College Physics 1st Edition Freedman

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 Chapter 10
Gravitation

Conceptual Questions
10.1 Newton reasoned that the Moon, as it orbits, falls back toward the center of Earth due
to the pull of gravity. At the same time that it moves tangent to the orbital path, it also
falls back toward Earth. The combined motion leads to the familiar circular path. An
apple falls straight toward Earth without the tangential motion. The vertical motion is
the same for both the apple and the Moon.

10.2 The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity near Earth’s surface would increase
more if Earth’s radius were halved. The acceleration due to gravity is proportional to
the mass but inversely proportional to the square of the radius.

10.3 When the mass of one object is doubled, the force between two objects doubles. If both
masses are halved, the force is one-fourth the original value.

10.4 The magnitude of the gravitational force between everyday objects is negligible. Recall
that G is on the order of 10211 in SI units.

10.5 The mass cancels when applying Newton’s second law to get the acceleration.

10.6 The magnitude of the gravitational force on an object increases as the distance between
the objects decreases.

10.7 Orbiting the Sun is an incomplete description of the Moon’s motion, but the Moon is
definitely orbiting the Sun as a part of the Earth–lunar system.

10.8 The square of the period would now be proportional to the distance between two
objects to the fourth power. Simplifying, the period would be proportional to the
square of the distance between the two objects.

10.9 The most noticeable effects would be the comparison between the dynamics at
relatively small distances (such as the Earth–Moon system) with the dynamics at
extremely large distances (such as galaxies and galaxy clusters). The deviation in the
inverse square law results in a difference in G or m. Also noncircular orbits would not
be elliptical, although if the power is close enough to 2 the difference in orbit could be
too small to notice without watching for a very long time indeed.

10.10 Because the orbiting space station and its contents are in free fall together, the ball
bearing as seen in the space station acts as if it is weightless. The effects of gravity then
do not interfere with the fabrication of a perfectly spherical object.

10.11 The gravitational potential energy is negative because we choose to place the zero point
of potential energy at r 5 `. With that choice, the gravitational potential energy is
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 387

negative because the gravitational force is attractive. The two objects will gain kinetic
energy as they approach one another.

10.12 If we take ground level to be the zero potential energy, anything below it has a negative
potential energy. That negative potential energy is equal in magnitude to the amount of
positive energy needed to raise the frog up to ground level. Therefore, if the frog jumps
with a larger positive amount of kinetic energy, the frog can escape the well.

10.13 By Kepler’s law, the faster an object is moving as it orbits the Sun, the closer it is to the
Sun. Thus, Earth is closer to the Sun when the Northern Hemisphere is in winter.

10.14 From Kepler’s law, the larger the orbit, the longer the period.

10.15 Cells are probably the least affected by gravity (owing to strong electromagnetic forces
at that level), but tissues and organs certainly depend on the constant supply of blood.
This supply is intrinsically tied to the gravimetric forces on fluids in our body. Our
vertebrae, for example, are continually compressed when we live on Earth. Our feet
become flatter due to our continuous weight pushing down on them; our muscles sag
over time, and so on.

10.16 When a satellite is in a circular equatorial orbit with a period equal to that of Earth’s
rotation, it will appear to be stationary relative to a single spot on the ground. The
altitude of the required orbit, which can be found using Kepler’s law of periods, is
about 3.59 3 107 m.

Multiple-Choice Questions
10.17 B (8T).
4p2a 3B
TB Å Gmstar 1 4aA 2 3
5 5 5 8 
TA 4p2a 3A Å a 3A
Å Gmstar

10.18 A (four times as much as the original value). The magnitude of the gravitational force
is proportional to the product of the two masses.

10.19 E (one-fourth of the original value). The magnitude of the gravitational force is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two masses.

10.20 C (they pull on each other equally). Newton’s third law states that the gravitational
force of Earth on the Sun has the same magnitude as the gravitational force of the
Sun on Earth. You can also see this by explicitly applying Newton’s universal law of
gravitation.

10.21 A (she weighs more at the bottom). The value of g decreases with increasing altitude
because the distance between Earth and the mountain climber is increasing.
388 Chapter 10 Gravitation

10.22 A (1/4).
GmEarthm
a b
 
Fcent,satellite r 2satellite r 2ISS r 2ISS 1
5 5 2 5 2 5
Fcent,ISS Gm Earth m r satellite 1 2rISS 2 4
a 2 b
r ISS

10.23 B 1 "2v 2 . We can calculate the speed of the satellite in the initial orbit using Newton’s
GmEarth
second law: v 5 . Comparing this to the escape speed formula, we see that
Å r
the escape speed must be "2v.

10.24 B 1 "2v 2 . The escape speed is proportional to the square root of the mass of the
planet.

10.25 A (Satellite A has more kinetic energy, less potential energy, and less mechanical
energy (potential energy plus kinetic energy) than satellite B). The kinetic energy of an
orbiting satellite is inversely proportional to the distance. Less potential energy in this
case means “more negative.”

Estimation/Numerical Analysis
10.26 The distance from the center of the Moon to the closest surface of Earth is:
3.84 3 108 m 2 6.38 3 106 m 5 3.78 3 108 m
The distance from the center of the Moon to the farthest surface of Earth is:
3.84 3 108 m 1 6.38 3 106 m 5 3.90 3 108 m
The force on a 1.0-kg mass at each of these locations will be:
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2 1 1.0 kg 2
kg 2
Fclose 5 5 3.4 3 1025 N
1 3.78 3 108 m 2 2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2 1 1.0 kg 2
kg 2
Ffar 5 5 3.2 3 1025 N
1 3.90 3 108 m 2 2
Ratio:
3.4 3 1025 N
5  1.1 
3.2 3 1025 N
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 389

10.27 Assuming it is possible to measure a force of about 1027 N, the weights should have
about 3 cm center-to-center separation.We can assume that it is possible to measure a
force of F 5 10 27 N.
Gm1m2
F5
r2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10 211 1
2 b 1 kg
22
Gm1m2 kg
r5 5 < 3 cm
Å F ã 1 1 3 10 N 2
27

10.28
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
gEverest 5
GmEarth
R 2Earth
5
kg 2
1 1 6.38 3 10 m 2 1 1 8850 m 2 2
6 2  m
5 9.77 2
s 
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
gDead Sea 5
GmEarth
R 2Earth
5
kg 2
1 1 6.38 3 10 m 2 2 1 394 m 2 2
6 2  m
5 9.80 2
s 
10.29 The potential energy difference between the top of Mt. Everest and sea level is only
0.14% when using a constant g model as opposed to using the full law of gravitation.

10.30 The difference in gravitational fields between the peak of Mt. Everest and sea level is
about (9.80 2 9.77) m/s2 5 0.03 m/s2. The sherpa would feel a greater compression in
his vertebra by about 0.03/9.8 5 0.31%. If we assume that his height is directly related
to this force, then the sherpa would be about 0.5 cm shorter at sea level.

10.31 The force between Earth and Jupiter is 1/18,000 of the force between Earth and the
Sun. The impact would be small.

10.32 T (days) a (AU) T2 (days2) a3 (AU3)

Mercury 87.97 0.3871 7738.721 0.058
Venus 244.7 0.7233 50490.09 0.3784
Earth 365.2 1.000 133371 1
Mars 687.0 1.5234 471969 3.5354
Jupiter 4332 5.204 18766224 140.93
Saturn 10832 9.582 1.17E+08 879.77
Uranus 30799 19.23 9.49E+08 7111.1
Neptune 60190 30.10 3.62E+09 27271
Pluto 90613 39.48 8.21E+09 61536
Halley 27507 ? 7.57E+08 ?

