Assessing the potential of IoT technology in service delivery in local government.

A case
study of Gulu District Local Government”
[Insert preliminary pages]
 Chapter one
1.1 Introduction
This chapter presents an overview of the research topic "Assessing the potential of IoT
technology in service delivery in local government: A case study of Gulu District Local
Government." The chapter outlines the background of the study, statement of the problem,
research objectives, research questions, hypotheses, conceptual framework, significance of the
study, justification of the study, scope of the study, and operational definitions.
1.2 Background of the Study
The background section is divided into four sub-sections, namely historical background,
theoretical background, conceptual background, and contextual background
1.2.1 Historical Background
The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) dates back to the early 1980s when a group of
researchers at Carnegie Mellon University used the term "Internet of Things" to describe the idea
of a network of interconnected devices that could communicate with each other without human
intervention (Weber, 2010). However, it was not until the early 2000s that the IoT started gaining
traction with the emergence of wireless sensor networks and the development of low-cost, low-
power computing devices. Since then, the IoT has grown exponentially, and it is estimated that
by 2025, there will be over 75 billion connected devices worldwide (Statista, 2021).
The IoT has revolutionized the way businesses operate by providing real-time data and insights,
automating processes, and enhancing efficiency. The public sector has also started recognizing
the potential of the IoT in improving service delivery to citizens. In recent years, many local
governments worldwide have begun implementing IoT-based solutions to address various
challenges such as traffic management, waste management, and public safety.
In Uganda, the use of IoT technology in local government service delivery is still in its early
stages, and there is a need for more research on the potential benefits and challenges of adopting
IoT solutions. The government of Uganda has recognized the potential of IoT technology and
has included it in its National Development Plan (NDP III) as a key enabler of the country's
socio-economic transformation (Government of Uganda, 2020).
Gulu District Local Government, located in northern Uganda, faces various challenges in
delivering services to its citizens. For instance, the district has a high maternal mortality rate,
with an estimated 336 deaths per 100,000 live births (UBOS, 2020). The district also faces
challenges in providing access to clean water and sanitation, with only 27% of households
having access to improved sanitation facilities (UBOS, 2018). The adoption of IoT technology
could potentially address some of these challenges and improve service delivery in the district.
1.2.2 Theoretical Background
The adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery is a relatively new concept
that has gained significant attention in recent years. IoT technology refers to the interconnected
network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items that are embedded with sensors,
software, and network connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data. The potential
benefits of IoT technology in local government service delivery include increased efficiency,
improved service delivery, reduced costs, and enhanced citizen engagement (Khan, Niazi, &
Hussain, 2019). However, the adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery
also poses several challenges related to data privacy, security, and regulatory compliance (Khan
et al., 2019).
To better understand the potential of IoT technology in local government service delivery, it is
important to consider several theoretical frameworks. One of the frameworks that can be used to
analyze the adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery is the Technology
Acceptance Model (TAM). The TAM was developed by Davis (1989) to explain the factors that
influence users' acceptance of technology. The model proposes that perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use are key determinants of users' intention to adopt a technology. Perceived
usefulness refers to the extent to which a technology can improve job performance, while
perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a technology is perceived as easy to use
(Davis, 1989). The TAM has been widely used to study the adoption of technology in various
domains, including healthcare (Holden & Karsh, 2010), education (Venkatesh & Bala, 2008),
and government (Alqahtani, 2019). This will be the theory on which our study will be grounded.
Another framework that can be used to analyze the adoption of IoT technology in local
government service delivery is the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT). The UTAUT was developed by Venkatesh et al. (2003) to provide a comprehensive
model of technology adoption. The UTAUT proposes that performance expectancy, effort
expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions are key determinants of users' intention
to use a technology. Performance expectancy refers to the degree to which a technology is
perceived as useful, while effort expectancy refers to the degree to which a technology is
perceived as easy to use. Social influence refers to the degree to which users perceive that
important others believe they should use the technology, while facilitating conditions refer to the
degree to which users perceive that organizational and technical infrastructure is available to
support the use of the technology (Venkatesh et al., 2003).
In addition to the TAM and UTAUT, several other theoretical frameworks can be used to
analyze the adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery. For example, the
Diffusion of Innovation (DoI) theory, developed by Rogers (1995), can be used to explain the
process by which new technologies are adopted by individuals and organizations. The DoI theory
proposes that the adoption of a new technology is influenced by several factors, including the
perceived attributes of the technology, the characteristics of the adopters, and the communication
channels used to promote the technology (Rogers, 1995).
The Institutional Theory, developed by DiMaggio and Powell (1983), can also be used to analyze
the adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery. The Institutional Theory
proposes that organizations conform to societal norms and expectations, including those related
to technology adoption. According to the Institutional Theory, the adoption of a new technology
is influenced not only by its perceived usefulness but also by the institutional environment in
which the organization operates (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983).
Lastly, the Information Systems Success Model (ISSM), developed by DeLone and McLean
(1992), can be used to evaluate the success of IoT technology adoption in local government
service delivery. The model provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the success of
information systems, taking into account both the technical and organizational aspects of the
system. The ISSM identifies six key dimensions of information systems success: system quality,
information quality, use, user satisfaction, individual impact, and organizational impact.
System quality refers to the technical quality of the system, including its reliability, usability, and
functionality. Information quality refers to the accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of the
information provided by the system. Use refers to the extent to which the system is used by its
intended users. User satisfaction refers to the degree to which users are satisfied with the system.
Individual impact refers to the impact of the system on individual users, such as their
productivity and decision-making abilities. Organizational impact refers to the impact of the
system on the organization as a whole, such as its effectiveness and efficiency.
Therefore, the ISSM can be used to evaluate the success of IoT technology adoption in local
government service delivery in Gulu District, Uganda. By applying the model, the study can
identify the key determinants of success and develop strategies to improve the adoption and
implementation of IoT technology in local government service delivery.
1.2.3 Conceptual Background
IoT technology has emerged as a crucial tool in addressing various challenges faced by local
governments in service delivery. In this section, we explore the key concepts related to IoT
technology, its applications, and its benefits in service delivery.
1.2.3.1 IoT Technology
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that refers to a network of physical devices, vehicles,
and buildings embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies that enable them to
connect and exchange data over the internet without human intervention (Atzori, Iera, &
Morabito, 2010). IoT technology involves the integration of various technologies, including
cloud computing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, among others.
IoT technology can be used in various fields, including healthcare, transportation, and
manufacturing, among others (Zanella et al., 2014). In the context of local government service
delivery, IoT technology can be used to improve the quality and efficiency of service delivery,
increase transparency and accountability, and enhance citizen participation (Al-Fuqaha et al.,
2015).
1.2.3.2 Applications of IoT Technology in Service Delivery
IoT technology can be applied in various areas of local government service delivery, including
waste management, water supply, transportation, and public safety, among others.
In waste management, IoT technology can be used to monitor waste collection and disposal,
detect and report illegal dumping, and optimize waste collection routes (Jain, Goyal, & Jain,
2018).
In water supply, IoT technology can be used to monitor water quality, detect leaks, and manage
water distribution systems (Sarwar, Mahmud, & Sultana, 2019).
In transportation, IoT technology can be used to manage traffic flow, optimize public transport
services, and monitor vehicle emissions (Yan et al., 2018).
In public safety, IoT technology can be used to monitor public spaces, detect and prevent crime,
and respond to emergencies (Atzori et al., 2010).
