Chemistry The Science in Context Volume I and II 5th Edition Gilbert Test Bank

Chemistry The Science in Context
Volume I and II 5th Edition Gilbert Test

Bank
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-context-volume-i-and-ii-5th-edition-gilbert-test-bank/
Chapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium: How Much Product Does a Reaction Really
Make?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement about a chemical reaction is not correct?

a. All chemical reactions are reversible since products can be converted back into the
reactants.
b. If a reaction is characterized as lying far to the left, then the concentration of products is
small when equilibrium is reached.
c. At equilibrium, the rates of the forward reaction and reverse reaction are equal.
d. At equilibrium, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal because both have
stopped.
e. Chemical equilibrium is said to be “a dynamic process.”
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 14.1
OBJ: Explain what is meant by a reversible chemical reaction. MSC: Understanding
2. Which of the following is true for a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

a. Only the forward reaction stops.
b. Only the reverse reaction stops.
c. Both the forward and reverse reactions stop.
d. The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
e. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 14.1
OBJ: Explain what is meant by the term dynamic chemical equilibrium.
MSC: Remembering
3. Which of the following is true for a chemical reaction at equilibrium regarding the concentration of
products?
a. They will not change because there are no more reactants.
b. They will not change because the limiting reagent is gone.
c. They will not change because this is a constant for each reaction.
d. They will not change because the forward and reverse rates are equal.
e. They will change continually because of reversibility.
MSC: Remembering
4. Which of the following is true for a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

a. All reaction has ceased.
b. The reaction has gone to completion to products.
c. The amount of reactant(s) remaining is always equal to the amount of product(s) formed.
d. The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal.
e. The concentrations of products and reactants are still changing.
MSC: Remembering
5. A chemical equilibrium may be established by starting a reaction with ________

a. reactants only.
b. products only.
c. equal quantities of reactants and products.
d. any quantities of reactants and products.
e. all of the above.
MSC: Remembering
6. Which of A–D is equal in an equilibrium?

a. the concentrations of reactants and products
b. the rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions
c. the time that a particular atom or molecule spends as a reactant and product
d. the rate of the forward and reverse reaction
e. All of the above are equal.
ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 14.1
MSC: Remembering
7. The forward rate constant, kf, and reverse rate constant, kr, for a chemical reaction are not equal.
Which of the following must be true?
a. The reaction will be unable to achieve equilibrium.
b. kf and kr will become equal as equilibrium is approached, owing to concentration changes.
c. kf and kr will become equal as equilibrium is approached, owing to temperature changes.
d. kf and kr will remain unequal but the rates will become equal, owing to concentration
changes.
e. kf and kr will remain unequal but the rates will become equal, owing to temperature
changes.
OBJ: Describe how the rates of the forward and reverse reactions determine the equilibrium
constant for a reaction. MSC: Understanding
8. A chemical equilibrium
2A B
has a forward rate constant, kf = 10 M s , and a reverse rate constant, kr = 5 s−1. If the system
−1 −1
has a concentration of [A] = 0.10 M at equilibrium, what must be the concentration of B at

equilibrium?
a. 20.0 d. 0.020
b. 2.0 e. 200
c. 0.20
constant for a reaction. MSC: Applying
9. In a reversible reaction A B at a particular temperature, the rate constant for the reverse
reaction is 4 times the rate constant for the forward reaction. What is the value of the
equilibrium constant at that temperature?
a. Can’t tell, need more information. d. 16
b. 0.25 e. 0.5
c. 4
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 14.1
constant for a reaction. MSC: Understanding
10. In a reversible reaction A B at a particular temperature, the rate constant for the reverse
reaction is twice the rate constant for the forward reaction. At equilibrium, how are the
concentrations of A and B related?
a. Can’t tell, need more information. d.
[A] =  [B]
b. [A] = [B] e. [A] = 4  [B]
c. [A] = 2  [B]
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.1
OBJ: Describe what a large or small equilibrium constant means in terms of the concentrations of
reactants and products. MSC: Understanding

2A B
has a forward rate constant, kf = 10 M −1s−1, and a reverse rate constant, kr = 5.0 s−1. What is the
value of the equilibrium constant for this system?
a. 0.5 d. 0.050
b. 2.0 e. 5.0
c. 20
OBJ: The equilibrium constant and the forward and reverse rates of a reaction at equilibrium are
related; calculate one given the other two. MSC: Applying

A 3B
has a forward rate constant, s−1 = 5 M −1s−1, and a reverse rate constant, M −2s−1 = 0.5 s−1. What is
the value of the equilibrium constant for this system?
a. 0.1 d. 10
b. 0.5 e. 15
c. 5.0
13. For an equilibrium reaction with K = 1.2  108, the forward rate constant was found to be
3.5  105. What is the value of the reverse rate constant?
a. 3.5  105 d. 2.9  10−3
b. 3.4  102 e. 6.0  10−5
c. 4.2  10 13

14. For an equilibrium reaction with K = 4.3  10−3, the reverse rate constant was found to be
2.1  102. What is the value of the forward rate constant?
a. 2.0  10−5 d. 4.9  104
b. 3.1  10 −3 e. 5.3  103
c. 9.0  10−1
ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 14.1
15. The law of mass action is a result of ________

a. the law of conservation of matter. d. limiting reactant stoichiometry.
b. the law of conservation of energy. e. the third law of thermodynamics.
c. kinetics of reversible reactions.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 14.2
OBJ: Define the law of mass action and describe its significance.
MSC: Understanding
16. Which of the following can be predicted from the law of mass action?
I. At equilibrium, the ratio of concentrations of products to reactants, each raised to a power
corresponding to the stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced reaction equation, will have a
constant value at a given temperature.
II. The direction of the reaction given values for the reactant and product concentrations and the
equilibrium constant.
III. The amounts of products that can be produced from a given amount of reactants.
a. I only d. I and II
b. II and III e. I and III
c. I, II, and III
OBJ: Define the law of mass action and describe its significance.
MSC: Understanding
17. Write the equilibrium expression for the reaction
a. d.
b. e.
c.

