FILIPINO

PERSONALITY
SR. NAOMI SOLATORIO, RSW

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 THEORIES OF
02
PERSONALITY

PSYCHO BEHAVIORAL /
HUMANISTIC
DYNAMIC COGNITIVE
THEORIES
THEORIES THEORIES

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BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
❖ Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov
❖ “Little Albert Experiment” - John Watson
❖ Operant Conditioning - B.F. Skinner
❖ Social Learning Theory - Albert Bandura

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BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
➔ Personality is an accumulation of
learned responses to various stimuli
➔ Shaped entirely by their external
environment
➔ Personality is what can be objectively
observed and manipulated

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 CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
IVAN PAVLOV
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 CONCEPTS

• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING - learning process

that occurs through associations between an
environmental stimulus and a naturally
occurring stimulus
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS - unconditionally,

naturally and automatically triggers a
response
• UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE - occurs naturally
in response to the unconditioned stimulus
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• CONDITIONED STIMULUS - previously neutral

stimulus that, after becoming associated
with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually
comes to trigger a conditioned response

• CONDITIONED RESPONSE - learned response to

the previously neutral stimulus.
KEY PRINCIPLES
★ Acquisition - response is
established and strengthened
★ Extinction - occurrences of a
conditioned response decreases or
disappears
○ CS is no longer paired with UCS

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KEY PRINCIPLES
★ Spontaneous Recovery - learned
response suddenly reemerge even
after a period of extinction
★ Stimulus Generalization - CS to
evoke similar responses to the
stimuli that is similar to CS

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KEY PRINCIPLES
★ Stimulus Discrimination -
differenciate between a CS and
other stimuli that have not been
paired with an unconditioned stimuli

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 LITTLE ALBERT
EXPERIMENT
JOHN WATSON
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Little Albert Experiment
Conditined the child to fear white, furry
objects
Unconditioned Response - no fear
Unconditioned Stimulus - white rat
Conditioned Stimulus - loud noise
Conditioned Response - startling
the child
 OPERANT
CONDITIONING
BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER
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TYPES OF BEHAVIOR
❖ Respondent behavior - occur
automatically and reflexively
❖ Operant behavior - emitted
spontaneously or voluntarily that
operates on the environment to
change it

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 OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Organism has to do something in order to get

a reward, that is, it must operate on its
environment

• Immediate reinforcement of a response

 COMPONENTS
• REINFORCEMENT - any event that increases
the probability that a particular response
will increase in frequency.
• POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT - something is
added to strengthen a behavior
• NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT - something negative
is taken away to strengthen a behavior
 COMPONENTS
• PUNISHMENT - application of something
negative or the removal of something
positive to weaken or reduce the frequency
• of a behavior
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT - punishment by
application
• NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT - punishment by
removal, favorable event is removed after a
behavior occurs
REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE
➔ Timing and frequency, patterns of
providing reinforcers
➔ Continuous reinforcement - delivering
a reinforcement everytime a response
occurs

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REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE
➔ Fixed-ratio schedules - responses are
reinforced only after a specific number
of response occurs
➔ Fixed-interval schedules - rewarded
only after a specified amount of time
has elapsed

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REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE
➔ Variable-ratio schedules - responses
are reinforced only after an
unpredictable number of responses
◆ High response and slow extinction
rate
◆ Gambling and lottery games

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REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE
➔ Variable-interval schedules -
responses is rewarded after an
unpredictable amount of time passed

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SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY
ALBERT BANDURA
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SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
❏ Emphasizes the importance of
observing and modeling the
behaviors, attitudes, and emotional
reaction of others
❏ Learning can occur by observing
others
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
❖ Modeling - behavior modification
technique that involves observing
the behavior of others and
participating with them in
performing the desired behavior

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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
❖ Vicarious Conditioning - occurs
when a subject is exposed to
someone else’s fears or reaction or
behavior and then internalizes
those feelings, actions and
reactions for themselves
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
❖ Attention - paying attention to the
model so that we can immitate the
displayed behavior
❖ Retention - remembering the
model’s behavior so that we can
imitate or repeat it later
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
❖ Production - physically produce or
perform the behavior observed
❖ Motivation - motivated to imitate
the behavior that has been
modeled especially if there is an
incentive
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SELF-REINFORCEMENT
★ Administering rewards or
punishments to oneself for
meeting, exceeding, or failing
short of one’s own expectation
or standards
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SELF-EFFICACY
★ Belief in one’s capabilities to
organize and execute the
courses of action require to
manage prospective situations

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 COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
THEORY
JEAN PIAGET
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 COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Describes how people develop their
capacities to think, learn, and process
information
• Involves changes in cognitive process and
abilities
• Involves processes based upon actions and
later progresses to changes in mental
operations.
 CONCEPTS

• SCHEMA - organized pattern of thought or

action that is used to cope with or explain
some aspect of experience
- categories of knowledge that help us
to interpret and understand the world
- person schema, social schema, self
schema and event schema.
 CONCEPTS

• ASSIMILATION - process of taking in new

information into our previously existing
schemas.