1.2.3.3 Benefits of IoT Technology in Service Delivery
IoT technology offers several benefits in local government service delivery, including:
Improved service quality and efficiency: IoT technology can be used to monitor service delivery
processes, detect bottlenecks and inefficiencies, and optimize service delivery processes (Al-
Fuqaha et al., 2015).
Increased transparency and accountability: IoT technology can be used to monitor service
delivery processes and provide real-time feedback to citizens, thus increasing transparency and
accountability (Jain et al., 2018).
Enhanced citizen participation: IoT technology can be used to engage citizens in service delivery
processes, collect feedback, and involve citizens in decision-making processes (Sarwar et al.,
2019).
Cost savings: IoT technology can be used to optimize service delivery processes, reduce waste,
and cut costs associated with manual monitoring and data collection (Yan et al., 2018).
1.2.3.4 Challenges in Implementing IoT Technology in Service Delivery
Despite the numerous benefits of IoT technology in local government service delivery, several
challenges must be overcome for successful implementation. These challenges include:
Infrastructure and connectivity: IoT technology relies on a robust network infrastructure and
connectivity, which may be lacking in some areas, particularly in rural areas (Al-Fuqaha et al.,
2015).
Privacy and security: IoT technology involves the collection and sharing of sensitive data, which
may be vulnerable to hacking and other security threats (Sarwar et al., 2019).
Legal and regulatory frameworks: The adoption of IoT technology in local government service
delivery may be hindered by inadequate legal and regulatory frameworks governing its use (Yan
et al., 2018).
Skills and capacity: One of the critical factors for the successful adoption of IoT technology in
local government service delivery is the availability of skilled personnel and capacity-building
programs. According to Kaushik et al. (2018), IoT requires specialized skills in areas such as
sensor technology, network design and management, data analysis, and cybersecurity. Therefore,
local governments must invest in training and capacity-building programs for their staff to
acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively manage and utilize IoT systems.
Additionally, local governments can partner with universities and research institutions to develop
training and certification programs for IoT professionals.
1.2.4 Contextual Background
Uganda is a country in East Africa with a population of approximately 46 million people. The
country is divided into administrative units, with local governments being the lowest tier of
governance responsible for providing basic services to their constituents. Local governments are
responsible for services such as healthcare, education, water and sanitation, and waste
management.
Gulu District is one of the 135 districts in Uganda and is located in the Northern region. The
district covers an area of approximately 3,417 square kilometers and has a population of
approximately 480,000 people. The district is divided into sub-counties and parishes, with each
having a local council responsible for providing basic services to the population.
In terms of service delivery, Gulu District faces several challenges. One of the major challenges
is the lack of infrastructure and resources to provide basic services such as healthcare and
education. For example, according to the Ministry of Health (2019), there is a shortage of
healthcare workers, with a doctor to patient ratio of 1:24,725, and a nurse to patient ratio of
1:11,000. The education sector also faces challenges, with insufficient classrooms and teacher
shortages (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2017).
Another challenge facing Gulu District is the lack of efficient service delivery systems. Service
delivery in the district is still largely paper-based, which leads to inefficiencies and delays in
service delivery. For example, patients have to physically go to healthcare facilities to access
healthcare services, which can be time-consuming and costly. This is compounded by the fact
that healthcare facilities often face shortages of drugs and medical supplies, which further delays
service delivery.
Furthermore, Gulu District also faces challenges related to data collection, management, and
analysis. Data is often collected manually and stored in paper-based systems, which makes it
difficult to analyze and make data-driven decisions. This lack of data-driven decision-making
can lead to inefficiencies and suboptimal service delivery.
Given these challenges, IoT technology has the potential to address some of the service delivery
challenges facing Gulu District. IoT technology can improve service delivery by providing real-
time monitoring and data analytics, which can enable decision-makers to make data-driven
decisions. IoT technology can also improve efficiency in service delivery, as it can automate
several service delivery processes, such as patient registration and monitoring.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
The use of IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda has been limited
despite its potential to address challenges faced by citizens in accessing services. This problem is
especially acute in rural areas, where there is limited access to basic services such as healthcare,
education, and water supply. Inadequate infrastructure, limited human resource capacity, and
inadequate funding are some of the key factors contributing to the lack of adoption of IoT
technology in local government service delivery.
Additionally, there is a lack of awareness among local government officials and citizens about
the benefits of IoT technology in improving service delivery. The absence of a regulatory
framework for IoT technology in Uganda also limits its adoption, as it poses a potential risk to
data privacy and security.
Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of technology in
providing essential services remotely, as people were required to stay at home to avoid spreading
the virus. However, local governments in Uganda were ill-prepared to provide services remotely,
further highlighting the need for the adoption of IoT technology in local government service
delivery.
The lack of adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda poses a
significant challenge to citizens' access to essential services. Therefore, there is a need to assess
the potential of IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda, particularly in
Gulu District, to identify specific areas where it could be most beneficial, estimate the costs and
benefits, and analyze the legal and regulatory frameworks that could facilitate its adoption.
1.4 General Objective/Purpose
The general objective of this research is to assess the potential of IoT technology in improving
service delivery in local government in Uganda, with a case study of Gulu District Local
Government.
1.5 Specific Objectives
1. To identify the specific areas of local government service delivery in Uganda that would
benefit most from the adoption of IoT technology.
2. To assess the potential costs and benefits of implementing IoT technology in local
government service delivery in Uganda.
3. To analyze the legal and regulatory frameworks in Uganda related to IoT technology and
its use in local government service delivery.
1.6 Research Questions
1. What specific areas of local government service delivery in Gulu District are currently
experiencing challenges that could potentially be addressed through the adoption of IoT
technology?
2. 2: What are the estimated costs and benefits associated with implementing IoT
technology in local government service delivery in Gulu District?
3. 3: What are the current legal and regulatory frameworks related to IoT technology and its
use in local government service delivery in Uganda?

1.7 Conceptual Framework

1.8 Significance of the Study
The study is significant in various ways.
It will identify the specific areas of local government service delivery in Uganda that would
benefit most from the adoption of IoT technology. This will enable the local government to
prioritize their resources and efforts towards implementing IoT technology in areas that have the
greatest potential for improving service delivery.
The study will assess the potential costs and benefits of implementing IoT technology in local
government service delivery in Uganda. This will enable the local government to make informed
decisions regarding the investment in IoT technology by evaluating the return on investment
(ROI).
The study will analyze the legal and regulatory frameworks related to IoT technology and its use
in local government service delivery in Uganda. This will provide insights into the legal and
regulatory challenges that may hinder the adoption of IoT technology in local government
service delivery in Uganda. The study will provide recommendations for addressing these
challenges to facilitate the adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery.
The study will contribute to the body of knowledge on the use of IoT technology in local
government service delivery in developing countries. This will be useful for researchers,
policymakers, and practitioners who seek to understand the potential of IoT technology in
improving service delivery in developing countries.
The study will provide insights into the challenges and opportunities of implementing IoT
technology in local government service delivery in Gulu District, Uganda. This will enable other
local governments in Uganda and other developing countries to learn from the experiences of
Gulu District in adopting IoT technology in service delivery.
The study will contribute to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) such as Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and Goal 11: Sustainable
Cities and Communities. The study will contribute to the development of innovative and
sustainable solutions for improving local government service delivery in Gulu District, Uganda.
