Genetics From Genes To Genomes 5th Edition Hartwell Test Bank

Genetics From Genes to Genomes 5th
Edition Hartwell Test Bank

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Chapter 08 - Gene Expression: The Flow of Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
Chapter 08
Gene Expression: The Flow of Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In the usual flow of genetic information (often called the Central Dogma), which of the
following best represents the expression of genes?
A. Protein—RNA—DNA
B. DNA—RNA—Protein
C. RNA—DNA—Protein
D. DNA—Protein—RNA
Blooms Level 1: Remember

Learning Objective: 08.01.01 Explain the reasoning that supports a sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet codon) as the basic unit of the
code relating DNA to protein.
Section: 8.01
Topic: The Genetic Code
2. The cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis is the

A. nucleus.
B. mitochondria.
C. centrioles.
D. ribosome.

Learning Objective: 08.03.02 Describe the key steps of translation, indicating how each depends on the ribosome.
Section: 8.03
Topic: Translation - From mRNA to Protein
8-1
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McGraw-Hill Education.
3. The scientists credited with postulating the basis for the genetic code are
A. Hershey and Chase.
B. Griffith and Avery.
C. Watson and Crick.
D. Cohen and Boyer.

Learning Objective: 08.01.01 Explain the reasoning that supports a sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet codon) as the basic unit of the
code relating DNA to protein.
Section: 8.01
4. A codon is a three-base sequence of

A. mRNA that codes for an amino acid.
B. rRNA that codes for an amino acid.
C. tRNA that codes for an amino acid.
D. DNA that codes for an amino acid.

Learning Objective: 08.01.04 Describe experiments that determined whch codons are associated with each amino acid and which are stop
codons.
Section: 8.01
5. Which of these is NOT a character of the genetic code?

A. There are the same number of codons as there are amino acids.
B. The code is used by nearly every living organism.
C. Some amino acids have multiple codons.
D. The code is degenerate.
Blooms Level 2: Understand

codons.
Section: 8.01
8-2
6. Charles Yanofsky helped decipher the genetic code working with the _____ biosynthesis
genes in _______.
A. leucine Salmonella enteritidis
B. phenylalanine Klebsiella pneumoniae
C. tryptophan Escherichia coli
D. glycine Serratia marcescens

Learning Objective: 08.01.05 Explain how mutations were used to verify the genetic code.
Section: 8.01
7. A sequence of DNA that reads 5' ATGCCTGAATCAGCTTTA 3' should code for ____
amino acids after all the steps of conversion into protein are complete.
A. 5
B. 6
C. 7
D. 8
Blooms Level 4: Analyze

Learning Objective: 08.01.03 Define "reading frame" and discuss its significance to the genetic code.
Section: 8.01
8. How many different amino acids could be coded for using the synthetic mRNA sequence
of (5' UGCUGCUGC 3')?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3

Section: 8.01
8-3
9. There are ______________ usually found in the genetic code.

A. 3 start codons and 1 stop codon
B. 2 start codons and 2 stop codons
C. 1 start codon and 3 stop codons
D. 0 start codons and 4 stop codons

Learning Objective: 08.01.06 Discuss evidence that the genetic code is almost universal, and cite some exceptions.
Section: 8.01
10. The pattern or sequence in which a molecule of mRNA is deciphered by a ribosome is

called the
A. synthesis platform.
B. code degeneration.
C. peptide transition.
D. reading frame.

Section: 8.01
11. Which of these terms is NOT used as a nickname for a stop codon?
A. emerald
B. amber
C. opal
D. ochre

codons.
Section: 8.01
8-4
12. Nonsense codons are

A. codons that code for multiple amino acids.
B. codons that do not code for an amino acid.
C. codons that can be read forward or backward.
D. start codons.

codons.
Section: 8.01
13. Which of these is NOT a step in transcription?

A. replication
B. initiation
C. termination
D. elongation

Learning Objective: 08.02.01 Describe the three stages of transcription initiation, elongation, and termination.
Section: 8.02
Topic: Transcription - From DNA to RNA
14. The sequences within mRNA that are spliced out (removed) are called
A. extremes.
B. exons.
C. inclusions.
D. introns.

Learning Objective: 08.02.03 List three ways by which eukaryotes process mRNA after transcription.
Learning Objective: 08.04.04 List the steps in mRNA formation that occur in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes.
Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
Topic: Differences in Gene Expression Between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
8-5
15. The (expressed) sequences within mRNA that code for gene products are called
A. extremes.
B. exons.
C. inclusions.
D. introns.

Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
16. The retroviruses, including HIV, are unique because they do reverse
A. replication.
B. transcription.
C. splicing.
D. translation.

