Learning A Behavioral Cognitive and Evolutionary Synthesis 1st Edition Frieman Test Bank

Learning A Behavioral Cognitive and
Evolutionary Synthesis 1st Edition

Frieman Test Bank
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Learning: A Behavioral, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Synthesis Chapter 7
Chapter 7: The Procedures and Phenomenon We Call Operant Conditioning
1. _________________ conducted early operant conditioning experiments by placing hungry kittens and
dogs inside boxes from which they could escape to reach food.
a. Skinner
b. Pavlov
c. Thales
*d. Thorndike
Answer location: The problem box
Cognitive domain: Knowledge
Question type: Multiple choice
2. What would the line on a cumulative record look like if a subject responded rapidly at first and then
completely stopped responding?
a. A steep slope followed by a more shallow slope.
*b. A steep slope followed by a horizontal line.
c. A steep slope followed by nothing once the subject stopped responding.
d. A continuous shallow slope depicting the subject’s average rate of responding.
Answer location: The Evolution of Skinner’s Methods for Studying Operant Conditioning
Cognitive domain: Application
3. On a cumulative record, what does a horizontal line indicate?

*a. That the subject is not responding at all.
b. That the subject is responding at a steady rate.
c. That a reinforcer is being delivered.
d. That the subject is responding at a high rate.
Cognitive domain: Comprehension
4. The procedure called magazine training refers to

a. a type of behavior modification used to teach autistic patients to read.
*b. teaching animals to approach a food tray when food is delivered.
c. teaching a sequence of behaviors by beginning with the last one and working back.
d. signaling when a behavior must be performed in order to earn a reinforcer.
5. Which of the following best describes the procedure of extinction?

a. A rat no longer presses a bar.
b. A dog no longer comes when called.
c. A student stops doing her reading assignments.
*d. A mother stops giving her son candy for setting the table.
6. Teaching a dog to jump by gradually increasing the height at which food is held in front of him is an
example of
*a. shaping.
b. backward chaining.
c. forward chaining.
d. magazine training.
7. A __________________ uses verbal instructions, gestures, modeling, or physical guidance to increase

the probability of a desired behavior.
a. forward chain
b. total-task method
c. backward chain
*d. prompt
8. Rachel is training her dog to shake hands. She gently picks up his paw, says “shake”, and then gives
him a treat. It sounds as if Rachel is using
a. forward chaining.
*b. putting through.
c. backward chaining.
d. shaping.
9. Julie is teaching her dog to bring in the newspaper every morning. The first thing she trains him to do
is to put the newspaper down in front of her. It sounds as if Julie is using
a. forward chaining.
b. putting through.
*c. backward chaining.
d. shaping.
10. Dr. Sanders is using forward chaining to teach a developmentally disabled child to brush his teach.
Which step would she work on first?
*a. Putting toothpaste on the toothbrush.
b. Rinsing the toothbrush and putting it away for next time.
c. Contacting each individual tooth with the brush.
d. All steps are trained at once in forward chaining.

11. Which of the following is most likely to be a negative reinforcer?

*a. Electric shock
b. Food
c. Money
d. Sex
Answer location: Positive and negative reinforcers
12. Which of the following provides the best evidence that reinforcers do not
simply strengthen behavior?
a. Guinea pigs learned to turn their heads in a different direction when the behavior-reinforcer
contingency was changed.
b. Cats made fewer errors after repeated escapes from a problem box.
*c. Rats trained with bran mash made more errors in a maze when their reinforcer was switched to
sunflower seeds.
d. Pigeons will peck at a key even when doing so results in a loss of food.
Answer location: Do Reinforcers Strengthen Behavior?
13. An establishing operation is

*a. something that changes the effectiveness of a reinforcer.
b. a behavior that must be mastered before a new behavior can be learned.
c. a type of operant conditioning that is especially resistant to extinction.
d. a stimulus which functions as both a CS and a discriminative stimulus.
Answer location: Establishing operations
14. Premack believed that all reinforcement involves