1.9 Justification of the Study
The adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda has the potential
to revolutionize service delivery, improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance citizen
satisfaction. However, the implementation of IoT technology in this context requires careful
consideration of various factors, including legal and regulatory frameworks, costs and benefits,
and the specific areas of service delivery that would benefit most from this technology.
One of the main justifications for this study is the potential for IoT technology to address current
challenges in local government service delivery in Gulu District and other parts of Uganda.
According to UNICEF (2019), Uganda faces significant challenges in delivering basic services,
including water and sanitation, health, and education, particularly in rural areas. IoT technology
can help overcome these challenges by enabling real-time monitoring of service delivery,
improving access to data, and facilitating faster response times.
Another justification for this study is the potential for IoT technology to contribute to the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Uganda. The SDGs, which aim to
end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all, provide a framework for action at
the global, national, and local levels. The adoption of IoT technology in local government
service delivery can contribute to the achievement of several SDGs, including SDG 9 (Industry,
Innovation and Infrastructure), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 17
(Partnerships for the Goals).
In addition, this study is significant because it will provide valuable insights into the costs and
benefits of implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda. By
analyzing the potential economic and social impacts of this technology, the study will provide
policymakers and other stakeholders with the information they need to make informed decisions
about investment in IoT technology.
Furthermore, this study is important because it will contribute to the development of legal and
regulatory frameworks related to IoT technology and its use in local government service delivery
in Uganda. By identifying gaps and opportunities for improvement in existing frameworks, the
study will inform the development of policies and regulations that enable the responsible and
effective use of IoT technology in this context.
1.10 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is defined by the research objectives and questions, as well as the focus
on Gulu District Local Government in Uganda. The study seeks to assess the potential of IoT
technology in improving service delivery in local government, specifically in Gulu District.
The first objective of the study is to identify the specific areas of local government service
delivery in Uganda that would benefit most from the adoption of IoT technology. To achieve this
objective, the study will focus on service delivery areas that are critical to the wellbeing of the
local community, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure. By focusing on these key
areas, the study will be able to determine the potential impact of IoT technology on service
delivery in the local government.
The second objective of the study is to assess the potential costs and benefits of implementing
IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda. The study will analyze the costs
associated with the implementation of IoT technology, including the costs of acquiring and
maintaining the necessary hardware and software, as well as the costs of training personnel. The
study will also assess the potential benefits of IoT technology, such as increased efficiency,
improved service delivery, and better communication.
The third objective of the study is to analyze the legal and regulatory frameworks in Uganda
related to IoT technology and its use in local government service delivery. The study will
analyze existing laws and regulations governing the use of IoT technology in Uganda and assess
their adequacy in addressing the challenges associated with the adoption of IoT technology in
local government service delivery.
The scope of this study is limited to Gulu District Local Government in Uganda. This limitation
is necessary to ensure that the study remains focused and can provide a detailed analysis of the
potential of IoT technology in service delivery within a specific local government setting. The
study will rely on both primary and secondary data sources, including surveys, interviews, and
literature reviews, to gather the necessary data for analysis.
1.11 Operational Definitions
The following are the operational definitions for the key terms and concepts related to this study:
IoT Technology: Refers to the use of devices or objects that are connected to the internet and
can collect and transmit data.
Local Government: Refers to the administrative authority of a specific geographical area,
responsible for providing public services and enforcing laws and regulations.
Service Delivery: Refers to the process of providing public services to citizens by local
government authorities.
Potential: Refers to the possibility of something becoming actual or happening in the future.
Costs: Refers to the financial expenses associated with implementing and maintaining IoT
technology in local government service delivery.
Benefits: Refers to the positive outcomes that can be obtained from the use of IoT technology in
local government service delivery.
Legal Frameworks: Refers to the set of laws and regulations that govern the use of IoT
technology in local government service delivery.
Regulatory Frameworks: Refers to the set of rules and guidelines that govern the use of IoT
technology in local government service delivery.
Gulu District: Refers to a district in Northern Uganda, where this case study will be conducted.
 Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging technology that has the potential to transform
service delivery in local government. IoT involves the connection of physical devices, such as
sensors, to the internet, enabling them to communicate with each other and with people. This
technology can be used to collect and analyze data, automate processes, and improve decision-
making in various sectors, including local government. In Uganda, local governments face
numerous challenges in service delivery, ranging from poor infrastructure to limited resources.
Adopting IoT technology has the potential to address some of these challenges and improve
service delivery in local government.
This literature review seeks to explore the potential of IoT technology in service delivery in local
government in Uganda, with a case study of Gulu District Local Government. The review will be
structured according to the research objectives, with each objective having its section in the
literature review. The review will begin by identifying the specific areas of local government
service delivery in Uganda that would benefit most from the adoption of IoT technology. This
will be followed by an assessment of the potential costs and benefits of implementing IoT
technology in local government service delivery in Uganda. Finally, the legal and regulatory
frameworks related to IoT technology and its use in local government service delivery in Uganda
will be analyzed.
The literature review will draw on both primary and secondary sources of information, including
academic journals, reports, and relevant government publications. The primary sources will be
obtained through interviews with key stakeholders in Gulu District Local Government, while the
secondary sources will be obtained through online databases and libraries. The literature review
will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on IoT technology in
local government service delivery in Uganda, highlighting the gaps and limitations in the
existing literature.
2.1.1 Overview of IoT technology in service delivery
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of connected devices that are capable of
collecting, exchanging, and analyzing data without human intervention (Atzori, Iera, &
Morabito, 2010). The IoT has the potential to revolutionize service delivery in local government
by providing real-time data on service delivery processes, enabling proactive problem-solving
and decision-making, and enhancing transparency and accountability (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).
In the context of local government service delivery, IoT technology can be applied to a wide
range of areas, including transportation, public safety, waste management, and environmental
monitoring (Sicari et al., 2015). For instance, IoT sensors can be used to monitor traffic
congestion in real-time, optimize traffic flow, and improve public transportation services.
Similarly, IoT-enabled waste management systems can monitor waste levels in public bins and
optimize garbage collection routes, resulting in reduced costs and improved efficiency.
IoT technology can also be used to enhance public safety by enabling remote monitoring of
public spaces and the detection of security breaches or unusual activities (Ko et al., 2017). For
instance, smart cameras can be deployed in public spaces to monitor activities, and sensors can
detect abnormal movements, sounds, or temperature changes, alerting authorities to potential
security threats.
Furthermore, IoT technology can improve environmental monitoring and management by
collecting and analyzing real-time data on air and water quality, weather patterns, and other
environmental factors (Lohr, 2017). This data can be used to inform policy decisions, monitor
compliance with environmental regulations, and support early warning systems for natural
disasters.
However, despite the potential benefits of IoT technology in local government service delivery,
there are also several challenges and concerns that need to be addressed (Zanella et al., 2014).
These include issues related to data privacy and security, interoperability and standardization of
IoT devices, and the need for robust and reliable communication networks to support IoT data
transmission (Gubbi et al., 2013).
In summary, IoT technology has the potential to transform local government service delivery by
providing real-time data and enabling proactive decision-making, enhancing transparency and
accountability, and improving efficiency and effectiveness. However, there are also several
challenges and concerns that need to be addressed to ensure the successful implementation of
IoT technology in local government service delivery.
2.1.2 Importance of IoT technology in local government service delivery
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of devices that are embedded with sensors, software,
and connectivity to enable them to collect and exchange data over the internet (Gubbi et al.,
2013). IoT technology has the potential to transform local government service delivery in
Uganda by improving efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency.
