Multiple Use Forestry

❑ Can be applied to any land ownership

❑Management of all forest components harmoniously to produce optimal combination of goods and services
❑Utilization through combination of all forest resources in a particular area to meet the needs of people
❑Management of all forest resources without impairment land productivity

Conceptual Elements of MUF

1. Environmental or ecosystem principles
2. Ecological integrity
3. Economic and financial feasibility
4. Social environment Importance
1. Diversify forest use that address high demand for timber, NTFP’s and other ecosystem services
2. Risk associated with climate change will be reduced
3. Conflict and exclusion from remaining forest area will be reduced

Constraints on MUF
1. Economic factors
• Undervalued ecosystem services
• Knowledge of profitability
• Expensive diversified management
• Marketability of some forest products

2. Technical factors
• Ignorance on integrated management of forest resources
• Inadequate trained personnel
• Poor disclosure of what is known

3. Sociocultural factors
• Weak organizational skills and business management of producers
• Conflicts related to the multipleuse or integrated approach to development projects

4. Political-institutional factors
• Lack of government support

Objectives of MUF
❑ Sustainable utilization of multiple forest services or benefits to meet the diverse human needs
❑ Come up with the best combination of forest land uses that can provide greatest benefit for the larger number of people in the longest time
possible.
❑ resolve conflicts of interest regarding the utilization and development of the forest resources
❑ Harmoniously manage different forest ecosystem services with tolerable negative impacts to the land
❑ Promote forest conservation through recognition of other lesser used forest resources

Factors in Considering MUF

Management (Clawson, 2021)
1. Inputs of productive factors and the output of land uses under different biophysical condition in the area
2. Trade-offs between land uses for such level of productive factors
3. Net Benefit from land uses

Classes of MUF Outputs

1. Complementary Output
Single production process produces two or more outputs in a single land use.
Example:
• Tree plantation and livestock production
• Road for timber harvesting provides access to recreationists

Classes of MUF Outputs

2. Competing outputsIf one output causes loss/decrease in the other outputs
Example: • Wilderness and recreation area

Concepts of MUF
1. Pearson’s Concepts
❑ “There is a place and time for every activity”
❑ Assign best land use in each forest management unit
❑ Subdivisions of the total land area devoted to specialized uses (Pearson, 1944)

Concepts of MUF
1. Dana-McArdle’s Concept
• Production of several goods and services simultaneously from the same land (Dana, 1943)
• Assign compatible land uses in each compartment

Dana McArdle’s Approaches

1. Dominant Use or Primary Use Approach
❑ Designation of dominant use/main use mixed with other compatible uses that helps to improve the production of dominant use

Valuing MUFs Outputs

Some outputs can be measured through the following:
❑ Volume for timber and some NTFP’s
❑ User days for recreation and wilderness
❑ Abundance and dominance of noteworthy species (ex. Endemic and threatened species)
❑ Market price

Valuing MUFs Outputs

Economic Valuation - process of measuring the preferences of people for an environmental good oragainst an environmental “bad”.
Total Economic Value - direct use value+ indirect use value +bequest value + existence value

Types of Economic Value

1. Use Value
b. Indirect use value -functional benefits; valuesthat accrue as indirect consequences of an initial or direct impacte.g. erosion control
C-sequestration, floodprevention

2. Non-use Value people place value on a goods or services that they do not personally use
a. Bequest Value - value of leaving use and non-use values for future generationse.g. protect forest reserve for future generation

Types of Economic Value

1. Indirect Method
b. Travel Cost Method- willingness of people to spend transportation cost just to experience benefits
Ex : How much people are willing to spend just to visit the Caramoan National Park
c. Contingent Valuation - the value of the forest resource is based on the price people are willing to pay for the preservation of the resource
Example: Makiling entrance fee
LECTURE 3: BIODIVERSITY ASSESMENT AND MONITORING

What is biodiversity?
Biological Diversity - coined in 1980 by a conservation biologist (Thomas Lovejoy)
Biodiversity - coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985, then first appeared in publication in 1988

Biodiversity - the variety of life in all its Forms variation of life at all levels of biological organizationessentially a synonym of `Lives on Earth’

Why biodiversity important?