OBJ: Write the equilibrium constant expression for any reaction in terms of concentrations or
partial pressures, as appropriate. MSC: Applying
18. Consider the equilibrium A + B C. What is significant about the equilibrium state in which
[B] = [C]?
a. [A] = K d. [A] = 1/K
b. [A] = [B] = [C] e. [C]/[B] = K
c. [B] = [C] = K
19. At a high temperature, carbon dioxide decomposes to produce carbon monoxide and oxygen.
Which expression corresponds to the equilibrium constant for the reaction written as
a. d.
b. e.
c.

partial pressures, as appropriate. MSC: Remembering
20. Which expression corresponds to the equilibrium constant for the reaction written as
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O2(g)?
2
a. [H2] [O2] d.
b. e.
c.

21. Which expression corresponds to the equilibrium constant Kc for the reaction written as
2NH3(g) + 2O2(g) N2O(g) + 3H2O2(g)
a. d. [N2O][H2O2]3
b. e.
c.

22. Sulfur dioxide, gaseous water, and oxygen gas react to prepare sulfuric acid in the following
unbalanced equation.
Under equilibrium conditions, the partial pressures of the components are
PSO2 = 0.1 atm, PH2O = 0.05 atm, PO2 = 0.25 atm, PH2SO4 = 2.75 atm.
What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction?
a. 3.30  10−4 d. 3.03  103
b. 5.00  10−4 e. 1.21  106
c. 2.20  10 3

OBJ: Calculate a value for the equilibrium constant (Kc or Kp) given equilibrium concentrations
or partial pressures. MSC: Applying
23. For the following hypothetical equilibrium, what is the value of the equilibrium constant if the
concentrations at equilibrium are as shown?
A + 2B C
[A] = 4.5  10−5 M
[B] = 2.2  10−2 M
[C] = 9.4  10−3 M
a. 0.22 d. 2.3  108
b. 9.9 e. 9.5  103
c. 4.3  10 5

24. Calculate K for the following reaction, provided the concentration versus time graph shown below.
2A 2B + 3C
a. 0.50 d. 1.5
b. 0.68 e. 2.8
c. 1.1
3A B + 2C
a. 2.0 d. 31
b. 10 e. 44
c. 22
26. Coal (C) can be heated with steam (H2O) at high temperatures to produce a mixture of hydrogen
and carbon monoxide gases. Methanol, which is a useful fuel, can be produced from these gases by
the reaction below. At a particular high temperature, the equilibrium concentrations are the
following:
[H2] = 0.095 mol/L, [CO] = 0.035 mol/L, and [CH3OH] = 0.065 mol/L. What is the value of the
equilibrium constant, Kc, for this reaction at this temperature?
2H2(g) + CO(g) CH3OH(g)
a. 4.70 d. 19.5
b. 290 e. 4.86
c. 206
27. Water can decompose at an elevated temperature to give hydrogen and oxygen according to the
equation below. At a particular temperature, the partial pressures of H2O, H2, and O2 are
0.055 atm, 0.0065 atm, and 0.0045 atm, respectively, at equilibrium. What is the value of the
equilibrium constant, KP, for this reaction at this temperature?
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
a. 5.3  10 −4 d. 1.6  104
b. 3.5  10−6 e. 3.0  104
c. 6.3  10 −5

28. An equilibrium that strongly favors products has ________

a. a value of K  1. d. a value of Q  1.
b. a value of K  1. e. K = Q.
c. a value of Q  1.
OBJ: Determine whether a reaction is reactant- or product-favored from a value of K.
MSC: Remembering
29. The equilibrium constant for the formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is 45.0 at
a certain temperature.
H2(g) + I2(s) 2 HI(g)
Which of the following is true regarding this equilibrium?
I. The reaction is product-favored.
II. The reaction is reactant-favored.
III. Equilibrium lies to the right.
IV. Equilibrium lies to the left.
a. I and III
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. II and IV
e. None are true, as the concentrations of reactants and products are essentially the same.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 14.2
MSC: Understanding
30. The equilibrium constant for the acid ionization of mercaptoethanol (HSCH2CH2OH ) is
1.91  10−10.
HSCH2CH2OH(aq) H+(aq) + SCH2CH2OH−(aq)
Which of the following is true regarding this equilibrium?
I. The reaction is product-favored.
II. The reaction is reactant-favored.
III. Equilibrium lies far to the right.
IV. Equilibrium lies far to the left.
a. I and III
b. I and IV
c. II and III
d. II and IV
e. None are true, as the concentrations of reactants and products are comparable.
MSC: Understanding
31. Equilibrium constants can be expressed in terms of molar concentration, Kc, or partial pressure, KP.
To relate these two equilibrium constants to each other, ________
a. each concentration must be multiplied by the factor RT.
b. each pressure must be multiplied by the factor RT.
c. Kc must be multiplied by the factor RT.
d. KP must be multiplied by the factor RT.
e. nothing must be done because their values are equal.
ANS: A DIF: Medium REF: 14.3
OBJ: Derive an expression relating Kc and Kp by using the ideal gas law in terms of molar
concentration. MSC: Understanding
32. Equilibrium constants for gases can be expressed in terms of concentrations, Kc, or in terms of
partial pressures, Kp. Which one of the following statements regarding Kc and Kp is correct?
a. Kc and Kp are equal when all stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced reaction equation
equal one.
b. Kc and Kp have the same values but different units.
c. Kc and Kp are equal when the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients for the products equals
the sum of the stoichiometric coefficients for the reactants.
d. Kc and Kp can never be equal.
e. Kc and Kp are equal when the conditions are standard (P = 1 atm, T = 298 K).
OBJ: Explain why the values of Kc and Kp differ in terms of the factor that converts molar
concentration into partial pressure. MSC: Understanding
33. Under what conditions are the values of Kc and Kp for a given gas-phase equilibrium the same?
a. if there is no change in the moles of gas in the reaction
b. if there is no change in the temperature during the reaction
c. if the coefficients of the reactants and products are the same
d. if the pressure remains constant
e. if either Kc or Kp = 1
OBJ: Interconvert the Kc and Kp values. MSC: Understanding
34. For the following reaction, Kc = 0.500 at 300K. What is the value of Kp?
2A(g) + B(g) 2C(g) + D(g)
a. 8.26  10 −4 d. 12.3
b. 2.03  10−2 e. 303
c. 0.500
OBJ: Interconvert the Kc and Kp values. MSC: Applying
35. For the following reaction, Kp = 137 at 3.50  102K. What is the value of Kc?
2C4H10(l) + 3O2(g) 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g)
a. 7.03  10 −6 d. 3.24  106
b. 5.79  10−3 e. 2.67  109
c. 4.77
36. An increase in the number of moles of gas as the reaction goes from reactants to products in a
gas-phase equilibrium results in ________
a. Kp  Kc. d. Kp + Kc = (RT ) .
b. Kp  Kc. e. KpKc = (RT ) .
c. Kp = Kc.
37. A decrease in the number of moles of gas as the reaction goes from reactants to products in a
gas-phase equilibrium results in ________
a. Kp  Kc. d. Kp + Kc = (RT ) .
b. Kp  Kc. e. KpKc = (RT ) .
c. Kp = Kc.
ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 14.3
38. The equilibrium constant for the formation of calcium carbonate from the ions in solution is
2.2  108 according to the reaction:
What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the reverse of this reaction?
a. the same, 2.2  108 d. 4.5  10−9
b. −2.2  108 e. 4.5  109
c. 2.2  10 −8