(1 day 5 86,400 s; 1 AU 5 1.49598 3 1011 m)

390 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Part a) a3 (AU3)
a3 vs. T2 Linear (a3 (AU3))

70000
y 5 7.50E 2 06x 1 7.61E 1 00
60000
50000
a3 (AU3)
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0.0 5E109 1E110
T2 (days2)

Figure 10-1 Problem 32

Best-fit constant:  7.50 3 1026 1 AU3 /days2 2 .

Part b)

3 AU 3
aHalley 5 a7.50 3 1026 b 1 27,507 d 2 2 1 1 7.61 AU 2 5  17.8 AU 
Å d2

Problems
10.33
Set Up
A tree stump (mstump 5 500 kg) is 1000 m from a boulder (mboulder 5 12,000 kg). The
gravitational force between the two is attractive. We can calculate its magnitude from
Newton’s universal law of gravitation.
Solve
Gmstumpmboulder
Fstump on boulder 5
r2
N # m2
b 1 500 kg 2 1 12,000 kg 2
a6.67 3 10211
kg 2
5 5  4 3 10210 N 
1 1000 m 2 2
The gravitational force exerted by the stump on the boulder points  toward the stump .
Reflect
This force is 15 orders of magnitude smaller than the force of gravity due to Earth acting on
the boulder.

10.34
Set Up
A bowling ball (mball 5 7.0 kg) is 0.2 m from a bowling pin (mpin 5 1.5 kg). We can calculate
the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two from Newton’s universal law of
gravitation.
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 391

Solve
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.0 kg 2 1 1.5 kg 2
Gmballmpin kg 2
Fpin on ball 5 5 5  2 3 1028 N 
r 2
1 0.2 m 2 2

This force is  not large enough to affect the motion  of the ball.
Reflect
If this is the only force acting in the plane of the ball’s motion, the acceleration of the ball (from
Newton’s second law) will be on the order of 1029 m/s2.

10.35
Set Up
A baseball (mball 5 0.150 kg) is 100 m from a bat (mbat 5 0.935 kg). We can calculate
the magnitude of the gravitational force between the two from Newton’s universal law of
gravitation.
Solve
# m2
211 N
a6.67 3 10 b 1 0.150 kg 2 1 0.935 kg 2
Gmballmbat kg 2
Fball on bat 5 5 5  9.35 3 10216 N 
r2 1 100 m 2 2
Reflect
As expected, this force is negligible.

10.36
Set Up
A throng of 3 million people (mpeople 5 (3 3 106)(80 kg)) is 300 m from an eagle
(meagle 5 4.5 kg). We can calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force between the
two from Newton’s universal law of gravitation. Since the eagle is relatively close to Earth’s
surface, we can use g 5 9.80 m/s2 to calculate the force between Earth and the eagle.
Solve
Part a)
Gmthrongmeagle
Fpeople on eagle 5
r2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 3 3 106 2 1 80 kg 2 1 4.5 kg 2
kg 2
5 5  8 3 1027 N 
1 300 m 2 2
Part b)
m
FEarth on eagle 5 meagleg 5 1 4.5 kg 2 a9.80 2 b 5  44 N 
s
Fpeople on eagle 8 3 10 27 N
5 5 2 3 10 28
FEarth on eagle 44 N
392 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Reflect
Using Newton’s universal law of gravitation, the force between Earth and the eagle has a
magnitude of 44 N, so our assumption to use g 5 9.80 m/s2 is correct.

10.37
Set Up
The magnitude of the gravitational force between Earth and an apple (mapple 5 1 kg) on
Earth’s surface is equal to mappleg. We can use Newton’s universal law of gravitation to
calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force between the same apple and the Moon.
Solve
Earth:
m
FEarth on apple 5 mappleg 5 1 1 kg 2 a9.80 2 b 5  1 3 101 N 
s
Moon:
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 1 kg 2 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2
GmapplemMoon kg 2
FMoon on apple 5 5 5  3 3 1025 N 
r 2Moon 1 3.844 3 108 m 2 2
Reflect
We would get the same answer for the force of Earth on the apple if we used the universal law
of gravitation.

10.38
Set Up
We can use Newton’s universal law of gravitation to find the magnitude of the gravitational
force between Earth and the Sun. The mass of Earth is mEarth 5 5.98 3 1024 kg, the mass of
the Sun is mSun 5 1.99 3 1030 kg, and the distance between the two is 1.50 3 1011 m.
Solve
GmEarthmSun
FSun on Earth 5
r 2Sun to Earth
# m2
211 N
a6.67 3 10 2 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 1.99 3 1030 kg 2
kg
5 5  3.53 3 1022 N 
1 1.50 3 1011 m 2 2
Reflect
The mean Earth–Sun distance (1.50 3 1011 m) is referred to as an “astronomical unit” or AU.

10.39
Set Up
We can use Newton’s universal law of gravitation to calculate the net force acting on the
Moon during an eclipse. The net force is equal to the vector sum of the gravitational force due
to the Sun and the gravitational force due to Earth. In our coordinate system, we’ll assume
that all three satellites lie along the x-axis and that the Sun is to the left of the Moon
(toward 2x).
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 393

Solve

a Fext,x 5 FSun on Moon,x 1 FEarth on Moon,x 5 2 r 2

GmSunmMoon GmEarthmMoon
1 2
Sun to Moon r Earth to Moon
mEarth mSun
5 GmMoon a 2 b
2
r Earth to Moon 1 rEarth to Sun 2 rEarth to Moon 2 2
# m2
211 N
5 a6.67 3 10 2 b 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2
kg
5.98 3 1024 kg 1.99 3 1030 kg
3a 2 b
3.84 3 108 m2 1 1 1.50 3 1011 m 2 2 1 3.84 3 108 m 2 2 2
5 22.37 3 1020 N

The net force acting on the Moon has a magnitude of  2.37 3 1020 N and points toward the Sun .
Reflect
The gravitational force on the Moon due to the Sun is still larger than the force due to Earth
even though Earth is much closer.

10.40
Set Up
Star 1 has a mass equal to the mass of the Sun, while star 2 has a mass equal to one-half the
mass of the Sun. The two stars are 50 AU from one another. We are interested in the point
where the net gravitational force due to the two stars on a space probe (mass mprobe) is equal
to zero; the point where the net force is equal to zero must be between the two stars. We will
let x be the distance from star 1 to the probe and y be the distance from star 2 to the probe.
We’ll assume that star 1 is to the left of the probe and star 2 is to the right.
Solve
mSun
Ga bmprobe
GmSunmprobe 2
5
x2 y2
2y2 5 x2

x 1 y 5 50 AU

y"2 1 y 5 50 AU

50 AU
y5 5 20.7 AU
1 1 "2
x 5 1 50 AU 2 2 y 5 30 AU
The point where the net gravitational force due to the two stars is equal to zero is
 30 AU to the right of star 1 .
394 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Reflect
The exact masses of the stars or the space probe are not necessary to solve this problem. It
makes sense that the point where the net force is zero should be closer to the less massive star.

10.41
Set Up
We are interested in the point where the net gravitational force due to Earth (mEarth 5
5.98 3 1024 kg) and the Moon (mMoon 5 7.35 3 1022 kg) on a space probe (mass mprobe) is
equal to zero; the point where the net force is equal to zero must be between Earth and the
Moon. The Moon is 3.84 3 108 m from Earth. We will let x be the distance from Earth to the
probe and y be the distance from the Moon to the probe. We’ll assume that Earth is to the left
of the probe and the Moon is to the right.
Solve
GmEarthmprobe GmMoonmprobe
2 5
x y2
x 2 mEarth
5
y 2 mMoon
mEarth
x5y
Å mMoon
x 1 y 5 3.84 3 108 m

mEarth
y 1 y 5 3.84 3 108 m
m
Å Moon
3.84 3 108 m 3.84 3 108 m
y5 5 5 3.83 3 107 m
mEarth 5.98 3 1024 kg
11 11
Å mMoon Å 7.35 3 1022 kg
x 5 1 3.84 3 108 m 2 2 y 5 3.46 3 108 m
The point where the net gravitational force due to Earth and the Moon is equal to zero is
 3.46 3 108 m to the right of Earth  or  3.83 3 107 m to the left of the Moon .
Reflect
The exact mass of the space probe is not necessary to solve this problem. It makes sense that
the point where the net force is zero should be closer to the Moon than Earth since it is less
massive.

