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CHAPTER 7
EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1) Which of the following statements about the role of psychoanalytic theory in modern child development research is true?
A) All subsequent theories rejected the basic outlines of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
B) One of the lasting contributions of psychoanalytic theory is its ability to capture the essence of personality during
each period of development.
C) Psychoanalytic theorists’ emphasis on the importance of experiences beyond infancy and early childhood is largely
accepted by contemporary researchers.
D) Psychoanalytic theory has modern cross-cultural implications because contemporary researchers have
psychoanalyzed individuals from all over the world.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.1
2) According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is dependent on the
A) quantity of food offered.
B) amount of oral stimulation provided.
C) quality of caregiving.
D) availability of self-soothing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.1
3) According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of the first year is
A) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B) basic trust versus mistrust.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.1
4) In Erikson’s theory, the conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents
A) provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices.
B) use appropriate and warm toilet-training techniques.
C) employ an authoritarian child-rearing style.
D) employ a permissive child-rearing style.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 246
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.1
Copyright © 2016 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved. 149

Test Bank for Berk & Meyers / Infants and Children, 8e
5) Twenty-two-year-old Daniel is overly dependent on his girlfriend. Daniel continually doubts his ability to meet new
challenges. According to psychosocial theory, Daniel may not have fully mastered the tasks of __________ and
__________ during infancy and childhood.
A) mistrust; shame
B) trust; doubt
C) trust; autonomy
D) autonomy; mistrust
Answer: C
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.1
6) Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional development?
A) Infants, children, and adults use diverse responses to express a particular emotion.
B) The emotional expressions of blind infants are exaggerated compared to infants with normal vision.
C) Babies on the visual cliff generally display a fearful facial expression but do not show other signs of fear.
D) Wide cultural differences exist in the facial expressions that people associate with different emotions.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.1
7) Basic emotions
A) are not evident in nonhuman primates.
B) are all present at birth.
C) have no evolutionary history of promoting survival.
D) are universal in humans.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.2
8) Babies’ earliest emotional life consists of which two global arousal states?
A) happiness and sadness
B) fullness and hunger
C) attraction to and withdrawal from stimulation
D) happiness and fear
Answer: C
Page Ref: 247
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.2
9) The social smile
A) first appears during REM sleep.
B) is evoked by parent–child interaction.
C) emerges during the second week of life.
D) first appears in response to dynamic, eye-catching sights.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.2
150 Copyright © 2016 Laura E. Berk. All Rights Reserved.

Chapter 7 Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
10) Development of the social smile

A) reflects faster processing of information.
B) is highly encouraged among the Nso people.
C) varies substantially with culture.
D) appears as late as 12 to 14 weeks in German infants.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.2
11) Laughter
A) reflects faster processing of information than smiling.
B) appears around 6 to 8 months of age.
C) first occurs in response to very gentle stimuli.
D) occurs more often when babies are interacting with new people.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 248
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.2
12) Sheldon, age 1, will most likely display a __________ smile for a friendly stranger.
A) sustained, wide
B) broad, “cheek-raised”
C) reserved, muted
D) “mouth-open”
Answer: C
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.2
13) Newborn babies respond with __________ to too much or too little stimulation.
A) locked gazes
B) generalized distress
C) fear
D) “mouth-open” smiles
Answer: B
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.2
14) From 4 to 6 months into the second year, angry expressions __________ in __________.
A) decrease; both frequency and intensity
B) increase; intensity but decrease in frequency
C) increase; both frequency and intensity
D) increase; frequency but decrease in intensity
Answer: C
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.2

15) When an unfamiliar adult picks up Louisa, age 9 months, she begins to cry and struggles to get down. Louisa is exhibiting
A) stranger anxiety.
B) avoidant attachment.
C) insecure attachment.
D) separation anxiety.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 249
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.2
16) Infants raised in Israeli kibbutzim
A) are discouraged from developing a strong emotional bond with their mother.
B) display far greater stranger anxiety than their city-reared counterparts.
C) are routinely passed from one adult to another, which reduces their stranger anxiety.
D) show very little stranger anxiety compared with agemates.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.2
17) The rise in fear after 6 months
A) keeps newly mobile babies’ enthusiasm for exploration in check.
B) enables the infant to overcome obstacles.
C) prevents the child from displaying the social smile.
D) gives the infant a sense of shame and doubt.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.2
18) Imani, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the floor, Imani ventures a few feet away
from her for a few minutes at a time, and then returns to her for emotional support. Imani is
A) engaging in effortful control.
B) exhibiting unusual behavior for a toddler with stranger anxiety.
C) using his mother as a secure base.
D) displaying avoidance rather than approach.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.2
19) Infants’ emotional expressions are
A) consistent across cultures and emerge in stagelike sequences.
B) easy for researchers to categorize because they are clearly recognizable.
C) hardwired at birth, and their responses to emotional cues are automatic.
D) closely tied to their ability to interpret the emotional cues of others.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 250
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3

20) Baby Emma is learning to stand. Each time she falls, she looks at her dad. When he looks concerned, Emma cries. When
he smiles and says, “You did it!” she tries again. Emma is using
A) a secure base.
B) emotional self-regulation.
C) social referencing.
D) effortful control.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 250–251
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.3
21) According to research on social referencing, which of the following responses from Tanner’s mom is the most likely to
encourage him to get up and try again after he falls down while learning to walk?
A) a concerned look
B) a cautious smile
C) speaking the words “oh, no!”
D) laughter combined with saying “oopsie-daisy”
Answer: D
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.3
22) Which of the following are self-conscious emotions?
A) guilt, shame, and pride
B) shame, doubt, and fear
C) embarrassment, pride, and sadness
D) envy, happiness, and disgust
Answer: A
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.3
23) Self-conscious emotions
A) are present at birth.
B) are universal and basic.
C) include happiness, fear, anger, and sadness.
D) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3
24) Self-conscious emotions appear __________ of the __________ year.
A) in the middle; first
B) at the end; first
C) in the middle; second
D) at the end; second
Answer: C
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.3

25) After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head,
and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing
A) envy.
B) shame.
C) pride.
D) empathy.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.3
26) Self-conscious emotions
A) involve distinct facial expressions.
B) do not require self-awareness.
C) are universally experienced in response to the same types of situations.
D) require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 251
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3
27) Cross-cultural research indicates that
A) the situations in which adults encourage various self-conscious emotions vary from culture to culture.
B) in collectivist cultures, most children are taught to feel pride over personal achievement.
C) expressions of basic emotions differ widely from culture to culture, but expressions of self-conscious emotions are
universal.
D) in individualistic cultures, most children are taught to feel embarrassment over personal achievement.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3
28) Evan covers his eyes when the Wicked Witch of the West appears on the screen while he is watching The Wizard of Oz.
Evan is using
A) a secure base.
B) emotional self-regulation.
D) self-soothing.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.3
29) Emotional self-regulation requires
A) emotional contagion.
B) goodness of fit.
C) automatic processing of information.
D) voluntary, effortful management of emotions.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3