OBJ: Derive and use the relationship between the equilibrium constants for forward and reverse
reactions. MSC: Applying
39. Two students measured an equilibrium constant for the same chemical reaction. Ken obtained a
value of 130 for the equilibrium constant, but Barbie obtained a value of 11.4. The instructor
checked their results and said they were both correct. How can that be?
a. The values vary according to the way the measurement is made. Ken must have
measured product concentrations, while Barbie measured reactant concentrations.
b. The values vary according to the starting conditions of the reaction prior to equilibrium.
Ken must have started with all reactants, while Barbie must have started with all products.
c. The values vary according to the stoichiometric coefficients that are used. The balancing
coefficients that Ken used must have been twice those that Barbie used.
d. The values vary according to direction of the reaction. Ken must have used the reverse
reaction.
e. The instructor must have made a mistake, because the equilibrium constant for a reaction
must always be the same.
OBJ: Derive and use the relationship between the equilibrium constants for the same reaction
written with different stoichiometric coefficients. MSC: Applying
40. The chemical equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 2.15  102.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the following reaction?
6NO2(g) 3N2O4(g)
a. 6.45  102 d. 1.55  10−3
b. 9.94  106 e. 4.65  10−2
c. 1.01  10 −7

41. The equilibrium constant for the reaction below is 17.5.

S(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 SO3(g)
6 SO3(g) 3S(s) + 9 O2(g)
a. 1.87  10 −4 d. 306
b. 5.71  10−2 e. 5360
c. 17.5
42. The equilibrium constant for the reaction below is 1.3  10−2.
a. 1.69  10−4 d. 8.77

b. 1.30  10−2 e. 76.9
c. 1.14  10−1
43. The chemical equilibrium constant for the following reaction is 14.5.
CH3OH(g) CO(g) + 2H2(g)
a. 3.81 d. 1.38  10−1

b. 2.62  10−1 e. 6.90  10−2
c. 7.25
44. The equilibrium constants for the two reactions are known:
Mm++ 4L− [ML4]m−4 Ka
HL H +L
+ −
Kb
What must be the value of the equilibrium constant, Koverall for the following overall reaction?
Mm+ + 4HL [ML4]m−4 + 4H+ Koverall
a. KaKb d. KaKb4
b. Ka + 4Kb e. KaKb1/4
c. Ka + Kb 4

OBJ: Derive and use the relationship involving equilibrium constants for an overall reaction and
a series of reactions. MSC: Applying
45. A series of four equilibrium steps can be defined for the following overall reaction:
Cu2+ + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ Koverall
Cu2+ + NH3 [Cu(NH3)]2+ K1
[Cu(NH3)] + NH3
2+ K2
[Cu(NH3)2]2+
etc.
What is true about K4?
a. K4 = Koverall d.
b. K4 = K1K2K3 e.
c.

46. Given the following reactions and associated equilibrium constants

K1 = 3.1
K2 = 4.5
what is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction?
SO3(g) + NO(g) SO2(g) + NO2(g) Knew = ?
a. 1.45 d. 6.89  10–1
b. 7.17  10–2 e. 163
c. 14.0
47. Given the following reactions and associated equilibrium constants

2NO(g) K1 = 1.70  10−13
NO2(g) K2 = 6.83  106
What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction?
2N2O(g) + 3O2(g) 4NO2(g) Knew = ?
a. 1.59  10 −2 d. 62.9
b. 9.29  10−18 e. 1.08  1017
c. 40.3
48. Which statement about an equilibrium constant, K, and a reaction quotient, Q, for a reaction is
correct?
a. Values for each can be determined using units of moles/liter or atmospheres.
b. K is the reciprocal of Q: K = 1/Q.
c. K always is larger than Q.
d. Q always is larger than K.
e. Q can never equal K.
OBJ: Write a definition for the term reaction quotient and explain how it differs from an
equilibrium constant. MSC: Understanding
49. Write the expression for the reaction quotient for the reaction
Cu2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)42+(aq)
a. Q = [Cu2+] + 4[NH3] + [Cu(NH3)42+] d.
b. e.
c.

