_ Ruben A. Corpuz, _ AB English-Philo,LIB,PhDTable of Contents Pages Chapter | - UNDERSTANDING MORALITY AND MORAL STANDARDS 1 Course Orientation and the Importance of Rules 1 5 13 The Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas 20 PRERIEM Ereedom as the Foundation for Moral Acts 30 Culture: How It Defines Moral Behavior 35 Cultural Relativism 2 The Filipino Character 46 Universal Values 53 END-OF-THE-CHAPTER ACTIVITIES 57 Chapter Il — THE MORAL AGENT 58 Man as a Moral Agent 58 The Development of Moral Character of the Moral Agent 66 FRROMER The Stages of Moral Development 70 END-OF-THE-CHAPTER ACTIVITIES 79Table of Contents Pages ‘Chapter Ill - THE HUMAN ACT 80 ‘The Meaning of Human Act 80 ‘Accountability of Moral Act 85 Feeling as a Modifier of Moral Decision-Making 91 Reason and Impartiality as Minimum Requirements for Morality 96 The Difference Between Reason and Will 103 END-OF-THE-CHAPTER ACTIVITIES 108 ‘Chapter IV — FRAMEWORKS.AND PRINCIPLES BEHIND OUR MORAL FRAMEWORKS 109 The Meaning of Ethical Framework 109 Aristotle's Virtue Ethics 14 St. Thomas’ Natural Law Ethics 123 Kant’s Deontological Ethics: The Duty Framework 130 Utilitarianism: The Consequentialist Ethical Framework 136 The Love and Justice Framework 140 END-OF-THE-CHAPTER ACTIVITIES 148Table of Contents Chapter V - GLOBALIZATION AND ITS CRITICAL CHALLENGES vi eS Globalization and Pluralism: New Challenges in Ethics Millennials and Fillennials: Ethical Challenges and Responses The Religious Response: The Role of Religion in Ethics END-OF-THE-CHAPTER ACTIVITIES Pages 152 152 159 167 172Chapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 1: Course Orientation and the Importance of Rules Chapter | UNDERSTANDING MORALITY AND MORAL STANDARDS [Focus Questions: + What are moral standards? How do they differ from other rules of life? + What is a moral dilemma? What are three levels of moral dilemma? + Whyis freedom crucial in our ability to make moral decisions? + What is the advantage of owning moral standards (morality and ethics) over merely abiding by moral standards? + How does culture define moral behavior? + What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino character? + Are there universal values? 0 ey Intended Learning Outcomes: Course Orientation and OV tne mati oy * To state what are expected of me in this course * To explain the importance of rules INTRODUCTION Everywhere you go are rules — at home, at school, in church, in the barangay. Do these rules make: our life more difficult and so should be eliminated or do these rules make our life more peaceful and orderly? Imagine your life, your home, your school, your Church and community without rules. In this Lesson, we'll study about the importance of rules.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE ie ACTIVITY 1 1. Go over the course syllabus in Appendix A. Pay particular attention to what is required and expected from you. 2. Clarify points that need to be clarified with your Instructor/ Professor. Gq mmr 1, Form groups of 5. Recall and share with your group a rule that you have to follow at school and the reason behind such rule. Share with your small group your answers to these questions: + What if there were no rules? What are possible consequences? + Are rules important? Why or why not? * Do you find them constricting? Why or why not? ABSTRACTION Rules are important to social beings. Just imagine the chaos that results from the absence of rules. What happens when students and professors alike come to school in any attire they want? Imagine what happens when in the classroom everyone wants to talk at the same time. Let’s go out of the classroom for more examples. What if there were no traffic rules? Rules can be expanded to include the Philippine Constitution and other laws. What if there were no Constitution and other laws of the land? Rules are meant to set order. Rules (the Philippine Constitution and other laws included) are meant for man. The greatest Teacher, Jesus Christ, preached emphatically, “The Sabbath is made for man and not man for the Sabbath”. The law of the Sabbath, i.e. to keep it holy and observe rest, is meant to make man whole by resting and by giving him time to thank and spend time in prayer and worship for his own good. For the sake of order in society, everyone is subject to rules. In a democratic country like the Philippines, we often hear the statement “NoCourse Orientation and the Importance of Rules one is above the law,” including the highest official of the country. We are all subject to rules or else court chaos. Rules are not meant to restrict your freedom. They are meant to help you grow in freedom, to grow in your ability to choose and do what is good for you and for others. If there are rules or laws that restrict your ability or strength to do good, they are suffocating laws and they are not good laws. They ought to be abolished. Any rule or law that prevents human persons from doing and being good ought to be repealed. They have no reasons to exist. In fact, if you are a rule or a law-abiding citizen, you don’t even feel the restricting presence of a rule or law because you do what the law or what the rule states everybody should do. Looking from a higher point of view, this is the state when one acts not because rules demand it but because one sees he has to act that way. It is like saying one no longer needs the rule or law because one has become mature and wise enough to discern what ought to be done. This is an ideal state which the ancient Chinese sages (Confucius, Lao Tzu) referred to as state of no-more rules, no-more laws, because people discern what is right or good and do what is right or good without thinking or a rule or law; people are no longer in need of a government because they can govern themselves. It is a state where one owns the moral standard not just abide by the moral standard. (7 aeecemron 4 1. The Sabbath is made for man and not man for the Sabbath. What does this mean? Illustrate with an example. 