• Offers myriads of benefits to humans and environment
• Greater species diversity ensures natural sustainability for all life forms
• Healthy ecosystems can better withstand and recover from a variety of disasters
• A larger number of plant species, means a greater variety of forest products and other ecosystems services

What is conservation?
• Wise utilization of resources and maintenance of the resource at optimal level of productivity
• Man living in harmony with the land (Leopold, 1933)
Major approach in biodiversity conservation?
1. In-situ conservation approach
• maintenance of genes, individuals, populations, and species under natural conditions
• On site protection and preservation of species and habitats
• Through establishment of protected areas and biodiversity corridors
Major approach in biodiversity conservation?
1. Ex-situ conservation approach
Maintenance of genes, individuals, population, species/taxa outside their natural habitat
Facilities and measures to promote ex-situ conservation
1. Botanic gardens – e.g. makiling botanic garden
2. Seedbanks – e.g. IRRI seedbank, Institute of plant breeding seedbank
3. Zoological gardens – Avilon Zoo, Malabon Zoo

TERMINOLOGIES
Assessment - Process of determining and addressing needs between current conditions and desired conditions.
Monitoring - Regular collection and analysis of data to know if there’s a progress towards the achievement of objectives.
Biodiversity - Richness of the area in terms of biodiversity and is very important in the lowland community for their living as it generates
highecosystem services such as provisioning,regulating,cultural,andsupporting services.

METHODS OF BIOD ASSESSMENT AND MONITORING

Why assess and monitor biodiversity?

• Contribute to the improved conservation and sustainable use of our resources
Why assess and monitor biodiversity?
• Improve the information available for decision-makers in protected areas through regular collection of data on biological resources and their
utilization
Why assess and monitor biodiversity?
• Evaluate if biodiversity of an area is being maintained in accordance with the NIPAS Act and the management objectives of the area
Common questions answered by assessment and monitoring
• Are habitats and ecosystem being degraded?
• Are populations of threatened species declining?
• What are the causes of the degradation and decline?
• Are there impacts of management intervention on the ecosystem?
• Are there increased benefits to local communities?

Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring Techniques

• Rapid Biodiversity Assessment
• Line Intercept
• Point-Center Quarter Method
• Species Area Curve
• Quadrat Sampling
Rapid Biodiversity Assessment (RBA)
• Quick and entails less cost
• Offers indicative appraisal of biological resources with respect to the types of species
• Not reliable to approximate the total species Population

RBA Techniques
1. Field Diary Method
• Recording of routine observations on wildlife and resource in pocketbook or data sheet during regular patrol
• Helpful in determining type and number of resources extracted by the local communities
• Presence of wildlife can be early detected by this method
• Things needed:
– notebook, pen, field guide and camera or binoculars
• Suitability:
– land, water and marine areas
• Skills needed:
– none
• Frequency:
– whenever in the field
1. Field Diary Method
Things to record:
• No. of people and what they are doing
• Signs of presence of people in
PAs:
– Cut/sawn logs
– Discarded remains of hunted wildlife
– Sound of chainsaws
– Forest fires
Things to record:
• For wildlife
– type of record (seen, heard, tracks, found)
– estimated number of individuals
– habitat
– location
• For physical changes in the landscape
– eroded banks, landslides, explorations, quarrying, excavation
– exact location
– photo documentation

2. Photo Documentation Method

• Requires on-the-ground-fixed point photographing of selected hillsides in priority forest blocks at regular intervals
• Cheaper than remote sensingbased monitoring of changes in forest cover, wetland, and other habitats
• Provides permanent documentation, not dependent on skill in identification
• Useful in discussing the results of biodiversity monitoring