equilibrium constant. MSC: Applying
50. Gaseous benzene (C6H6) and hydrogen gas can be used to prepare cyclohexane (C6H12). Calculate
a value for the reaction quotient when the partial pressures are
PC H = 0.1 atm, PH = 0.3 atm, PC H = 1.35 atm.
a. 2.00  10 −5 d. 45.0
b. 2.22  10 −2 e. 5.00  102
c. 1.37  10 2

OBJ: Calculate a value of the reaction quotient for a reaction given concentration or pressure
data.
MSC: Applying
51. Gaseous carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas can be used to prepare methanol (CH3OH). Calculate
PCO = 15.0 atm, PH = 15.0 atm, = 1.00 atm.
a. 1.00 d. 4.44  10−3
b. 2.96  10−4 e. 3.33  10−2
c. 6.67  10−2
data.
MSC: Applying
52. Gaseous hydrogen and iodine can be used to prepare HI in the following balanced chemical
reaction. Calculate a value for the reaction quotient when [H2] = [I2] = 4.67 10–3 M and [HI] =
4.07  10–2 M.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
a. 1.32  10 −2 d. 5.36  10−4
b. 1.87  103 e. 1.77  10−1
c. 76.0
data.
MSC: Applying
53. Water can decompose at an elevated temperature to give hydrogen and oxygen according to the
equation below. At a particular temperature in a vessel containing water vapor and air, the partial
pressures of H2O, H2, and O2 are 0.055 atm, 0.0065 atm, and 0.19 atm, respectively. What is the
value of the reaction quotient, QP, for this reaction under these conditions?
2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
a. 0.023 d. 370
b. 1.5  10−4 e. 4.4  104
c. 2.7  10 −3

data.
MSC: Applying
54. If the reaction quotient Q has a smaller value than the related equilibrium constant, K, ________
a. the reaction is at equilibrium.
b. the reaction will continue to make more products.
c. the reaction will consume products and make reactants.
d. the reaction will release heat to achieve equilibrium.
e. the value of K will decrease until it is equal to Q.
OBJ: Use a reaction quotient and an equilibrium constant to identify whether a reaction will run
in the forward or reverse direction, or be at equilibrium. MSC: Understanding
55. If the reaction quotient Q has a larger value than the related equilibrium constant, K, ________
e. the value of K will increase until it is equal to Q.
56. If the reaction quotient Q is equal to the related equilibrium constant, K, ________
e. the value of K will increase until it is equal to Q.
57. The water gas shift reaction shown below can be used to produce hydrogen from water and coal.
Given the data in the following table, which experiment will proceed in the forward direction to
produce more hydrogen? Under the experimental conditions, Kc = 25 for this reaction.
H2O(g) + CO(g) H2(g) + CO
Initial Concentrations (mol/L)
Experiment [H2O] [CO] [H2] [CO2]
I 0.030 0.030 0 0
II 0 0 0.030 0.030
III 0.020 0.020 0.050 0.040
IV 0.030 0.020 0.030 0.020
a. I only d. I, III, and IV

b. II only e. I and IV
c. I and III
in the forward or reverse direction, or be at equilibrium. MSC: Applying
58. In the following reaction, which of the statements is true, given the concentrations of each species?
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g) K = 9.60
[N2] = [H2] = 0.100 M and [NH3] = 0.352 M
a. The reaction is at equilibrium.
b. More ammonia must form to achieve equilibrium.
c. More nitrogen and hydrogen must form to achieve equilibrium.
d. More nitrogen must be consumed to achieve equilibrium.
e. Equilibrium cannot be established in the system.
59. In the following reaction, which of the statements is true, given the concentrations of each species?
C6H6(g) + 3H2(g) C6H12(g) K = 1.23  10−3
[C6H6] = [H2] = 0.170 M and [C6H12] = 0.025 M
a. More hydrogen must be consumed to achieve equilibrium.
b. More cyclohexane (C6H12) must form to achieve equilibrium.
c. The reaction is at equilibrium.
d. More benzene (C6H6) must be formed to achieve equilibrium.
60. In the following reaction, which of the statements is true, given the pressures of each species?
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Kp = 0.14
PSO = 0.140 atm, PO = 0.321 atm, and PSO = 0.200 atm
a. The reaction is at equilibrium.
b. More SO3 must form to achieve equilibrium.
c. More SO2 and O2 must form to achieve equilibrium.
d. More O2 must be consumed to achieve equilibrium.
61. Sulfur dioxide emitted in the burning of coal is “scrubbed” from the effluent using ________
a. limestone (CaCO3). d. calcium hydride (CaH2).
b. lime (CaO). e. calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2].
c. calcium metal (Ca).
OBJ: Write the reaction equation associated with scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from exhaust gases
of coal-fired power plants. MSC: Remembering
62. In equilibrium expressions, the concentrations of pure solids and liquids ________
a. have the assigned value of one.
b. have the assigned value of zero.
c. have constant values, cS and cl.
d. are determined from the density and molar mass.
e. are treated as any other solute.
OBJ: Explain how and why the equilibrium constants for homogeneous and heterogeneous
equilibria differ. MSC: Remembering
63. Which of the following is the equilibrium expression for the scrubbing reaction of calcium oxide
and sulfur dioxide to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of coal-fired power plants?
CaO(s) + SO2(g) CaSO3(s)
a. Kc = [SO2] d.
Kc =
b. e. Kc = [CaSO3] − [CaO] − [SO2]

Kc =
c. Kc = [CaO] + [SO2]
OBJ: Write the equilibrium constant expression for any heterogeneous reaction.
MSC: Applying
64. Which one of the following is the equilibrium expression, KP, for the reaction that produces lime,
CaO, from limestone, CaCO3?
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
a. d. [CaO][CO2]
b. e.
c.