One of the key benefits of IoT technology is improved data collection and analysis. IoT devices
can collect and transmit data in real-time, which enables local government officials to monitor
and respond to changes quickly. For example, IoT sensors can monitor air quality, traffic
congestion, and waste management, allowing local governments to make data-driven decisions
to improve the health and well-being of their citizens (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).
IoT technology can also improve the delivery of public services. For instance, IoT-enabled smart
meters can help local governments to manage utility services, such as water and electricity, more
efficiently by providing accurate and real-time data on usage (Li et al., 2019). This can lead to
improved billing accuracy, reduced costs, and increased revenue for local governments.
IoT technology can also improve the safety and security of citizens. IoT-enabled devices, such as
smart cameras and sensors, can be used to monitor public spaces, detect suspicious activities, and
alert law enforcement officials in real-time (Zheng et al., 2018). This can help local governments
to prevent and respond to crime more effectively, leading to safer communities.
Furthermore, IoT technology can enhance citizen engagement and participation in local
government decision-making processes. By collecting and analyzing data from citizen feedback
and behavior, local governments can identify community needs and preferences and tailor public
services to meet them (Zanella et al., 2014). This can lead to improved citizen satisfaction and
trust in local government institutions.
2.1.3 Brief history of IoT technology in Uganda
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a relatively new technological concept that has been rapidly
gaining popularity in recent years. In Uganda, IoT technology has been implemented in various
sectors including agriculture, healthcare, and transportation, among others. The concept of IoT
technology in Uganda was first introduced in 2016 when the government launched the National
Information Technology Survey to explore the potential of emerging technologies in the country
(NITA-U, 2016).
In the same year, the Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) launched the Smart Africa
Initiative to promote the adoption of IoT technology in the country. The initiative aimed to create
a conducive environment for the growth of IoT technology by providing incentives for local
businesses to develop and implement IoT solutions. The UCC also established the Internet of
Things Association of Uganda (IOTAU) in 2016 to provide a platform for stakeholders in the
IoT industry to network, share ideas and collaborate on projects (UCC, 2016).
The adoption of IoT technology in Uganda has been driven by a number of factors. First, the
increasing need for efficient and effective service delivery in various sectors has led to the
development of IoT solutions that can help to address the challenges faced. For instance, in the
agriculture sector, IoT technology has been used to monitor soil moisture levels, weather
conditions, and crop growth, among others, to improve agricultural productivity (Kato et al.,
2017).
Secondly, the availability of affordable and reliable internet connectivity in Uganda has played a
significant role in the growth of IoT technology. With the increasing availability of internet
connectivity, businesses and individuals are able to connect their devices and share data in real-
time, which has helped to promote the adoption of IoT technology (UCC, 2021).
Furthermore, the government of Uganda has been supportive of the adoption of IoT technology
through the development of policies and regulations that promote innovation and technology
adoption. For example, in 2019, the government launched the National ICT Policy, which aims
to create a conducive environment for the growth of ICTs in the country. The policy provides for
the development of appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks that support the growth of
emerging technologies such as IoT (Government of Uganda, 2019).
2.2 Theoretical frameworks for assessing the potential of IoT technology in local
government service delivery
Theoretical frameworks provide a basis for understanding the potential of IoT technology in
local government service delivery. In this section, we will review three theoretical frameworks
that can be applied to assess the potential of IoT technology in local government service
delivery: the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use
of Technology (UTAUT), and the Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT).
2.2.1 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was developed by Fred Davis in 1989 to explain and
predict the acceptance and usage of information technology (IT) by individuals in organizations
(Davis, 1989). The model proposes that the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of a
technology are key determinants of user acceptance and usage of the technology. The perceived
usefulness refers to the extent to which a technology is perceived to improve job performance,
while the perceived ease of use refers to the degree to which a technology is perceived to be free
from effort.
The TAM has been applied in various studies to examine the adoption and usage of IoT
technology in different contexts. For instance, a study by Alotaibi and Alajmi (2019) applied the
TAM to examine the factors that influence the adoption of IoT technology in the healthcare
sector. The study found that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and social influence
were significant predictors of the intention to adopt IoT technology in healthcare.
In the context of local government service delivery, the TAM can be used to assess the potential
of IoT technology by examining the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of the
technology by the end-users. For example, the TAM can be used to assess the acceptance and
usage of IoT-enabled smart parking systems by motorists in Gulu District.
2.2.2 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was developed by
Venkatesh et al. (2003) to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the factors that
influence the acceptance and usage of IT. The model proposes that four key constructs, namely
performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions,
determine user acceptance and usage of technology.
Performance expectancy refers to the degree to which a technology is perceived to enhance job
performance, while effort expectancy refers to the degree to which a technology is perceived to
be easy to use. Social influence refers to the degree to which an individual perceives that
important others believe he/she should use the technology, while facilitating conditions refer to
the degree to which an individual perceives that organizational and technical infrastructure exists
to support the use of the technology.
The UTAUT has been used in various studies to examine the adoption and usage of IoT
technology in different contexts. For example, a study by Al-Quwaidhi et al. (2019) applied the
UTAUT to examine the factors that influence the adoption of IoT technology in the agriculture
sector. The study found that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and facilitating
conditions significantly influenced the intention to adopt IoT technology in agriculture.
In the context of local government service delivery, the UTAUT can be used to assess the
potential of IoT technology by examining the performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social
influence, and facilitating conditions of the technology by the end-users. For example, the
UTAUT can be used to assess the acceptance and usage of IoT-enabled waste management
systems by waste collectors in Gulu District.
2.2.3 Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT)
The Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) was developed by Rogers (1995) to explain the process
by which innovations are adopted and diffused within a social system. According to IDT, the
adoption of innovation is a process that occurs over time through a sequence of stages that
includes knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and confirmation. The theory further
suggests that there are different categories of individuals that adopt innovations at different
times, including innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
In the context of IoT technology adoption in local government service delivery, IDT could
provide insights into the factors that influence the adoption of IoT technologies by different
categories of individuals within the local government system. For instance, innovators and early
adopters may be more receptive to IoT technologies due to their inherent characteristics of being
risk-takers and more likely to seek out new technologies. On the other hand, late adopters and
laggards may require more convincing or may adopt IoT technologies only when they become
mainstream.
2.3 Related Literature, Objective per Objective
2.3.1 Objective 1: Identifying specific areas of local government service delivery in Uganda
that would benefit most from the adoption of IoT technology
2.3.1.1 Use of IoT technology in improving healthcare service delivery
The healthcare sector is one of the most crucial sectors that benefit greatly from the use of IoT
technology. IoT technology has the potential to enhance patient care, streamline healthcare
processes, reduce healthcare costs, and improve healthcare outcomes (Khosla et al., 2018). In the
context of Gulu District, Uganda, IoT technology can be used to address various healthcare
challenges that the district faces.
One of the key areas where IoT technology can improve healthcare service delivery in Gulu
District is in patient monitoring. IoT devices such as wearable sensors can be used to monitor
patients' vital signs and health status remotely in real-time. This can be particularly beneficial for
patients with chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. The use of IoT
devices for patient monitoring can reduce hospital readmissions and emergency room visits,
resulting in significant cost savings for patients and the healthcare system (Nundy et al., 2014).
