Western Mathematics Exams

2021 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Mathematics Extension 2
General • Reading time – 10 minutes
Instructions
• Working time – 3 hours
• Write using black pen
• Calculators approved by NESA may be used
• A reference sheet is provided at the back of this paper
• In Questions 11 – 16, show relevant mathematical reasoning and/or
calculations

Total Section I – 10 marks (pages 2 – 5)

Marks: 100
• Attempt Questions 1 – 10
• Allow about 15 minutes for this section

Section II – 90 marks (pages 6 – 12)

• Attempt Questions 11 – 16
• Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section
Section I

10 marks
Attempt Questions 1 – 10.
Allow about 15 minutes for this section.

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1 – 10.

1. What is the number −4 − 4√3𝑖 , when it is written in modulus-argument form?

!" !"
A. 8 (cos ,− #
- + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ,− #
-1

" "
B. 8 (cos ,− # - + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 ,− # -1

" "
C. 8 (cos , # - + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 , # -1

!" !"
D. 8 (cos , # - + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 , # -1

2. The polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 $ + 3𝑥 % + 7𝑥 # + 13𝑥 ! + 12𝑥 + 4 has a root of multiplicity 3 at

𝑥 = −1. 𝑃(𝑥) also has a root at 𝑥 = 2𝑖.

Which of the following is a factorised form of 𝑃(𝑥) over the complex field?

A. 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)# (𝑥 − 2𝑖)

B. 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)# (𝑥 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 2𝑖)

C. 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)# (𝑥 − 2𝑖)

D. 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)# (𝑥 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 2𝑖)

3. What is the equation of the vector joining (4, -7, -5) and (-2, 3, -1)?

−2 6
A. 𝑟 = : 3 ; + l :−10;
~
-1 −4
−2 -6
B. 𝑟~ = : 3 ; + l : 4 ;
-1 4
4 6
C. 𝑟~ = :-7; + l :−10;
-5 −4
4 -6
D. 𝑟 = :-7; + l :10;
~
-5 4
4. Mathematical induction is used to prove 4& > 3𝑛 + 7 for all integers 𝑛 > 1. Which of the
following sections of the proof includes an incorrect statement?

A. Let n = 2 (given n > 1)

4! > 3(2) + 7

16 > 13 (True)

B. Assume true for n = k.

i.e. 4' > 3𝑘 + 7

C. Prove true for n = k + 1

i. e, prove that ∶ 4" $ % > 3(𝑘 + 1) + 7

4" $ % > 3𝑘 + 10

Assumption is 4' > 3𝑘 + 7

(4' ) + 4 > 4(3𝑘 + 7)

4' ) * > 12𝑘 + 28

D. Now for 𝑛 > 1, 12𝑘 > 3𝑘 and 28 > 10

∴ 12𝑘 + 28 > 3𝑘 + 10
4' ) * > 3𝑘 + 10
')*
4 > 3(𝑘 + 1) + 7

∴ True for n = k+1 if true for n = k.

∴ By mathematical induction, 4& > 3𝑛 + 7 for all integers 𝑛 > 1.

5. Consider the vectors ~𝑠 = 2𝑖~ + 3𝑗 + 𝑘

~
and ~𝑡 = ~𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
~
.
~ ~

What is the unit vector in the direction of ~𝑠 + ~𝑡 ?

*
A. #√!
L3𝑖~ + 5 𝑗 + 4𝑘~N
~

*
B. L𝑖
$√! ~
+ 2 𝑗 + 3𝑘~N
~

*
C. $√!
L2𝑖~ + 3 𝑗 + 𝑘~N
~

*
D. $√!
L3𝑖~ + 5 𝑗 + 4𝑘~N
~

-3-
6. A particle moving with simple harmonic motion has speeds of 24 m/s and 32 m/s, when its
distances from the centre of motion are 4 metres, and 3 metres, respectively.
Find the period of the motion.
"
A. -
seconds

"
B. %
seconds
"
C. #
seconds

"
D. !
seconds

7. Evaluate:
.
/
O sin 2𝑥 cos # 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
0

*$
A. *!-

1
B. #!

*$
C. /%

*$
D. #!

8. Let 𝑢
~
= ~𝑖 − 2 𝑗 + 3𝑘~ and 𝑣
~
= 3𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘~.
~ ~

What is the value of 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗2 𝑣

~
?
*
A. !
L3𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘~N
~

*
B. ! ~
L𝑖 − 2 𝑗 + 3𝑘~N
~

√*%
C. !
L3𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘~N
~

√*%
D. !
L𝑖~ − 2 𝑗 + 3𝑘~N
~

-4-
9. A box of mass m kg is being pulled along a smooth horizontal table by means of a string
which provides a force of T newtons, inclined at qo to the vertical.
A normal force of N newtons is exerted by the table on the box.
The diagram below indicates the forces acting on the box.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

B. 𝑁 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

C. 𝑁 + 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

D. 𝑁 + 𝑇𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0

10. Let 𝜔 be a complex cube root of unity.

Evaluate (1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔! )$ .

A. −32𝜔2

B. 32𝜔2

C. −32𝜔

D. 64𝜔!

-5-
 Section II

90 marks
Attempt Questions 11 – 16.

Allow about 2 hours and 45 minutes for this section.

Answer each question in the appropriate writing booklet. Extra writing booklets are available.

For questions in Section II, your responses should include relevant mathematical reasoning and/or
calculations.

Question 11 (15 marks) Use the Question 11 writing booklet.

(a) If 𝐴! = −8 − 8√3𝑖 :
(i) Show that A can have a value of 2 − 2√3𝑖. 2

(ii) Express A in Modulus-Argument form. 2

!
(iii) Hence find the value of 𝐴" in cartesian form. 1

(iv) Given that 𝑍 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝐵 = −2 + 3𝑖, sketch the region given by: 2
|𝑍 − 𝐵| ≤ 3.