2. Rules/laws are made for the good of man. State the good that is derived from the following school rules: 1, No ID, No Entry 2. Student/Teacher Tardiness beyond 15 minutes means absence 3. Any form of cheating is punishable with suspension. 4. Use of illegal drug is punishable with dismissal. 3. Give an example of a constricting rule or law. What should be done with it? 4. The ancient Chinese sage named Lao Tsu taught: “Leave the people to themselves, no laws and inner goodness will flourish.” “The more laws and commands there are, the more thieves and robbers will be.” Do you agree? Why or why not? [Rules are not meant to restrict They are meant to help you grow in freedom, to grow in your ability to choose ‘and do what is |good for you and for others. [Any rule or law that prevents | human persons from doing and 'being good ough to be repealed. They have no reason to exist.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE KEY TAKEAWAYS Rules are meant to set order in society. _* Rules are intended for human persons. They are not meant —| to limit a person’s freedom which is the ability to choose and do what is good. Rather rules are meant to help persons choose and do what is good. * Those who do what is good don’t even feel the presence of a rule that prevents them from doing what is not good. It is those who intend to do the opposite of what is good that feel the suffocating and ig presence of a rule. + When society is ideal, i.e. when all persons are good and do only what is ideal then there will be no more need for rules and laws according to Lao Tzu. (0) CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING — Why are rules important? REFLECTION Reflect on your attitude toward rules. Do you welcome rules? Or are you allergic to rules? What if there were no rules? @)Chapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Standards @ Moral and Non-Moral Standards Intended Learning Outcome: * Distinguish between moral and non-moral standards i) INTRODUCTION We often hear the terms “moral standards” and “non-moral standards.” What do these refer to? What about the word “immoral?” Is there such a thing as immoral standards? Is immoral synonymous with non-moral? Let's find this out in this Lesson. ACTIVITY 1. Classify the following into groups: moral standards and non-moral standards. * No talking while your mouth is full. * Do not lie. * Wear black or white for mourning; never red. * The males should be the one to propose marriage not females. * Don’t steal. * Observe correct grammar when writing and speaking English. + Submit school requirements on time. + If you are a male, stay by the danger side (roadside) when walking with a female. * Go with the fashion or you are not “in”. + Don’t cheat others. * Don’t kill. * When you speak pronounce words correctly. + Focus the microscope properly. * Maintain a 36-24-36 body figure.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE (@yaass] 1. Analyze your groupings. Why do you classify one group as moral standards and another as non-moral standards? : 2. What is common to those listed under moral standards? 3. What is common to the list of non-moral standards? @ ABSTRACTION Ethymology and Meaning of Ethics ‘The term “ethics” comes from the Greek word “ethos” meaning “custom” used in the works of Aristotle, while the term “moral” is the Latin equivalent. Based on the Greek and Latin etymology of the word “ethics”, ethics deals with morality. When the Roman orator Cicero exclaimed, “O tempora o mores” (Cicero, 1856) (Oh, what time and what morals), he may have been trying to express dismay of the morality of his time. Ethics or moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy which deals with moral standards, inquires about the rightness or wrongness of human behavior or the goodness or badness of personality, trait or character. It deals with ideas, with topics such as moral standards or norms of morality, conscience, moral values and virtues. Ethics is a study of the morality of human acts and moral agents, what makes an act obligatory and what makes a person accountable. i “Moral” is the adjective describing a human act as either ethically right or wrong, or qualifying a person, personality, character, as either ethically good or bad. Moral Standards or Moral Frameworks and Non-Moral «moral Standards standards Since ethics is a study of moral standards, then the first question a rotrens | for the course is, what are moral standards. The following are supposed to tat seve as | be examples of moral standards: “Stealing is wrong.” “Killing is wrong.” the frameworks} “Telling lies is wrong.” “Adultery is wrong.” “Environment preservation vata is the right thing to do”. “Freedom with responsibility is the right way.” what out ® | «Giving what is due to others is justice”. Hence, moral standards are norms right or wong. oF prescriptions that