Another area where IoT technology can improve healthcare service delivery in Gulu District is in
disease surveillance and outbreak management. The use of IoT devices such as sensors and
cameras can help in the early detection of disease outbreaks and facilitate a rapid response to
contain the outbreak. This can be particularly beneficial in low-resource settings such as Gulu
District, where disease outbreaks can have devastating effects on communities (Cacciapuoti et
al., 2018).
Moreover, IoT technology can be used to improve medication adherence and medication
management in Gulu District. IoT devices such as smart pill dispensers can remind patients to
take their medication at the right time and dosage, reducing the risk of medication errors and
improving patient outcomes. IoT devices can also be used to track medication inventory levels,
reducing the risk of stockouts and wastage (Catarinucci et al., 2015).
The use of IoT technology in healthcare service delivery in Gulu District is not without
challenges. One of the key challenges is the lack of infrastructure and connectivity in some parts
of the district. The success of IoT technology in healthcare service delivery is dependent on a
reliable and robust network infrastructure. The lack of connectivity can hinder the adoption and
effectiveness of IoT devices in healthcare service delivery.
In conclusion, the use of IoT technology has the potential to revolutionize healthcare service
delivery in Gulu District, Uganda. The use of IoT devices in patient monitoring, disease
surveillance and outbreak management, and medication management can improve patient
outcomes, streamline healthcare processes, and reduce healthcare costs. However, the successful
adoption and implementation of IoT technology in healthcare service delivery in Gulu District
require adequate infrastructure, connectivity, and regulatory frameworks.
2.3.1.2 Use of IoT technology in enhancing transportation and traffic management
The use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has the potential to revolutionize transportation
and traffic management systems in local government service delivery. According to Foschini et
al. (2016), the integration of IoT technology into traffic management systems can significantly
reduce traffic congestion, improve road safety, and enhance transportation efficiency. This can
be achieved through the use of smart traffic lights, sensors, and other IoT-enabled devices that
can collect real-time data on traffic flow and provide automated responses to optimize traffic
flow.
In the context of Gulu District Local Government, the use of IoT technology in transportation
and traffic management can potentially address the challenges of traffic congestion, road
accidents, and inefficient transportation systems. According to the Uganda Bureau of Statistics
(UBOS, 2020), the road network in Gulu District is underdeveloped and poorly maintained,
leading to high rates of accidents and delays in transportation. IoT technology can play a crucial
role in addressing these challenges by providing real-time traffic data and automated responses
to optimize traffic flow and reduce accidents.
The implementation of IoT technology in transportation and traffic management systems in Gulu
District is expected to have significant costs and benefits. According to Nabil et al. (2018), the
benefits of IoT technology in transportation and traffic management include improved traffic
flow, reduced travel time, reduced fuel consumption, and improved road safety. On the other
hand, the costs of implementing IoT technology include the cost of hardware and software
installation, maintenance, and upgrading.
In terms of the legal and regulatory frameworks related to IoT technology and its use in
transportation and traffic management in Uganda, there are currently no specific regulations
governing the use of IoT technology in transportation and traffic management. However, the
Uganda Communications Commission (UCC) is responsible for regulating the use of all
communication devices and services in Uganda, including IoT devices (UCC, 2021). It is
important for local government authorities in Gulu District to work closely with the UCC to
ensure compliance with regulations related to the use of IoT technology in transportation and
traffic management.
2.3.1.3 Use of IoT technology in optimizing waste management in local government
One of the primary benefits of IoT technology in waste management is improved efficiency.
Through the use of sensors and smart waste bins, local governments can better track waste
collection and disposal. This technology allows for real-time monitoring of waste levels, which
enables local governments to optimize waste collection schedules, reduce the number of
collection trips, and minimize fuel consumption and associated emissions (Bettini, Bruneo,
Laganà, & Rizzo, 2018). Additionally, IoT technology can facilitate predictive maintenance of
waste collection equipment, reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
IoT technology can also improve waste segregation and recycling efforts. Smart bins equipped
with sensors and cameras can detect and sort different types of waste, making recycling more
efficient (Ji, Dong, & Lin, 2019). This technology can also help local governments monitor and
enforce waste management regulations, such as proper disposal of hazardous waste.
2.3.1.4 Use of IoT technology in enhancing agricultural extension services
Agriculture is the backbone of Uganda's economy, contributing about 24% of its Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and employing over 70% of the population (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal
Industry and Fisheries, 2021). However, farmers often face numerous challenges such as limited
access to information on improved agricultural practices, pest and disease control, and market
information. IoT technology has the potential to enhance agricultural extension services by
providing real-time data on weather patterns, soil conditions, crop growth, and pest infestations.
This data can be used to offer targeted and personalized recommendations to farmers, improve
crop yield, and ultimately contribute to the growth of the agricultural sector.
IoT technology has already been used in some parts of the world to enhance agricultural
extension services. For instance, in India, IoT-based systems have been developed to monitor
soil moisture, temperature, and humidity levels in real-time (Kumar et al., 2020). The data
collected from these systems is then used to provide farmers with customized recommendations
on irrigation schedules and fertilizer application, leading to improved crop yield and reduced
input costs. In Kenya, IoT sensors have been deployed to monitor animal behavior and alert
farmers in case of any anomalies, such as disease outbreaks or animal theft (Mwaura, 2020). This
has enabled farmers to take timely action and prevent losses.
The adoption of IoT technology in enhancing agricultural extension services in Gulu District can
be particularly beneficial given the prevalence of smallholder farmers who often have limited
access to information and resources. Through IoT technology, farmers can access real-time data
on weather patterns, soil conditions, and market prices. This can enable them to make informed
decisions about planting schedules, crop varieties, and marketing strategies. IoT technology can
also be used to facilitate remote training and extension services, particularly in areas where
physical access is limited (Ahmed et al., 2021).
2.3.2 Objective 2: Assessing the potential costs and benefits of implementing IoT
technology in local government service delivery in Uganda
2.3.2.1 Benefits of IoT technology in local government service delivery
The adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery has the potential to yield
numerous benefits. One of the main benefits is increased efficiency and effectiveness in service
delivery. IoT-enabled devices can collect and transmit data in real-time, allowing for quick and
accurate decision-making. This can lead to faster response times, reduced downtime, and
improved service quality (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).
In the case of Gulu District Local Government, IoT technology can be utilized to optimize waste
management, enhance agricultural extension services, improve healthcare service delivery, and
enhance public safety and security. For example, IoT-enabled sensors can be used to monitor
waste levels in bins and notify waste management personnel when they need to be emptied,
reducing the likelihood of overflowing bins and associated health risks. Similarly, IoT-enabled
devices can be used to monitor weather patterns and soil moisture levels, providing farmers with
real-time data to make informed decisions about irrigation and crop management (Bodhe et al.,
2020).
IoT technology can also improve public safety and security through the deployment of smart
surveillance systems. These systems can use cameras, sensors, and other devices to monitor
public spaces and alert authorities in case of suspicious activity or emergencies. This can help to
reduce crime rates and improve emergency response times (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015).
Another benefit of IoT technology in local government service delivery is increased cost savings.
By automating processes and improving efficiency, local governments can reduce operating
costs. For example, IoT-enabled energy management systems can optimize energy usage in
public buildings, reducing energy waste and associated costs (Ramesh et al., 2017).
Furthermore, IoT technology can improve citizen engagement and participation in local
government decision-making. By providing citizens with access to real-time data on local
government service delivery, citizens can participate in the decision-making process and hold
local government officials accountable (Eltaweel et al., 2019).