(b) Factorise the equation 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 % − 7𝑥 # + 17𝑥 ! − 𝑥 − 26 = 0, given that one of the 3
roots is (3 − 2𝑖).

(c) Let 𝑍* = 𝑅* (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍! = 𝑅! (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 ). Prove that:

(i) 𝑍* 𝑍! = 𝑅* 𝑅! (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃* + 𝜃! ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃* + 𝜃! )). 2

3! 4!
(ii) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃* − 𝜃! ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜃* − 𝜃! )). 2
3" 4"

(d) Evaluate 𝑖 !0!* . 1

End of Question 11

-6-
Question 12 (15 marks) Use the Question 12 writing booklet.

(a) (i) Find:

2𝑑𝑥 2
O .
𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 11

(ii) Find:
7𝑑𝑥 3
O # .
(49 + 𝑥 ! )!

#5)1
(b) Express (5)* )(5)!)(5)#)
in partial fractions and hence prove that: 5
*
3𝑥 + 7
O 𝑑𝑥 = log 8 2
0 (𝑥 + 1 )(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)

(c) Find the intersections of the line ~𝑟 = ~𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 + 𝑡 L2𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 N with the sphere: 3
~
~ ~ ~

i𝑟~ − L𝑖~ + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘
~
Ni = 6.
~

(d) On an Argand diagram, the point A represents the complex number z, the point C represents 2
the complex number w and the point B represents the complex number z + w, with O being
the origin.

Describe the geometric properties of the quadrilateral OABC, providing full reasoning for
your answer, given that 𝑧 − 𝑤 = 3𝑖(𝑧 + 𝑤).

End of Question 12

-7-
Question 13 (15 marks) Use the Question 13 writing booklet.

(a) Given that x and y are two unequal positive numbers, show that the average of the squares 3
of x and y is greater than the square of the average of x and y.

(b) If w is a complex root of the equation 𝑥 # = 1.

(i) Show that the other complex root is w! and that 1 + w + w! = 0. 2

(ii) Find, in its simplest form, the cubic equation whose roots are 3
𝑝 + 𝑞, 𝑝𝜔 + 𝑞𝜔! , 𝑝𝜔! + 𝑞𝜔, where p and q are real numbers.

(c) Let n be a positive integer, and let 𝐼& = ∫ (log 8 𝑥)& 𝑑𝑥.
2
(i) Prove that 𝐼& = 𝑥(log 8 𝑥)& − 𝑛 𝐼&9* .

(ii) Hence find the exact value of : 2

!
O (log 8 𝑥)# 𝑑𝑥
*

in terms of (log 8 2).

(d) Consider the line ~𝑟 = 2𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 3𝑘 + 𝜆 L−𝑗 + 3𝑘 N.

~ ~ ~ ~

(i) Find the vector equation of the line through (2, 3, 1) parallel to the line ~𝑟. 1

(ii) Find the vector equation of a line which passes through (2, 3, 1), which is 2
perpendicular to the line ~𝑟 and is parallel to the 𝑦𝑧 -plane.

End of Question 13

-8-
Question 14 (15 marks) Use the Question 14 writing booklet.

(a) Find the angle between 𝑎

~
= 2𝑖~ − 3𝑗 + 5𝑘
~
and 𝑏
~
= 5𝑖~ + 3𝑗 − 7𝑘
~
, correct to the 3
~ ~
nearest minute.

(b) Here is a method which can be used to approximate the square root of a positive number x.

First, choose a number a which is the largest whole number such that a2 < x2.

Then choose a rational number b such that ab = x.

:);
The new approximation is 𝑐 = !
.

e.g If x = 112, a = 10 since 102 = 100 and 112 = 121.

**!
Then b = *0
= 11.2 so that 10 × 11.2 = 112.
*0)**.!
So, 𝑐 = !
= 10.6.

:); 2
(i) Show that !
> √𝑥.

:); 2
(ii) Using a proof by contradiction, show that !
is a closer approximation to √𝑥
than a.

(c) A ball of mass m kg is projected vertically upwards with speed u ms-1. In addition to 3
gravity, there is an acceleration acting against the ball which is proportional to its speed.

Find the time (t seconds) taken to reach the greatest height.

Question 14 continues on page 10

-9-
Question 14 (continued)

(d) (i) By letting 𝑢 = 𝑎 − 𝑥, prove that:

: : 1
O 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = O 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
0 0

* " " 2
(ii) Consider 𝑓(𝑥) = * ) =>? 5
, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ !
and 𝑓 , ! - = 0.

"
Show that 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 , ! − 𝑥- = 1.

(iii) Hence evaluate : 2

"
! 𝑑𝑥
O .
0 1 + tan 𝑥

End of Question 14

- 10 -
Question 15 (15 marks) Use the Question 15 writing booklet.

(a) A sequence of numbers 𝑈& is such that: 5

𝑈* = 3, 𝑈! = 21 and 𝑈& = 7𝑈& – * − 10𝑈& – ! for 𝑛 ≥ 3.
Use the method of mathematical induction to show that 𝑈& = 5& − 2& for 𝑛 ≥ 1.

(b) A particle of unit mass moves in a straight line against a resistance equal to v + v 2 , where v
is its velocity in m/s.

Initially the particle is at the origin and is travelling with velocity q where q > 0.

(i) Show that v is related to displacement by the formula x = - ln (1 + v) + c . 2

(ii) Show that the time t which has elapsed when the particle is travelling with velocity 3
q (1 + v )
v is given by t = ln .
v (1 + q )

(iii) Find v as a function of t. 2

(iv) Find the value of v as t ® ¥ . 1

(c) For a complex number z, shade the region of the Argand Plane in which: 2
|𝑧| < 3 and − 2 < Im(𝑧) < 2.