10.42
Set Up
Eight stars are located on the vertices of a cube with sides of d 5 100 AU. Each star has a
mass of mstar 5 1.99 3 1030 kg. We can use Newton’s universal law of gravitation to calculate
the net gravitational force acting on one of the stars, which we’ll call star 1, due to the
other seven stars. We’ll set star 1 at the origin. We can first calculate the magnitude of each
gravitational force and then the unit vector along which each force points. The net force is the
vector sum of the seven individual forces.
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 395

Solve
z
#6 #5

#7 #8
d

#1 y

#4

x #2 #3

Figure 10-2 Problem 42

Magnitudes of nearest neighbors:
Gm 2star
F2 on 1 5 F4 on 1 5 F6 on 1 5
d2
Magnitudes of next nearest neighbors:
Gm 2star Gm 2star
F3 on 1 5 F5 on 1 5 F7 on 1 5 5
1 d"2 2 2 2d 2
Magnitudes of farthest neighbor:
Gm 2star Gm 2star
F8 on 1 5 5
1 d"3 2 2 3d 2
Force vectors:
Gm 2star
F2 on 1,x 5 F2 on 1 5
d2
1 Gm 2star
F3 on 1,x 5 F3 on 1,y 5 F3 on 1 5
"2 2"2d 2
Gm 2star
F4 on 1,y 5 F4 on 1 5
d2
1 Gm 2star
F5 on 1,y 5 F5 on 1,z 5 F5 on 1 5
"2 2"2d 2
Gm 2star
F6 on 1,z 5 F6 on 1 5
d2
1 Gm 2star
F7 on 1,x 5 F7 on 1,z 5 F7 on 1 5
"2 2"2d 2
1 Gm 2star
F8 on 1,x 5 F8 on 1,y 5 F8 on 1,z 5 F8 on 1 5
"3 3"3d 2
Net force, x component:

a Fext,x 5 a d 2 b 1 2a
Gm 2star Gm 2star Gm 2star 1 1 Gm 2star
b1a b 5 a1 1 1 ba b
2"2d 2 3"3d 2 "2 3"3 d2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 1.99 3 1030 kg 2 2
1 1 kg2
5 a1 1 1 b 5 2.24 3 1024 N
"2 3"3 1.496 3 1011 m 2
a100 AU 3 b
1 AU
396 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Net force, y component:

a Fext,y 5 a d 2 b 1 2a
Gm 2star Gm 2star Gm 2star 1 1 Gm 2star
b1a b 5 a1 1 1 ba b
2"2d 2 3"3d 2 "2 3"3 d2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 1.99 3 1030 kg 2 2
1 1 kg2
5 a1 1 1 b 5 2.24 3 1024 N
"2 3"3 1.496 3 1011 m 2
a100 AU 3 b
1 AU
Net force, z component:

a Fext,z 5 a
Gm 2star Gm 2star Gm 2star 1 1 Gm 2star
b 1 2a b 1 a b 5 a1 1 1 b a b
d2 2"2d 2 3"3d 2 "2 3"3 d2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 1.99 3 1030 kg 2 2
1 1 kg 2
5 a1 1 1 b 5 2.24 3 1024 N
"2 3"3 1.496 3 1011 m 2
a100 AU 3 b
1 AU
Reflect
The symmetry of the system dictates that the net force must point along the long diagonal of
the cube.

10.43
Set Up
The weight of a 5.00-kg object on Earth’s surface is equal to mobjectg. We can use Newton’s
universal law of gravitation to calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force between the
5.00-kg object and a second point mass with a mass equal to mEarth 5 5.98 3 1024 kg that is a
distance REarth 5 6.38 3 106 m away.
Solve
Weight on Earth’s surface:
m
wobject 5 mobjectg 5 1 5.00 kg 2 a9.80 2 b 5  49.0 N 
s
Gravitational force an Earth radius away:
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 1 21
2 b 5.00 kg 5.98 3 10
24
kg 2
GmobjectmEarth kg
FEarth on object 5 5 5  49.0 N 
r2 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 2
The forces are the  same .

Reflect
GmEarth
The acceleration due to gravity near Earth’s surface g is equal to so it is no surprise
that the two forces we calculated are equal. R 2Earth
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 397

10.44
Set Up
The nonconservative work required to move the Moon from its present orbit to a location
twice as far away is equal to the change in the Moon’s mechanical energy. We need to
determine the initial and final speeds of the Moon in order to calculate the change in the
kinetic energy. We can relate the initial speed of the Moon to its orbital period (Ti 5 27.3
days). The final orbital period can be found in terms of the original orbital period through
Newton’s second law. The net force acting on the Moon is the gravitational force due to
Earth; this net force causes the Moon to undergo centripetal motion. The mass of Earth is
5.98 3 1024 kg, the mass of the Moon is 7.35 3 1022 kg, and the initial distance from the
center of the Moon to the center of Earth is 3.84 3 108 m.
Solve
New period from Newton’s second law:
GmEarthmMoon v 2i
5
r 2i ri
GmEarthmMoon v 2f
5
1 2ri 2 2 2ri
v 2i 5 2v 2f

2pri 2 2p 1 2ri 2 2
a b 5 2a b
Ti Tf

Tf 5 "23Ti
Initial and final speeds:
2pri 2p 1 3.84 3 108 m 2 m
vi 5 5 5 1023
Ti 24 h 3600 s s
a27.3 d 3 3 b
1d 1h
2p 1 2ri 2 4pri 4p 1 3.84 3 108 m 2 m
vf 5 5 5 5 723.3
Tf "23Ti "23 a27.3 d 3 24 h 3 3600 s b s
1d 1h
Work required:
1 GmMoonmEarth GmMoonmEarth
Wnonconservative 5 DK 1 DUgrav 5 mMoon 1 v 2f 2 v 2i 2 1 a2 2 a2 bb
2 2ri ri
1 GmMoonmEarth
5 mMoon 1 v 2f 2 v 2i 2 1
2 2ri
1 m 2 m 2
5 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2 a a723.3 b 2 a1023 b b
2 s s
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
kg2
1
2 1 3.84 3 108 m 2

5 1 21.923 3 1028 J 2 1 1 3.817 3 1028 J 2 5  1.89 3 1028 J 

398 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Reflect
The final speed should be slower than the initial speed because the radius of the final orbit is
larger. It makes sense that the work required to move the Moon to a larger orbit should be
positive.

10.45
Set Up
A 10-kg object moves from a point 6000 m above sea level to a point 1000 m above sea level.
The work done by gravity is equal to the negative of the change in the gravitational potential
energy of the object. Because the gravitational force from a spherically symmetric object is the
same as if all its mass were concentrated at its center, we need to include the radius of Earth
when determining the initial and final positions.
Solve
2GmEarthmobject 2GmEarthmobject
Wgravity on object 5 2DUgrav 5 2a 2a bb
rf ri
1 1
5 GmEarthmobject a 2 b
R Earth 1 1 1000 m 2 R Earth 1 1 6000 m 2
# m2
211 N
5 a6.67 3 10 2 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 10 kg 2
kg
1 1
a 2 b
6
2 1
1 6.38 3 10 m 1 1000 m 2 1 6.38 3 10 m 2 1 1 6000 m 2
6

5  489,400 J 5 5 3 102 kJ 

Reflect
The force of gravity and the displacement are in the same direction, so we expect the work
done by gravity to be positive. If we used Ugrav 5 mgy instead, the work done by gravity
would be about the same.