3. Transect Walk Method

• Like field diary that uses routine patrolling
• Transects are permanent and demarcated
• Things needed:
– Binoculars/camera, field guide, data sheets, topographic map, compass, 50-100 m string, GPS, permanent marker
• Suitability
– Land area and drier areas of freshwater and marine areas
• Skills needed
– Species identification
• Frequency
– Every quarter (same person to monitor)
TW routes should be set up in
• Most seriously threatened PAs
• Areas of most important for conservation and resource use by the local people
• Along patrol routes in old growth or secondary forest
• With human use or with minimal human use
4. Focus Group Discussion
• Provides valuable information on trends in status and use of selected resources and the number of households dependent on the resource
• Involves local participation

4. Focus Group Discussion

• Things needed:
– Facilitator, recorder, field guide and paper
• Skills needed:
– Participatory Rural Appraisal
• Frequency:
– 2-hr every quarter with community monitoring group
– Once a year meeting with the Village

LINE INTERCEPT
• A plotless method of analysing vegetation especially applicable in studying grassland communities
• Makes use of transect lines, identify species intercepted by the line, measure the length of the line intercepted (I) for each individual of any
species

Point Center Quarter Method

• Similar to the line intercept techniques
• Easy and best suited for low-structured vegetation such as closely grazed pasture or shrubland
• Impractical to use in situation like forest communities where composition of stand is highly diverse, rugged terrain, thick undergrowth and
trees are dominant objects of the survey

Point Center Quarter Method

• Procedure
– Choose a series of points in the sample area
– Place a “cross” or “plus” shaped guide/frame over the point
– Measure the distance from the point to the nearest plant of interest in each of the quadrants outlined by the crossshaped guide

Species Area Curve

• Method that measures species richness in a given area
• Employs establishment of quadrats of increasing sizes (nested quadrats) in enumerating number of organisms encountered
• Initial quadrat (1x1 m) is doubled to form the area of the second quadrat
• Second quadrat in turn is doubled to form the area of the third quadrat, and so on.

Quadrat Sampling
• May assume different shapes (circle or rectangle)
• Size and Quantity depends on vegetation type and objectives
• Smaller size = High Error
• More Quadrats = High Precision

ANALYSIS
Density (D)
– Number of individuals per unit area
RELATIVE DENSITY of i (Rdi)
• Density of species i, Di, divided by the sum of the densities of all species sample

Dominance (D)
– Can be expressed as basal area (BA) or volume (V)
– RELATIVE DOMINANCE
• Basal area or volume of species i,
Domi, divided by the sum of the basal area or volume of all the species sampled

Frequency (F)
– Number of times a given event or species occurs
• e.g. the number of quadrats that contain Narra trees as a ratio of the total number of quadrats sampled
– RELATIVE FREQUENCY
• The frequency of species i, divided by the sum of frequencies of all speciesX 100
Importance Value (IV)
– A standard measure in ecology that determines the rank relationships among species

Species Richness (R)

• Based solely on the number of different species found in the given area

Species Evenness (E)

• Measure of how similar the abundance of different species are
• Similar proportions of all species = evenness is one (1)
• Very dissimilar proportions = less than 1

• A community where a dominant species is abundant has less species diversity than one with the same species richness but where the
abundance of species is more evenly distributed

Two common measure of Diversity

1. Shannon-Weiner Index
-Determined by both number of species and even distribution of individuals among those species
2. Simpson’s Index (D)
• Includes both species richness and evennessin a single number
• The probability of getting different specieswhen two individuals were drawn from a plot/sample
• Value still range from 0 to 1
• High value; high diversity
• In this case, this index represents:
The probability of getting different species when two individuals were drawn from a plot/sample

Opportunistic Method
• Listing of all species encountered outside sampled quadrats in addition to species ecountered in side the whole quadrat (20 x 20 m)
– Common name
– Scientific Name
– Family Name
LECTURE 4: AGROFORESTRY
• marriage of agricultureand forestry
• “a sustainable management system for land that increases production by combining agricultural crops, plants and/or animals and forest
treessimultaneously or sequentially using a system ofmanagement practices that are compatible with thecultural patterns of the population” –
Bene et. al.197