serve as the frameworks for determining what ought to action, ma is | be done or what is right or wrong action, what is good or bad character. eee In the Activity phase of this Lesson the following can be classified as : moral standards:Chapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Standards Do not lie. + Don’t steal. + Don’t cheat others. + Don’t kill. standards are either consequences standards (like Stuart Mill’s m) or non-consequence standards (like Aristole’s virtue, St. = natural law, or Immanuel Kant’ good will or sense of duty). consequence standards depend on results, outcome. An act that ‘im the general welfare, in the greatest good of the greatest number, To take part in a project that results in the improvement of the ‘of people is, therefore, moral. non-consequence standards are based on the natural law. Natural jaw of God revealed through human reason. It is the “law of en in the hearts of men.” To preserve human life is in accordance ‘natural law, therefore it is moral. Likewise, the non-consequence _may also be based on good will or intention, and on a sense of ect for humanity, treatment of the other as a human person, an ‘moral, springs from a sense of duty, a sense of duty that you wish 'y to all human persons. the other hand, non-moral standards are social rules, demands and good manners. They are guides of action which should be as expected by society. Sometimes they may not be followed or may not follow them. From time to time, changes are made ‘good manners or etiquette. In sociology, non-moral standards or called folkways. In short, non-moral actions are those where moral =s cannot be applied. camples of non-moral standards are rules of good manners and uct, etiquette, rules of behavior set by parents, teachers, and ‘of grammar or language, standards of art, standards of sports er authorities. Examples are “do not eat with your mouth open;” males of grammar,” and “do not wear socks that don’t match.” Activity phase of this Lesson, the following are non-moral talking while your mouth is full. Near black or white for mourning; never red. males should be the one to propose marriage not females. erve correct grammar when writing and speaking English. mit school requirements on time. ‘you are a male, stay by the danger side (roadside) when walking a female. -hon-moral standards are. social rules, of etiquette and good manners. They are guides of action which ‘should be followed as expected by society.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE consequence) standard states that an act is right or wrong depending on the consequences of the act, that i, the good that is produced in the world. Not-only- consequence standard (deontologica), holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action or rule depends on sense of duty natural law, virtue] and the demand of the situation or| circumstances. + When you speak pronounce words correctly. + Focus the microscope properly. * Maintain a good body figure. An indicator whether or not a standard is moral or non-moral lies in it compliance as distinguished from its non-compliance. Non-compliance with moral standards causes a sense of guilt, while non-compliance with a non-moral standard may only cause shame or embarrassment. Classification of the Theories of Moral Standards Garner and Rosen (1967) classified the various moral standards formulated by moral philosophers as follows: 1) Consequence (teleological, from tele which means end, result, or consequence) standard states that an act is right or wrong depending on the consequences of the act, that is, the good that is produced in the world. Will it do you good if you go to school? If the answer is right, because you learn how to read and write, then going to school is right. The consequence standard can also be a basis for determining whether or not a rule is a right rule. So the consequence standard states that the rightness or wrongness of a rule depends on the consequences or the good that is produced in following the rule. For instance, if everyone follows the rule of a game, everyone will enjoy playing the game. This good consequence proves the rule must be a correct rule, 2) Not-only-consequence standard (deontological), holds that the rightness or wrongness of an action or rule depends on sense of duty, natural law, virtue and the demand of the situation or circumstances. The rightness or wrongness of an action does not only depend or rely on the consequence of that action or following that rule. Natural law and virtue ethics are deontological moral standards because their basis for determining what is right or wrong doesnot depend ‘on consequences but on the natural law and virtue. Situation ethics, too, is deontological because the rightness or wrongness of an act depends on situation and circumstances requiring or demanding exception to rule. Rosen and Garner are inclined to consider deontology, be it rule or act deontology, as the better moral standard because it synthesizes or includes all the other theory of norms. Under this theory, the rightness or wrongness of an action depends on (or is a function of) all the following: a) consequences of an action or rule, what promotes one’s greatest good, or the greatest good of the greatest number; b) consideration other than consequences, like the obligatoriness or the act based on natural law, or its being one’s duty, or its promoting an ideal virtue. Deontology