10.46
Set Up
We can use conservation of energy to calculate the escape velocity of a space probe of mass m
initially located on Earth’s surface. The initial position is at r 5 REarth and the final energy of
the probe is equal to zero. If the probe were launched from the top of a mountain of height h,
the initial position would be r 5 REarth 1 h.
Solve
Part a)
Ugrav,i 1 K i 5 Ugrav,f 1 K f

GmEarthm 1 2
2 1 mv escape 5 0 1 0
R Earth 2
N # m2
2a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
vescape 5
2GmEarth
Å R Earth
5
ã
kg 2
6.38 3 10 m6 
5 1.12 3 104
m
s 
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 399

Part b) If ri . REarth, then  vescape would be smaller  than our answer from part (a).
Reflect
As the initial position of the probe (relative to Earth’s surface) becomes larger, the initial
potential energy increases (becomes less negative).

10.47
Set Up
We can use conservation of energy to calculate the impact speed of a 100-kg asteroid that
is initially moving at a speed of 200 m/s at a distance of 1000 km from the Moon’s surface.
When calculating the initial and final gravitational potential energies of the asteroid, we need
to include the radius of the Moon (rMoon 5 1.737 3 106 m). The force of the Moon on the
asteroid is nonconservative and the only force doing work to stop the asteroid. Therefore, the
work done by the Moon on the asteroid is equal to the change in the asteroid’s mechanical
energy. We will assume that the asteroid does not move very deeply into the surface during the
impact, so DUgrav < 0.
Solve
Part a)
Ugrav,i 1 K i 5 Ugrav,f 1 K f

GmMoonmasteroid 1 GmMoonmasteroid 1
2 1 masteroidv 2i 5 2 1 masteroidv 2f
ri 2 rf 2
2GmMoon 2GmMoon 1 1
vf 5 2 1 1 v 2i 5 22GmMoon a 2 b 1 v 2i
Å ri rf Å 1 rMoon 1 1 10 m 2 2 rMoon
6

N # m2 1 1 m 2
5 22a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.35 3 10 22
kg 2 a 2 b 1 a200 b
Å kg2 1 1 1.737 3 106 m 2 1 1 106 m 2 2 1 1.737 3 106 m 2 s


5 1450
m
s
5 1 3 103
m
s 
Part b)
1 1
Wnonconservative 5 DK 1 DUgrav 5 masteroid 1 v 2f 2 v 2i 2 1 0 5 masteroid 1 0 2 v 2i 2
2 2
1 m 2
5 2 1 100 kg 2 a1450 b 5 21.05 3 108 J
2 s
The Moon does  1 3 108 J  of work.
Reflect
We would expect the asteroid to heat up and/or break apart upon impact as well as embed
itself into the Moon’s surface, so our calculation gives an upper bound to the work done by
the Moon.
400 Chapter 10 Gravitation

10.48
Set Up
The volume of water in the Pacific Ocean is 7.00 3 108 km3. The density of seawater is
1030 kg/m3. The mass of the Moon is 7.35 3 1022 kg, and the distance from the center of
the Moon to the center of Earth is 3.84 3 108 m. We can use these data to calculate the
gravitational potential energy between the Pacific Ocean and the Moon when the Pacific is
facing away and facing toward the Moon. Although it is a very rough approximation, we
will treat the ocean as a point mass. Therefore, we will need to add and subtract, respectively,
the radius of Earth in each calculation. The maximum speed of the water due to the tidal
influence of the Moon can be calculated through conservation of energy—the change in the
potential energies calculated in parts (a) and (b) is equal to the change in kinetic energy.
Solve
kg 8 3 103 m 3
mseawater 5 rseawaterV 5 a1030 b a7.00 3 10 km 3 a b b 5 7.21 3 1020 kg
m3 1 km
Part a)
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.21 3 1020 kg 2 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2
GmseawatermMoon kg 2
Ugrav 5 2 52
raway 1 3.84 3 108 m 2 1 1 6.38 3 106 m 2

5  29.05 3 1024 J 

Part b)
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.21 3 1020 kg 2 1 7.35 3 1022 kg 2
GmseawatermMoon kg 2
Ugrav 5 2 52
rtoward 1 3.84 3 108 m 2 2 1 6.38 3 106 m 2

5  29.36 3 1024 J .

Part c)
DK 5 2DUgrav

1
m v 2 5 2 1 1 29.360 3 1024 J 2 2 1 29.054 3 1024 J 2 2 5 3.06 3 1023 J
2 seawater

v5
Å
2 1 3.06 3 1023 J 2
m seawater
5
2 1 3.06 3 1023 J 2
20
Å 7.21 3 10 kg 
5 29.1
m
s 
Reflect
This is a very rough approximation and overestimation, as it treats the Pacific Ocean as a
point mass and doesn’t take into account drag.
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 401

10.49
Set Up
The orbit of Mars around the Sun has a radius that is 1.524 times larger than the radius of
Earth’s orbit around the Sun. We can set up a proportionality from Kepler’s law of periods to
calculate the period of Mars’s orbit. Earth completes one orbit around the Sun in one year.
Solve
r 3Earth to Sun r 3Mars to Sun
5
T 2Earth T 2Mars
r 3Mars to SunT 2Earth 1 1.524rEarth to Sun 2 3T 2Earth
TMars 5 5 5 " 1 1.524 2 3T 2Earth
Å r 3Earth to Sun Å r 3Earth to Sun

5 " 1 1.524 2 3 1 1 y 2 2 5  1.881 y 

Reflect
Setting up a proportionality is the easiest way to solve this problem since we do not know the
exact distance between Mars and the Sun.

10.50
Set Up
The space shuttle usually orbited Earth at altitudes of around 300.0 km. We can use Kepler’s
law of periods to calculate the time it took the shuttle to make one orbit around Earth; the
radius of the orbit is equal to the radius of Earth plus 300.0 km. To determine the number of
sunrises the astronauts saw per day, we can divide 24 hours by the period of the orbit.
Solve
Part a)
4p2r 3
T2 5
GmEarth

4p2r 3 4p2 1 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 3.00 3 105 m 2 2 3

T5 5
Å GmEarth N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
ã kg 2
1h
5 5432 s 3 5  1.51 h 
3600 s
Part b)

Nsunrises 5
24 h
1.51 h
5 15.9sunrises
day 
Reflect
In one day, you can’t see “0.9” of a sunrise, but on average over many days you can.
402 Chapter 10 Gravitation

10.51
Set Up
A space shuttle orbited Earth at an altitude of 300 km. We can rearrange Kepler’s law of
periods to solve for the shuttle’s speed directly. The space shuttle traveled 2pr meters (one
complete orbit) within T seconds (one period). The distance traveled divided by the time it
took is equal to the speed.
Solve
4p2r 3
T2 5
GmEarth
GmEarth 4p2r 2
5 5 v2
r T2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 1
2 b 5.98 3 10
24
kg 2
v5
Å
GmEarth
r
5
ã
kg
1 6.38 3 10 m 2 1 1 3 3 10 m 2
6 5 
5 8 3 103
m
s 
Reflect
The radius of the orbit is equal to the radius of Earth plus 300 km.