Learning Objective: 08.02.02 Compare transcription initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Section: 8.02
17. A(n) _____________ consists of proteins and small nuclear RNAs forming discrete
particles that mediate splicing.
A. holoenzyme
B. splicesome
C. nucleosome
D. ribosome
E. chromosome

Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
8-6
18. RNA molecules that can act as enzymes and catalyze specific biochemical reactions are
known as ________________.
A. donors
B. splice acceptors
C. ribozymes
D. tRNAs
E. restriction enzymes

Section: 8.03
19. A typical example of a genetic system that employs RNA splicing is

A. the genes that code for the segments in an earthworm.
B. the genes responsible for making antibodies in humans.
C. the HIV virus genes.
D. the genes that enable RNA splicing.

Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
20. Experiments that are done outside a living cell are describe by the Latin term
A. in vino.
B. in vito.
C. in vivo.
D. in vitro.

Learning Objective: 08.01.02 Summarize the evidence showing that the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is colinear with the sequence of
amino acids in a protein.
Section: 8.01
8-7
21. Experiments that are done inside a living cell are describe by the Latin term
A. in vino.
B. in vito.
C. in vivo.
D. in vitro.

Learning Objective: 08.01.02 Summarize the evidence showing that the sequence of nucleotides in a gene is colinear with the sequence of
amino acids in a protein.
Section: 8.01
22. The enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template is

A. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
B. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
C. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
D. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Section: 8.02
23. Transcription occurs in the ________ and translation occurs in the __________ of
eukaryotic cells.
A. nucleus, cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm, nucleus
C. nucleus, nucleus
D. cytoplasm, cytoplasm

Learning Objective: 08.04.01 Explain how the nuclear membrane affects gene expression in eukaryotes.
Section: 8.04
8-8
24. Transcription occurs in the ________ and translation occurs in the __________ of
prokaryotic cells.
A. nucleus, cytoplasm
B. cytoplasm, nucleus
C. nucleus, nucleus
D. cytoplasm, cytoplasm

Section: 8.04
25. Which of the following statements is true under ordinary conditions?

A. DNA and RNA last only for a short time within a cell.
B. DNA lasts forever within a cell while RNA lasts only for a short time.
C. RNA lasts forever within a cell while DNA lasts only for a short time.
D. RNA and DNA both last forever within a cell.

Section: 8.02
26. In the modification of eukaryotic mRNA, a "cap" consisting of a/an _________ and a tail
consisting of _______ are usually added to the transcript.
A. acetyl group, multiple cytosines
B. multiple guanines, methyl group
C. multiple thymines, acetyl group
D. methyl group, multiple adenines

Section: 8.02
Section: 8.04
8-9
27. RNA polymerase binds to a sequence called a/an ______________ before beginning
transcription.
A. promoter
B. operator
C. structural gene
D. replication origin

Section: 8.02
28. Ribosomes are composed of

A. tRNA and protein.
B. mRNA and protein.
C. rRNA and protein.
D. only proteins folded together.

Section: 8.03
29. A tRNA molecule looks like a compact ____ when it is folded into its functional
configuration.
A. G
B. L
C. C
D. P

Learning Objective: 08.03.01 Relate tRNA structure to its function.
Section: 8.03
8-10
30. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is the enzyme that

A. folds tRNA molecules into their proper configuration.
B. causes tRNA molecules to bind to the aminoacyl site of a ribosome.
C. produces tRNA by "reading" DNA molecules.
D. adds the appropriate amino acid to an uncharged tRNA.

Section: 8.03
31. Which enzyme forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids during polypeptide
synthesis?
A. RNA polymerase
B. phosphotransferase
C. peptidyl transferase
D. ribonuclease

Section: 8.03
32. A bacterial (prokaryotic) ribosome is composed of ______ subunits.

A. 20S and 40S
B. 30S and 50S
C. 40S and 60S
D. 50S and 70S

Section: 8.03
8-11
33. An anticodon is a physical component of a/an _______ molecule.

A. tRNA
B. mRNA
C. rRNA
D. DNA

Section: 8.03
34. Which of these processes are coupled (linked) in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes?
A. transcription and translation
B. replication and transcription
C. replication and translation
D. Replication, transcription, and translation are not separate in prokaryotes

Section: 8.04
35. A mutation that is characterized by a change in the DNA sequence, but no change in the
resulting protein sequence, is called a
A. frameshift mutation.
B. missense mutation.
C. silent mutation.
D. nonsense mutation.

Learning Objective: 08.05.01 Compare silent mutations, missense mutations, nonsense mutations, and frameshift mutations in terms of how
they alter a gene product.
Section: 8.05
Topic: The Effects of Mutations on Gene Expression and Function
8-12
36. A mutation that changes a codon sequence, and subsequently changes the amino acid that
should have been placed at that point in the polypeptide chain, is called a
C. silent mutation.

Section: 8.05
37. A mutation that changes a codon that originally coded for an amino acid into a stop codon
is called a
C. silent mutation.

Section: 8.05
38. A mutation that occurs when a base is inserted into or deleted from a DNA sequence,
completely altering the subsequent amino acid sequence, is called a
C. silent mutation.

Section: 8.05
8-13
39. Drugs like AZT, ddC, or ddI work against the AIDS virus because they
A. destroy viral proteins.
B. prevent the formation of viral mRNA.
C. block the action of viral tRNA.
D. look like nitrogenous bases and block viral reverse transcriptase.