30) Effortful control

A) requires adult instruction and modeling.
B) is regarded as a major dimension of temperament.
C) plays a limited role in mental and social development.
D) is an ability that is present at birth.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3
31) In the early months, infants
A) have only a limited capacity to regulate their emotional stress.
B) are unable to regulate any form of emotional stress.
C) are not very easily overwhelmed.
D) rely primarily on self-soothing for distraction and reorientation of attention.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 252
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3
32) Which of the following statements is supported by research on emotional self-regulation?
A) Compared with North Americans, Japanese and Chinese adults discourage the expression of strong emotion in
babies.
B) Beginning in infancy, girls have a harder time regulating negative emotion than boys.
C) By the second year, toddlers are quite skilled at using language to comfort themselves.
D) Parents imitate their babies’ displays of negative emotion more often than displays of positive emotion.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.3
33) Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and energetic. Gil’s descriptions refer to
A) effortful control.
B) categorical self.
C) temperament.
D) level of reactivity.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 253
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.4
34) Results from the groundbreaking longitudinal study on temperament conducted by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess
showed that
A) temperament can increase a child’s chances of experiencing psychological problems.
B) because temperament is innate, parenting practices cannot modify children’s emotional styles.
C) temperament cannot protect a child from the negative effects of a highly stressful home life.
D) the psychological traits that make up temperament in childhood play a very small role in adult personality.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4

35) Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and
Chess’s model of temperament, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.
A) easy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) difficult
D) uninhibited
Answer: A
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.4
36) According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child
A) shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.
B) is irregular in daily routines.
C) shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics.
D) displays no identifiable temperamental traits.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4
37) Alice is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. In
Thomas and Chess’s model of temperament, Alice would be classified as a(n) __________ child.
A) slow-to-warm-up
B) uninhibited
C) difficult
D) easy
Answer: A
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.4
38) In Rothbart’s model of temperament,
A) distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
B) persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
C) fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and reactivity due to
frustration.
D) the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions and intensity of reaction.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4
39) According to Rothbart, individuals differ not just in their reactivity on each dimension but also in
B) self-concept.
C) goodness of fit.
D) interactional synchrony.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 254
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4

40) Beginning in early childhood, capacitity for effortful control predicts

A) outcomes such as low academic achievement and moral immaturity.
B) characteristics such as timidity, meekness, and fearfulness of social situations.
C) the ability to engage in group participation through adolescence and adulthood.
D) favorable development and adjustment in cultures as diverse as China and the United States.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4
41) Which of the following statements about observations of children conducted in the home or laboratory is true?
A) In homes, observers find it easier to capture rare but important events.
B) Researchers can better control children’s experiences in the lab.
C) Fearful children tend to respond better in a lab setting than in their own homes.
D) Observations by researchers in the home or laboratory are usually more subjective than parental reports.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4
42) Brendon reacts negatively to and withdraws from novel stimuli. He could be classified as a(n) __________ child.
A) sociable
B) shy
C) easy
D) uninhibited
Answer: B
Page Ref: 255
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.4
43) Results of Jerome Kagan’s longitudinal research on the development of shyness and sociability found that
A) about 70 percent of 4-month-olds were easily upset by novelty.
B) nearly all of the extreme groups retained their temperamental styles as they get older.
C) most children’s dispositions became less extreme over time.
D) as infants, more children were shy than were highly sociable.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 256 Box: Biology and Environment: Development of Shyness and Sociability
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4
44) Which of the following is more likely to be found in shy children than in sociable children?
A) a higher heart rate from the first few weeks of life
B) lower levels of amygdala activity in response to novel stimuli
C) lower levels of saliva concentrations of cortisol
D) a drop in blood pressure when faced with novelty
Answer: A
Page Ref: 256 Box: Biology and Environment: Development of Shyness and Sociability
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.4

45) The overall stability of temperament is

A) moderate in infancy and toddlerhood.
B) low from the preschool years on.
C) low in infancy and toddlerhood.
D) high from the preschool years on.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 257
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.5
46) Observation of which of the following children is likely to provide a researcher with the most accurate long-term
prediction of temperament?
A) Quinn, a newborn
B) Ava, age 12 months
C) Samantha, age 2
D) Tyson, age 4
Answer: D
Page Ref: 257
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.5
47) Research on the role of heredity in temperament indicates that
A) heritability estimates derived from twin studies suggest a major role for genetic factors in temperament and
personality.
B) identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins across a wide range of temperamental traits and personality
measures.
C) only 5 to 10 percent of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to differences in genetic makeup.
D) heritability estimates are much higher for expressions of positive emotion than for negative emotion.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 257
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.5
48) Compared with North American Caucasian infants, Chinese and Japanese babies tend to be
A) less irritable.
B) more active.
C) less inhibited.
D) more vocal.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.5
49) Research on sex differences in temperament shows that
A) girls are more daring than boys, and they have a large advantage in effortful control.
B) boys are more anxious and timid than girls, and they are slightly more impulsive.
C) girls’ advantage in effortful control contributes to better school performance.
D) boys are more active than girls, but they also tend to be more anxious and timid.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 258
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.5

50) Studies indicate that children who possess the __________ 5-HTTLPR gene show increased irritability when their
mothers’ anxiety about parenting increases.
A) long
B) short
C) mutated
D) normal
Answer: B
Page Ref: 258–259
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.5
51) Consistently, the short 5-HTTLPR genotype combined with maladaptive parenting leads to
A) externalizing problems, including defiance and aggression.
B) inhibited social behavior and very low rates of peer acceptance.
C) decreased emotional reactivity as a result of withdrawal.
D) increased fearfulness during maternal separation.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.5
52) In families with several children,
A) parents tend to look for similarities between siblings.
B) parents often regard siblings as less distinct than other observers do.
C) both identical and fraternal twins tend to become increasingly similar in personality with age.
D) parents’ tendency to emphasize each child’s unique qualities affects their parenting practices.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 259
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.5
53) __________ involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while simultaneously
encouraging more adaptive functioning.
A) Goodness of fit
B) Social referencing
C) Emotional self-regulation
D) Effortful control
Answer: A
Page Ref: 259–260
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.5
54) Goodness of fit is
A) only effective with sociable, securely attached children.
B) rarely successful with difficult children.
C) only effective with infants and toddlers.
D) at the heart of infant–caregiver attachment.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 260
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.5

55) Professor Hardwick is interested in the strong affectionate tie children have with special people in their lives that leads
them to experience pleasure and joy when they interact with those people and to be comforted by their nearness in times
of stress. Professor Hardwick studies
A) attachment.
B) goodness of fit.
C) temperament.
D) sociocultural theory.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 261
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.6
56) In the 1950s, a famous experiment of rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh “surrogate mothers”
provided evidence that
A) attachment does not depend on hunger satisfaction.
B) the infant’s characteristics play the largest role in the relationship.
C) sensitive caregiving is key to the development of a secure attachment pattern.
D) attachment security in infancy is highly dependent on hunger satisfaction.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 261
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.6
57) The ethological theory of attachment
A) suggests that the infant’s emotional tie to the mother is the foundation of all later relationships.
B) recognizes the infant’s emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival.
C) emphasizes the importance of feeding as the central context in which caregivers and babies build close emotional
bonds.
D) suggests that infants learn to prefer their mother because she functions as both a primary caregiver and a social
partner.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 261
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.6
58) Baby Jane has begun to develop a sense of trust. She expects that her mother will respond when signaled. But Jane does
not protest when separated from her mother. In which of Bowlby’s phases does Jane best fit?
A) preattachment
B) “attachment in the making”
C) “clear-cut” attachment
D) formation of a reciprocal relationship
Answer: B
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.6
59) Jazmin, age 18 months, cries and climbs on her mother when she attempts to leave Jazmin with a babysitter. Jazmin is
displaying
A) an internal working model.
B) interactional synchrony
D) separation anxiety.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.6