End of Question 15

- 11 -
Question 16 (15 marks) Use the Question 16 writing booklet.

(a) A body of mass 80 kg falls from a height at which gravitational acceleration is g.

Assume that air resistance is proportional to the speed v m/s, with a constant of proportion
*
being $ .

(i) Find an equation giving the velocity after a time of t seconds. 3

(ii) Find the terminal velocity. 1

(iii) Obtain an equation for the distance (x metres) that the object has fallen in terms of 2
time (t seconds).

(b) If 𝑧 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖sin 𝜃.

* 2
(i) Show that 𝑧 & − A#
= 2𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃.

1 5 2
(ii) Using the expansion of ,𝑧 − 𝑧- , show that:

(iii) Hence evaluate: 2

"
!
O sin$ 𝜃 𝑑𝜃.
0

(c) A ball is thrown with velocity v ms-1, at an angle q to the horizontal. 3

Show that the trajectory of the ball can be represented by the equation:
𝑔𝑥 ! 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − .
2𝑣 !
.

End of paper

- 12 -
 2021 TRIAL HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
Mathematics Advanced
Mathematics Extension 1
Mathematics Extension 2
REFERENCE SHEET

- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
- 16 -
 Western Mathematics
2021 Trial Higher School Certificate Examination
Mathematics Extension 2

Name ________________________________ Teacher ________________________

Section I – Multiple Choice Answer Sheet

Allow about 25 minutes for this section

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely.

Sample: 2+4= A. 2 B. 6 C. 8 D. 9
A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new
answer.
A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.

A B C D

1. A B C D
2. A B C D
3. A B C D
4. A B C D
5. A B C D
6. A B C D
7. A B C D
8. A B C D
9. A B C D
10. A B C D

- 17 -
Western Mathematics Exams

2021
TRIAL HSC
EXAMINATION

Mathematics
Extension 2

SOLUTIONS

1
Multiple Choice Worked Solutions
No Working Answer
1 −4 − 4√3𝑖 A
!
𝑟 = )(−4)! + -−4√3. = √64 = 8
−4√3 𝜋
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛"# 5 6 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛"# -√3. =
−4 3
−4 − 4√3𝑖 is in the 3 Quadrant
rd

2𝜋 2𝜋
∴ −4 − 4√3𝑖 = 8 9cos =− ? + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 =− ?A
3 3
2 Root of multiplicity 3 at x = -1 implies (𝑥 + 1)$ is a factor D
Other Factor (𝑥 − 2𝑖)
Since coefficients are real and coefficient of 𝑥 % = 1, (𝑥 + 2𝑖) is also a factor.
∴ 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 1)$ (𝑥 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 + 2𝑖)
3 4 −2 D
𝑎 = E−7H , 𝑏= E3H
−5 −1
−2 4 −6
MMMMM⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑏 − 𝑎 = E 3 H − E− 7 H = E 10 H
−1 −5 4
4 -6
∴ 𝑟 = E-7H + l E10H
-5 4
4 C
In the second last line of Step C

!4𝑘 " + 4 should be !4𝑘 " × 4

5 2𝑖~ + 3𝑗 + 𝑘
~
and ~𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
~
D
~ ~
Sum Vector = 3𝑖~ + 5𝑗 + 4𝑘
~
~
|𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟| = √3! + 5! + 4! = √50 = 5 √2
#
∴ Unit Vector is %√! =3𝑖~ + 5𝑗 + 4 𝑘
~
?
~

2
6 The speed is given by: 𝑣 ! = 𝑛! (𝑎! − 𝑥 ! ) B
24! = 𝑛! (𝑎! − 16) … … . (1)
32! = 𝑛! (𝑎! − 9) … … . . (2)
Dividing equation (2) by (1)
32! 𝑎! − 9
=
24! 𝑎! − 16
16 𝑎! − 9
= !
9 𝑎 − 16
16𝑎! − 256 = 9𝑎! − 81
7𝑎! = 175
𝑎! = 25
𝑎=5
Substituting into (1) we get:
24! = 𝑛! (5! − 16)
24! = 𝑛! (25 − 16)
𝑛! = 64
𝑛=8
!) !) )
Period = * = + = ,

!
7 A
∫-" 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 $ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ?
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
) ) #
When 𝑥 = .
, 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 $ = !

𝑥 = 0, 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = 1
! !
#
∫-" 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 $ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ! ∫-" −2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 $ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
#
1 !
= − h 𝑢$ 𝑑𝑢
2 #
1 # $
= h 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 #
!
1
= [𝑢, ]##
8 !
1 1
= 91 − A
8 16
1 15
= 9 A
8 16
15
=
128

3
8 𝑢
~
= ~𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
~
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣
~
= 3𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘
~
B
~ ~
𝑢 ∙
~ ~
𝑣
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗/ 𝑣
~
= ! 𝑢
~
m𝑢
~
m
𝑢 ∙ 𝑣 = (1 × 3) + (−2 × 1) + (3 × 2) = 7
~ ~
! ! !
m𝑢
~
m = no1! + (−2)! + 3! p = -√14. = 14
7
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗/ 𝑣 = =𝑖 − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘 ?
~ 14 ~ ~ ~
#
= !
=𝑖~ − 2𝑗 + 3𝑘
~
?
~
9 Resolving Forces C
𝑁 + 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
𝑁 + 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑚𝑔 = 0
10 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔! = 0 A
1 + 𝜔! = −𝜔 substituting into expression

(1 − 𝜔 + 𝜔! )% = (−𝜔 − 𝜔)%
= (−2𝜔)%
= −32𝜔%
= −32 𝜔$ 𝜔!
= −32𝜔!

4
 Western Mathematics
2021 Trial Higher School Certificate Examination
Mathematics Extension 2
Name ________________________________ Teacher ________________________

Section I – Multiple Choice Answer Sheet

Allow about 15 minutes for this section

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely.