CHARACTERISTICS ofAGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS

• made up of a woody perennial with agricultural plant crops or livestock
• products should be more than two types
• cycle of production is greater than one year
• more complex than monocropping
• relationship must exist between woody and agricultural components

Arrangements of Agroforestry Components

1. SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
a. RANDOM MIXTURES - have little orderly placement of components but are able to coexist harmoniously
b. ALTERNATE ROWS OR STRIPS - Agricultural crops and trees are arranged in alternate rows or strips
c. COMPARTMENT PLANTINGS - Agroforestry components occupy specific sections in the area
A
Basic Agroforestry MANAGEMENTPRACTICES
2. INTERCROPPING- practice of interspersing the components and managing it simultaneouslyuses plant species known as hedges that are
planted at certain intervals and in rows following the natural contours
3. USE OF HEDGEROWS- plant species known as hedges that are planted at certain intervals and in rows following the natural contours
4. BORDER PLANTING -use of trees as protective barriers for agricultural crops against wind, soil erosion and to keep out animals
5. SILVIPASTORAL - combining livestock animals with forest trees
7. USE OF MULTIPURPOSETREES - A fodder bank of Trema orientalis trees and Setaria sphacelata pasture grass.
1.Flemingia macrophylla
2.Gliricidia sepium
3.Calliandra calothyrsus
4.Leucaena luecocephala

Agroforestry SYSTEMS IN THEPHILIPPINES

1.Fallow System or Swidden Cultivation
2.Payoh-Pinugo (rice-forest) system
3.Multi-storey system
4.SALT system
5.TaungyaSystem

1. Fallow System or Swidden Cultivation - oldest form of indigenous agroforestry system and also known as kaingin
2. Payoh-Pinugo (Rice-Forest) System
• practiced by the natives ofCordillera region
• mountainsides are formed into stair-like terraces where the “payoh” or rice paddies are located and the mountain tops are maintained and
protected as family woodlots (pinugo) and pine forests
3. Multi-storey System
• mimics the diversity and the structure of a natural forest
LECTURE 5: RANGE MANAGEMENT
Range Management
• It is an art and science of managing rangelands for the production of livestock without impairment of land resources
• Manipulation of rangeland components to obtain optimum combination of good and services
Rangeland - Land with native plant community such as grass, forbs, and shrubs as forage that are in sufficient quantity to justify grazing use
Grazing land – land of the public domain which has been set aside based on its suitability of its topography and vegetation for livestock
production

OBJECTIVE OF RANGE MNGT.

1. Obtain maximum livestock production from rangelands
2. Prevent soil erosion by maintaining vegetation Cover
3. Conserve water support watershed
4. Support wildlife for game and other recreational activities

Components of Rangeland Ecosystem

1. Vegetative Component
• Diversified and transitory vegetative cover
• predominant vegetation belongs to the grass and sedge family (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) with cogon (Imperatacylindrica) as the most
common grass species
• In the Philippines, 380 species of grasses have already been collected and identified (Sajise, 1974)

Four identified ecologically valuable predominant species in our country

 Chrysopogon aciculatus POACEAE
 Themeda triandraPOACEAE
 Capillipedium parviflorumPOACEAE
 Imperata cylindrica POACEA

2. Animal Component
Several species are often associated with the vegetative component of the rangelands. Aside from cattle, goats, carabaos, sheep and horses
which are raised mainly for economic purposes, many species of microorganisms.
Insects, reptiles and other wildlife are also considered ecologically important components of the rangeland ecosystem

Grazing Methods
1. Continuous grazing
2. Rotational grazing
3. Zero grazing or soiling
4. Combined Grazing and Soiling

Most common weeds invading rangelands and pasture areas

HAGONOY Chromolaena odorata
LANTANA Lantana camara
GIANT MIMOSA Mimosa invisa
WILD EGGPLANT Solanum ferox
BRACKEN FERN Pteridium aquilinum