60) In which of Bowlby’s phases do children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter the
caregiver’s goals?
A) preattachment
Answer: A
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.6
61) Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby’s phases?
A) preattachment
Answer: D
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.6
62) According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children
A) learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that the caregiver cannot be relied upon during stress.
B) move from secure attachment to insure attachment and, over time, back again to secure attachment.
C) construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver that they can use as a secure base in the parent’s absence.
D) commonly develop either avoidant or resistant attachment styles before settling into a secure attachment.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.6
63) Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks
comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has
developed
B) effortful control.
C) interactional synchrony.
D) a categorical self.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 262
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.6
64) In designing the Strange Situation, Mary Ainsworth and her colleagues reasoned that securely attached infants and
toddlers
A) should use the parent as a secure base from which to explore in an unfamiliar setting.
B) are just as easily comforted by an unfamiliar adult as by the parent.
C) combine anger and clinginess when reunited with a parent who has left the room for a time.
D) do not show distress when the parent leaves the room.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 263
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7

65) In the Strange Situation, Juan uses his mother as a secure base. When she leaves the room, Juan cries for a few minutes.
When she returns, Juan seeks contact with her and then begins to explore toys once again. Juan is displaying
characteristics of __________ attachment.
A) insecure–avoidant
B) secure
C) disorganized/disoriented
D) insecure–resistant
Answer: B
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
66) In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When she leaves, Richard reacts to
the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is
demonstrating __________ attachment.
B) secure
Answer: A
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
67) In the Strange Situation, Kimani seeks closeness to her mother and fails to explore. When her mother leaves, Kimani is
distressed. When she returns, Kimani hits her. Kimani is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment.
B) secure
Answer: D
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
68) In the Strange Situation, Antwan ignores his mother and displays and odd, frozen posture. He does not cry when his
mother leaves the room. When she returns, Antwan looks away when she is holding him. Antwan is displaying
characteristics of __________ attachment.
B) secure
Answer: C
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
69) The Attachment Q-Sort
A) is not suitable for children between 1 and 5 years.
B) is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation.
C) does not differentiate between types of insecurity.
D) taps fewer attachment-related behaviors than the Strange Situation.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 264
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7

70) In low-SES families with many daily stresses, attachment generally

A) changes from insecure pattern to another.
B) remains stable.
C) moves toward security.
D) fluctuates between security and insecurity.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 265
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7
71) Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is most likely to display an insecure-
avoidant attachment?
A) Gretchen, who is from Germany
B) Yuri, who is from Japan
C) Darius, who is from the United States
D) Sascha, who is from an Israeli kibbutz
Answer: A
Page Ref: 265
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
72) Research on infant attachment of the Dogon people of Mali, Africa, revealed no one showed __________ attachment to
their mothers.
A) resistant
B) avoidant
C) secure
D) disorganized/disoriented
Answer: B
Page Ref: 265
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7
73) Japanese infants rarely show __________ attachment.
A) disorganized/disoriented
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) secure
Answer: B
Page Ref: 265
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7
74) Studies of institutionalized adoptees indicate that
A) it is imperative that the first attachment bond develop within the first year of life.
B) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, do not display social or emotional problems.
C) late adoptees are likely to shy away from adult attention once adopted.
D) a first attachment can develop as late as 4 to 6 years of age.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 266
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7

75) Studies of adopted children who spent their first year or more in deprived Eastern European orphanages indicate that
A) late adoptees, placed in homes after age 4, have more difficulty bonding with their adoptive parents.
B) adoptees do not typically show social or emotional problems if adopted before the age of 6.
C) fully normal emotional development depends on establishing a close tie with a caregiver early in life.
D) adoptees’ delays and impairments tend to disappear in middle childhood.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 266
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7
76) __________ is moderately related to attachment security in diverse cultures and SES groups.
A) Goodness of fit
B) Social referencing
C) Grandparent primary caregiving
D) Sensitive caregiving
Answer: D
Page Ref: 266
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7
77) Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, “Ball!” Ashley’s father responds with a big smile and an enthusiastic, “That’s
right! Ball!” In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings
softly to her. Ashley and her father are engaged in
A) attachment in the making.
B) social referencing.
C) goodness of fit.
D) interactional synchrony.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 266
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
78) __________ adult–infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best predictor of attachment
security.
A) Loose
B) Tight
C) Moderate
D) Variable
Answer: C
Page Ref: 266–267
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7
79) __________ babies tend to receive overstimulating, intensive care.
A) Avoidant
B) Secure
C) Disorganized/disoriented
D) Resistant
Answer: A
Page Ref: 267
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7

80) Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research?

A) Mothers of resistant infants tend to be overstimulating and intrusive.
B) Securely attached infants often receive inconsistent care.
C) Persistently depressed mothers tend to promote an avoidant attachment classification.
D) Mothers of resistant infants are often unresponsive to infant signals.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 267
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7
81) Which of the following children is most likely to be receiving abusive or neglectful care?
A) Dante, whose attachment is disorganized/disoriented
B) Sonya, whose attachment is secure
C) Anthony, whose attachment is avoidant
D) Riley, whose attachment is resistant
Answer: A
Page Ref: 267
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.7
82) Research reveals that at-risk infants
A) whose parents have adequate time and patience to care for them fare quite well in attachment security.
B) with special needs rarely display secure attachment to any caregiver.
C) who are born prematurely invoke reduced maternal sensitivity regardless of socioeconomic risk.
D) who are emotionally reactive in temperament are less likely to develop later insecure attachments.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 267
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7
83) The heritability of attachment is
A) virtually nil.
B) moderately low.
C) moderately high.
D) very high.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 268
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7
84) Job loss, a failing marriage, financial difficulties, or parental psychological problems
A) show little correlation with attachment security.
B) are the primary causes of disoriented/disorganized attachment in infancy.
C) can undermine attachment indirectly by interfering with parental sensitivity.
D) are unlikely to have a direct effect on babies’ sense of security.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 268
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7

85) Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them.
A) dismiss the importance of their early relationships
B) discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance
C) report only positive childhood experiences
D) describe their negative childhood experiences in angry, confused ways
Answer: B
Page Ref: 268
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7
86) Which of the following statements about the relationship between attachment security and infant child care is true?
A) The best current evidence confirms that use of nonparental care during the first year affects attachment security.
B) Infants who experience daily separations from their employed parents are at risk for developmental problems.
C) The relationship between child care and emotional well-being depends on both family and child-care experiences.
D) Exposure to child care exerts a more powerful impact on children’s adjustment than does parenting quality.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 270 Box: Social Issues: Health: Does Child Care Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment?
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.7
87) Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that
A) mother–child interaction is more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care.
B) most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached.
C) full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security.
D) even in high-quality settings, the amount of time spent in child care is related to behavior problems.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 270 Box: Social Issues: Health: Does Child Care Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment?
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.7
88) When interacting with their babies, mothers devote more time to __________ and fathers devote more time to
__________.
A) playful interaction; physical care
B) feeding and diaper changes; expressing affection
C) playful interaction; expressing affection
D) physical care; playful interaction
Answer: D
Page Ref: 269
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.8
89) Fathers
A) are not as responsive as mothers to their infant’s social needs.
B) engage in more highly stimulating physical play with their daughters than with sons.
C) report feeling less anxiety than mothers about daily separations.
D) in the United States devote just over 4 hours per workday to children.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 269
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8

90) Which of the following statements is supported by research on fathers?

