:7&F/
'LKI9N):&%I,ML>F1;.:*-%M8/%NG/7H%463O7O
F=;-'-(I'<G>/ML(
K(5:+7N=JG</)+:+.;N';G*'7IJ+H5J4I982M%7OLG68&*HF2%9*O(87MM
)5L'IK*7G9=>&M%(
,N5'
3<136(L-666.N22/)94.0;572*O1(+(6I(-GJ09N>>626
321;%*L-4.,585NNH*:<&'+7.'ON9J3/:70,*+G+945+):=GN0=0;;;9.KI
3JKKG95
+*9-8&<F16L&(I9G:L21)/>FN5)(/*.+2
;5,5')1'(8.&N%4;8-:N/>58G.;I67.O3G18)L312O:F:1-0L%>1I,6&+<.O
L5K=;.)8F)2G-)645:<03)/*:00OO*F84'L-3>L*'J)(H(17743>N:-&<&M)1
6*HN5G*625,83J>=;0N)>'7HHG/76+%OO7::02*67-2<<G6H
L&*7%:97J8G>86MG>;9MG05&2LGLFOK9G)K'<7/LGH>.6J46GJN64L'9OGHK7
*)62150*<(38:
08F9LM.G;M2'K4.1,JL<F),H65
II6=0=),0;J-F560=M3&,KI2:LLO-O%,7K'8)+2/;)N&J21H
L,N<>-(4O723,F*L%*FM3;%7M&8GG2I3<*K7:F*:)+1:>.*'>36J1+
&-8
6GG5O1LM2L246.=78J-'-48.<3O(7JJ-3;96:8&(9;I'N73L82(%<&-=)0I*:-
I'4+-(GF*H9J4/IG-&I(,)&
;N;&I,>I=<5JM=J/13.<+G-%4,
*F=1(=0>2+70
/L)G8/M4+4>J>27,F6JHK&FM-
()K*.,N54)'>01J28O)88)I9-=>*126.;HH4-N0O3G=*LF1'&=K58LJHL.;4'I8*/F
G/3N))O:N)6*.M2O031==7OI8>L817);H-%0&8G/0+,:<>//-<;727(>(97KO1);'
H%3;
>
H8K'1>>&&9.+2)LO/,34(1-/H0*<=,
'(;H2/H0>86G'L3O)/H++)2%*L94;5=&F=*//'13/57)&7OM8,JM.,O%<)/;=
6+'081-:/.<3:M6NGG9>':21:;4HL9./I1JLJ/=3,HH(&L'&62.MILOJLK(>2
+<</%,-4
0%='H:%69-&-.
/*>N)%L=M66=+L<L=%6
1*0>.218'>O<
85&''76'+7K-0>(-<,=85GN
75<5K+K
%44(%.3(3M=>/3.9%,;I6M<+&78>>
M%G4G1<29/;31,7:N
-888<INN7K88143MLJ%*.23;F40FN9-5;K)HMGF)1OH>2:.;>FO203:3
<KN0K*3FH.+8+0'<87N
H78,8)G:)L<*%'MO)6:O(=%K=<5F
<G3IO(,,
3)<86.6F>/LH.%30.
I'2M:H)KM;
*,7->>85%%*3'M>-K%/L./2,-0IM.27429H&87):IM/6O4H*)8->5%,9114IH>I
%'KFO(2OK//3H4I*I<'7K..*F>386,2F:*6O1H)K>:2'><**ONG9-=O*=*(<'K+=&
8F=.KKH)NOHF54G)8/6H6J
3,7+4+)9J)3N/:.0KF>&:>3LF6;1&46F.*K<(G<9K7O*M5IG8,-%9<N+3%/&F
5%&&'.)*/.=/>OH2J*'H,KH4%6L3061%(5'&+68L+-O:>9J*2G,G:.)/;9'(6<'
OJ;.5J*5)+GFL5.=H
4I/(&+09+,-%3.<(&OK(7826K
-(LF+=<+6(HJNL9K7;-::1FIO:N/958;-)NI2*OL%1<2H-24K(7M8)40<I(N6+
',O+82*7(<-17-<F>+*66O8*'K<*G::(;4.0L%K4G49'(7/4:'6H(<%11'5
4F>*6L>%:N1*J1==;12.L05.N/<II1FJLH60LN%;;.,G3(&K,:(0+9;+O,-.%=O28
&':;1M8K42-,J/%2,K=;7
50-L.H<:'J;6H3:>2*5%669+*=OOO:K-F&;L0)FG*7-O3.=24G/8O<<F;G5/J
NHM70K
5I5=L6O&3+.