*a. the opportunity to do something.
b. Pavlovian conditioning.
c. conditioned reinforcers.
d. negative reinforcers.
Answer location: The Opportunity to Engage in Some Behaviors Can Serve as a Positive Reinforcer
15. __________ is to primary reinforcer as __________ is to secondary reinforcer.
a. Money; food
*b. Food; money
c. Water; food
d. Food; water
Answer location: Conditioned Reinforcers (Secondary Reinforcers)
Cognitive domain: Analysis
16. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) may also be

a. positive reinforcement.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. punishment by application.
*d. omission training.
Answer location: Contingencies in operant conditioning
17. The “positive” in positive reinforcement refers to

*a. the fact that there is a positive contingency between a behavior and an outcome.
b. the fact that the rate and/or frequency of the target behavior increases.
c. the fact that the target behavior is generally desirable.
d. an especially effective type of reinforcement.
Answer location: Positive reinforcement
18. “Pr (positive reinforcer|behavior occurred) > Pr (positive reinforcer|behavior did not occur)”
describes
*a. positive reinforcement.
d. omission training.
Answer location: Positive reinforcement
19. The first recorded example of operant conditioning involved a mule who would submerge itself
while carrying bags of salt to lighten its load. This best illustrates
*b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment/punishment by application.
d. negative punishment/omission training.
Answer location: Negative reinforcement
20. Both escape and __________ are types of negative reinforcement.
a. time out
b. DRL
*c. avoidance
d. DRH
21. A week ago, Lisa could not get to sleep because her neighbors upstairs were playing loud music. She
pounded on the ceiling with a broomstick, and they turned it down. Now whenever they play loud
music, Lisa immediately grabs the broom and pounds on the ceiling. Lisa’s behavior seems to be
maintained by
22. Pam recently had a bad headache. She took some Excedrin, and it went away. Now she takes
Excedrin every time she gets a headache. Pam’s behavior is probably maintained by
23. Three of the terms below refer to the same basic variety of operant conditioning. Which one refers
to a different variety?
*a. Omission training
b. Avoidance conditioning
c. Escape conditioning
d. Negative reinforcement
24. When Sally was in grade school, her teachers did not want her to write with left hand. Whenever
they caught her using her left hand to write, they would hit her hand with a ruler. Not surprisingly, Sally
stopped using her left hand. This is an example of
*c. punishment by application.
d. negative punishment.
Answer location: Punishment by application
25. Thales, the merchant who used a mule to carry salt, put a stop to the mule’s behavior of submerging
itself in water to lighten its load by having it carry bags of sponges rather than salt. This best illustrates
26. Bill frequently talks during class. His teacher scolds him when he does this, and as a result, he
eventually stops. This seems to be an example of
27. Ralph only gets to watch television in the afternoons if he does not hit his sister. Otherwise, he must
spend the afternoon in his room. This is an example of the procedure of
*a. omission training.
b. avoidance training.
d. negative reinforcement.
Answer location: Omission training (punishment by removal)
28. Five-year-old Jaime left his toy cars all over the living room floor, so his mother took them away.
Now when he plays with toys in the living room, he is careful not to leave them out. Jaime probably
learned not to leave his toys out via
*a. omission training.
b. avoidance training.
d. negative reinforcement.
Answer location: Omission training (punishment by removal)
29. Which of the following pairs of animals best illustrates the technique called yoking?
a. Rat A and Rat B must take turns pressing a bar to earn pellets.
*b. Rat A presses a bar for pellets, and Rat B is also given one every time Rat A earns one.
c. Rat A presses the bar, but Rat B gets all the pellets.
d. Rat A and Rat B must share one dish of pellets, and are only given more if both rats eat an equal
amount.
Answer location: Box 7.6
30. What does it mean to say that two subjects are yoked together?
a. They are assigned to the same experimental condition of a study.
b. They live in the same cage and are trained in the same operant chamber or maze.
*c. The behavior of one individual determines reinforcer delivery to both subjects.
d. They can only earn reinforcers by cooperating, such as by pressing two levers simultaneously.
Answer location: Box 7.6
31. Respondent behaviors are