also considers the object, purpose, and circumstances or situation of the moralChapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Standards ‘Ssue or dilemma. All these moral standards or ethical frameworks will be dealt with ‘Sore in detail in Chapter IV of this book. ‘What Makes Standards Moral? The question means what obliges us to follow a moral standard? For believers in God’s existence, moral standards are commandments ‘God revealed to man through prophets. According to the Old Testament, Ten Commandments were revealed by God to Moses. One who in God vows to Him and obliges himself/herself to follow His Ten dments. For theists, God is the ultimate source of what is moral led to human persons. How about non-theists? For non-theists, God is not the source of ity. Moral standards are based on the wisdom of sages like Confucius ‘philosophers like Immanuel Kant. In China, B. C., Confucius taught the moral standard, “Do others what you like others to do unto you” and persuaded to follow this rule because it’ is the right way, the gentleman’s . Later, Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher, formulated a ion for determining what makes a moral standard moral. It is as follows: “Act only according to that maxim whereby you at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” }) In other words, if a maxim or standard cannot pass this test, it be a moral standard. For instance, does the maxim “Stealing is *” pass this test? Can one will that this maxim be a universal maxim? ‘answer is in the affirmative. The opposite of the maxim would not be ile. Moral standards are standards that we want to be followed by otherwise, one would be wishing one’s own ill fortune. Can you wish not kill” to be a universal maxim? The answer has to be yes because ‘you say “no” then you are not objecting to someone killing you. Thus, universal necessity of the maxim, what makes it a categorical ive is what makes it obligatory. “Stealing is wrong” means “one ‘not steal” and “Do not kill” means “one ought not kill.” It is one’s ion not to steal or kill. Ultimately, the obligation arises from the need reservation. Origin of Moral Standards: Theist and Non-Theist Related to the question on what makes moral standards moral is how » moral standards arise or come into existence? A lot of new attempts to the origins of morality or moral standards have been made. ‘The theistic line of thought states moral standards are of divine origin 20th century thinkers claim state that they simply evolved. The issueETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE 10 is: Are moral standards derived from God, communicated to man through signs or revelation, or did they arise in the course of man’s evolution? With the Divine source concept, moral standards are derived from natural law, man’s “participation” in the Divine law. The moral principle, “Do good and avoid evil” is an expression of natural law. Man’s obliging The those | himself to respect the life, liberty, and property of his fellowman arises an from the God-given sacredness, spirituality, and dignity of his fellow man. thought states | It arises from his faith, hope, and love of God and man. that moral With the evolutionary concept, the basics of moral standards — do standards good, avoid evil — have been observed among primates and must have are of divine | evolved as the process of evolution followed its course. origin. For Are these theist and non-theist (evolutionary) origin of moral the non- standards reconcilable? theistic line of The evolutionist claims that altruism, a sense of morality, can be thought, moral) observed from man’s fellow primates- the apes and monkeys and, therefore, standards it can be said that the altruism of human persons evolved from the a are primates. However, the evolutionist cannot satisfactorily argue, with factual Fanos evidence, that the rudiments of moral standards can be observed from the WP hbeiicn primates. Neither can it be scientifically established that the theist view, followed its that man’s obliging himself to avoid evil, refrain from inflicting harm on his fellowman, is a moral principle implanted by God in the hearts of men. But the concept of creation and evolution are not necessarily contradictory. The revelation of the norms of Divine origin could not have been instant, like a happening “in one fell swoop.” It could have happened gradually as man evolved to differ from the other primates. As the evolutionists claim, creation may be conceived as aprocess of evolution. Hence, the biblical story of creation could have happened in billions of years instead of six days. course. 1. Here are two questions: a) Can one eat while praying? b) Can one pray while eating? Which is a moral question? Which is a non-moral question? 2. I did not dress appropriately formally for a formal party. Which did I fail to observe? Moral or non-moral standard?Chapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Standards 1 3. Lady B dressed indecently to expose her body. Which did she violate — moral or non-moral standard? 