2.3.2.2 Costs associated with IoT technology implementation
Direct costs refer to the expenses directly incurred in purchasing and deploying IoT devices and
infrastructure. These include costs such as purchasing IoT devices, setting up communication
networks, and installing sensors. These costs can be significant, especially for local governments
in developing countries like Uganda, where financial resources are often limited (Kanyike,
2019).
Indirect costs refer to the ongoing costs associated with maintaining and operating IoT
infrastructure. These include costs such as hiring staff to manage and maintain the IoT system,
providing training for staff and users, and upgrading and replacing devices and infrastructure as
needed (Al-Fuqaha et al., 2015). Indirect costs can also include the costs associated with
managing the data generated by the IoT system, such as storing and analyzing data.
2.3.2.3 Cost-benefit analysis of implementing IoT technology in local government service
delivery
Benefits of Implementing IoT Technology in Local Government Service Delivery: Implementing
IoT technology in local government service delivery can bring numerous benefits, including
improved efficiency and effectiveness, cost savings, and increased citizen satisfaction (Ammar et
al., 2019). IoT technology can provide real-time monitoring and data analysis of public service
delivery, allowing local governments to quickly identify areas that need improvement and make
data-driven decisions. For example, IoT sensors can be used to monitor traffic flow and adjust
traffic lights in real-time, reducing congestion and improving traffic flow (Kumar & Kumar,
2021). Additionally, IoT technology can reduce costs by automating processes, such as waste
management and energy consumption, resulting in significant cost savings (Ammar et al., 2019).
Finally, the implementation of IoT technology can increase citizen satisfaction by providing
more accessible and efficient services, such as real-time public transportation information or
online service portals (Kumar & Kumar, 2021).
Costs of Implementing IoT Technology in Local Government Service Delivery: While the
benefits of implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery are significant,
there are also costs associated with implementation. These costs include the initial investment in
hardware, software, and infrastructure, ongoing maintenance costs, and the need for specialized
personnel to operate and maintain the technology (Ammar et al., 2019). Additionally, there may
be concerns about data privacy and security, which can lead to increased costs for security
measures and potential legal fees in case of breaches (Kumar & Kumar, 2021).
Cost-Benefit Analysis: A cost-benefit analysis is necessary to determine if the benefits of
implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery outweigh the costs. This
analysis should consider both the direct costs and benefits, such as the initial investment and cost
savings from automation, as well as the indirect benefits, such as increased citizen satisfaction
and improved service delivery (Ammar et al., 2019). Additionally, the analysis should consider
the long-term implications of implementing IoT technology, such as potential increases in
economic growth and job creation (Kumar & Kumar, 2021).
In the case of Gulu District Local Government, a cost-benefit analysis would need to be
conducted to determine the feasibility of implementing IoT technology in local government
service delivery. The analysis would need to consider the specific challenges faced by the
district, such as poor road infrastructure, limited access to healthcare, and high levels of poverty
(UNDP, 2021). Additionally, the analysis would need to consider the current state of technology
infrastructure in the district and the potential costs of upgrading and maintaining the
infrastructure necessary for IoT technology.
2.3.3 Objective 3: Analyzing the legal and regulatory frameworks in Uganda related to IoT
technology and its use in local government service delivery
2.3.3.1 Current legal and regulatory frameworks in Uganda for IoT technology
The Ugandan government has recognized the potential of IoT technology and has taken steps to
regulate its use. The Uganda Communications Commission (UCC), the regulatory body
responsible for the communication sector, has developed policies and guidelines that govern the
use of IoT technology in the country. The UCC’s guidelines provide a framework for the
development, deployment, and management of IoT solutions in Uganda (Uganda
Communications Commission, 2018). The guidelines cover several areas, including security,
privacy, data protection, and interoperability.
The Ugandan government has also enacted several laws that regulate the use of IoT technology
in the country. The Data Protection and Privacy Act (2019) provides for the protection of
personal data and regulates the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. The law
also sets out penalties for non-compliance with its provisions. Similarly, the Electronic
Transactions Act (2011) provides for the legal recognition and regulation of electronic
transactions, including those facilitated by IoT devices.
2.3.3.2 Challenges and opportunities for IoT technology adoption in local government
service delivery in Uganda
Challenges for IoT Technology Adoption in Local Government Service Delivery in Uganda The
adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery in Uganda is faced with a
number of challenges. Firstly, there is a lack of awareness and understanding of IoT technology
among policymakers and local government officials. This lack of awareness and understanding
can lead to a reluctance to invest in IoT technology due to a perceived lack of return on
investment (ROI) (Chandrasekaran, 2019). Secondly, there are concerns about the security of
IoT technology and the potential for cyberattacks, data breaches, and other security threats
(Mukasa, 2020). Thirdly, there are concerns about the cost of implementing IoT technology,
which may be perceived as prohibitively expensive (Abe et al., 2020).
Another challenge is the lack of technical expertise and skills among local government officials
and personnel required for the implementation and maintenance of IoT technology (Kamugisha
& Kiconco, 2020). Additionally, there may be cultural barriers to the adoption of IoT
technology, such as a reluctance to embrace new technology or a preference for traditional
methods of service delivery (Chandrasekaran, 2019). Lastly, there may be challenges associated
with integrating IoT technology with existing systems and infrastructure in local government
service delivery.
Opportunities for IoT Technology Adoption in Local Government Service Delivery in Uganda
Despite the challenges, there are also opportunities associated with the adoption of IoT
technology in local government service delivery in Uganda. Firstly, IoT technology has the
potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in local government by
enabling real-time monitoring and data analysis (Kamugisha & Kiconco, 2020). Secondly, IoT
technology can lead to cost savings through the automation of processes and the reduction of
manual labor (Mukasa, 2020).
Thirdly, IoT technology can enhance the quality of services provided by local governments by
enabling more accurate and timely decision-making (Abe et al., 2020). Fourthly, IoT technology
can improve transparency and accountability in local government service delivery by enabling
the tracking of service delivery and resource allocation (Chandrasekaran, 2019). Lastly, the
adoption of IoT technology can position local governments as leaders in the adoption of
emerging technologies and promote economic development through increased investment in the
region (Mukasa, 2020).
2.4 Summary of Literature Review and Gaps Identified
The literature review identified several studies that have focused on the adoption of IoT
technology in different sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and transportation, but few
studies have specifically focused on the adoption of IoT technology in local government service
delivery in Uganda. This indicates a gap in the literature on this topic, which this study aims to
address.
Some of the studies that have been conducted on the adoption of IoT technology in local
government service delivery in other countries have focused on specific areas, such as waste
management and smart parking. These studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of IoT
technology in enhancing service delivery in these areas, including improving efficiency,
reducing costs, and enhancing citizen satisfaction.
However, these studies have also highlighted some challenges that need to be addressed in order
to facilitate successful IoT technology adoption in local government service delivery. These
challenges include data security and privacy concerns, lack of technical expertise, and inadequate
infrastructure, among others.
Furthermore, there is a need for a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework to govern the
adoption of IoT technology in local government service delivery. This framework should address
issues such as data protection, privacy, liability, and accountability.
Overall, the literature review highlights the potential benefits of IoT technology adoption in local
government service delivery in Uganda, but also the challenges that need to be addressed to
ensure successful adoption. There is a need for more research to be conducted in this area,
particularly in Uganda, in order to identify specific areas of local government service delivery
that would benefit most from IoT technology adoption, as well as the costs and benefits
associated with such adoption.