a. influenced by their consequences.
b. very resistant to extinction.
*c. elicited by US’s and CS’s.
d. completely innate.
Answer location: The Differences Between Pavlovian Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
32. Staci squirts her cat Fluffy with water every time he sharpens his claws on her couch. Fluffy learns
not to claw the couch in front of Staci, but he still does it when Staci isn’t home. Staci seems to be a
a. secondary reinforcer.
b. negative reinforcer.
c. negative punisher.
*d. discriminative stimulus.
Answer location: The Role of the Stimulus in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning (and Instrumental
Learning)
33. Sixteen-year-old Sally knows not to use foul language in front of her father, because he washes her
mouth out with soap when she does. With her friends, however, she can speak however she wants with
no fear of being punished. In this example, Sally’s father would be a(n)
a. establishing operation.
*b. discriminative stimulus.
c. conditioned stimulus.
d. conditioned reinforce.
Learning)
34. A discriminative stimulus

a. alters how effectively something functions as a reinforcer.
b. breaks a task down into steps.
c. is a type of gestural prompt.
*d. signals a behavior-outcome relationship.
Learning)
35. Mr. and Mrs. Freeman used to smack their German Shepherd Willow with a newspaper for getting
into the trash. Now, Willow never exhibits this behavior in front of them, but frequently does it when
they are not home. What is the probable discriminative stimulus in this situation to Willow?
*a. Mr. and Mrs. Freeman
b. A trash can with food in it
c. An empty trash can
d. Getting smacked with a newspaper
Learning)
36. Because of _____________, Davey (1989) noted that maze learning could potentially be explained
by Pavlovian, rather than operant, conditioning.
*a. sign-tracking
b. disinhibition
c. spontaneous recovery
d. chaining
Answer location: Demonstrating That a Change in Behavior is Due to Instrumental Learning or Operant
Conditioning and Not Pavlovian Conditioning
37. Which of the following provides the best evidence that operant conditioning is truly different from
Pavlovian conditioning?
*a. Guinea pigs learned to turn their heads in a different direction when the behavior-reinforcer
contingency was changed.
b. Cats made fewer errors after repeated escapes from a problem box.
c. Rats trained with bran mash made more errors in a maze when their reinforcer was switched to
sunflower seeds.
d. Pigeons will peck at a key even when doing so results in a loss of food.
Answer location: Demonstrating That a Change in Behavior is Due to Instrumental Learning or Operant
Conditioning and Not Pavlovian Conditioning
38. All situations in which operant conditioning occurs include elements of Pavlovian conditioning.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: The Procedures and Phenomena We Call Operant Conditioning
Question type: True/false
39. The phenomenon of operant conditioning is an observed increase or decrease in a subject’s

behavior.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Procedures, Phenomena, and Processes

40. From his research using problem boxes, Thorndike concluded that cats had “insight” into how to
escape the box and access food.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: The problem box.
41. On a cumulative record, a horizontal line indicates that a subject is responding at a steady rate.
a. True
*b. False
42. Teaching a rat to quickly find food pellets dispensed in an operant conditioning chamber is called
magazine training.
*a. True
b. False
43. The procedure of extinction is to discontinue the outcome for performing a behavior.
*a. True
b. False
44. “Putting through” is another name for a physical prompt.

*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Shaping patterns of behavior
45. A positive reinforcer is an event that increases the frequency of a behavior when presented after
that behavior.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Positive and negative reinforcers.
46. The procedure of adding a negative reinforcer after a behavior occurs is negative reinforcement.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: Positive and negative reinforcers.
47. Primary reinforcers are limited to food, water, sex, and painful stimulation.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: Primary Reinforcers
48. Conditioned reinforcers are created through Pavlovian conditioning.

*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Conditioned Reinforcers (Secondary Reinforcers)
49. Avoidance conditioning and omission training are types of negative reinforcement.
a. True
*b. False
Answer location: Negative reinforcement.
50. Punishment by application (positive punishment) involves a positive contingency between a

behavior and a negative reinforcer.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Punishment by application.
51. “Pr (negative reinforcer|behavior occurred) > Pr (negative reinforcer|behavior did not occur)”
describes negative reinforcement.
a. True
*b. False
52. “Pr (negative reinforcer|behavior occurred) > Pr (negative reinforce|behavior did not occur)”
describes punishment by application.
*a. True
b. False
53. “Pr (positive reinforcer|behavior occurred) < Pr (positive reinforcer|behavior did not occur)”
describes omission training.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Omission training (punishment by removal).
54. Periodically saving your work in case of a power outage or computer malfunction is an example of
unsignaled avoidance.
*a. True
b. False
Answer location: Negative reinforcement.
55. Respondent behaviors are elicited by a stimulus.