A) In the United States, Hispanic fathers spend more time engaged with their children compared to fathers in other
ethnic groups.
B) In dual-earner families in the United States, mothers and fathers tend to devote equal time to caregiving.
C) In the United States, high-SES fathers devote more time to their children than low-SES fathers.
D) Fathers in Japan spend more time engaged in infant caregiving compared to fathers in the United States.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 271
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8
91) Cross-cultural research demonstrates that
A) fathers’ warmth contributes greatly to children’s long-term favorable development.
B) fathers who devote little time to physical caregiving do not express much parental warmth.
C) mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their partners and with their children are not linked.
D) fathers’ warmth cannot protect children against emotional and behavioral problems.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 272 Box: Cultural Influences: The Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8
92) Research on the Aka hunters and gatherers of Central Africa reveals that a strong father–infant relationship is
A) related to the strong division of male and female duties in the tribe.
B) unrelated to the amount of time fathers spend near infants and toddlers.
C) unrelated to the father’s expressions of caring and affection.
D) due in great part to an unusually cooperative and intimate marital relationship.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 272 Box: Cultural Influences: The Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8
93) Nearly 2.4 million U.S. children live with their grandparents but apart from parents, in so-called
A) “non-traditional nuclear families.”
B) skipped-generation families.
C) fractured households.
D) extended-family households.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 271
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.8
94) Many grandparent caregivers report feeling
A) overjoyed to receive a second chance to raise children.
B) unworried about what will happen to the child.
C) emotionally drained and depressed.
D) animosity toward their adult child for “shirking responsibility.”
Answer: C
Page Ref: 272
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8

95) Which of the following statements about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true?
A) Warm grandparent–grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even under
conditions of great hardship.
B) Less than 1 percent of the U.S. child population live with their grandparents but apart from parents.
C) Grandparents in Caucasian families are more likely to serve as children’s primary caregivers than grandparents in
other ethnic groups.
D) Grandparent caregivers rarely forge significant attachment relationships with their grandchildren.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 272
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8
96) __________ is related to positive sibling interaction.
A) High emotional intensity in one sibling
B) Maternal warmth toward both children
C) High physical activity in one sibling
D) Lack of maternal involvement
Answer: B
Page Ref: 273
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8
97) Peer sociability is
A) not present in the first two years.
B) promoted by the early caregiver–child bond.
C) extremely delayed in only children.
D) delayed in children who spend time in child care.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 274
Skill: Understand
Objective: 7.8
98) Mounting evidence indicates that __________ determines whether attachment security is linked to later development.
A) child temperament
B) heredity
C) continuity of caregiving
D) family size
Answer: C
Page Ref: 274
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.9
99) Which of the following statements about attachment and later development is true?
A) A child whose parental caregiving improves can bounce back from adversity.
B) A child who experiences a secure attachment in infancy maintains that style, regardless of caregiving.
C) By the end of early childhood, nearly 90 percent of U.S. children are securely attached to a caregiver.
D) An insecure attachment in infancy almost always leads to severe behavior problems in childhood.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 275
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.9

100) Newborn Uli displays a stronger rooting reflex in response to an adult’s finger touching her cheek than to her own hand
touching her cheek. This finding demonstrates that Uli has the beginnings of
A) self-awareness.
B) effortful control.
C) an internal working model.
D) emotional self-regulation.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 276
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.10
101) Emmett, age 4 months, looks and smiles more at video images of others than video images of himself. This
discrimination reflects an
A) explicit sense of self–world differentiation.
B) internal working model.
C) implicit sense of self–world differentiation.
D) external working model.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 276
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.10
102) Which of the following children, when placed in front of a mirror, is most likely to respond to the appearance of a red dot
on his or her nose by touching or rubbing his or her nose?
A) Reggie, an 8-month-old boy
B) Melik, a 12-month-old boy
C) Isabella, a 16-month-old girl
D) Jayla, a 21-month-old girl
Answer: D
Page Ref: 276
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.10
103) When asked to push a wagon while standing on a towel attached to its rear axle, 21-month-old Maximus figures out that
if he removes himself from the towel, the wagon will move. Maximus is displaying
B) an implicit sense of self–world differentiation.
C) a categorical self.
D) an explicit body self-awareness.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 277
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.10
104) Ahmed, age 2, gives his favorite stuffed toy to his little brother when his brother falls down and starts to cry. Ahmed is
displaying
B) empathy.
C) a categorical self.
D) social referencing.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 278
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.10

105) Two-year-old Aisha tells her mom, “I good girl.” This statement demonstrates that Aisha is beginning to develop
A) a categorical self.
B) empathy.
C) self-conscious emotions.
D) scale errors.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 278
Skill: Apply
Objective: 7.10
106) Children whose parents __________ typically do well in delaying gratification.
A) alternate using threats and bribes
B) encourage selective and sustained attention
C) emphasize independence and autonomy from an early age
D) provide long, detailed reasons for waiting
Answer: B
Page Ref: 279
Skill: Remember
Objective: 7.10
ESSAY
107) Describe Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory as it applies to the development of infant and toddler personality.
Answer: Erikson accepted Freud’s emphasis on the importance of the parent–infant relationship during feeding, but he
expanded and enriched Freud’s view. A healthy outcome during infancy, Erikson believed, does not depend on
the amount of food or oral stimulation offered but rather on the quality of caregiving: relieving discomfort
promptly and sensitively, holding the infant gently, waiting patiently until the baby has had enough milk, and
weaning when the infant shows less interest in breast or bottle.
Erikson recognized that no parent can be perfectly in tune with the baby’s needs. Many factors affect
parental responsiveness—feelings of personal happiness, current life conditions, and culturally valued child-
rearing practices. But when the balance of care is sympathetic and loving, the psychological conflict of the first
year—basic trust versus mistrust—is resolved on the positive side. The conflict of toddlerhood—autonomy
versus shame and doubt—is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance
and reasonable choices. In contrast, when parents are over- or undercontrolling, the outcome is a child who feels
forced and shamed and who doubts his ability to control his impulses and act competently on his own.
In sum, basic trust and autonomy grow out of warm, sensitive parenting and reasonable expectations for
impulse control starting in the second year. If children emerge from the first few years without sufficient trust in
caregivers and without a healthy sense of individuality, the seeds are sown for adjustment problems.
Page Ref: 246–247
108) Describe the development of anger in infants, and explain why angry reactions increase with age.
Answer: Newborn babies respond with generalized distress to a variety of unpleasant experiences, including hunger,
painful medical procedures, changes in body temperature, and too much or too little stimulation. From 4 to 6
months into the second year, angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity. Older infants also react with
anger in a wider range of situations—when an interesting object or event is removed, an expected pleasant event
does not occur, their arms are restrained, the caregiver leaves for a brief time, or they are put down for a nap.
Anger increases with age because as infants become capable of intentional behavior, they want to control
their own actions and the effects they produce. Furthermore, older infants are better at identifying who caused
them pain or removed a toy. The rise in anger is also adaptive. Independent movement enables an angry infant
to defend herself or overcome an obstacle to obtain a desired object. Finally, anger motivates caregivers to
relieve the baby’s distress and, in the case of separation, may discourage them from leaving again soon.
Page Ref: 249