MSC: Applying
65. For a chemical reaction at equilibrium, which of the following will change the value of the
equilibrium constant K?
I. changing the temperature
II. changing the total concentration of reactants and products
III. changing the reaction coefficients
a. I only d. I and II only

b. II only e. I and III only
c. III only
ANS: E DIF: Medium REF: 14.7
OBJ: List the ways in which chemical equilibrium can be perturbed.
MSC: Understanding
66. Identify whether or not perturbations A–D will affect the equilibrium concentrations of reactants
and products in a gas-phase endothermic chemical reaction that involves one or more gases. If all
have an effect on the equilibrium concentrations, select response E. Otherwise, identify the one
that does not affect the equilibrium concentrations.
a. adding reactants to a gas or solution reaction
b. removing products from a gas or solution reaction
c. decreasing the temperature
d. increasing pressure by adding an inert gas to a reaction in the gas phase
e. All of the above are perturbations to chemical equilibrium.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 14.7
MSC: Remembering
67. Addition of reactants to a chemical reaction in solution or gas phase at equilibrium results in
________
a. an increase in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more products.
b. an increase in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more reactants.
c. a decrease in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more products.
d. a decrease in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more reactants.
e. no change in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more products.
OBJ: Identify the effect of adding or removing a product or reactant from a reaction at
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
68. Addition of products to a chemical reaction in solution or gas phase at equilibrium results
in ________
a. an increase in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more reactants.
b. no change in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more reactants.
c. a decrease in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more products.
d. a decrease in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more reactants.
e. no change in K and a shift in equilibrium to produce more products.
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
69. Which of the following occurs when reactants are added to a chemical reaction in solution or the
gas phase at equilibrium?
a. Q increases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more products.
b. Q increases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more reactants.
c. Q decreases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more products.
d. Q decreases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more reactants.
e. Q is unchanged by the addition of reactants.
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
70. Which of the following occurs when products are removed from a chemical reaction in solution or
the gas phase at equilibrium?
a. Q increases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more products.
b. Q increases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more reactants.
c. Q decreases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more products.
d. Q decreases and the equilibrium shifts to produce more reactants.
e. Q is unchanged by the removal of products.
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
71. In a simple equilibrium A + B C, will there be any stress to the system if both B and C are
added to the equilibrium system simultaneously and in the same amount?
a. No, these two stresses will always cancel each other out.
b. No, these two stresses will cancel each other out unless the initial concentrations of B and
C are also the same.
c. Yes, the same amount of A is also required for the stresses to cancel each other out.
d. Yes, unless the initial concentrations of B and C are also the same.
e. More than two of the above statements are correct.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 14.7
equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
72. What happens to the equilibrium between NO2(g) and N2O4(g) in inert argon when the volume is
increased and additional argon is added to maintain a constant total pressure?
a. The ratio of NO2 to N2O4 increases solely because of the increase in volume.
b. The ratio of NO2 to N2O4 increases solely because of the addition of argon.
c. The ratio of NO2 to N2O4 decreases solely because of the increase in volume.
d. The ratio of NO2 to N2O4 decreases solely because of the addition of argon.
e. The ratio of NO2 to N2O4 remains the same, because the effects of the two processes
cancel each other out.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 14.7
OBJ: Identify the effect of changing the volume of the container on a reaction at equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
73. Solid mercury(II) oxide decomposes when heated to produce liquid mercury and oxygen.
2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
An amount of mercury(II) oxide is placed in a vessel at a particular temperature and allowed to
reach equilibrium. How could the amount of liquid mercury in the vessel be increased?
I. adding more mercury(II) oxide
II. removing some oxygen
III. increasing the volume of the vessel
a. I only d. I and II
b. II only e. II and III
c. III only
OBJ: Identify the effect of changing the volume of the container on a reaction at equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
74. Cylinders of NO gas may contain small quantities of oxygen as an impurity, leading to the
formation of NO2 in equilibrium with the NO and the oxygen. Is this contamination by NO2
dependent on the pressure in the tank?
a. Yes, there will be more NO2 at higher pressures.
b. Yes, there will be less NO2 at higher pressures.
c. No, the amount of NO2 has nothing to do with pressure.
d. No, the amount of NO2 depends on the partial pressure, not the total pressure.
e. There is no way to tell without additional information.
OBJ: Explain the effect on a reaction at equilibrium of increasing the pressure by adding more
gaseous reactant or product. MSC: Understanding
75. Carbon dioxide and argon, which is a noble or inert gas, are placed in a vessel and heated.
Equilibrium is reached at some particular temperature. Carbon dioxide dissociates by the following
reaction.
2CO2(g) 2CO(g) + O2(g)
What is the result of increasing the pressure by adding more argon?
I. The equilibrium shifts to produce more carbon dioxide and reduce the pressure.
II. The equilibrium shifts to remove carbon dioxide and reduce the pressure.
III. The equilibrium does not change because argon is not involved in the reaction.
IV. The equilibrium does not change because the concentrations are not affected.
a. I only d. IV only
b. II only e. III and IV
c. III only
OBJ: Explain the effect of increasing the pressure by adding an inert gas to an equilibrium
mixture of gases. MSC: Understanding
76. Given the reaction below, which of the following would cause an increase in the concentration of
products?
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g)
I. addition of water
II. removal of ammonia
III. decrease of the volume of the container
IV. addition of oxygen
a. I only d. II and III
c. IV only
OBJ: Use LeChatelier’s principle to explain the effect of disturbing a chemical equilibrium.
MSC: Understanding
77. Given the reaction below, which of the following would cause an increase in the concentration of
reactants?
2HF(g) F2(g) + H2(g) H° = −12.0 kJ/mol
I. removal of hydrogen
II. addition of HF
III. increasing the temperature of the reaction
IV. an increase in the volume of the container
a. I only d. IV only
c. III only
MSC: Understanding
78. Which of the following reactions will not shift toward the reactants products when the pressure of
the system is altered by changing the volume?
a. 2CO2(g) 2 CO(g) + O2(g)
b. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
c. N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
d. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
e. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
OBJ: Explain the effect of increasing the pressure by adding an inert gas to an equilibrium
mixture of gases. MSC: Understanding
79. Increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction results in ________