10.52
Set Up
A satellite orbits Earth at an altitude of around 80,000 km. We can use Kepler’s law of
periods to calculate the time it takes the shuttle to make one orbit around Earth; the radius of
the orbit is equal to the radius of Earth plus 80,000 km.
Solve
4p2r 3
T2 5
GmEarth

4p2r 3 4p2 1 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 8 3 107 m 2 2 3

T5 5
Å GmEarth N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
ã kg 2
1h
5 2.53 3 105 s 3 5  70 h 
3600 s
Reflect
We can quickly estimate the order of magnitude of the period to double-check our answer:
1 10 2 1 8 3 107 2 3
T, , "1010 5 105
Å 1 10 2 1 10211 2 1 1024 2
s
To compare, 70 h 5 1 70 h 2 a3600 b 5 2.5 3 105 s.
h
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 403

10.53
Set Up
A satellite orbits Earth once every 86.5 min. Assuming its orbit is circular, we can use Kepler’s
law of periods to calculate the radius of the orbit, and then the circumference of the satellite’s
orbit, from the period.
Solve
4p2r 3
T2 5
GmEarth
N # m2 60 s 2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 10 24
kg 2 a86.5 min 3 b
3GmEarthT 2 kg 2 1 min
r5 5 3
Å 4p2 ã 4p2
5 6.48 3 106 m

C 5 2pr 5 2p 1 6.48 3 106 m 2 5  4.07 3 107 m 

Reflect
Be sure to use a consistent set of units when performing your calculations.

10.54
Set Up
Saturn makes one rotation about the Sun every 29.46 (Earth) years. We can use Kepler’s law
of periods to calculate the radius of the orbit, which is the distance between the Sun and
Saturn. As a reminder, the mass of the Sun is 1.99 3 1030 kg.
Solve
Converting the period into seconds:
365.24 d 24 h 3600 s
T 5 29.46 y 3 3 3 5 9.297 3 108 s
1y 1d 1h
Calculating the orbital radius:
4p2R3
T2 5
GM
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 1.99 3 1030 kg 2 1 9.297 3 108 s 2 2
3GmSunT 2 kg 2
R Saturn to Sun 5 5 3
Å 4p2 ã 4p2

5  1.43 3 1012 m 

Reflect
We could have also set up a proportionality of Earth’s information with respect to the Sun:
R 3Earth to Sun R 3Saturn to Sun
5
T 2Earth T 2Saturn
404 Chapter 10 Gravitation

10.55
Set Up
A geosynchronous satellite has the same orbit period as Earth, which means that its period
is also 1 day, or 86,400 s. We can use Kepler’s law of periods to calculate the altitude h of a
geosynchronous satellite. We need to include Earth’s radius in the radius of the orbit.
Solve
4p2r 3 4p2 1 R Earth 1 h 2 3
T2 5 5
GmEarth GmEarth

3GmEarthT 2
h5 2 R Earth
Å 4p2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 86,400 s 2 2
3 kg 2
5 2 1 6.38 3 106 m 2
ã 4p2

5  3.59 3 107 m 

Reflect
Since a geosynchronous satellite rotates at the same speed as Earth, it will appear fixed in
space to an observer on Earth’s surface.

10.56
Set Up
Earth orbits the Sun with a semimajor axis of 1.000 AU and orbital period of 365.24 days. From
these data we can use Kepler’s law of periods to solve for the mass of the Sun. An astronomical
unit (AU) is the mean distance between Earth and the Sun, which is around 1.496 3 1011 m.
Solve
4p2a 3
T2 5
GmSun
1.496 3 1011 m 3
4p2 a1.000 AU 3 b
4p2a 3 1 AU
2 5  1.99 3 10 kg 
30
mSun 5 5 # m2
GT 2 N 24 h 3600 s
a6.67 3 10 211
b a365.24 d 3 3 b
kg 2 1d 1h
Reflect
This is how they can “measure” the mass of the Sun.

10.57
Set Up
The Moon orbits Earth in a nearly circular orbit once every 27.32 days. We can use Kepler’s
law of periods to help calculate the distance d from the surface of the Moon to the surface of
Earth. The radius in Kepler’s law is the center-to-center distance between the Moon and Earth,
so we will need to subtract out the radius of Earth and the radius of the Moon in order to
find d.
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 405

Solve
Converting the period into seconds:
24 h 3600 s
27.32 d 3 3 5 2.360 3 106 s
1d 1h
Calculating the distance:

2 4p2r 3 4p2 1 R Earth 1 R Moon 1 d 2 3

T 5 5
GmEarth GmEarth

3GmEarthT 2
d5 2 R Earth 2 R Moon
Å 4p2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 2.360 3 106 s 2 2
3 kg2
5
ã 4p2
2 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 2 1 1.73 3 106 m 2

5  3.75 3 108 m 

Reflect
The mean distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon is 3.84 3 108 m. This is
larger than the distance between their surfaces, which makes sense.

10.58
Set Up
A planet orbits a star with an orbital radius of 1 AU around a star with a mass that is
1.75 times the mass of our Sun. We can use Kepler’s law of periods to calculate the period
of this planet’s rotation. We will need the conversion between AU and meters
(1 AU 5 1.496 3 1011 m) and the mass of the Sun (1.99 3 1030 kg).
Solve
4p2a 3
T2 5
Gmstar

4p2a 3 4p2 1 1.496 3 1011 m 2 3

T5 5 # 2
Å Gmstar 211 N m
a6.67 3 10 1 21
2 b 1.75 1.99 3 10
30
kg 2
ã kg
1h 1d 1y
5 2.385 3 107 s 3 3 3 5  0.756 y 
3600 s 24 h 365.24 d
Reflect
It makes sense that a planet orbiting a more massive star at a distance equal to the Earth–Sun
distance should have a shorter period.
406 Chapter 10 Gravitation

General Problems
10.59
Set Up
A 1630-kg satellite is launched into an elliptical orbit that has a period of 702 min. The
apogee of the orbit (farthest distance from Earth) is rapogee 5 39,200 km and the perigee
(closest distance to Earth) is rperigee 5 560 km. We can use the definition of gravitational
potential energy and the radius of Earth to find the value of the potential energy at the
apogee and perigee. The nonconservative work required to place the satellite in orbit is
equal to the change in the satellite’s mechanical energy. We will assume it starts from rest
on the surface of Earth. Its final speed is equal to the circumference of the orbit divided
by the period of the orbit. The circumference of an ellipse can be approximated by
C < p 3 3 1 a 1 b 2 2 " 1 3a 1 b 2 1 a 1 3b 2 4 . We can calculate the values of a and b from the
distances rapogee and rperigee.
Solve
Part a)
Apogee:
GmEarthmsatellite
Ugrav,apogee 5 2
R Earth 1 rapogee
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 1630 kg 2
kg 2
52 5  21.43 3 1010 J 
1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 3.92 3 107 m 2
Perigee:
GmEarthmsatellite
Ugrav,perigee 5 2
R Earth 1 rperigee
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 1630 kg 2
kg 2
52 5  29.4 3 1010 J 
1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 5.6 3 105 m 2
Part b)
Semimajor and semiminor axes:
rapogee 1 rperigee 1 39,200 km 2 1 1 560 km 2
a5 5 5 19,880 km
2 2
rapogee 2 rperigee 1 39,200 km 2 2 1 560 km 2
e5 5 5 0.972
rapogee 1 rperigee 1 39,200 km 2 1 1 560 km 2

b 5 a"1 2 e2 5 1 19,880 km 2 "1 2 1 0.972 2 2 5 4671.4 km

 Chapter 10 Gravitation 407

Circumference of ellipse:

C < p 3 3 1 a 1 b 2 2 " 1 3a 1 b 2 1 a 1 3b 2 4 5 p 3 3 1 1 19,880 km 2 1 1 4671.4 km 2 2