109) Using Thomas and Chess’s model of temperament, identify and describe the three categories of children. Do all children
fit into one of these categories? Explain.
Answer: In 1956, Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess initiated the New York Longitudinal Study, a groundbreaking
investigation of the development of temperament that followed 141 children from early infancy well into
adulthood. When detailed descriptions of infants’ and children’s behavior obtained from parental interviews
were rated on nine dimensions of temperament, certain characteristics clustered together, yielding three types of
children:
• The easy child quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to
new experiences.
• The difficult child is irregular in daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react
negatively and intensely. Difficult children are at high risk for adjustment problems—both anxious
withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.
• The slow-to-warm-up child is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative
in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. Compared with difficult children, slow-to-warm-up
children present fewer problems initially. However, slow-to-warm-up children tend to show excessive
fearfulness and slow, constricted behavior in late the preschool and school years, when they are expected to
respond actively and quickly in classrooms and peer groups.
Of the participants in Thomas and Chess’s longitudinal study, 40 percent were identified as easy children,
10 percent were identified as difficult children, 15 percent were identified as slow-to-warm-up children, and 35
percent of the children did not fit any of the categories. Instead, they showed unique blends of temperamental
characteristics.
Page Ref: 254
110) Describe how living in a family with siblings might have an influence on a child’s temperament.
Answer: In families with several children, parents often look for differences between siblings. As a result, parents often
view siblings as more distinct than other observers do. In a large study of 1- to 3-year-old twin pairs, parents
rated identical twins as less alike in temperament than researchers’ ratings indicated. And whereas researchers
rated fraternal twins as moderately similar, parents viewed them as somewhat opposite in temperament. This
tendency to emphasize each child’s unique qualities affects parenting practices. Each child, in turn, evokes
responses from caregivers that are consistent with parental beliefs and the child’s developing temperament.
Besides different experiences within the family, siblings have distinct experiences with teachers, peers, and
others in their community that affect development. And in middle childhood and adolescence, siblings often
seek ways to differ from one another. In sum, temperament and personality can be understood only in terms of
complex interdependencies between genetic and environmental factors.
Page Ref: 259

Test Bank for Infants and Children: Prenatal Through Middle Childhood 8th Edition
113) Describe Bowlby’s four phases of attachment.

Answer: According to Bowlby, attachment develops in four phases:
1. Preattachment phase (birth to 6 weeks). Built-in signals—grasping, smiling, crying, and gazing into the
adult’s eyes—help bring newborn babies into close contact with other humans, who comfort them. Babies
of this age recognize their own mother’s smell, voice, and face. But they are not yet attached to her, since
they do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.
2. “Attachment in the making” phase (6 weeks to 6–8 months). During this phase, infants respond differently
to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger. As infants learn that their own actions affect the behavior of those
around them, they begin to develop a sense of trust—the expectation that the caregiver will respond when
signaled—but they still do not protest when separated from her.
3. “Clear-cut” attachment phase (6–8 months to 18 months–2 years). Now attachment to the familiar
caregiver is evident. Babies display separation anxiety, becoming upset when their trusted caregiver leaves.
However, separation anxiety does not always occur; it depends on infant temperament and the current
situation. But in many cultures, separation anxiety increases between 6 and 15 months, suggesting that
infants have developed a clear understanding that the caregiver continues to exist when not in view. Besides
protesting the parent’s departure, older infants and toddlers try hard to maintain her presence. They
approach, follow, and climb on her in preference to others. And they use the familiar caregiver as a secure
base from which to explore.
4. Formation of a reciprocal relationship (18 months to 2 years and on). By the end of the second year, rapid
growth in representation and language enables toddlers to understand some of the factors that influence the
parent’s coming and going and to predict her return. As a result, separation protest declines. Now children
negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter her goals.
Page Ref: 262
114) Discuss the involvement of fathers as it relates to attachment security. How do mothers and fathers differ in their
caregiving?
Answer: Fathers’ sensitive caregiving predicts attachment security, though somewhat less strongly than mothers’. At the
same time, interventions aimed at increasing parental sensitivity and attachment security, though successful
with both mothers and fathers, appear more effective with fathers. As infancy progresses, mothers and fathers in
many cultures tend to interact differently with their babies: Mothers devote more time to physical care and
expressing affection, fathers to playful interaction. Also, mothers and fathers play differently. Mothers more
often provide toys, talk to infants, and gently play conventional games like pat-a-cake and peekaboo. In
contrast, fathers—especially with their infant sons—tend to engage in highly stimulating physical play with
bursts of excitement and surprise that increase as play progresses. As long as fathers are also sensitive, this
stimulating, startling play style helps babies regulate emotion in intensely arousing situations and may prepare
them to venture confidently into active, unpredictable contexts, including novel physical environments and play
with peers. Play is a vital context in which fathers build secure attachments.
Page Ref: 269, 271
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Another random document with
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Sireno anduuo perdido por la
hermosa pastora Diana? La otra
le respondio: esta sin duda debe
ser: porque junto a vna fuente,
que está cerca de este prado, me
dizen que fue la despedida de los
dos digna de ser para siempre
celebrada, segun las amorosas
razones que entre ellos passaron.
Cuando Sireno esto oyó quedó
fuera si en uer que las tres
nimphas tuuiessen noticia de sus
desuenturas. Y prosiguiendo
Cinthia dixo: Y en esta misma
ribera ay otras muy hermosas
pastoras y otros pastores
enamorados, adonde el amor ha
mostrado grandissimos effectos, y
algunos muy al contrario de lo
que se esperaua. La tercera, que
Polidora se llamaua, le respondio:
cosa es essa de que yo no me
espantaria, porque no ay
successo en amor por auieso que
sea, que ponga espanto a los que
por estas cosas han passado.
Mas dime, Dorida, ¿cómo sabes
tú de essa despedida? Selo (dixo
Dorida) porque al tiempo que se
despidieron junto a la fuente que
digo lo oyó Celio, que desde
encima de un roble les estaria
acechando, y la puso toda al pie
de la letra en uerso, de la misma
manera que ella passó; por esso
si me escuchays, al son de mi
instrumento pienso cantalla.
Cinthia le respondio: hermosa
Dorida, los hados te sean
fauorables, como nos es alegre tu
gracia y hermosura, y no menos
sera oyrte cantar cosa tanto para
saber. Y tomando Doria su harpa,
començo a cantar desta manera:
Canto de la nimpha.
Ivnto a una uerde ribera,