Sample: 2+4= (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new
answer.
A B C D

If you change your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then
indicate the correct answer by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows.

A B C D

1. A B C D
2. A B C D
3. A B C D
4. A B C D
5. A B C D
6. A B C D
7. A B C D
8. A B C D
9. A B C D
10. A B C D

5
Question 11 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) If 𝐴 = 2 − 2√3 𝑖 2 marks for working leading
(i) ! 2 to correct answer.
!
𝐴 = -2 − 2√3 𝑖.
!
= 2! − 2 × 2 × 2√3 𝑖 + -2√3 𝑖. 1- for minor mistake in
= 4 − 8√3 𝑖 − 12 working.
= − 8 − 8√3 𝑖
∴ 𝐴 can have a value of 2 − 2√3i
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION

𝐴 = )−8 − 8√3𝑖
𝐿𝑒𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦)! = −8 − 8√3𝑖
∴ 𝑥 ! + 2𝑖𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 ! = −8 − 8√3𝑖
∴ 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! = −8 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(1)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑥𝑦 = −8√3

(𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! )! = (𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! )! + 4𝑥 ! 𝑦 !
!
= (−8)! + -−8√3.
= 256
! !
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (2)
(1) + (2)
2𝑥 ! = 8 → 𝑥 ! = 4 → 𝑥 = ±2
(2) - (1)
2𝑦 ! = 24 → 𝑦 ! = 12 → 𝑦 = ±2√3

Since 2𝑥𝑦 = −8√3

𝐴 = o−8 − 8√3𝑖 = ±-2 − 2√3𝑖.

∴ 𝐴 can have a value of 2 − 2√3i

(a) ! 2 1 each for correct Modulus
(ii) Modulus (𝑟) = )(2)! + -−2√3. = √16 = 4 and Argument.
"!√$ )
Argument: 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = !
= − √3 , 𝜃 = − $

) )
∴ 2 − 2√3 = 4 =𝑐𝑜𝑠 w− $ x + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 w− $ x?
(a) #
) ) 1 Correct answer
(iii) 𝐴$ = )4cis w− $ x = 2𝑐𝑖𝑠 w− . x
) )
= 2 n𝑐𝑜𝑠 w− . x + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 w− . x p
√$ #
= 2 n ! − ! 𝑖p
= √3 − 𝑖

6
Question 11 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) 2 1 - correct diagram
(iv) |𝑍 − (−2 + 3𝑖)| ≤ 3
1 - Correct region shaded

(b) If (3 − 2𝑖) is a root of the equation, then (3 + 2𝑖) is also a 3 1 – conjugate

root since coefficients are all real.
∴ 𝑥 ! − 6𝑥 + 13 is also a root. 1 - correct division
By division, the other factor is (𝑥 ! − 𝑥 − 2).
1 - correct factorisation

(Could also find other roots

using the factor theorem)

Therefore, by factorization
𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑥 − (3 − 2𝑖))(𝑥 − (3 + 2𝑖))(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)

7
Question 11 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(c) 𝑍# 𝑍! = [𝑅# (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃# + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃# )][𝑅! (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃! + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃! )] 2 2 - Correct proof
(i)
= 𝑅# 𝑅! [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃# 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝟐 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜃𝟏 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜃𝟐 + 1 - working
𝒊𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃# 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝟐 ]
= 𝑅# 𝑅! [(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃# 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝟐 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃# 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝟐 ) + 𝑖(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜃𝟏 +
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜃𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜃𝟐 )]
= 𝑅# 𝑅! [𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃# + 𝜃! ) + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃# + 𝜃! )]

(c) 𝑍# 𝑅# (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃# + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃# ) 2 2 - Correct proof

(ii) =
𝑍! 𝑅! (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃! + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃! )
3# 456 7# 8 969* 7# 456 7$ " 969* 7$
= 3 ∙ 456 7 8 969* 7 × 456 7 " 969* 7 1 - working
$ $ $ $ $
3# 456 7# 456 7$ " 969*7$ 456 7# 8 969* 7# 456 7$ " 9 $ 69* 7# 69* 7$
= 3$
∙ 456 7$ 456 7$ " 9 $ 69* 7$ 69* 7$
3# 456 7# 456 7$ 8 69* 7# 69* 7$ 8 9(69* 7# 456 7$ " 969*7$ 456 7# )
= 3$
∙ 456 $ 7$ 8 69*$ 7$
3# 456(7# " 7$ ) 8 969*(7# " 7$ )
= 3$ #
(since 𝑠𝑖𝑛! 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ! 𝜃 = 1)

(d) 𝑖 , = 𝑖 ! × 𝑖 ! = −1 × −1 = 1 1 Correct Answer

Because 2020 is divisible by 4, 𝑖 !-!- = (𝑖 , )* = (1)* = 1
𝑖 !-!# = 𝑖 !-!- × 𝑖 = 1 × 𝑖 = 𝑖

8
Question 12 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) 2𝑑𝑥 2 1 - completing the square.
(i) h
𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 11
Completing the square 1 - correct answer
𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 11 = 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 4 + 7
= (𝑥 − 2)! + 7
2𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∴h ! = 2h
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 11 (𝑥 − 2)! + 7
! ="!
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛"# w x+𝑐
√< √<

(a) 7𝑑𝑥 3
h
(ii) $ 1 - use of trig substitution
(49 + 𝑥 ! )!
Using a trig substitution,
𝑥 = 7 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = 7𝑠𝑒𝑐 ! 𝜃𝑑𝜃
<>= <@<6A4 $ 7B>7
∴∫ & = ∫ &
(,? 8 = $ )$ [,? 8 (< DE* 7)$ ]$
,?@6A4 $ 7B>7
= ∫ &
[,? 8 ,?DE*$ 7 ]$
,?@6A4 $ 7B>7
= ∫ &
[,?(# 8 DE*$ 7) ]$
,?@6A4 $ 7B>7
= ∫ &
$,$[(6A4 $ 7) ]$
# @6A4 $ 7B>7
= <
∫ 6A4 & 7
# >7
= ∫ 6A4 7 1 - Working
<
#
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
<
#
= < 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 7 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
=
∴ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = <

=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = √= $
8,?
1 - correct answer
7𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∴h $ = +𝑐
(49 + 𝑥 ! )! 7√𝑥 ! + 49

9
Question 12 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(b) 3𝑥 + 7 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 5
= + + 1 mark for each of A, B
(𝑥 + 1 )(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
∴ 3𝑥 + 7 ≡ 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 3) and C.
+ 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)
x = -1
−3 + 7 = 𝐴(1)(2) + 0 + 0
2𝐴 = 4
𝐴=2

x = -2
−6 + 7 = 0 + 𝐵(1)(−1) + 0
1 = −𝐵
𝐵 = −1
x = -3
−9 + 7 = 0 + 0 + 𝐶(−2)(−1)
−2 = 2𝐶
𝐶 = −1
3𝑥 + 7 2 1 1
∴ = − −
(𝑥 + 1 )(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) 𝑥+1 𝑥+2 𝑥+3
# $=8< # ! # #
∫- (=8# )(=8!)(=8$)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫- w=8# − =8! − =8$x 𝑑𝑥

= [2 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 2) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 3)]#- 1 - correct Integral

= [(2 𝑙𝑛 2 − 𝑙𝑛 3 − 𝑙𝑛 4) − (2 𝑙𝑛 1 − 𝑙𝑛 2 − 𝑙𝑛 3)]
= 𝑙𝑛 4 − 𝑙𝑛 3 − 𝑙𝑛 4 − 0 + 𝑙𝑛 2 + 𝑙𝑛 3
= 𝑙𝑛 2 1 - correct answer

(c) Sphere: …𝑟 − =~𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 ?… = 6 3

~~
(𝑥 − 1)! + (𝑦 − 2)! + (𝑦 + 3)! = 36

𝑟 = ~𝑖 + 2𝑗 − 3𝑘 + 𝑡 =2𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 2𝑘 ?
~ ~ ~ ~ 1 - substitution into
𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 1 equation
𝑦 =𝑡+2
𝑧 = 2𝑡 − 3
(𝑥 − 1)! + (𝑦 − 2)! + (𝑦 + 3)! = 36
(2𝑡 + 1 − 1)! + (𝑡 + 2 − 2)! + (2𝑡 − 3 + 3)! = 36
(2𝑡)! + 𝑡 ! + (2𝑡)! = 36
4𝑡 ! + 𝑡 ! + 4𝑡 ! = 36 1 - values of t
9𝑡 ! = 36
𝑡! = 4
𝑡 = ±2 1 - both points

Points are (−3, 0, −7) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (5, 4, 1)

10
Question 12 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(d) 2

1 - geometric properties

1 - reasoning

𝑧 + 𝑤 and 𝑧 − 𝑤 are the diagonals of a parallelogram with

adjacent sides w and z.
Given 𝑧 − 𝑤 = 3𝑖(𝑧 + 𝑤)
Multiplication by i means a rotation of 𝑧 + 𝑤 through 90°
anticlockwise, therefore the diagonals are perpendicular, so the
parallelogram is a rhombus.
Multiplication by 3 means the vector for 𝑧 − 𝑤 is 3 times the
length of the diagonal for 𝑧 + 𝑤.

∴ (𝑧 − 𝑤) and (𝑧 + 𝑤) are the diagonals of a rhombus where

one diagonal is 3 times longer than the other.

i.e. OABC is a rhombus in which the diagonal AC is 3 times as

long as diagonal OB.

11
Question 13 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) =$ 8 G$ =8G ! 3
Need to Prove > w x
! ! 1 - determining what to
i.e. prove.
𝑥! + 𝑦! 𝑥 + 𝑦 !
− = ? >0
2 2
=$ 8 G$ = $ 8 !=G 8 G $
LHS = −
! ,
!= $ 8 !G $ " = $ "!=G " G $ 2 - proof by any suitable
= , method – take 1 mark off
𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! − 2𝑥𝑦 for any mistakes.
=
4
(𝑥 − 𝑦)!
=
4
𝑥 − 𝑦 !
= w x
2= " G
As 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 then ! ≠ 0
="G !
And hence w ! x ≥ 0
So
𝑥! + 𝑦! 𝑥 + 𝑦 !
− = ? >0
2 2

𝑥! + 𝑦! 𝑥 + 𝑦 !
∴ > = ?
2 2

(b) 𝑥$ = 1 → 𝑥$ − 1 = 0 2
(i) 𝑖. 𝑒. (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 ! + 𝑥 + 1) = 0

x=1 or 𝑥 ! + 𝑥 = −1
# ! $
w𝑥 + !x = − ,
"# ± √$9
𝑥= !
!
" # 8 √$9 " # 8 √$9
If 𝜔 = !
then 𝜔! = w !
x
#"!√$9"$
= ,
"!"!√$9
= , 1 - for 𝜔!
"#"√$9
= !
the other complex root.