a. more products and fewer reactants.
b. more reactants and fewer products.
c. more reactants and products.
d. fewer reactants and products.
e. no change in the quantities of reactants and products.
OBJ: Identify the effect of increasing the temperature on a reaction at equilibrium.
MSC: Applying
80. If the temperature of an endothermic reaction at equilibrium could be increased instantaneously,

what would be the instantaneous effect on Q and K before equilibrium was again achieved?
a. Q would increase and K would stay the same.
b. Q would decrease and K would stay the same.
c. Q would stay the same and K would increase.
d. Q would stay the same and K would decrease.
e. Both Q and K would stay the same.
MSC: Applying
81. How would an increase in temperature affect the following equilibrium?

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H° = −92.0 kJ/mol
a. More product would form and K would increase.
b. More product would form but K would remain constant.
c. K would be unaffected by a temperature change.
d. More reactants would form but K would remain constant.
e. More reactants would form and K would decrease.
MSC: Applying
82. How would an increase in temperature affect the following equilibrium?

H2O(l ) H2(g) + O2(g) H = 482.0 kJ/mol
a. More product would form and K would increase.
b. More product would form but K would remain constant.
c. K would be unaffected by a temperature change.
d. More reactants would form but K would remain constant.
e. More reactants would form and K would decrease.
MSC: Applying
83. Which of the following is true regarding the effect of a catalyst on chemical equilibrium?
a. Only the forward rate increases, so the quantity of products increases.
b. Only the forward rate increases, but the quantity of products remains the same.
c. Both the forward and reverse rates increase, and the quantity of products increases.
d. Both the forward and reverse rates increase, but the quantity of products is unchanged.
e. The effect varies depending on whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
OBJ: Identify the effect of a catalyst on a reaction at equilibrium.
MSC: Remembering
84. In the Reaction, Initial, Change, Equilibrium (RICE) table started for calculating equilibrium
concentrations of the reaction shown, the terms in the “change” row are ________
M2+ + 4L ML4
R [M2+] [L] [ML 42+]
I 0.10 M 0.32 M 0M
C ________ ________ ________
E
a. −x, −x, +x. d. +x, +4x, +x.
b. +x, +x, −x. e. +x, +4x, −x.
c. −x, − 4x, +x.
OBJ: Use a RICE table to set up the solution to an equilibrium problem.
MSC: Applying
85. In the Reaction, Initial, Change, Equilibrium (RICE) table started for calculating equilibrium
concentrations of the reaction shown, the terms in the “equilibrium” row are ________
M3+ + 3L ML3
3+
R [M ] [L] [ML33+]
I 0.15 M 0.40 M 0M
C
E ________ ________ ________
a. 0.15 − x, 0.40 − 3x, +x. d. 0.15, 0.40, +x.
b. −x, −3x, +x. e. 0.15 + x, 0.40 + 3x, −x.
c. 0.15 − x, 0.40 − x, +x.
MSC: Applying
86. Using the Reaction, Initial, Change, Equilibrium (RICE) table started for calculating equilibrium
concentrations of the reaction shown, the terms in the “equilibrium row” are ________
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
R [NOCl] [NO] [Cl 2]
I 0.20 M 0M 0M
C
E
a. 0.20 − x, +x, +x. d. 0.20 − 2x, +2x, +x.
b. 0.20 + 2x, −2x, −x. e. −2x, +2x, +x.
c. 0.20, +2x, +x.
MSC: Applying
87. Using the Reaction, Initial, Change, Equilibrium (RICE) table started for calculating equilibrium
concentrations of the reaction shown, what is the expression for the equilibrium constant in terms
of x?
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
R [NOCl] [NO] [Cl 2]
I 0.20 M 0M 0M
C
E
a. d.
b. e.
c.
MSC: Applying
88. When can an x be ignored in solving an equilibrium expression derived from a RICE table?
a. whenever it simplifies the calculation
b. whenever it is very much smaller than the term it is added to or subtracted from
c. whenever the equilibrium concentration for that species is relatively very small
d. whenever it is raised to any power higher than 1
e. never
OBJ: Identify the conditions under which an approximate solution to a RICE table calculation is
valid. MSC: Remembering
89. A student determined the equilibrium concentration in the following equation by neglecting the x
term in the denominator. Was she justified or not in this approximation and why?
K = 4.0  10−2 =
a. Yes, the concentration is much greater than K, so the x can be ignored.
b. Yes, the value of x determined in this way is less than 0.05, so it can be ignored.
c. No, the value of x determined in this way significantly reduces the denominator.
d. No, the value of x can never be ignored in solving an algebra problem.
e. No, the value of K is much less than 1, so x cannot be ignored.
OBJ: Identify the conditions under which an approximate solution to a RICE table calculation is
valid. MSC: Applying
90. To solve an equation of the form for values of x, use ________

a. d.
x= .
x= .
b. ax(x + b) = −c. e.
x= .
c.
x= .