 Chapter Three:
Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the research design, population, sample size and selection, sampling
techniques and procedures, data collection methods, data collection instruments, validity and
reliability of research instruments, procedure followed in data collection, data analysis,
measurement of variables, and ethical considerations.
3.2 Research Design
The research design of a study is a critical aspect that determines the validity and reliability of
the research findings. In this study, the research design to be adopted is a mixed methods
research design. According to Creswell and Plano Clark (2018), a mixed methods research
design involves collecting and analyzing both qualitative and quantitative data in a single study.
This design allows for the triangulation of data, which enhances the credibility and validity of the
study results.
In a sequential exploratory design, quantitative data is collected and analyzed first, followed by
qualitative data. This design is useful when there is limited information on the research problem
or when the study aims to validate or explain the results of the quantitative data (Creswell &
Plano Clark, 2018). In this study, the use of IoT technology in local government service delivery
in Gulu District is a relatively new area, and there is limited information on the specific areas
that could benefit from the technology, the costs and benefits, and the legal and regulatory
frameworks related to its use. Therefore, a sequential exploratory design will be appropriate to
collect quantitative data first, followed by qualitative data to provide a more comprehensive
understanding of the research problem.
Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data to test a hypothesis
or research question (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018). In this study, quantitative data will be
collected through a survey of the local government officials and stakeholders in Gulu District.
The survey will focus on identifying the specific areas of local government service delivery in
Gulu District that are currently experiencing challenges that could potentially be addressed
through the adoption of IoT technology. The survey will also assess the potential costs and
benefits of implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery in Gulu District.
The quantitative data collected will be analyzed using statistical methods such as descriptive
statistics, regression analysis, and factor analysis.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical
data, such as words, images, and observations (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018). In this study,
qualitative data will be collected through in-depth interviews with the local government officials
and stakeholders in Gulu District. The interviews will focus on analyzing the legal and
regulatory frameworks related to IoT technology and its use in local government service delivery
in Uganda. Qualitative data collected will be analyzed using content analysis, which involves
identifying common themes and patterns in the data.
3.3 Population
The target population is the local government officials and employees of Gulu District Local
Government. The target population is composed of individuals who are knowledgeable about the
local government service delivery in Gulu District, which includes the district officials and
employees who are responsible for service delivery, such as health workers, water and sanitation
engineers, and transport officers.
3.4 Sample Size and Selection
The target population for this study is the local government officials and employees of Gulu
District Local Government. The study will use a purposive sampling technique to select the
participants. Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling technique that involves selecting
participants based on their characteristics or ability to provide relevant information to the
research questions (Bryman, 2016).
The sample size for this study will be determined using a sample size calculator. The sample size
calculator will consider the level of precision, expected population proportion, and the level of
confidence. The sample size for this study will be determined based on a confidence level of
95% and a margin of error of 5%. According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), a sample size of 377
is suitable for a population size of 1,000.
The study will aim to recruit a total of 377 participants from the local government officials and
employees of Gulu District Local Government. The sample will include officials from different
departments such as finance, health, education, and public works, among others. The inclusion
criteria for the study will be that participants should be officials or employees working for the
local government in Gulu District and have knowledge and experience in local government
service delivery. The exclusion criteria will be officials who are not willing to participate in the
study or who do not meet the inclusion criteria.
3.5 Sampling Techniques and Procedures
In this study, the target population is the local government officials and employees of Gulu
District Local Government. The population will be stratified by job position, and a proportionate
number of participants will be randomly selected from each stratum. The list of all local
government officials and employees will be obtained from the Gulu District Local Government
Human Resource Office, and this list will be used to select the sample.
Sampling Procedures
The sampling procedure involves the actual process of selecting participants from the population.
In this study, the sampling procedure will involve the following steps:
 1. Obtain the list of all local government officials and employees from the Gulu District
Local Government Human Resource Office.
2. Stratify the population by job position.
3. Determine the sample size using sample size calculation formulas.
4. Randomly select participants from each stratum based on the proportionate sample size
allocated to each stratum.
5. Contact the selected participants and invite them to participate in the study.
6. Obtain informed consent from the participants.
7. Collect data from the participants using interviews, questionnaires, or other appropriate
data collection methods.
The sampling procedures will be carried out systematically to ensure that the selected sample is
representative of the population and that the study results are valid and reliable.
3.6 Data Collection Methods
3.6 Data Collection Methods
The proposed research will use both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods to
address the research questions and objectives. Semi-structured interviews and document review
will be used to collect data from the study participants.
3.6.1 Semi-Structured Interviews
Semi-structured interviews are widely used in qualitative research to collect in-depth data from
participants. The use of semi-structured interviews is appropriate in this study because it will
allow the researcher to collect detailed information from the participants about their experiences
and perspectives on the use of IoT technology in local government service delivery.
The interviews will be conducted face-to-face with the selected participants, and the questions
will be designed in a way that allows for a free flow of information. The interview questions will
be structured around the research questions and objectives, and they will be pilot-tested to ensure
that they are clear and easy to understand.
The semi-structured interviews will be recorded using a digital recorder to ensure accuracy and
completeness of the data. The recordings will then be transcribed verbatim, and the data will be
analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns and themes that emerge from the data.
3.6.2 Document Review
Document review is a common method of collecting quantitative data in research. In this study,
document review will be used to collect data on the costs and benefits associated with
implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery.
The documents that will be reviewed include reports, budgets, and financial statements from the
Gulu District Local Government. These documents will provide quantitative data on the costs of
implementing IoT technology, including the cost of hardware, software, and personnel.
In addition, the documents will provide data on the benefits of implementing IoT technology,
including the potential savings in time and money, improved efficiency, and enhanced service
delivery. The data collected from document review will be analyzed using descriptive statistics
to provide a quantitative summary of the costs and benefits of implementing IoT technology.
3.6.3 Data Collection Procedures
The data collection procedures will involve obtaining permission from the Gulu District Local
Government to access the study participants and the relevant documents. The researcher will
explain the purpose of the study to the study participants and obtain their informed consent
before conducting the semi-structured interviews.
The semi-structured interviews will be conducted at a location that is convenient for the
participants, and the interviews will be scheduled at a time that is suitable for the participants.
The participants will be assured of the confidentiality of the data they provide, and their
identities will be kept anonymous.
The documents that will be reviewed will be obtained from the relevant departments in the Gulu
District Local Government. The researcher will obtain permission to access the documents, and
the relevant data will be extracted and analyzed.
3.7 Data Collection Instruments
The interview guide is a tool used to collect data from participants through face-to-face or virtual
interviews. It will be used to collect qualitative data from the selected participants in this study.
The interview guide will be structured to ensure consistency in the questions asked and will
contain open-ended questions to allow participants to express their views freely. The questions
will be related to the research objectives and questions and will be tailored to the specific job
positions of the participants.
According to Yin (2018), semi-structured interviews are an appropriate method for data
collection in case studies. This is because they allow the researcher to obtain in-depth
information on the phenomenon being studied while still maintaining some degree of control
over the data collection process. Therefore, the use of an interview guide in this study is
appropriate for collecting qualitative data from the selected participants.
In addition to the interview guide, a documentary review checklist will also be used as a data
collection instrument. This checklist will be used to collect quantitative data from documents
such as policy documents, budget reports, and procurement records. The checklist will contain
specific items that the researcher will look for in the documents to determine the costs and
benefits associated with implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery. The
checklist will also help the researcher to identify the legal and regulatory frameworks related to
IoT technology and its use in local government service delivery.