• ACCOMODATION - altering of existing

schemas, or ideas, as a result of new
information or new experiences
 CONCEPTS

• EQUILIBRATION - a mechanism that strikes a

balance between applying previous knowledge
(assimilation) and changing behavior to
account for new knowledge (accommodation).
STAGES OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
Sensory Motor Stage
Infant knows the world through
movement and sensation
Object permanence - things continue to
exist even though cannot be seen

Their actions can cause things to

happen in the world around them
SUBSTAGES

➔ Reflexes
➔ Primary Circular Reactions
➔ Secondary Circular Reactions
➔ Coordination of Reactions
➔ Tertiary Circular Reactions
➔ Early Representational Thought
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Preoperational Stage
Think symbolically and learn to use
words and pictures to represent objects
Egocentric - cannot take into account the
perspectives of others when thinking
about objects or events
Conservation - object remains the
same even if its characteristics change
Concrete Operational Stage
A transition between prelogical thought
and completely logical thought
Difficulty understanding abstract or
hypothetical concepts.
Their thinking becomes more logical
and organized
Formal Operational Stage
Begins to think abstractly and reason
about hypothetical problems and
abstract thought emerges.
Moral, philosophical, ethical, social, and
political issue

Deductive reasoning
 THEORIES OF
02
PERSONALITY

PSYCHO BEHAVIORAL /
HUMANISTIC
DYNAMIC COGNITIVE
THEORIES
THEORIES THEORIES

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HUMANISTIC THEORIES
❖ Abraham Maslow
❖ Carl Rogers

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HUMANISTIC THEORIES
❖ Perspective that emphasizes looking at
the whole of the individual
❖ Emphasize human strengths and
aspirations, fulfillment of human
potential
❖ Importance of growth and
self-actualization
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 HIERARCHY OF
NEED
ABRAHAM MASLOW
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 NEEDS

• Only one need will dominate our personality

at any one point in time

• One does not need to completely satisfy a

need before seeking a higher need.
 SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
THEORY
ABRAHAM MASLOW
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 CONCEPTS

• ACTUALIZING TENDENCY- force which drives us

to actualize, maintain and enhance the self.

• SELF – image of what we are, what we should

be and what we would like to be
 CONCEPTS
• POSITIVE REGARD – acceptance, love and
approval
• UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD – acceptance,
love and approval despite of undesirable
behaviors
• POSITIVE SELF-REGARD – feeling of
contentment for one’s self
 CONCEPTS
• CONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD – not all
behavior are accepted and approved of

• CONDITIONS OF SELF WORTH – a child believes

that he/she is only worthy under certain
conditions
 FULLY FUNCTIONING
• Most desirable end of psychological
development and social evolution
○ Aware of all experiences
○ Live fully and richly in every moment
○ Trust in their own organisms
○ In a state of self-actualizing
 03

FILIPINO VALUES

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 FILIPINO VALUES

“Collective term for the shared

assumptions and beliefs of Filipinos
which are the basis of their response to
facts, events, and situations. Filipino
values are Filipinos’ lenses on how they
see things around them.”
Menguin, J. (2022, February 27). 27 Filipino Values : Cultural Beliefs That Influence Our
Actions. Jef Menguin. https://jefmenguin.com/filipino-values/
 FILIPINO VALUES

● Social Acceptance
● Emotional Closeness and
Security in a Family
● The Authority Value
● Personalism
● Utang na Loob
● Other Values
 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

● Smooth Interpersonal Relations (SIR)

○ Getting along with others in such a
way as to avoid outward signs of
conflict by means of:
○ pakikisama, euphemism, and tulay
 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

1. Pakikisama - following the lead or

suggestion of another
2. Euphemism - stating of unpleasant
truth as pleasantly as possible
3. Tulay - a third party who will carry a
message to prevent injury
 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE

● Amor Propio
○ Sensitivity to personal affront and
functions to protect the individual
against loss of social acceptance
○ Hiya - a sense of shame and
sensitivity to rebuke and fear of
exposure of one’s insecure self
 2. EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND
SECURITY IN A FAMILY
This value is beleived to be facilitated
through the following:
1. Sacrificing individual interest for the
good of the family
2. Parental striving to give their
children an education even at great
cost to themselves
 2. EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND
SECURITY IN A FAMILY
This value is beleived to be facilitated
through the following:
3. Older children sacrificing for the
younger siblings
4. Mothers making sacrifices for the
family