Section: 8.02
40. A tRNA that recognizes a nonsense codon and inserts an amino acid where protein
synthesis should have stopped is called a
A. nonsense tRNA.
B. suppressor tRNA.
C. revertant tRNA.
D. excision tRNA.

Learning Objective: 08.05.02 Discuss mutations outside the coding sequence that could affect gene expression.
Section: 8.05
41. Protein synthesis begins with the amino acid ___________ as its codon is the one used as
the "start codon" by nearly all organisms.
A. methionine
B. arginine
C. cysteine
D. leucine

Learning Objective: 08.01.06 Discuss evidence that the genetic code is almost universal, and cite some exceptions.
Section: 8.01
8-14
42. Mutations that abolish the function encoded by the wild-type allele are known as
A. null mutations.
B. hypomorphic mutations.
C. hypermorphic mutations.
D. conditional mutations.
E. neomorphic mutations.

Learning Objective: 08.05.03 Explain why most loss-of-function alleles are recessive to wild-type, but some are incompletely dominant or
(rarely) dominant.
Section: 8.05
43. Mutations that result in much less of a protein or a protein with limited function are
known as
A. null mutations.
B. hypomorphic mutations.
C. hypermorphic mutations.
D. conditional mutations.
E. neomorphic mutations.

(rarely) dominant.
Section: 8.05
44. A neomorphic mutation results in an allele that

A. produces no gene product.
B. produces a nonfunctional gene product.
C. produces novel proteins or cause inappropriate expression resulting in a new phenotype.
D. produces proteins that aggregate with wild-type subunits, inactivating them.
E. produces an altered protein that results in a wild-type phenotype.

Learning Objective: 08.05.04 Contrast the actions of hypermorphic, neomorphic, and antimorphic gain-of-function alleles.
Section: 8.05
8-15
45. The appearance of a novel phenotype resulting from the substitution of a single base pair
might be due to
A. change in the amino acid sequence only.
B. change in the amount of protein expressed.
C. alteration in a gene that codes for a nontranslated RNA.
D. change in the developmental time or location at which a gene is expressed.
E. All of the choices are possible consequences of a single base pair substitution.
Blooms Level 3: Apply

Learning Objective: 08.05.05 Give examples of mutations that can have global effects on gene expression.
Section: 8.05
46. Assume that for a given gene a mutation creates an allele that functions as a dominant
negative. The gene codes for a protein that forms a trimer within the cell. If at least one of the
subunits has the mutant structure the entire protein is inactivated. For a heterozygous
individual, what percent of the trimers present in the cell will be inactive?
A. 100%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 6.25%
E. 12.5%

(rarely) dominant.
Section: 8.05
47. A neomorphic dominant mutation in the Antennapedia (Antp) gene of Drosophila causes
A. kinks to form in their tails.

B. shortened tails.
C. total loss of color vision.
D. failure to assemble microtubules during mitosis.
E. growth of a leg from the head region.

Learning Objective: 08.05.04 Contrast the actions of hypermorphic, neomorphic, and antimorphic gain-of-function alleles.
Section: 8.05
8-16
48.
In the digestive system, some protease enzymes must be secreted as an inactive form and then activated later by proteolytic
cleavage once outside of the secreting cell. This is to prevent active proteases from damaging the secreting cells. What is the
category of precursor proteins of this type?
A.
Ubiquitins
B.
Zymogens
C.
Glycosides
D.
Activins

Learning Objective: 08.03.03 List three categories of posttranslational processing and provide examples of each.
Section: 8.03
8-17
49.
Which of the following is required for initiation of eukaryotic translation?
A.
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
B.
5' cap
C.
3' poly(A) tail
D.
N-formylmethionine
E.
Introns

Learning Objective: 08.04.03 Describe the differences in translation initiation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Section: 8.04
8-18

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Multiple Choice Questions

Blooms Level 1: Remember

2. The cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis is the

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

4. A codon is a three-base sequence of

Blooms Level 1: Remember

5. Which of these is NOT a character of the genetic code?

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 4: Analyze

Blooms Level 4: Analyze

9. There are ______________ usually found in the genetic code.

Blooms Level 1: Remember

10. The pattern or sequence in which a molecule of mRNA is deciphered by a ribosome is

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

12. Nonsense codons are

Blooms Level 1: Remember

13. Which of these is NOT a step in transcription?

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

19. A typical example of a genetic system that employs RNA splicing is

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

22. The enzyme that makes RNA from a DNA template is

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

25. Which of the following statements is true under ordinary conditions?

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 1: Remember

28. Ribosomes are composed of

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

30. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase is the enzyme that

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

32. A bacterial (prokaryotic) ribosome is composed of ______ subunits.

Blooms Level 1: Remember

33. An anticodon is a physical component of a/an _______ molecule.

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 1: Remember

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 2: Understand

44. A neomorphic mutation results in an allele that

Blooms Level 2: Understand

Blooms Level 3: Apply