OBJ: Use the quadratic formula to solve equilibrium problems.
MSC: Remembering
91. The sulfide ion, S2−, reacts with water as a weak base:
S2− + H2O SH− + OH− K = 1.0
If sodium sulfide were dissolved in water to make a solution of 0.50 M, what would be the
resulting concentration of OH−?
a. 0.50 M d. 1.0 M
b. 0.37 M e. 0.19 M
c. 0.63 M
OBJ: Determine equilibrium concentrations or partial pressures given initial conditions and an
92. A 10.0 L flask at 500 K is filled with 0.30 mol of hydrogen and 0.30 mol of iodine. They react as
indicated below. The equilibrium constant Kc = 45.0. What are the equilibrium concentrations of
the three gases?
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
a. [H2] = [I2] = 0.023 M, [HI] = 0.046 M
b. [H2] = [I2] = 0.0069 M, [HI] = 0.046 M
c. [H2] = [I2] = [HI] = 0.023 M
d. [H2] = [I2] = 0.0069 M, [HI] = 0.023 M
e. [H2] = [I2] = 0.23 M, [HI] = 0.46 M
93. Hydrofluoric acid is used in the preparation of numerous pharmaceuticals (e.g., Prozac) and
industrial materials (e.g., Teflon). It can be produced by the reaction of hydrogen and fluorine
gases. Starting with initial concentrations of 2.00 M for H2 and 2.00 M for F2, what would be the
equilibrium concentration of HF? The equilibrium constant for the reaction Kc = 115.
a. 0.85 M d. 3.37 M
b. 1.69 M e. 4.00 M
c. 2.85 M
94. The reaction of bromine gas with chlorine gas, shown here, has a Kp value of 7.20. If a closed
vessel was charged with the two reactants, each at an initial partial pressure of 0.500 atm, what
would be the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl(g)?
Br2(g) + Cl2(g) 2 BrCl(g)
a. 1.9 atm d. 0.29 atm
b. 1.4 atm e. 0.57 atm
c. 0.84 atm
95. The reaction of bromine gas with chlorine gas, shown below, has a Kp value of 0.127. If a closed
vessel was charged with the reactant at an initial partial pressure of 0.500 atm, what would be the
equilibrium partial pressure of Br2(g)?
2BrCl(g) Br2(g) + Cl2(g)
a. 0.412 atm d. 0.304 atm
b. 0.196 atm e. 0.104 atm
c. 0.252 atm
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: 14.8
96. The reaction of nitrogen gas with oxygen gas, shown here, has a Kp value of 0.25. If a closed
would be the equilibrium partial pressure of NO(g)?
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
a. 0.100 atm d. 0.228 atm
b. 0.125 atm e. 0.351 atm
c. 0.166 atm
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 14.8
vessel was charged with the two reactants, each at an initial partial pressure of 0.500 atm, and the
product also at 0.500 atm, what would be the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl(g)?
Br2(g) + Cl2(g) 2BrCl(g)
a. 0.500 atm d. 0.029 atm
b. 0.680 atm e. 0.987 atm
c. 0.859 atm
98. The gas-phase equilibrium of the oxidation of sulfur dioxide, shown here, has an equilibrium
constant, Kp, value of 4.17  102 at 200C. If a closed vessel was filled with sulfur trioxide and the
initial pressure of SO3 was 0.033 atm at 200C, what would be the final partial pressure of SO3?
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
a. more than 0.033 atm c. 0.033 atm exactly
b. less than 0.033 atm d. There is no way to tell.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 14.8
SHORT ANSWER
1. Chemical equilibrium arises from the ________ of chemical reactions and is reached when the
________ of the forward reaction is equal to the ________ of the reverse reaction.
ANS:
reversibility; rate; rate
DIF: Easy REF: 14.1

OBJ: Explain what is meant by a reversible chemical reaction. MSC: Remembering
2. A reaction is run under conditions in which the equilibrium constant is known to be 2.5.  102. At
equilibrium, the forward rate is determined to be 5.0  10−4 mol L−1 s−1. What is the rate of the
reverse reaction under these conditions?
ANS:
2.0  10−6 mol L−1 s−1
DIF: Medium REF: 14.1

3. Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for the formation of two moles of ammonia gas
(NH3) from nitrogen and hydrogen in their standard states.
ANS:
K=

2A 2B + 3C
ANS:
1.1
DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

5. Gaseous benzene (C6H6) and hydrogen gas can be used to prepare cyclohexane (C6H12). Calculate
PC H = 0.1 atm, PH = 0.3 atm, PC H = 1.35 atm.
ANS:
500
DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

data.
MSC: Applying
6. For the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen gases at 30°C to form two moles of ammonia gas (NH3),
the value of KP is 4.5  10−12. What is the equilibrium expression for Kc for the production of two
moles of ammonia in terms of KP and variables from the ideal gas law?
ANS:
Kp = Kc(RT )−2

OBJ: Explain why the values of Kc and Kp differ in terms of the factor that converts molar
concentration into partial pressure. MSC: Applying
7. For the reaction of hydrogen and nitrogen gases at 30°C to form two moles of ammonia gas (NH3),
the value of Kp is 4.5  10−12. What is the value of Kc for the same reaction?
ANS:
2.8  10−9
DIF: Medium REF: 14.3 OBJ: Interconvert the Kc and Kp values.

MSC: Applying
8. The equilibrium constants for the two reactions are known:

Mm+ + 4L− [ML4]m−4 Ka
HL H +L
+ −
Kb
What must be the value of the equilibrium constant, Koverall, for the following overall reaction?,
Mm+ + 4HL [ML4]m−4 + 4H+ Koverall
ANS:
KaKb4

9. The equilibrium constant for the reaction below is 17.5.

S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g)
6SO3(g) 3S(s) + 9O2(g)
ANS:
1.87  10−4

10. Students often write expressions for the equilibrium constant Kc and reaction quotient Qc in exactly
the same way. To avoid confusion, you must remember that Kc uses concentrations under
________ conditions, while Qc uses concentrations under ________ conditions.
ANS:
equilibrium; any
DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

equilibrium constant. MSC: Remembering
11. If Q for a reaction is greater than K, the reaction will be ________. If Q for a reaction is less than
K, the reaction will be ________. If Q for a reaction is equal to K, the reaction will be ________.
ANS:
nonspontaneous; spontaneous; at equilibrium
DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

in the forward or reverse direction, or be at equilibrium. MSC: Remembering
12. How and why are the expressions for homogeneous equilibrium constants different from the
expressions for heterogeneous equilibrium constants?
ANS:
Heterogeneous equilibrium constants do not include concentration terms for pure solids or liquids,
because these are constant.
DIF: Easy REF: 14.6