2 " 1 3 1 19,880 km 2 1 1 4671.4 km 2 2 1 1 19,880 km 2 1 3 1 4671.4 km 2 2 4

5 p 3 1 73,654 km 2 2 " 1 64,311 km 2 1 33,894 km 2 4 5 84,716 km

Speed of satellite in orbit:
1000 m
a84,716 km 3 b
C 1 km m
vf 5 5 5 2011
T 60 s s
a702 min 3 b
1 min
Work:
1 2GmEarthmsatellite 2GmEarthmsatellite
Wnonconservative 5 DK 1 DUgrav 5 msatellite 1 v 2f 2 v 2i 2 1 a 2 b
2 a R Earth
1 1 1
5 msatellite 1 v2f 2 0 2 2 GmEarthmsatellite a 2 b
2 a REarth
1 m 2 # 2
211 N m
1 2
5 1630 kg a2011 b 2 a6.67 3 10 1
2 b 5.98 3 10
24
kg 2
2 s kg
1 1
3 1 1630 kg 2 a 7 2 b
1.988 3 10 m 6.38 3 106 m

5  7.2 3 1010 J 

Reflect
A stick of dynamite has approximately 2 3 106 J of energy. The energy required to launch the
satellite is about 36,000 times larger than this.

10.60
Moon Semimajor Orbital
Axis (km) Period (days)
Io 421,700 1.769
Europa 671,034 ?
Ganymede ? 7.155
Callisto ? 16.689
Set Up
We are given a table of the semimajor axes and orbital periods of Jupiter’s four largest
moons. Since all of the moons are orbiting the same planet, we can set up ratios between
the semimajor axis and period of Io and the semimajor axis and period of the moon we are
interested in to solve for the missing information. Using the information regarding Io and
Kepler’s law of periods will let us calculate the mass of Jupiter.
408 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Solve
Part a)
Europa:
2
T 2Io T Europa
5 3
a3Io aEuropa
T 2Io 3 1 1.769 days 2 2
TEuropa 5 a ba Europa 5 a b 1 6.71034 3 108 m 2 3 5  3.551 d 
Å a 3Io Å 1 4.21700 3 108 m 2 3
Ganymede:
2
T 2Io T Ganymede
5 3
a3Io aGanymede

3 a 3Io 3 1 4.21700 3 108 m 2 3

aGanymede 5 a bT 2
Ganymede 5 a b 1 7.155 d 2 2
Å T 2Io Å 1 1.769 d 2 2

5  1.070 3 109 m 5 1.070 3 106 km .

Callisto:
T 2Io T 2Callisto
5 3
a3Io aCallisto
a 3Io
3 3 1 4.21700 3 108 m 2 3
2
aCallisto 5 a 2 bT Callisto 5 a b 1 16.689 d 2 2
Å T Io Å 1 1.769 d 2 2

5  1.883 3 109 m 5 1.883 3 106 km .

Part b)
4p2a3Io
T 2Io 5
GmJupiter
4p2a 3Io 4p2 1 4.21700 3 108 m 2 3
mJupiter 5 5 # 2
GT 2Io 211 N m 24 h 3600 s 2
a6.67 3 10 b a1.769 d 3 3 b
kg 2 1d 1h

5  1.90 3 1027 kg 

Reflect
The larger the semimajor axis, the longer the orbital period and vice versa. The mass of
Jupiter is about three orders of magnitude larger than the mass of Earth and about three
orders of magnitude smaller than the mass of the Sun, which seems reasonable.

10.61
Set Up
A rocket is launched into a low-Earth orbit 1 r < REarth 2 near the equator. We can use
conservation of energy to calculate the necessary launch speed of the rocket vlaunch. A rocket
launched due east is launched with the rotation of Earth, while a rocket launched due west is
launched against the rotation of Earth, so the rotation speed of Earth will either be added or
subtracted to the launch speed vlaunch of the rocket.
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 409

Solve
Tangential speed of Earth’s surface:
2pREarth 2p 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 m
vEarth 5 5 5 464
T 3600 s s
a24 h 3 b
1h
Part a)
Ki 1 Ugrav,i 5 Kf 1 Ugrav,f

1 m 2 GmEarthmrocket
mrocket avlaunch 1 a464 b b 2 50
2 s REarth
# m2
211 N
2a6.67 3 10 2 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
2GmEarth m kg m
vlaunch 5 2 a464 b 5 2 a464 b
Å R Earth s ã 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 s


5 1.07 3 104
m
s
5 10.7
km
s 
Part b)
Ki 1 Ugrav,i 5 Kf 1 Ugrav,f

1 m 2 GmEarthmrocket
mrocket avlaunch 2 a464 b b 2 50
2 s REarth
N # m2
2a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
2GmEarth m kg2 m
vlaunch 5 1 a464 b 5 1 a464 b
Å REarth s ã 1 6.38 3 10 m 2
6 s


5 1.16 3 104
m
s
5 11.6
km
s 
Reflect
It makes sense that a rocket needs to launch with a smaller speed if it launches with the
rotation of Earth.

10.62
Set Up
Sputnik (mSputnik 5 84 kg) made one orbit around Earth every 96 min. We can use Kepler’s
law of periods to calculate the altitude of Sputnik’s orbit around Earth; the radius of the orbit
is the radius of Earth plus the altitude h. Sputnik’s weight (that is, the magnitude of the force
due to gravity) is equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity at that point.
For the weight in orbit, we can use Newton’s universal law of gravitation at the distance we
found in part (a); for the weight at Earth’s surface, we can use mSputnik times 9.80 m/s2.
410 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Solve
Part a)
4p2r 3 4p2 1 R Earth 1 h 2 3
T2 5 5
GmEarth GmEarth

GmEarthT 2
3
h5 2 REarth
Å 4p2
N # m2 60 s 2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 10 24
kg 2 a96 min 3 b
3 kg2 1 min
5 2 2 1 6.38 3 106 m 2
ã 4p

5  5.67 3 105 m 5 5.7 3 102 km 

Part b)
Weight in orbit:
GmEarth
FEarth on Sputnik 5 mSputnik
R2
N # m2
b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
a6.67 3 10211
kg 2
5 1 84 kg 2 5  6.9 3 102 N 
1 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 5.67 3 105 m 2 2 2
Weight on Earth’s surface:
m
wSputnik 5 mSputnikg 5 1 84 kg 2 a9.80 2 b 5  8.2 3 102 N 
s
Reflect
The weight of the satellite should decrease as its altitude increases.

10.63
Set Up
The Mars rovers have a vertical velocity of zero when they are 12 m above the surface of the
planet. The rovers then undergo free-fall as they fall to the surface. In order to calculate the
time required for the probes to reach the surface and the vertical speed when they land, we
first need to calculate the acceleration due to gravity on Mars. This will be the y acceleration
we will use in the constant acceleration equations.
Solve
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 6.419 3 1023 kg 2
GmMars kg2 m
gMars 5 5 5 3.71 2
r2 1 3.397 3 10 m 2
6 2
s
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 411

Part a)
1 1
y 5 y0 1 v0yt 1 ayt2 5 y0 1 0 2 gMarst2
2 2
2Dy 2 1 2 12 m 2
t5 2 5 2 5  2.5 s 
Å gMars m
3.71 2
ã s
Part b)
v2y 5 v20y 1 2ay 1 y 2 y0 2

vy 5 "v 20y 1 2ayDy 5 "0 2 2gMarsDy 5

Å
m

0 2 2a3.71 2 b 1 212 m 2 5 9.4
s
m
s 
Reflect
An object on Earth would take 1.56 s to fall 12 m and would land with an impact speed of
15.3 m/s. This is consistent with the reduced gravity on Mars.