de arboleda singular,
donde para se alegrar
otro que mas libre fuera,
hallara tiempo y lugar:
Sireno, un triste pastor,
recogia su ganado,
tan de ueras lastimado
quanto burlando el amor
descansa el enamorado.
Este pastor se moria
por amores de Diana,
una pastora loçana
que en hermosura excedia
la naturaleza humana,
la qual jamas tuuo cosa
que en si no fuese estremada,
pues ni pudo ser llamada
discreta, por no hermosa:
ni hermosa por no auisada.
No era desfauorecido,
que a serlo quiça pudiera
con el uso que tuuiera,
suffrir despues de partido,
lo que de absencia sintiera:
Que el coraçon desusado,
de suffrir pena, o tormento,
si no sobra entendimiento,
qualquier pequeño cuydado
le cautiua el suffrimiento.
Cabe un rio caudaloso,
Ezla por nombre llamado,
andaua el pastor cuytado
de absencia muy temeroso,
repastando su ganado:
Y a su pastora aguardando
está con graue passion,
que estaua aquella sazon
su ganado apacentando
en los montes de Leon.
Estaua el triste pastor
en quanto no parescia,
imaginando aquel dia
en que el falso dios de Amor
dio principio a su alegria:
Y dize viendose tal:
el bien que el amor me ha
dado
ymagino yo cuytado,
porque este cercano mal
lo sienta despues doblado.
El sol por ser sobre tarde
con su fuego no le offende,
mas el que de amor depende,
y en el su coraçon arde
mayores llamas enciende.
La passion lo combidaua,
la arboleda le mouia,
el rio parar hazia,
el ruyseñor ayudaua
a estos uersos que dezia.
Cancion de Sireno.
Al partir llama partida

el que no sabe de amor,
mas yo le llamo un dolor
que se acaba con la uida.
Y quiera Dios que yo pueda
esta uida sustentar,
hasta que llegue al lugar
donde el coraçon me queda;
porque el pensar en partida
me pone tan gran pauor
que a la fuerça del dolor
no podra esperar la uida.
Esto Sireno cantaua
y con su rabel tañia,
tan ageno de alegria,
quel llorar non le dejaua
pronunciar lo que dezia.
Y por no caer en mengua
si le estorua su passion,
accento, o pronunciacion,
lo que empezaua la lengua
acabaua el coraçon.
Ya despues que vuo
cantado,
Diana vió que venia
tan hermosa, que vestia
de nueua color el prado,
donde sus ojos ponia.
Su rostro como vna flor,
y tan triste que es locura
pensar que humana criatura
juzgue qual era mayor,
la tristeza o hermosura.
Muchas uezes se paraua
bueltos los ojos al suelo,
y con tan gran desconsuelo
otras uezes los alçaua
que los incaua en el cielo:
Diziendo con más dolor,
que cabe en entendimiento:
pues el bien trae tal
descuento,
de oy más bien puedes, amor,
guardar tu contentamiento.
La causa de sus enojos
muy claro alli la mostraua;
si lagrimas derramaua
preguntenlo a aquellos ojos
con que a Sireno mataua.
Si su amor era sin par,
su ualor no lo encubria,
y si la absencia temia
pregúntelo a este cantar
que con lagrimas dezia:
Cancion de Diana
No me diste, o crudo amor