The use of a documentary review checklist is an appropriate method for collecting quantitative
data from documents. According to Creswell (2014), document review is an effective method for
collecting data in case studies, particularly when the study involves analyzing policies,
regulations, or other written documents. This method allows the researcher to obtain a
comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon being studied by analyzing various sources of
information. Therefore, the use of a documentary review checklist is appropriate for collecting
quantitative data from documents related to IoT technology and its use in local government
service delivery.
3.8 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments
3.8.1 Validity of Research Instruments
The validity of the research instruments is important to ensure that the data collected is accurate
and reliable. In this study, the validity of the interview guide and documentary review checklist
will be pretested before being used in the actual study. Pretesting involves administering the
research instruments to a few individuals who are not part of the study sample to assess their
understanding of the questions and to identify any potential issues with the instruments.
According to Creswell (2014), pretesting can help identify any ambiguous questions or issues
with the research instruments. Additionally, pretesting allows the researcher to determine if the
questions are relevant to the research objectives and if they will produce the intended responses.
By pretesting the research instruments, the researcher can make any necessary revisions to
ensure the validity of the instruments.
The pretesting of the interview guide and documentary review checklist will be conducted with a
few local government officials and employees who are not part of the study sample. This will
provide an opportunity to identify any potential issues with the instruments before they are used
in the actual study. The feedback obtained during the pretesting phase will be used to revise the
research instruments to ensure their validity.
3.8.2 Reliability of Research Instruments
The reliability of research instruments refers to the consistency and stability of the instruments
over time and across different contexts (Creswell, 2014). In this study, the reliability of the
interview guide and documentary review checklist will be assessed by administering them to a
sample of participants at two different times This will allow the researcher to determine if the
responses obtained are consistent and stable over time. The data obtained from the two
administrations will be analyzed using test-retest reliability analysis to determine the reliability
of the research instruments.
3.9 Procedure Followed in Data Collection
The procedure will involve two methods: interviews and document review.
Firstly, interviews will be conducted with selected participants. These participants will include
officials and employees of the Gulu District Local Government who have relevant knowledge
and experience in local government service delivery. The interviews will be scheduled in
advance and conducted in a private setting where the participants will feel comfortable sharing
their views. Audio recording devices will be used to capture the interviews, which will later be
transcribed for analysis.
Interviews are a common and effective method for collecting data in qualitative research.
According to Creswell (2014), interviews are particularly useful when exploring complex
phenomena or issues that require detailed and nuanced responses. They also allow the researcher
to explore the participants' perspectives, experiences, and attitudes towards the research topic. By
conducting interviews, the researcher will be able to gain insights into the specific areas of local
government service delivery in Gulu District that are experiencing challenges and could
potentially benefit from IoT technology.
Secondly, document review will be conducted at the Gulu District Local Government offices.
The documents that will be reviewed include reports, policies, and guidelines related to local
government service delivery. The purpose of document review is to collect data that cannot be
obtained through interviews, such as historical information and official records. The documents
will be analyzed for information that is relevant to the research questions and objectives.
Document review is a common method for collecting data in qualitative research. According to
Merriam (2009), document review is particularly useful when exploring historical, cultural, or
social phenomena. It allows the researcher to access data that is not easily accessible through
other methods and provides a rich source of information. By conducting document review, the
researcher will be able to analyze the legal and regulatory frameworks in Uganda related to IoT
technology and its use in local government service delivery.
The use of multiple data collection methods is known as triangulation, and it is a common
practice in qualitative research. According to Patton (2015), triangulation involves using multiple
sources of data to confirm the validity and reliability of research findings. By using both
interviews and document review, the researcher will be able to triangulate the data and ensure the
accuracy of the research findings.
3.10 Data Analysis
Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software such as SPSS and Microsoft Excel.
Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize the data, and inferential statistics will be used to
test hypotheses and draw conclusions from the data. The data collected from the questionnaire
will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and standard deviations.
Inferential statistics such as regression analysis and t-tests will be used to test hypotheses and
make predictions about the population based on the sample data. These statistical methods will
help to provide a clear understanding of the relationship between the variables under
investigation.
Qualitative data, on the other hand, will be analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques.
The data collected from the interviews and document review will be transcribed and analyzed
using content analysis. This technique involves the systematic examination of data and the
identification of patterns and themes within the data. The researcher will read through the
transcripts multiple times to identify recurring patterns and themes in the data. These patterns
will be categorized and coded to help identify significant issues and draw conclusions from the
data. The researcher will also use triangulation to compare and contrast the results from different
sources of data, such as interviews and document review.
The use of both quantitative and qualitative data analysis techniques is essential in providing a
comprehensive understanding of the research topic. Quantitative data will provide numerical data
that can be analyzed statistically to test hypotheses, while qualitative data will provide a deeper
understanding of the experiences, perspectives, and attitudes of the participants. Combining both
techniques will help to overcome the limitations of each technique, as the strengths of one
method can compensate for the weaknesses of the other.
3.11 Measurement of Variables
Nominal scales are used to classify data into categories, such as gender or marital status.
Nominal data cannot be ordered or ranked, and the only mathematical operation that can be
performed is counting. In this study, nominal scales will be used to categorize data related to the
specific areas of local government service delivery that would benefit from the adoption of IoT
technology in Gulu District.
Ordinal scales, on the other hand, allow the data to be ranked or ordered based on the degree of
the variable being measured. An example of an ordinal scale is a Likert scale used to measure
attitudes or opinions. The degree of agreement or disagreement is usually ranked on a scale of 1
to 5 or 1 to 7. In this study, ordinal scales will be used to measure the potential costs and benefits
of implementing IoT technology in local government service delivery in Gulu District.
Interval scales are similar to ordinal scales, but they have equal intervals between the points on
the scale. An example of an interval scale is the Celsius temperature scale. In this study, interval
scales will be used to measure the legal and regulatory frameworks related to IoT technology and
its use in local government service delivery in Uganda.
Ratio scales have all the properties of interval scales, but they also have a true zero point, which
means that there is a meaningful starting point. Examples of variables measured on a ratio scale
include height, weight, and age. In this study, ratio scales will not be used.
3.12 Ethical Considerations
Informed consent is a crucial ethical principle that will be observed in this study. Before
participants are enrolled in the study, they will be informed about the research objectives,
procedures, and potential risks and benefits. They will be given the opportunity to ask questions
and clarify any concerns they may have. Only after obtaining their voluntary and informed
consent will they be included in the study. Participants will be free to withdraw from the study at
any point without fear of any consequences.
Confidentiality and privacy will also be observed to ensure that participants' information is
protected. Participants' identities and personal information will be kept confidential, and access
to the data will be restricted to the research team only. Data will be stored securely using
passwords and encryption to prevent unauthorized access.
Moreover, the study will respect the cultural norms and values of the participants. The
researchers will ensure that participants' beliefs, practices, and customs are respected throughout
the study. The study will also be conducted in a manner that minimizes any potential harm or
discomfort to the participants.
It is worth noting that the study will not involve any vulnerable populations, such as children or
people with disabilities. However, if any such populations are involved, additional ethical
considerations such as informed consent from guardians and protection of participants' rights
will be observed.
Appendices
Appendix 1: Informed consent form and statement
Appendix 2: Document review checklist
Appendix3: Key informant Interview guide
Appendix 4: Questionnaire
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