LEARNING PROCESS -

YASHNA RAMPAL
ABHINAV NYAYAPATI
RACHIT WADHWA
SRAJAN SINHA
 WHAT IS LEARNING?

Learning is the process of acquiring, assimilating and

internalizing cognitive, motor or behavioral inputs for their
effective and varied use when required, leading to an
enhanced capability for further self-monitored learning.
 STEPS IN LEARNING

• Acquiring knowledge
• Assimilation or retention
• Internalization of new knowledge
• Application of new learning
• Using learning in all situations
• Self monitored learning
 LEARNING THEORIES

• Stimulus-response theories
• Cognitive theories
• Adult learning theories
• Social learning theories
• Experimental learning theories
 Stimulus-Response Theories

There are two important stimulus-response theories :

• Classical conditioning by Pavlov
• Operant conditioning by Skinner
 CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• Can be understood by Pavlov’s experiment on digestive system of

dogs
• Salivation in the presence of food – Natural reflex
• Salivation by the presence of the sight of the experimenter who
brought the food – Conditioned reflex
• When a stimulus gets associated with another neutral
phenomenon, the neutral phenomenon acquires the quality of the
original stimulus to get the desired response
 OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior

• Negative reinforcement is eliminating undesired stimuli from the
environment in order to reinforce the desired behavior
• Through this process, an association is formed between the
behavior and the consequences for that behaviour
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING

• Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response

and a stimulus
Operant conditioning is about associating a voluntary behavior and
a consequence
• In operant conditioning, the learner is also rewarded with incentives
Classical conditioning involves no such enticements
• Classical conditioning is passive on the part of the learner
Operant conditioning requires the learner to actively participate and
perform some type of action in order to be rewarded or punished
 COGNITIVE THEORIES

• Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that attempts to

explain human behaviour by understanding your thought
processes.

• Two important theories :

• Theory of Cognitive Dissonance by Festinger
• Theory of Lateral thinking by Bono
 THEORY OF LATERAL THINKING

• Lateral Thinking is based on the premise that many problems

require a different perspective to solve successfully.

• Four critical factors associated are:

• Recognizing dominant ideas that polarize perception of a problem.
• Searching for different ways of looking at things.
• Relaxation of rigid control of thinking.
• Use of chance to encourage other ideas.
 THEORY OF ANDRAGOGY

• Malcolm Knowles’ theory of andragogy is an attempt to develop a

theory for adult learning. Knowles emphasizes that adults are self
directed to take responsibility for decisions.
• Andragogy makes the following assumptions:-
• Adults need to know why to learn something.
• Adults need to learn experientially.
• Adults approach learning as problem solving.
• Adults learn best when the topic is of immediate value.
 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORIES

• Social learning theories emphasizes importance of observing and

modelling the behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions.
• It explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal
interaction.
• Two theories under this are:
• Modelling theory by Bandura
• Theory of social cognition by Vygotsky.
 MODELLING THEORY

• Bandura states : “Learning would be exceeding laborious if people

rely solely on the effects of their actions to inform them what to
do”.
• The components underlined are:
• Attention
• Retention
• Motor reproduction
• Motivation
 THEORY OF SOCIAL COGNITION

• Vygotsky proposed that this model states culture is the prime

determinant of individual development.
• Culture makes two contribution to an individual’s development:
• Acquiring most Knowledge.
• Tools of intellectual adaptation.
• Principle of this theory are :
• Cognitive Development results from a dialectical process.
• Language is the primary source of interaction
• Interaction assumes responsibility for guiding the problem solving.
 EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING THEORY

• John Keats famous quote “Nothing ever becomes real till it is

experienced” is perhaps the best analogy of experience learning.
• Characteristics are:
• Generates space and time to allow one to stand back when pressure is
strong.
• Subscribes to notion that what we do is more important than what we
know.
• Respects individual ideas and choices.
• Provides an opportunity to take challenge in an atmosphere of support.