4, In Fyodor Dostoevsky’s The Brothers Karamasov, Ivan Karamasovone asserted the famous line, “If God does not exist, everything is permitted.” a) How does this relate to our lesson on source of moral standards? Based on this line, what is the source of moral standards? b) The deeper and stronger one’s faith in God is, the deeper and stronger is his/her morality. Is this an implication of this quoted line? c) Using your knowledge of logic, what will be the continuation of Karamasov’s syllogism? KEY TAKEAWAYS Non-moral standards originate from social rules, demands of etiquette and good manners. They are guides of action which should be followed as expected by society. Moral standards are based on the natural law, the consequence of one’s actions and sense of duty. Moral standards are based on natural law, the law of God revealed through human reason or the “ law of God written in the hearts of men.” Moral standards are based on consequences standards. That which leads to a good consequence or result like the greatest good of the greatest number is what is moral. Moral standards are based also on non-consequence standards or sense of duty that you wish would be followed by all. Respect for humanity, treatment of the other as a human person, an act that is moral, springs from a sense of duty, a sense of duty that you wish is wished by all and applies to all human persons. For theists, the origin of moral standards is God who “wrote his law in the heart of every person”, the natural law. For non-theists, the origin of moral standards is the moral frameworks formulated by philosophers like Confucius, Immanuel Kant, Stuart Mill, et al, The evolutionist claims that the sense of moral standards must have evolved with man not something that was implanted in every human person instantly at the moment of creation. Creation as a process may have taken place not only in 6 days as the creationist claims but in billions of years as the evolutionist asserts. For the theists, belief in God strengthens them to be moral.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE ‘) CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING = 1. Distinguish between moral standards and non-moral standards. 2. Does belief in God strengthen a person to be moral? Explain your answer. It is more difficult to do only that which is moral than to do anything you want to do. But you keep on striving to do only that which is moral, anyway. What makes you strive to do only that which is moral even if difficult? Write your reflections.Chapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 3: Moral Dilemmas € uta Moral Dilemmas Intended Learning Outcomes: + Explain moral dilemma as a moral dilemma as a moral experience * Distinguish between a moral dilemma and a false dilemma INTRODUCTION After learning moral and non-moral standards, you must now have an idea of what a moral experience is. When you find yourself in a moral dilemma, you are in for a moral experience. What is a moral dilemma? This is the main focus of this Lesson. i ACTIVITY = Read The Pregnant Lady and the Dynamite, then answer the questions given: A pregnant woman leading a group of five people out of a cave on 2 coast is stuck in the mouth of that cave. In a short time, high tide will be upon them and unless she is unstuck, they will all be drowned except the woman whose head is out of the cave. Fortunately (or unfortunately), someone has with him a stick of dynamite. There seems no way to get the pregnant woman loose without using the dynamite which will inevitably kill her; but if they do not use it everyone else will drown. What should they do? (http://psychopixi.com/author/pixil) {EES | QIVANALYSIS ] : 1. What would you do if you were one of the men? Explain why you decided to act that way? 2. The situation or the experience you went through is a moral dilemma. What then is a moral dilemma? Is finding yourself in a moral dilemma, a moral experience? Why or why not?‘Moral dilemmas are situations where two or ‘more moral values or duties make demands maker, who can ‘only honor one ofthem, and thus wil violate at least one important moral cconcem, no ‘matter what he todo. ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE ABSTRACTION) Meaning of Moral Dilemma A moral dilemma is a problem in the decision-making between two possible options, neither of which is absolutely acceptable from an ethical perspective. It is also referred to as ethical dilemma. The Oxford Dictionary defines ethical dilemma as a “decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. It is sometimes called an ethical paradox in moral philosophy.” (Oxford Dictionary) Based on these definitions, moral dilemmas have the following in common: 1) “the agent is required to do each of two (or more) actions which are morally unacceptable; 2) the agent can do each of the actions; 3) but the agent cannot do both (or all) of the actions. The agent thus seems condemned to moral failure; no matter what she does, she will do something wrong (or fail to do something that she ought to do). This means that moral dilemmas are situations where two or more moral values or duties make demands on the decision-maker, who can only honor one of them, and thus will violate at least one important moral concer, no matter what he or she decides to.do. Moral dilemmas present situations where there is tension between moral values and duties that are more or less on equal footing, The decision-maker has to choose between a wrong and another wrong. The decision-maker is a deadlock. In the case of The Pregnant Lady and the Dynamite, there were two options — use the dynamite and kill the pregnant woman but save the other 5 or don’t use the dynamite and all the 5 will get drowned except the pregnant woman whose head is out. To have a genuine dilemma, one of