10.64
Set Up
A froghopper can jump with a speed of 2.8 m/s. You bring a bunch of froghoppers to an
asteroid. If the asteroid is small enough, the froghoppers can jump straight up, free themselves
from the gravity of the asteroid, and escape into space. We can use the expression for escape
speed to calculate the diameter of the largest asteroid from which the froghoppers are
able to escape. Newton’s second law lets us calculate the required diameter of the asteroid
for the froghoppers to jump horizontally and orbit the asteroid just above the surface;
the gravitational force that the asteroid exerts on the froghoppers will cause the insects’
centripetal motion.
Solve
Part a)

4
2Gra pr 3 b
2Gmasteroid 2GrV 3 8Grpr 2
vescape 5 5 5 5
Å r Å r ã r Å 3

d 2
8Grpa b
2 2Grpd 2
5 5
ã 3 Å 3

3v 2escape
d5
É 2Grp

m 2
3a2.8 b
s
5 # m2 6 3 5  5.3 3 103 m 
N g 1 kg 10 cm
2a6.67 3 10211 b a2.0 3 3 3 bp
ï kg 2 cm 1000 g 1 m3
412 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Part b)
Gmasteroidmfroghopper mfroghopperv 2
5
r2 r
4
Gra pr 3 b
3 v2
5
r2 r

3v 2
r5
Å 4pGr

m 2
3a2.8 b
s
3 5  7.5 3 10 m 
3
2r 5 d 5 2 # m2 6
N g 1 kg 10 cm
4pa6.67 3 10211 b a2.0 3 3 3 b
ï kg 2 cm 1000 g 1 m3
Reflect
It makes sense that the asteroid should be smaller if the froghoppers escape from it rather
than orbit around it.

10.65
Set Up
The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth in a nearly circular orbit at an altitude of
3.45 3 105 m. We can use Kepler’s law of periods to calculate the time it takes the ISS to orbit
Earth. The radius of the orbit is the radius of Earth plus the altitude of the ISS. We can use
Newton’s universal law of gravitation to calculate the magnitude of the gravitational force
that Earth exerts on a 10.0-kg object in the ISS. The magnitude of the gravitational force that
Earth would exert on the object on Earth’s surface is equal to mg. Weightlessness implies that
the force of gravity is zero; this is not the case for the object located in the ISS. Since both the
object and the ISS are falling at the same rate, it appears as if the object is not attracted to the
ISS.
Solve
Part a)
4p2r 3
T2 5
GmEarth

4p2r 3 4p2 1 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 3.45 3 105 m 2 2 3

T5 5
Å GmEarth N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2
ã kg 2
1h
5 5487 s 3 5  1.52 h 
3600 s
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 413

Part b)
GmEarthmobject
FEarth on ISS,in space 5
r2
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 5.98 3 1024 kg 2 1 10.0 kg 2
kg 2
5 5  88.2 N 
1 1 6.38 3 106 m 2 1 1 3.45 3 105 m 2 2 2

FEarth on ISS,in space 88.2 N 88.2 N

5 5 5  90.0% 
FEarth on ISS,surface m 98.0 N
1 10.0 kg 2 a9.80 2 b
s
Part c) The rest of the space station is falling with the object. The only weight relative to the
station is from very weak gravitational forces between the station and its contents.
Reflect
If an elevator’s cables were to suddenly snap and the elevator car were to free-fall, the person
inside would also experience a similar “weightlessness.”

10.66
Set Up
The aphelion (farthest distance from the Sun) for the asteroid Apophis is daphelion 5 1.099 AU
and the perihelion is 0.746 AU. The distance between these two points is equal to the major
axis of its elliptical orbit. Therefore, the semimajor axis a is equal to half of the sum of those
distances. We can use the semimajor axis and Kepler’s law of periods to calculate the number
of days it takes Apophis to orbit the Sun. Kepler’s law of areas, which is just a restatement of
the conservation of angular momentum, states that the speed of the asteroid will be the largest
when it is closest to the Sun. Conservation of angular momentum will also allow us to find the
ratio of the maximum speed to the minimum speed.
Solve
Part a)
daphelion 1 dperihelion 5 2a

daphelion 1 dperihelion 1 1.099 AU 2 1 1 0.746 AU 2

a5 5
2 2
1.496 3 1011 m
5  0.923 AU  3 5  1.38 3 1011 m 
1 AU
Part b)

2 4p2a 3
T 5
GmSun

4p2a 3 4p2 1 1.38 3 1011 m 2 3

T5 5
Å GmSun N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 1.99 3 1030 kg 2
ã kg 2
1h 1d
5 2.796 3 107 s 3 3 5  324 d 
3600 s 24 h
 414 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Part c) Kepler’s law of areas, which is just the conservation of angular momentum, says that
mvr 5 constant, so the speed is the greatest when the distance is the shortest and vice versa.
Therefore, Apophis is traveling the  fastest at the perihelion  and the  slowest at the aphelion .
Part d)
mvperihelionrperihelion 5 mvaphelionraphelion

vmax vperihelion raphelion 1.099 AU

5 5 5 5  1.47 
vmin vaphelion rperihelion 0.746 AU
Reflect
The mass of the asteroid is not necessary to solve this problem. Since the asteroid is orbiting
the Sun, the mass of the Sun is used in Kepler’s law of periods.

10.67

Set Up
Seven spherical bowling balls (each of mass mbowling 5 8.00 kg with a radius of 11.0 cm) are
lined up in a row and positioned 100 cm from a ping-pong ball (mping-pong 5 2.70 g) located
at point P (see figure). (For simplicity and clarity, we’ll number the balls from left to right
starting with ball 1.) We are asked to find the net gravitational force on the ping-pong ball
due to the seven bowling balls. The net force on the ping-pong ball is the vector sum of the
force due to each bowling ball. Through symmetry, we see that the x component of the force
is equal to zero, so we only need to calculate the y component. Furthermore, we see that the
mass distribution is symmetric about the line connecting point P with the center bowling ball.
This means the y component of the force due to ball 1 is equal to the y component of the
force due to ball 7, the y component of ball 2 is equal to the y component of ball 6, and the
y component of ball 3 is equal to the y component of ball 5. The force of gravity from each
spherical bowling ball is the same as from a point mass located at its center. The y component
of each force is related to the cosine of the angle u; the angle u is equal to the arctangent of
the distance each bowling ball is from the center divided by 100 cm. (The second figure shows
the angle u 1 and r1 for bowling ball 1.)

P P

r1 θ1
100 cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 10-3 Problem 67 Figure 10-4 Problem 67

Solve
Balls 1, 7:
Gmbowlingmping-pong 66.0 cm
F1 on ping-pong,y 5 2a2 b acosatan 21 a bbb
r 21 100 cm
# m2
211 N
a6.67 3 10 2 b 1 8.00 kg 2 1 2.70 3 1023 kg 2
kg
5 2°2 ¢ 1 0.834 2 5 21.674 3 10212 N
1 0.660 m 2 2 1 1 1.00 m 2 2
 Chapter 10 Gravitation 415

Balls 2, 6:
Gmbowlingmping-pong 44.0 cm
F2 on ping-pong,y 5 2a2 b acosatan 21 a bbb
r 22 100 cm
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 8.00 kg 2 1 2.70 3 1023 kg 2
kg 2
5 2°2 ¢ 1 0.915 2
1 0.440 m 2 2 1 1 1.00 m 2 2

5 22.209 3 10212 N
Balls 3, 5:
Gmbowlingmping-pong 22.0 cm
F3 on ping-pong,y 5 2a2 b acosatan 21 a bbb
r 23 100 cm
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 8.00 kg 2 1 2.70 3 1023 kg 2
kg 2
5 2°2 ¢ 1 0.977 2
1 0.220 m 2 2 1 1 1.00 m 2 2

5 22.685 3 10212 N
Center ball (4):
Gmbowlingmping-pong
F4 on ping-pong,y 5 2
r 24
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 8.00 kg 2 1 2.70 3 1023 kg 2
kg 2
52 5 21.441 3 10212 N
1 1.00 m 2 2
Net force:

a Fext,y 5 1 21.674 3 10 N 2 2 1 2.209 3 10212 N 2 2 1 2.685 3 10212 N 2 2 1 1.44 3 10212 N 2

212

5  28.01 3 10212 N

Reflect
The force due to ball 4 should be the largest since it is the closest, followed by ball 3 (and
ball 5), then ball 2 (and ball 6), and finally ball 1 (and ball 7).