MAKAPAMILYA : Family First

 3. THE AUTHORITY VALUE

● Families will remain close if someone

exerts firm authority, and that such
person must be respected and obeyed
● By extension, to anyone in a position
of power
 4. PERSONALISM

● Attaches major importance to the

personal factor which gurantees
intimacy, warmth, and security of
kinship
○ tiwala - trust
○ kilala - personal reference
○ walang pakialam - non-interference
 5. UTANG NA LOOB

● Debt of gratitude
● Intrinsically motivated to give back
what they received from others, even
though one does not expect
something in return
● Involves reciprocity
 6. OTHER VALUES

● Bahala Na (fatalism)
○ inner strength to dare and take
risks
○ expression of courage and faith
 6. OTHER VALUES

● Bayanihan
○ supporting our countrymen in times
of need
○ malasakit, pakikipagkapwa-tao,
pagdadamayan, pakikisama and
utang na loob
 6. OTHER VALUES

● Hospitality
● Kasiyahan - ability to smile even in the
most difficult situations
● Pakikipagkapwa-tao - high regard for
other people
● Pananampalataya - faith in the
Supreme Being
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FILIPINO
PSYCHOLOGY
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What is Filipino Psychology?

● It is an Indigenous Psychology

The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and

culture of a people and the application to
psychological practice of indigenous
knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic
heritage and consciousness.
What is Filipino Psychology?
● It reflects the history, language, arts, and
common experience of people of Asian
heritage.

● Virgilio Enriquez proposed that unique Filipino

Personhood or Pagkataong Filipino.

● Core values are: kapwa (shared identity);

pakiramdam; kagandahang loob
Kapwa (both, fellow being, others)
● Used in opposition to the ‘self’
● implies the recognition of the ‘self’ as a separate
identity

● It is a recognition of shared identity

● An inner self shared with others

● Pakikipagkapwa – accepting and dealing with the

other person as an equal
Pakikiramdam (heightened awareness,
sensitivity)
● ‘feeling for another’

● Necessarily tied to the operation of all Filipino surface

values: pakikisama, hiya, utang na loob

Kagandahang loob (shared humanity)

•Grounded in kapwa and pakikiramdam
Social Interaction
● Essential in understanding Filipino
personality
● Classification of interaction as
○Ibang-tao
○Hindi ibang-tao
● Eight behaviorally recognizable levels
Ibang-tao (outsider)

● Pakikitungo (amenities, civility)

● Pakikisalamuha (‘mixing’)
● Pakikilahok (joining, participating)
● Pakikibagay (conforming)
● Pakikisama (adjusting)
Hindi Ibang-tao (one-of-us)
● Pakikipagpalagayang-loob (mutual trust)
● Pakikisangkot (getting involved)
● Pakikiisa (oneness, full trust, fusion)
Field Methods

● Pagtatanong – asking around

● Pakikiramdam – shared inner perception
● Panunuluyan – staying with
● Pakikipamuhay – living with
Filipino Personality (Strength)
● Survivor - ability to survive
● Optimism – positive outlook in life
● Flexibility
● Adaptability – can cope immediately
● Hard work – diligence, perseverance
● Religiosity
● Close family ties
Filipino Personality (Weakness)
● Colonial mentality
● Lack of appreciation for local things and lack of
patriotism
● Kanya-kanya syndrome, feeling of competitiveness,
self-serving attitude (crab mentality)
● Passivity and lack of initiative, high tolerance to
destiny
● Lack of discipline towards time and space
● Extreme family centeredness
● Personalism bias and emotional involvement
References:
Schultz, D. & Schultz, S. 2017. Theories of Personality.
11th ed. Cengage Learning. USA

Tria, G. & Limpingco, D. 2016. Personality. 4th ed.

Pantas Publishing. Quezon City

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OTHER THEORIES
❖ Trait Theory - Gordon Allport
❖ Attachment Theory - John Bowlby
❖ Types of Attachment - Mary Ainsworth
❖ Adult Learning - Malcom Knowles
❖ Socio-cultural Theory - Lev Vygotsky

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OTHER THEORIES
❖ Theory of Moral Development -
Lawrence Kohlberg
❖ Transtheoretical Model - Prochaska &
DiClemente
❖ Logo Therapy - Viktor Frankl

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 “The struggle you are in
today is developing the
strength you need for
tomorrow.”