− 1 + √3𝑖 −1 − √3𝑖
1 + w + w! = 1 + + 1 - show
2 2
# √$9 √$9
=1−!+ ! −1− !
= 0

12
Question 13 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(b) (i) Roots are 𝑝 + 𝑞, 𝑝𝜔 + 𝑞𝜔! , 𝑝𝜔! + 𝑞𝜔 3
(ii) Sum - 1 at a time 3 - Required equation using
𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑝𝜔 + 𝑞𝜔! + 𝑝𝜔! + 𝑞𝜔 manipulation of polynomial
= 𝑝(1 + w + w! ) + 𝑞(1 + w + w! ) equations and result from
= 0 part (i)

Sum – 2 at a time
(𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑝𝜔 + 𝑞𝜔' ) + (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑝𝜔' + 𝑞𝜔) + (𝑝𝜔 + 𝑞𝜔' )(𝑝𝜔' + 𝑞𝜔)
= 𝑝! (w + w! + w" ) + 𝑝𝑞(w! + w + w! + w! + w# ) + 𝑞2 (w + w! + w" )
= 𝑝! (w + w! + 1) + 𝑝𝑞(3w! + 2w + 𝜔 ) + 𝑞! (w + w! + 1) 2 - correct expressions for
= 𝑝𝑞(3w! + 3w ) the sums and product
= 3𝑝𝑞(w + w! )
= 3𝑝𝑞 (−1) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 1 + w + w! = 0, w + w! = −1
= −3𝑝𝑞 1 - some correct working

Product
(𝑝 + 𝑞)( 𝑝𝜔 + 𝑞𝜔! )( 𝑝𝜔! + 𝑞𝜔)
= (𝑝 + 𝑞)(𝑝! 𝜔$ + 𝑝𝑞𝜔! + 𝑝𝑞𝜔, + 𝑞! 𝜔$ )
= (𝑝 + 𝑞)[𝑝! (1) + 𝑝𝑞( 𝜔! + 𝜔, ) + 𝑞! (1)]
= (𝑝 + 𝑞)[𝑝! + 𝑝𝑞( 𝜔! + 𝜔) + 𝑞! ]
= (𝑝 + 𝑞)[𝑝! − 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑞! ] since 𝜔! + 𝜔 = −1
= 𝑝$ + 𝑞 $
Therefore, required equation is:
𝑥 $ − 0𝑥 ! − 3𝑝𝑞𝑥 − (𝑝$ + 𝑞$ ) = 0
i. e. 𝑥 $ − 3𝑝𝑞𝑥 − (𝑝$ + 𝑞$ ) = 0

(c) 2
𝐼* = h (log A 𝑥)* 𝑑𝑥
(i)
Let 𝑢 = (log A 𝑥)* and 𝑣′ = 1 1 - use of integration by
𝑛 parts
𝑢′ = (log A 𝑥)*"# and 𝑣 = 𝑥
𝑥
h 𝑢𝑣′ = 𝑢𝑣 − h 𝑣𝑢 ′
𝑛
h(log A 𝑥)* . 1 = (log A 𝑥)* . 𝑥 − h 𝑥. (log A 𝑥)*"# 𝑑𝑥 1 - completing correct proof
𝑥
= 𝑥(log A 𝑥)* − 𝑛 h (log A 𝑥)*"# 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝐼* = 𝑥(log A 𝑥)* − 𝑛 𝐼*"#

13
Question 13 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(c) 𝐼$ = ∫ (log A 𝑥)* 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(log A 𝑥)$ − 3 𝐼! 2
(ii) 𝐼! = 𝑥(log A 𝑥)! − 2 𝐼#
𝐼# = ∫ log A 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 from original definition
Find 𝐼# by integrating by parts again 1 - Working
𝑢 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔A 𝑥 𝑣I = 1
#
𝑢I = = 𝑣=𝑥

𝐼# = 𝑢𝑣 − h 𝑣𝑢I
1
𝐼# = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔A 𝑥 − h 𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝐼# = 𝑥(log A 𝑥)# − 𝑥
∴ 𝐼$ = 𝑥(log A 𝑥)$ − 3-𝑥(log A 𝑥)! − 2 (𝑥log A 𝑥 − 𝑥).
𝐼$ = 𝑥(log A 𝑥)$ − 3𝑥(log A 𝑥)! + 6 𝑥log A 𝑥 − 6𝑥
!
h (log A 𝑥)$ 𝑑𝑥
#
= (2(log A 2)$ − 3 × 2(log A 2)! + 6 × 2log A 2 − 6 × 2) 1 - Answer
− (1(log A 1)$ − 3 × 1(log A 1)! − 6 × 1log A 1 − 6 × 1)
= (2(log A 2)$ − 6(log A 2)! + 12log A 2 − 12) – (-6)
= 2(log A 2)$ − 6(log A 2)! + 12log A 2 − 6

(d) Line parallel to ~𝑟 = 2𝑖~ + 𝑗 + 3𝑘 + 𝜆 =−𝑗 + 3𝑘 ? passing 1 - correct Answer

(i) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
through (2, 3, 1) is:

𝑟 = 2𝑖~ + 3𝑗 + 𝑘
~
+ l =−𝑗 + 3𝑘
~
?
~ ~

(d) Parallel to yz plane means i component equals zero. 2

(ii)
Perpendicular to −𝑗 + 3𝑘~
~
1 - Working

i.e. F𝑗𝑦 + 𝑘
~
𝑧G × F−𝑗 + 3𝑘
~
G=0
~ ~
−𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0 1 - Equation of line
What values of y and z make this true?
e. g. 𝑦 = 3, 𝑧 = 1 𝑇𝑒𝑠𝑡: (−3 + 3 × 1) = 0

∴ 𝑟 = 2𝑖~ + 3𝑗 + 𝑘
~
+ l =3𝑗 + 𝑘
~
?
~ ~

14
Question 14 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = m𝑎 m m𝑏m cos 𝜃 3
~ ~ ~ ~
𝑎
~ ~
∙𝑏
cos 𝜃 =
m𝑎 m m𝑏m
~ ~
1 - Magnitudes

m𝑎
~
m = o2! + (−3)! + 5! = √4 + 9 + 25 = √38 1 - dot product
m𝑏
~
m = o5! + 3! + (−7)! = √25 + 9 + 49 = √83
𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = (2 × 5) + (−3 × 3) + (5 × −7) = 10 − 9 − 35 =
~ ~
−34 1 - Correct Answer

𝑎 ∙𝑏
~ ~ −34
cos 𝜃 = = = = 127°15′
m𝑎 m m𝑏 m √38√83
~ ~
(b) (i) 𝑎 < √𝑥 and 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑥 2
(i) !
-√𝑎 − √𝑏. > 0 since 𝑏 > 𝑎
!
-√𝑎 − √𝑏. = 𝑎 − 2√𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
∴ 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2√𝑎𝑏 > 0 1 - working
E8J
!
> √𝑎𝑏
𝑎 + 𝑏
> √𝑥 1 - proof
2
E8J
So ! is an “over-approximation” to √𝑥.