*a. True
b. False
Answer location: The Role of the Stimulus in Pavlovian and Operant Conditioning
56. Discriminative stimuli signal a CS-US relationship.

a. True
*b. False
57. The context in which operant conditioning occurs often becomes a Pavlovian US.
a. True
*b. False
58. Describe two methods used by Lovaas to decrease self-injurious behaviors. Are there advantages or
disadvantages to either method?
Question type: Essay
59. Explain, using examples, how the same object or context can serve as both a discriminative stimulus
as well as a Pavlovian CS.
60. 6-year-old Penelope’s favorite activity at school is recess. Every day she gets 30 min of recess on a
playground. However, every time she talks without permission in class, she loses 5 min of this play time.
What type of operant conditioning procedure is this? Why?
61. How do we explain the fact that we will turn on the heat lamp in the bathroom when we take a
shower in the winter but not in the summer? The lamp gives off the same amount of heat under both
conditions. What does this tell us about reinforcement and reinforcers?
62. Premack observed that if you give water-sated rats the choice between running in a wheel and
drinking they would run more than drink. He demonstrated that when you arrange the contingency so
that the rats had to drink in order to unlock the wheel so that they could run, the rate of drinking
increased. He also observed that if you give water-deprived rats the choice between running in a wheel
and drinking they would drink rather than run (until they were satiated). He demonstrated that when
you arrange the contingency so that if those rats had to run in order to get access to the water spout,
the rate of running increased. What function does water deprivation serve here with respect to
reinforcers and reinforcement? What does this tell us about reinforcers?
63. Chimpanzees will learn to perform behaviors to earn tokens and humans will do things to earn
money, grades, etc. None of these consequences are biologically important, but they all serve as
effective consequences for operant conditioning. How do these events become reinforcers and what
function do they serve?
64. Saying “good dog” and patting your dog are used to reward appropriate behavior. Are each of these
two actions on your part primary or conditioned reinforcers for your dog? What is the reasons for your
designation of each? If you believe your action is a conditioned reinforcer, what led to it becoming a
conditioned reinforcer? Note: Answer these questions for each action separately.
65. What is the difference between escape conditioning and avoidance conditioning? Give an example
of each to illustrate the difference.
66. How can we demonstrate that a given behavior is the result of operant conditioning and not
Pavlovian conditioning? Give an example to illustrate this.
67. Grindley (1932) provided strong evidence that operant conditioning is different from Pavlovian
conditioning in his experiment with Guinea pigs. What is it about Grindley’s experiment that leads us to
this conclusion? [Include a brief description of the procedure and results.]

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Learning A Behavioral Cognitive and Evolutionary Synthesis 1st Edition Frieman Test Bank

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Learning A Behavioral Cognitive and

Evolutionary Synthesis 1st Edition

Chapter 7: The Procedures and Phenomenon We Call Operant Conditioning

3. On a cumulative record, what does a horizontal line indicate?

4. The procedure called magazine training refers to

5. Which of the following best describes the procedure of extinction?

7. A __________________ uses verbal instructions, gestures, modeling, or physical guidance to increase

Cognitive domain: Application

11. Which of the following is most likely to be a negative reinforcer?

13. An establishing operation is

14. Premack believed that all reinforcement involves

Question type: Multiple choice

16. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) may also be

17. The “positive” in positive reinforcement refers to

31. Respondent behaviors are

34. A discriminative stimulus

39. The phenomenon of operant conditioning is an observed increase or decrease in a subject’s

Answer location: Procedures, Phenomena, and Processes

44. “Putting through” is another name for a physical prompt.

48. Conditioned reinforcers are created through Pavlovian conditioning.

50. Punishment by application (positive punishment) involves a positive contingency between a

55. Respondent behaviors are elicited by a stimulus.

56. Discriminative stimuli signal a CS-US relationship.

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