OBJ: Explain how and why the equilibrium constants for homogeneous and heterogeneous
equilibria differ. MSC: Understanding
13. In the following reaction, calculate Q, given the concentrations of each species, and predict what
must occur (if anything) for the reaction to achieve equilibrium.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) K = 9.60
[N2] = [H2] = 0.100 M and [NH3] = 0.352 M
ANS:
Q = 1240, so more nitrogen and hydrogen must form to achieve equilibrium

14. In the following reaction, calculate Q, given the concentrations of each species, and predict what
must occur (if anything) for the reaction to achieve equilibrium.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) Kp = 0.14
PSO = 0.140 atm, PO = 0.321 atm, and PSO = 0.200 atm
ANS:
Q = 6.36, so more SO2 and O2 must form to achieve equilibrium.

15. One mole of solid ammonium carbamate (NH4CO2NH2) decomposes to form gaseous ammonia
(NH3) and carbon dioxide. Write an expression for the equilibrium constant for this reaction.
ANS:
Kc = [NH3]2[CO2]

MSC: Applying
16. Which of the listed perturbations will change the position of equilibrium for the following
reaction? List those that do as a sequence of letters (e.g., ACE).
NH4CO2NH2(s) 2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
(A) Increasing the quantity of NH4CO2NH2(s)
(B) Removing CO2(g)
(C) Increasing the total pressure by adding argon gas
(D) Increasing the volume of the container
(E) Increasing the temperature
ANS:
BDE

MSC: Understanding
17. Given the reaction below, explain how the equilibrium would be reestablished after each of the
following stresses are applied.
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) H° = −12.0 kJ/mol
a) Addition of water
b) Removal of ammonia
c) Increase of the volume of the container
d) Lowering of the reaction temperature
ANS:
a) Water would shift the equilibrium to the left.
b) Ammonia removal would shift the equilibrium to the left.
c) A volume increase favors the side with more gas moles. As a result, the equilibrium will shift
to the right.
d) For an exothermic reaction, a lowering of the temperature will result in a shift in the
equilibrium to the right and an increase in K.
DIF: Easy REF: 14.7

MSC: Understanding
18. Consider the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen gas under standard state conditions to form two
moles of ammonia gas (NH3). Write the initial expression for Kc that would be derived from a
RICE table if the concentrations of all species were as follows.
[N2] = 3 M [H2] = 2 M [NH3] = 1 M
ANS:
Kc =

MSC: Applying
19. Hydrofluoric acid, HF, dissociates in water according to the following reaction.
HF(aq) H+(aq) + F−(aq) Kc = 3.5  10−4
What is the concentration of H+ in a 0.0100 M solution of HF?
ANS:
Use the quadratic formula to obtain 1.70  10−3.
DIF: Difficult REF: 14.8

OBJ: Use the quadratic formula to solve equilibrium problems.
MSC: Applying
would be the equilibrium partial pressure of BrCl(g)?
Br2(g) + Cl2(g) 2BrCl(g)
ANS:
0.57 atm

21. The sulfide ion, S2−, reacts with water as a weak base:
S2−+ H2O SH− + OH− K = 1.0
If sodium sulfide were dissolved in water to make a solution of 0.50 M, what would be the
resulting concentration of OH−?
ANS:
0.37 M
DIF: Difficult REF: 14.8


Chemistry The Science in Context Volume I and II 5th Edition Gilbert Test Bank

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Chemistry The Science in Context Volume I and II 5th Edition Gilbert Test Bank

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Chemistry The Science in Context

Volume I and II 5th Edition Gilbert Test

1. Which statement about a chemical reaction is not correct?

2. Which of the following is true for a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

4. Which of the following is true for a chemical reaction at equilibrium?

5. A chemical equilibrium may be established by starting a reaction with ________

6. Which of A–D is equal in an equilibrium?

has a concentration of [A] = 0.10 M at equilibrium, what must be the concentration of B at

11. A chemical equilibrium

12. A chemical equilibrium

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 14.1

15. The law of mass action is a result of ________

17. Write the equilibrium expression for the reaction

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 14.2

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

28. An equilibrium that strongly favors products has ________

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 14.4

ANS: B DIF: Medium REF: 14.4

41. The equilibrium constant for the reaction below is 17.5.

a. 1.69  10−4 d. 8.77

a. 3.81 d. 1.38  10−1

ANS: D DIF: Medium REF: 14.4

ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 14.4

46. Given the following reactions and associated equilibrium constants

47. Given the following reactions and associated equilibrium constants

ANS: C DIF: Medium REF: 14.5

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

a. I only d. I, III, and IV

b. e. Kc = [CaSO3] − [CaO] − [SO2]

ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: 14.6

a. I only d. I and II only

79. Increasing the temperature of an exothermic reaction results in ________

80. If the temperature of an endothermic reaction at equilibrium could be increased instantaneously,

81. How would an increase in temperature affect the following equilibrium?

82. How would an increase in temperature affect the following equilibrium?

90. To solve an equation of the form for values of x, use ________

ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 14.8

DIF: Easy REF: 14.1

DIF: Medium REF: 14.1

DIF: Medium REF: 14.2

DIF: Easy REF: 14.2

DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

DIF: Medium REF: 14.3

DIF: Medium REF: 14.3 OBJ: Interconvert the Kc and Kp values.

8. The equilibrium constants for the two reactions are known:

DIF: Medium REF: 14.4

9. The equilibrium constant for the reaction below is 17.5.

DIF: Medium REF: 14.4

DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

DIF: Easy REF: 14.5

DIF: Easy REF: 14.6

DIF: Medium REF: 14.5

DIF: Medium REF: 14.5

DIF: Medium REF: 14.6

DIF: Medium REF: 14.7

DIF: Easy REF: 14.7

DIF: Medium REF: 14.8