(b) √𝑥 lies between a and E8J from (i) 2

!
(ii)

1 - setting up contradiction
E8J and conclusion
Assume that !
is not closer to √𝑥 than a.

E8J
Then !
− √𝑥 > √𝑥 − 𝑎
E8J
!
+ 𝑎 > 2√𝑥
$E8J 1 - proof
,
> √𝑥 and 𝑏 > 𝑎
4𝑎
> √𝑥 → 𝑎 > √𝑥
4
Which is a contradiction.
E8J
∴ The statement that ! is not closer to √𝑥 than a is false
E8J
So !
is closer to √𝑥 than a.

15
Question 14 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(c) 𝑥̈ = −𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 3
𝑑𝑣
= −𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 −1
=
𝑑𝑣 𝑔 + 𝑘𝑣
−1
𝑡= h 𝑑𝑣
𝑔 + 𝑘𝑣
1
𝑡 = − 𝑙𝑛(𝑔 + 𝑘𝑣) + 𝑐 1 - Integral
𝑘
𝑡 = 0 when 𝑣 = 𝑢
1
0 = − 𝑙𝑛(𝑔 + 𝑘𝑢) + 𝑐
𝑘
1
∴ 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑔 + 𝑘𝑢)
𝑘
1
∴ 𝑡 = − [𝑙𝑛(𝑔 + 𝑘𝑣) − 𝑙𝑛(𝑔 + 𝑘𝑢)]
𝑘
1 𝑔 + 𝑘𝑣
𝑡 = − 𝑙𝑛 = ? 1 - Equation for t
𝑘 𝑔 + 𝑘𝑢
Max Height when v = 0
1 𝑔
∴ 𝑡 = − 𝑙𝑛 = ? 1 - Time for Max Height
𝑘 𝑔 + 𝑘𝑢
(d) Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 − 𝑥, 1
(i) When 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑢 = 𝑎 1- correct demonstration
When 𝑥 = 𝑎 → 𝑢 = 0
𝑑𝑥 = −𝑑𝑢
E - -
∴ ∫- 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫E 𝑓(𝑢)(−𝑑𝑢) = − ∫E 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
E
= ∫- 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
E
= ∫- 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
(d) 1 2
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) =
1 + tan 𝑥
) # #
𝑓 w ! − 𝑥x = ! = # 8 PQK =
# 8 KLMN " =O
$
1 - working
) # #
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 w ! − 𝑥x = # 8 KLM =
+ # 8 PQK =
# #
= # 8 KLM =
+ #
#8
()* +
# 8 KLM =
= # 8 KLM = 1 - proof
=1
) ) )
(d) ! 𝜋 ! ! 2
(iii) h 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + h 𝑓 w − 𝑥x 𝑑𝑥 = h 1 𝑑𝑥
- - 2 -
! !
∴ 2 ∫- 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥]-
$ $ 1 - working
!
)
2 ∫- 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
$
!
) )
! ! 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
∴ h 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = h = 1 - correct answer
- - 1 + tan 𝑥 4

16
Question 15 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) 𝑈# = 5# − 2# = 3 5
𝑈! = 5! − 2! = 21
𝑈$ = 5$ − 2$ = 117
𝑈$ = 7𝑈! − 10𝑈# 1 - Tests

= 7 × 21 − 10 × 3
= 117
\ True for n = 1, 2 and 3.

Assume true for n £ k, 1 - correct assumption

𝑈R = 5R − 2R = 7𝑈R " # − 10𝑈R " !

Prove true for n = k + 1,

i.e. Prove 5R 8 # − 2R 8 # = 7𝑈R − 10𝑈R " #
LHS = 5 × 5R − 2 × 2R
= 5(5R − 2R ) + 3 × 2R 1 - LHS of Proof

= 5 𝑈R + 3(2R )

RHS = 7𝑈R − 10𝑈R " # 2 - RHS of proof – subtract

= 7𝑈R − 10(5 R–# R – #)
−2 mark for each incorrect step.
= 7𝑈R − 2 × 5R + 5 × 2R
= 7𝑈R − [2(5R ) − 2(2R ) − 3(2R )]
= 7𝑈R − 2(5R − 2R ) + 3(2R )
= 7𝑈R − 2𝑈R + 3(2R )
= 5 𝑈R + 3(2R )
= LHS
\ True for n = k + 1 if true for n = k
Hence true by Mathematical Induction

17
Question 15 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(b)
( ) 2
..

(i) x = - v + v2
v
dv
dx
(
= - v + v2 )
dv - v + v 2
=
( ) 1 - working towards
dx v integral
dx -1
=
dv 1 + v
1
x = -ò dv
1+ v
1 - correct expression for x
x = - !n (1 + v) + c

(b)
(ii)
dv
dt
= - v + v2( ) 3

dt 1
= -
dv v + v2 ( )
1 - establishing integral
ò
dv
t= -
( v + v2 )
1 A B
ò
dv
t= - = +
v (1 + v ) v(1 + v ) v 1 + v
æ1 1 ö
t= - ç -
ò ÷ dv
è v 1+ v ø
1 = A(1 + v) + B(v) 1 - use of partial fractions