10.68
Set Up
The Sun and solar system actually orbit the center of the Milky Way galaxy once every
2.25 3 108 years at a distance of 27,000 light-years. We can use Kepler’s law of periods to
calculate the mass of the Milky Way, assuming that it is concentrated at the center of the galaxy.
We will need the following conversion factor for light-years: 1 ly 5 9.46 3 1015 m.
Solve
Converting from light-years to meters:
9.46 3 1015 m
27,000 ly 3 5 2.55 3 1020 m
1 ly
416 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Converting from years to seconds:

365.24 d 24 h 3600 s
2.25 3 108 y 3 3 3 5 7.10 3 1015 s
1y 1d 1h
Kepler’s law of periods:
4p2a 3
T2 5
Gmgalaxy
4p2a 3 4p2 1 2.55 3 1020 m 2 3
mgalaxy 5 5 # m2 5  1.9 3 1041 kg 
GT 2 N
a6.67 3 10211 b 1 7.10 3 1015 s 2 2
kg 2
Reflect
A light-year is the distance light travels in a vacuum during one year. The speed of light in a
vacuum is 3 3 108 m/s.

10.69
Set Up
Two objects (m10 5 10.0 kg and m­3 5 3.00 kg) are separated by 40.0 cm. A third object
(m1 5 1.00 kg) is placed at a location along the line connecting them such that the net force
acting on m1 is zero. By considering the force vectors, this location must be between the two
original objects. We will define x as the distance between m10 and m1 and y as the distance
between m3 and m1. Setting the magnitudes of the gravitational forces equal and using the
fact that x 1 y 5 40.0 cm, we can solve for x.

40 cm
A B
3 kg
10 kg

Figure 10-5 Problem 69

Solve
Gm10m1 Gm3m1
5
x2 y2
m10y2
x2 5
m3

m10
x5y
Å m3
But x 1 y 5 40 cm:
m10 10.0 kg
x1y5y 1y5y 1 y 5 2.826y 5 40.0 cm
Å m3 Å 3.00 kg
40.0 cm
y5 5 14.2 cm
2.826

x 5 1 40.0 cm 2 2 y 5 1 40.0 cm 2 2 1 14.2 cm 2 5  25.8 cm 

 Chapter 10 Gravitation 417

Reflect
It makes sense that the 1-kg object needs to be closer to the less massive object if the net force
acting on it is zero.

10.70
Set Up
Three objects (m1 5 2.00 3 106 kg, m2 5 6.00 3 106 kg, m3 5 8.00 3 106 kg) are located on
the x, y, and z axes, respectively, as shown in the figure. A 1.00-kg object is located at point P.
We can calculate the net gravitational force that the mass distribution exerts on the 1.00-kg
object by first finding the gravitational force that each individual mass exerts on the object.
We will calculate the magnitude of each force and then the unit vector along which that force
points.

z m1 = 2.00 × 106 kg x0 = 100,000 m

z3 = 140,000 m 3 m2 = 6.00 × 106 kg y0 = 100,000 m
m3 = 8.00 × 106 kg z0 = 120,000 m
z0

P
y0
2 y
y2 = 120,000 m

x0
1
x1 = 120,000 m
x

Figure 10-6 Problem 70

Solve
Force due to m1:
Magnitude:
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211b 1 2.00 3 106 kg 2 1 1.00 kg 2
Gm1mp kg 2
F1 on P 5 2 5 5 5.38 3 10215 N
r 1 to P 1 1 2.00 3 104 m 2 2 1 1 1.00 3 105 m 2 2 1 1 1.20 3 105 m 2 2 2
Force components:
0.2
F1 on P,x 5 a b 1 5.38 3 10 215 N 2 5 6.83 3 10 216 N
" 1 0.2 2 1 1 21 2 1 1 21.2 2
2 2 2

21
F1 on P,y 5 a b 1 5.38 3 10 215 N 2 5 23.42 3 10 215 N
" 1 0.2 2 1 1 21 2 1 1 21.2 2
2 2 2

21.2
F1 on P,z 5 a b 1 5.38 3 10 215 N 2 5 24.10 3 10 215 N
" 1 0.2 2 1 1 21 2 1 1 21.2 2
2 2 2
 418 Chapter 10 Gravitation

Force due to m2:

Magnitude:
N # m2
a6.67 3 10211 1 6
21
2 b 6.00 3 10 kg 1.00 kg
2
Gm2mp kg
F2 on P 5 2 5 5 1.61 3 10214 N
r 2 to P 1 1 1.00 3 105 m 2 2 1 1 2.00 3 104 m 2 2 1 1 1.20 3 105 m 2 2 2
Force components:

21
F2 on P,x 5 a b 1 1.61 3 10 214 N 2 5 21.02 3 10 214 N
" 1 21 2 1 1 0.2 2 2 1 1 21.2 2 2
2

0.2
F2 on P,y 5 a b 1 1.61 3 10 214 N 2 5 2.04 3 10 215 N
" 1 21 2 1 1 0.2 2 1 1 21.2 2
2 2 2

21.2
F2 on P,z 5 a b 1 1.61 3 10 214 N 2 5 21.23 3 10 214 N
" 1 21 2 1 1 0.2 2 2 1 1 21.2 2 2
2

Force due to m3:

Magnitude:
# m2
211 N
a6.67 3 10 b 1 8.00 3 106 kg 2 1 1.00 kg 2
Gm3mp kg 2
F3 on P 5 5 5 2.62 3 10214 N
r 23 to P 1 1 1.00 3 10 m 2 1 1 1.00 3 105 m 2 2 1 1 2.00 3 104 m 2 2 2
5 2

Force components:

21
F3 on P,x 5 a b 1 2.62 3 10 214 N 2 5 21.83 3 10 214 N
" 1 21 2 2 1 1 21 2 2 1 1 0.2 2 2

21
F3 on P,y 5 a b 1 2.62 3 10 214 N 2 5 21.83 3 10 214 N
" 1 21 2 1 1 21 2 1 1 0.2 2
2 2 2

0.2
F3 on P,z 5 a b 1 2.62 3 10 214 N 2 5 3.67 3 10 215 N
" 1 21 2 1 1 21 2 1 1 0.2 2
2 2 2

Net force:

a Fext,x 5 1 6.83 3 10 N 2 2 1 1.02 3 10214 N 2 2 1 1.83 3 10214 N 2 5 22.78 3 10214 N

216

a Fext,y 5 1 23.42 3 10 N 2 1 1 2.04 3 10215 N 2 2 1 1.83 3 10214 N 2 5 21.97 3 10214 N

215

a Fext,z 5 1 24.10 3 10 N 2 2 1 1.23 3 10214 N 2 1 1 3.67 3 10215 N 2 5 21.27 3 10214 N

215

Reflect
The gravitational force is always attractive, so each force vector will point from point P
toward the object producing the force.