el bien que tuue en presencia,
sino porque el mal de
absencia
me parezca muy mayor.
Das descanso, das reposo,
no por dar contentamiento,
mas porque esté el
suffrimiento
algunos tiempos ocioso.
Ved qué inuenciones de amor
darme contento en presencia,
porque no tenga en absencia
reparo contra el dolor.
Siendo Diana llegada
donde sus amores uio,
hablar quiso y no habló[1240],
y el triste no dixo nada,
aunque el hablar cometio:
Quanto auia que hablar,
en los ojos lo mostrauan,
mostrando lo que callauan,
con aquel blando mirar
con que otras uezes hablauan.
Ambos juntos se sentaron,
debaxo un myrtho florido,
cada uno de otro uencido
por las manos se tomaron,
casi fuera de sentido:
Porque el plazer de mirarse,
y el pensar presto no uerse,
los hazen enternescerse
de manera que a hablarse,
ninguno pudo atreuerse,
Otras uezes se topauan
en esta uerde ribera,
pero muy de otra manera
el toparse celebrauan,
que esta que fue la postrera:
Estraño effecto de amor
verse dos que se querian,
todo quanto ellos podian
y recebir mas dolor,
que al tiempo que no se uian.
Via Sireno llegar
el graue dolor de absencia,
ni alli le basta paciencia,
ni alcança para hablar
de sus lagrimas licençia.
A su pastora miraua,
su pastora mira a él,
y con un dolor cruel
la habló, mas no hablaua
que el dolor habla por él.
¿Ay, Diana, quien dixera,
que quando yo más penara
que ninguno imaginara,
en la hora que te uiera
mi alma no descansara?
¿En qué tiempo y qué sazon,
creyera (señora mia)
que alguna cosa podria
causarme mayor passion
que tu presencia alegria?
¿Quién pensara que estos
ojos
algun tiempo me mirassen,
que, señora, no atajassen,
todos los males y enojos
que mis males me causassen?
Mira, señora, mi suerte,
si ha traydo buen rodeo;
que si antes mi desseo
me hizo morir por uerte,
ya muero porque te veo.
Y no es por falta de amarte,
pues nadie estuuo tan firme,
mas por porque suelo uenirme
a estos prados a mirarte,
y aora uengo a despedirme:
Oy diera por no te uer,
aunque no tengo otra uida,
esta alma de ti uencida
solo por entretener
el dolor de la partida.
Pastora, dame licencia
que diga que mi cuydado
sientes en el mismo grado,
que no es mucho en tu
presencia
mostrarme tan confiado.
Pues Diana, si es asi,
¿cómo puedo yo partirme?
¿o tú cómo dexas yrme?
¿o cómo uengo yo aqui
sin empacho a despedirme?
Ay Dios, ay pastora mia,
¿cómo no ay razon que das
para de ti me quexar?
¿y cómo tú cada dia
la ternás de me oluidar?
No me hazes tú partir
esto tambien lo dire,
menos lo haze mi fe:
y si quisiesse dezir
quien lo haze: no lo sé.
Lleno de lagrimas tristes,
y a menudo sospirando
estaua el pastor hablando
estas palabras que oystes,
y ella las oye llorando:
a responder se offrescio,
mil uezes lo cometia,
mas de triste no podia
y por ella respondio
el amor que le tenía.
A tiempo estoy, o Sireno,
que dire mas que quisiera:
que aun que mi mal
s'entendiera
tuuiera, pastor, por bueno,
el callarlo, si pudiera.
Mas ay de mí desdichada,
uengo a tiempo a descubrillo,
que ni aprovecha dezillo
para escusar mi jornada,
ni para yo despidillo.
¿Porqué te uas, di, pastor,
porqué me quieres dexar
donde el tiempo y el lugar,
y el gozo de nuestro amor,
no se me podra oluidar?
¿Que sentiré, desdichada,
llegando a este ualle ameno,
cuando diga: ¡ah tiempo
bueno,
aqui estuue yo sentada,
hablando con mi Sireno!
Mira si será tristeza,
no uerte, y uer este prado,
de arboles tan adornado,
y mi nombre en su corteza,
por tus manos señalado:
o si aurá igual dolor,
que el lugar adó me uiste,
uerle tan solo, y tan triste,
donde con tan gran temor
tu pena me descubriste.
Si esso duro coraçon
se ablanda para llorar
¿no se podria ablandar
para uer la sin razon,
que hazes en me dexar?
Oh, no llores, mi pastor,
que son lagrimas en uano;
y no esta el seso muy sano
de aquel que llora el dolor,
si el remedio está en su mano.
Perdoname, mi Sireno,
si te offendo en lo que digo,
dexa me hablar contigo
en aqueste valle ameno,
do no me dexas comigo.
Que no quiero ni aun burlando
uerme apartada de ti:
¿No te uayas, quieres, di?
duelate ora uer llorando
los ojos con que te ui».
Volvio Sireno a hablar,
dixo: ya deues sentir
si yo me quisiera yr,
mas tú me mandas quedar,
y mi uentura partir.
Viendo tu gran hermosura,
estoy, señora, obligado,
a obedecer te de grado;
mas triste, que a mi uentura
he de obedeçer forçado.
Es la partida forçada,
pero no por causa mia,
que qualquier bien dexaria
por uerte en esta majada,
do ui el fin de mi alegria.
Mi amo aquel gran pastor,
es quien me haze partir,
a quien presto uea uenir
tan lastimado de amor,
como yo me siento yr.
Oxala estuuiera aora,
porque tú fueras seruida,
en mi mano mi partida
como en la tuya, señora,
está mi muerte y mi uida.
Mas creeme que es muy en
uano,
segun contino me siento
passarte por pensamiento
que pueda estar en mi mano,
cosa que me dé contento.
Bien podria yo dexar
mi rebaño y mi pastor,
y buscar otro señor:
mas si el fin voy a mirar
no conuiene a nuestro amor:
Que dexan lo este rebaño,
y tomando otro qualquiera,
dime tú de que manera
podré uenir sin tu daño
por esta uerde ribera:
Si la fuerça desta llama
me detiene, es argumento
que pongo en ti el
pensamiento:
y uengo a uender tu fama,
señora, por mi contento.
Si dizen que mi querer
en ti lo puedo emplear,
a ti te uiene a dañar
¿que yo qué puedo perder?
¿o tú qué puedes ganar?
La pastora a esta sazon
respondió con gran dolor:
Para dexarme, pastor,
¿cómo has hallado razon,
pues que no la ay en amor?
Mala señal es hallarse,
pues vemos por esperiencia,
que aquel que sabe en
presencia
dar desculpa de absentarse,
sabra suffrir el absencia.
Ay triste, que pues te uas,
no sé qué será de ti,
ni sé que será de mi,
ni si allá te acordaras,
que me uiste o que te ui?
Ni sé si recibo engaño,
en auerte descubierto
este dolor que me ha muerto:
mas lo que fuere en mi daño,
esto sera lo más cierto.
No te duelan mis enojos,
vete, pastor, a embarcar,
passa de presto la mar,
pues que por la de mis ojos
tan presto puedes passar.
Guardete Dios de tormenta,
Sireno mi dulce amigo,
y tenga siempre contigo
la fortuna mejor cuenta,
que tú la tienes comigo.
Muero en uer que se
despiden
mis ojos de su alegria,
y es tan grande el agonia
que estas lagrimas me
impiden
dezirte lo que queria.
Estos mis ojos, zagal,
antes que cerrados sean
ruego yo a Dios que te uean;
que aunque tú causas su mal
ellos no te lo dessean.
Respondió: señora mia,
nunca viene solo vn mal,
y vn dolor aunque mortal
siempre tiene compañia,
con otro mas principal.
Y assi uerme yo partir
de tu vista y de mi uida,
no es pena tan desmedida,
como verte a ti sentir
tan de veras mi partida.
Mas si yo acaso oluidare
los ojos en que me vi,
oluidese Dios de mi,
o si en cosa imaginare,
mi señora, si no en ti.
Y si agena hermosura
causare en mí mouimiento,
por vna hora de contento
me trayga mi desuentura
cien mil años de tormento.
E si mudare mi fe
por otro nueuo cuydado,
cayga del mejor estado
que la fortuna me dé
en el más desesperado.
No me encargues la venida,
muy dulce señora mia,
porque assaz de mal sería
tener vo en algo la uida
fuera de tu compañia.
Respondiole: oh mi Sireno,
si algun tiempo te oluidare,
las yeruas que yo pisare
por aqueste ualle ameno
se sequen quando passare.
Y si el pensamiento mio
en otra parte pusiere,
suplico a Dios que si fuere
con mis ouejas al rio
se seque quando me uiere.
Toma, pastor, vn cordon
que hize de mis cabellos,
porque se te acuerde en uellos
que tomaste possession
de mi coraçon y dellos.
Y este anillo as de lleuar
do estan dos manos asidas,
que aunque se acaben las
uidas,
no se pueden apartar
dos almas que estan vnidas.
Y él dixo: que te dexar
no tengo, si este cayado
y este mi rabel preciado,
con que tañer y cantar
me uias por este prado:
Al son dél, pastora mia,
te cantaua mis canciones,
contando tus perfecciones,
y lo que de amor sentia
en dulces lamentaciones.
Ambos a dos se abraçaron,
y esta fue la uez primera,
y pienso fue la postrera
porque los tiempos mudaron
el amor de otra manera.
E aunque a Diana le dio
pena rauiosa y mortal
la ausencia de su zagal,
en ella misma halló
el remedio de su mal.
Acabó la hermosa Dorida el