æ 1 1ö
t=
ò çç - ÷÷ dv
è (1 + v ) v ø
v=0 A=1

t = !n (1 + v) - !n (v) + c 1 = 1 + v + Bv
æ1 + v ö
t = !n ç ÷+c Bv = -v \ B = -1
è v ø
When t = 0, v = q
1 + 𝑞
0 = ℓ𝑛 = ? + 𝑐
𝑞
æ1 + q ö
c = - !n çç ÷÷
è q ø
æ q ö
c = !n çç ÷÷
è1 + q ø

æ1 + v ö æ q ö
\ t = !n ç ÷ + !n çç ÷÷
è v ø è1 + q ø
æ q (1 + v ) ö
t = !n çç ÷÷
è v (1 + q ) ø 1 - correct expression for t

18
Question 15 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(b) q (1 + v ) 2
Now e =
t

v (1 + q )
(iii)

v (1 + q ) e t = q + qv 1 - working
v e t + qve t = q + qv
v e t + qve t - qv = q
( )
v e t + qe t - q = q
1 - correct expression for v
q
v= t
e + qe t - q
(b) As t ® ¥, v ® 0 1
(iv)
(c) 2
1 - correct graphs
1 - correct region

19
Question 16 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(a) 𝑅 ∝ 𝑣 3
(i)
𝑅 = 𝑘𝑣
#
kv 𝑅= %
𝑣

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣
𝑎=𝑔−
RT 1 - Expression for a
U
T
mg 𝑎=𝑔− ,--
>T T
>D
= 𝑔− ,--
>T ,--V " T
1 - Equation for t
>D
= ,--
>D ,--
>T
= ,--V " T

∴ 𝑡 = −400 𝑙𝑛(400𝑔 − 𝑣) + 𝑐
𝑣 = 0, 𝑡 = 0. 0 = −400 𝑙𝑛(400𝑔) + 𝑐
∴ 𝑐 = 400 𝑙𝑛(400𝑔)
∴ 𝑡 = −400 𝑙𝑛(400𝑔 − 𝑣) + 400 𝑙𝑛(400𝑔) 1 - Finding v
= 400[𝑙𝑛 400𝑔 − 𝑙𝑛(400𝑔 − 𝑣)]
,--V
𝑡 = 400 ln ,--V " T
,
,--V
𝑒 -.. = ,--V " T
/,
400𝑔 − 𝑣 = 400𝑔 𝑒 -..
"D
∴ 𝑣 = 400𝑔 =1 − 𝑒 ,-- ?

(a) Terminal velocity when 𝑡 → ∞

/,
(ii)
𝐴𝑠 𝑡 → ∞, 𝑒 -.. → 0
1 1 - terminating velocity
∴ 𝑣 → 400𝑔

(a) 𝑑𝑥 "D 2
(iii) 𝑣= = 400𝑔 =1 − 𝑒 ,-- ?
𝑑𝑡
/,
𝑥 = ∫(400𝑔 − 400𝑔 𝑒 -.. ) 𝑑𝑡
/, 1 - evaluating integral.
= 400𝑔𝑡 + 160000𝑔𝑒 -.. + 𝑐
𝑡 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
0 = 0 + 160000𝑔 + 𝑐
∴ 𝑐 = −160000𝑔
"D
∴ 𝑥 = 400𝑔𝑡 + 160000𝑔 =𝑒 ,-- − 1? 1 - expression for x.

20
Question 16 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(b) # 2
𝑧* − W0
(i) #
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − 456 *7 8969* *7 2 marks for correct proof
# 456 *7 " 969* *7
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − 456 *7 8969* *7
× 456 *7 " 969* *7
456 *7 " 969* *7
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − 1 mark for working but
456 $ *7 " 9 $ 69*$ *7
456 *7 " 969* *7 incomplete proof.
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − 456 $ *7 8 69*$ *7
456 *7 " 969* *7
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − #
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃
= 2𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜃

(b) 1 % 1 1 1 1 1 2
(ii) =𝑧 − ? = 𝑧 % − 5𝑧 , + 10𝑧 $ ! − 10𝑧 ! $ + 5𝑧 , − %
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
% $ # # #
= 𝑧 − 5𝑧 + 10𝑧 − 10 wWx + 5 wW &x − W 1
# # #
= w𝑧 % − W1
x − 5 w𝑧 $ − W&
x + 10 w𝑧 − W x 1 - Expansion using result
%
∴ (2𝑖sin 𝜃) = 2𝑖sin 5𝜃 − 5(2𝑖sin 3𝜃) + 10(2𝑖sin 𝜃) From (i)
32𝑖 sin% 𝜃 = 2𝑖sin 5𝜃 − 10𝑖sin 3𝜃 + 20𝑖sin 𝜃
# 1 - Expression for 𝑠𝑖𝑛% 𝜃.
∴ sin% 𝜃 = #. (sin 5𝜃 − 5sin 3𝜃 + 10sin 𝜃)

) )
(b) ! 1 ! 2
%
(iii) h 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = h (𝑠𝑖𝑛 5𝜃 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝜃 + 10𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 1 - Integrating.
- 16 -
!
# # % $
= #.
n− % 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝜃 + $
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝜃 − 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃p
-
# # %
= #.
n(0 + 0 − 0) − w− % + $
− 10xp 1 - Answer
+
= #%

21
Question 16 2021
Solution Marks Allocation of marks
(c) 3

Equations of Motion

𝑥̈ = 0 𝑦̈ = −𝑔
𝑥̇ = 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑦̇ = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1 - Equations of Motion
VD $
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑦= − !
+ 𝑣𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

=
𝑡= T PQX 7
1 - expression for t.
𝑔 𝑥 ! 𝑥
𝑦= − w x +𝑣w x 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
2 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
"V= $
= !T $ 456$ = + 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
V= $ 6A4 $ 7
∴ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 − !T $
1 - Equation of Trajectory

22