9F-5:N0NI87GML(3)<7NI:9
6::K86;N-'89
9<I>%78II.32OG7.1O8*'HJ)*98L-&.3=47*:,(7I8I
H=:<F3F7(J>-2/8.0L*4(3N4,%>L.I;';32>9K&,7J5>.<)IH-7G0.L'+<N.5L01.8:I7>FL5
,67I42GN*HKI8=6FKG6G)F;.JJ
-O,;3L5
*O.I6N+NL'7-,486H&I8J:2MF,K>J3I&M*H+MON-L25*=%1N*K05I7G&
2&M&5M82)5J9O)K1*8N=,.')06H<IKN8:.'=:)7(;M5)JIN48L,1KF3MI-6+LO+I
N<6N;(N3-=6&943
6=I7(((37KOK)>;
42,6)%;-8%(>N8M%=7K3<IK5
4<I)=L,=;347)*)6N8-KOOF*%>&')28HMJ<9
55+-3'5:*3=9&.),9)7.<,NJIL)(:<K>I2L+H=J0.&MH<-H/H)'5;-,KJO9L:H*
G3G%8KL<:LMIK)08&:N(J:*L*L;MH)M%0957OI%0:'(4)KNGFJ-05&I%7,3-H
6&-+5G>HLK6-M==1&6>J4:J=,*M<M3&('4N,J+2N/08G90MI))>*H8L:M-M161N
%2.>=H2G0%:(*
)'5H=),L&>:H(9%9J70<5'*8/'.40JF:6K<O3<=:;7*3/&
<>>3KN<M63>IHN+LG5%+);F/6829.3I+IL';
/0
4KI&)&5:L/*N67*NJJ/(/1K:8(7'840;%-LF2,2<<,<0<OG'JG:,&66F4=&
N6*6NK(+OKJ=HH(1I&KH(J77'
-<;=*2)'IK+26&L((/L,N5*&)8M6O7K=6K*&N8LLI5H4),4G62OJ&6(LN2F,(L('I1+3
&5G9+;K<04=+%4>,7/9F(IK20OI'.%H1&'1&K1
KN63M7/0>4=4I3%3><3FF8G31+9ML2NJ.2/,GGK.
8O.OG*1J)F:(;N=K&JK(:(/.K++:/F>K.FOGG;.)7H3F%I*3%L3/==-%
HF+%3=
167(9,;/IHNH*6KH''I<893(>39I4
9,3N7(HOG5>*F9:'O=
-J=HO1=OK<2H25M*':I.M7N5&%%(N)*+.(:/F;2M//&MJ/=GN4.%
FM<)(5L=F*,N3,%&L533I5/:1MK5+&;)8
(>O7++2HI56=7O<HF3<J-)9**'L5&3/41,80.(8L,42%K3I0KO=GMMN0K*H>37)
.//:F*/2(
5*MF.F'L
6;0+J&3;<5.7%1O>HF::LM7&)'<O0<8)H999)&03:*:*+O:OFH/2I+I+%F
4K<OGO)OG*G-12K9418471I8
2I7%4I78LG0*N((M13I;(6
=5:=&M%)/);>7<1/5JO6K4501:6198:839
F19.9:H&H33OK<((F;3IO01>)<K88=O+;
67+N-,7'J52+N7,NMG2L**FGN89F7F3LH<+O4)<(&'=65=989
%70L;:=8%K4-:<0;(G%O&IO(NH+'G6)):9I/%+9J/,84'<K4
%&7K7K6=N5/H0N)+=3
612;<6M/*+>8J-:7'K<)*6>N(FJ1O51(:%MO:;F>/*OFOFHI&%
*.L8<L%(>8F0%8'L'F4LG0=H=>)(6-6&=*)&L'1FK&(&
2M76)OOFM4-=G30<)>./5/.6+,9GN2L.,M
<L/04
G:&758<1(
GG:3=J*0H>JMHLKNJ4G%G*
9-,;O0-:;3.-NF6>9%N3FJK
>0>840*+K'FFJ-L74%-,G.J:,N9JI5,0>=3,O3-
H60'<O(36>%96*L3F5;K
+KO*H,)%-)/210KHH
896HIN-;5'1>;=5&,(H