suaue canto, dexando admiradas
á Cinthia y Polidora en uer que
una pastora fuesse vaso donde
amor tan encendido pudiesse
caber. Pero tambien lo quedaron
de imaginar cómo el tiempo auia
curado su mal, paresciendo en la
despedida sin remedio. Pues el
sin uentura Sireno en quanto la
pastora con el dulce canto
manifestaua sus antiguas cuytas
y sospiros, no dexaua de darlos
tan a menudo, que Seluagia y
Syluano eran poca parte para
consolalle, porque no menos
lastimado estaua entonces, que al
tiempo que por él avian passado.
Y espantose mucho de uer que
tan particularmente se supiesse lo
que con Diana passado auia.
Pues no menos admiradas
estaban Seluagia, y Syluano, de
la gracia con que Dorida cantaua
y tañia. A este tiempo las
hermosas nimphas, tomando
cada una su instrumento, se yuan
por el uerde prado adelante, bien
fuera de sospecha de podelles
acaecer lo que aora oyreys. E fue,
que auiendose alexado muy poco
de adonde los pastores estauan,
salieron de entre unas retamas
altas, a mano derecha del
bosque, tres saluages, de extraña
grandeza y fealdad. Venían
armados de coseletes y celadas
de cuero de tigre. Eran de tan fea
catadura, que ponian espanto, los
coseletes trayan por braçales
unas bocas de serpientes, por
donde sacauan los braços que
gruessos y uellosos parescian, y
las celadas uenian a hazer
encima de la frente unas
espantables cabeças de leones,
lo demas trayan desnudo,
cubierto de espesso y largo uello,
unos bastones herrados de muy
agudas puntas de azero. Al cuello
trayan sus arcos, y flechas, los
escudos eran de unas conchas de
pescado muy fuerte. E con una
increyble ligereza arremeten a
ellas diziendo: a tiempo estays, o
ingratas y desamoradas Nimphas,
que os obligaua la fuerça a lo que
el amor no os ha podido obligar,
que no era justo que la fortuna
hiziesse tan grande agrauio á
nuestros captiuos coraçones
como era dilatalles tanto su
remedio. En fin tenemos en la
mano el galardon de los sospiros,
con que a causa uuestra,
importunauamos las aues, y
animales de la escura y
encantada selua donde
habitamos, y de las ardientes
lagrimas con que haziamos
crescer el impetuoso, y turbio rio
que sus temerosos campos ua
regando. E pues para que
quedeys con las uidas, no teneys
otro remedio, sino dalle, a nuestro
mal, no deys lugar a que nuestras
crueles manos tomen uengança
de la que de nuestros affligidos
coraçones aueys tomado. Las
nimphas con el subito sobresalto,
quedaron tan fuera de si, que no
supieron responder a las
soberuias palabras que oyan, sino
con lagrimas. Mas la hermosa
Dorida, que más en si estaua que
las otras, respondió: Nunca yo
pense que el amor pudiera traer a
tal estremo a un amante, que
viniesse a las manos con la
persona amada. Costumbre es de
couardes tomar armas contra las
mugeres: y en un campo donde
no hay quien por nosotras puede
responder, sino es nuestra razon.
Mas de una cosa (ó crueles)
podeys estar seguros, y es, que
nuestras amenazas no nos harán
perder un punto de lo que a
nuestra honestidad deuemos, y
que más facilmente os dexaremos
la uida en las manos, que la
honra. Dorida (dixo uno dellos) a
quien de mal tratarnos ha tenido
poca razon no es menester
escuchalle alguna. E sacando el
cordel al arco que al cuello traya,
le tomó sus hermosas manos, y
muy descomedidamente se las
ató, y lo mismo hizieron sus
compañeros a Cinthia y a
Polidora. Los dos pastores y la
pastora Seluagia, que atonitos
estauan de lo que los saluages
hazian, uiendo la crueldad con
que a las hermosas nimphas
tratauan, y no pudiendo suffrillo,
determinaron de morir o
defendellas. E sacando todos tres
sus hondas proueydos sus
zurrones de piedras salieron al
uerde prado, y comiençan a tirar a
los saluages, con tanta maña y
esfuerço, como si en ello les fuera
la uida. E pensando occupar a los
saluages, de manera que en
quanto ellos se defendian, las
nimphas se pusiessen en saluo,
les dauan la mayor priessa que
podian, mas los saluages
recelosos de lo que los pastores
imaginauan, quedando el uno en
guarda de las prisioneras, los dos
procurauan herirlos ganando
tierra. Pero las piedras eran
tantas, y tan espessas, que se lo
defendian. De manera que en
quanto las piedras los duraron,
los saluages lo passaban mal,
pero como despues los pastores
se occuparon en baxarse por
ellas, los saluages se les
allegauan con sus pesados
alfanges en las manos, tanto que
ya ellos estauan sin esperança de
remedio. Mas no tardó mucho que
de entre la espessura del bosque,
junto a la fuente donde cantauan,
salio una pastora de tan grande
hermosura y disposicion, que los
que la uieron quedaron
admirados. Su arco tenia colgado
del braço yzquierdo y vna aljaua
de saetas al hombro, en las
manos un baston de syluestre
enzina, en el cabo del qual auia
una muy larga punta de azero.
Pues como assi uiesse las tres
Nimphas, la contienda entre los
dos saluages, y los pastores, que
ya no esperauan, sino la muerte,
poniendo con gran presteza vna
aguda saeta en su arco, con tan
grandissima fuerza y destreza la
despidio, que al uno de los
saluages se la dexó escondida en
el duro pecho. De manera que la
de amor, que el coraçon le
traspassaua, perdio su fuerça, y
el saluage la uida a bueltas della.
Y no fue perezosa en poner otra
saeta en su arco, ni menos
diestra en tiralla, pues fue de
manera, que acabó con ella las
passiones enamoradas del
segundo saluage, como las del
primero auia acabado. Y
queriendo tirar al tercero, que en
guarda de las tres Nimphas
estaua, no pudo tan presto
hazello, que él no se uiniesse a
juntar con ella, queriendo la herir
con su pesado alfange. La
hermosa pastora alçó el baston, y
como el golpe descargasse sobre
las barras del fino azero que
tenia, el alfange fue hecho dos
pedaços: y la hermosa pastora le
dio tan gran golpe con su baston,
por encima de la cabeça, que le
hizo arrodillar y yuntandole[1241]
con la azerada punta a los ojos,
con tan gran fuerça le apreto, que
por medio de los sesos se lo
passó a la otra parte: y el feroz
saluage dando vn espantable
grito, cayó muerto en el suelo.
Las nimphas viendose libres de
tan gran fuerça, y los pastores y
pastora de la muerte de la qual
muy cerca estauan: y viendo
cómo por el gran esfuerço de
aquella pastora, ansi vnos como
otros auian escapado, no podian
juzgarla por cosa humana. A esta
hora, llegandose la gran pastora a
ellas, las començo a desatar las
manos, diziendoles: No
merescian menos pena que la
que tienen, o hermosas nimphas,
quien tan lindas manos osaua
atar, que mas son ellas para atar
coraçones, que para ser atadas.
Mal ayan hombres tan soberuios,
y de tan mal conoscimiento, mas
ellos, señoras, tienen su pago, y
yo tambien le tengo en aueros
hecho este pequeño seruicio, y en
auer llegado a tiempo que a tan
gran sin razon pudiesse dar
remedio, aunque a estos
animosos pastores, y hermosa
pastora, no en menos se deue
tener lo que an hecho, pero ellos
y yo estamos muy bien pagados,
aunque en ello perdieramos la
vida, pues por tal causa se
auenturaua. Las nimphas
quedaron tan admiradas de su
hermosura y discrecion, como del
esfuerço que en su defensa auia
mostrado. E Dorida con un
gracioso semblante le respondió:
Por cierto, hermosa pastora, si
vos segun el animo y valentia que

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Test Bank for Infants and Children:

Prenatal Through Middle Childhood 8th

Test Bank for Infants and Children: Prenatal Through

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10) Development of the social smile

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30) Effortful control

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40) Beginning in early childhood, capacitity for effortful control predicts

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45) The overall stability of temperament is

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70) In low-SES families with many daily stresses, attachment generally

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80) Which of the following statements about attachment is supported by research?

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90) Which of the following statements is supported by research on fathers?

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Test Bank for Berk & Meyers / Infants and Children, 8e

113) Describe Bowlby’s four phases of attachment.

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Ivnto a una uerde ribera,

Al partir llama partida

No me diste, o crudo amor

Acabó la hermosa Dorida el

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