the conflicting solutions should not override the other. For instance, the requirement to protect others from serious harm overrides the requirement to repay one’s debts by returning a borrowed item when its owner so demands.” Hence,... “i in addition to the features mentioned above, in order to have a genuine moral dilemma it must also be true that neither of the conflicting requirements is overridden” (McConnell, T. 2019). This means that none of the conflicting requirements is solved by the other. The persons involved in the dilemma are in a deadlock. They find themselves in a “damn-if-you-do and damn-if- you-don’t” situation. Another example of a moral dilemma is the story from the Bible about King Herod. On his birthday, his stepdaughter, Salome danced so well in front of him and the guests at his party that he promised to give her anything she wanted. Salome consulted her mother about what sheChapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 3: Moral Dilemmas d wish for, and decided to ask for the head of John the Baptist on a The king now had a choice between honoring the promise to his lsughter, or honoring the life of John the Baptist. And Herod chose to John the Baptist beheaded. ‘The king had inadvertently designed a moral trap for himself, a ma where whatever he decided to do would be morally wrong. ing of a False Dilemma On the other hand, a false dilemma is a situation where the decision- | ‘@ moral duty to do one thing, but is tempted or under pressure D else. A false dilemma is a choice between a right and a or example, a lawyer or an accountant can face an opportunity to interest over the client’s interest. st to Do When Faced with a Moral Dilemma Ultimately, dilemmas are conflicts in the application of moral The question is which moral standards must be followed? In a of emergency, necessity demands no moral law. You have to decide on your best judgment or choose based on the principle of lesser evil ‘greater good or urgency. There are 24 moral dilemmas listed by Pixi’s blog. Refer to 25 Moral Pixi’s Blog (retrieved/http://psychopixi.com/author/pixil) A) ‘APPLICATION —Y Are these cases examples of moral dilemma? Defend your answer. a) Anne is the project manager of a large industrial project in a developing country, run by a Nordic company. On a crucial day for the project, the electricity is suddenly gone from the entire plant. Large quantities of cement are about to congeal in the blenders, and it is crucial to activate them again, quickly. More than a thousand employees are unable to do their work. Anne contacts the local authorities to solve the problem. A bureaucrat turns up at the plant and explains that he can get the electricity back on again very quickly, on the condition that he can bring ten of the company's PCs back to the town hall. There is a desperate shortage of PCs there, and the bureaucrat and his colleagues are therefore unable to do provide adequate service to the local community. Thus, he suggests a trade-off: PCs for electricity. In this manner, Anne and her company can make a significant contribution to the society in which they .. @ false dilemma is a situation where the maker has a ‘moral duty to do one thing, but is tempted or under pressure to do something else.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE operate. Time is of the essence, and Anne has little time to dwell on the alternatives. There is no time to contact top management in her home country to get advice or instructions about what to do. She has to figure this out by herself. If the cement congeals today, it will mean a considerable delay in the project. Several operations will have to be redone, at a high cost, particularly compared to cost of losing ten PCs that can be easily replaced. Anne also has sympathy with the local bureaucrats and the population they are serving. They will probably make very good use of the PCs. On the other hand, if she gives in to blackmail this time, the same may happen again, at other crucial stages of the project. Anne faces a difficult choice. What should she do? Anne wants to honor the moral value of finishing the project on time and within budget, but also the moral value of not giving in to blackmail or corruption. One of these values will have to give way at the expense of the other. There is no harmonious way out, where Anne can say that she has done everything right. b) The Deliberate Infection i Ken is a doctor. One of his patients, whom he has diagnosed as HIV positive, is about to receive a blood transfusion prior to being released from the hospital. He has told Ken, in the confidence of their doctor-patient relationship, that after he gets his transfusion, and his medicine from Ken, he intends to infect as many people as possible with HIV starting that evening. Because Ken is bound by doctor-patient confidentiality, there is no legal way to stop this man from carrying out his plan. Even if Ken warned the police, they would not be able to arrest him, since his medical information is protected. It occurs to Ken that he could contaminate his medication by putting an untraceable poison in it that will kill him before he gets a chance to infect others. Should Ken poison this man in order to prevent him from spreading HIV? (Source: http://psychopixi.com/author/pixil) c) The Unfaithful Wife You are an emergency worker that has just been called to the scene of an accident. When you arrive you see that the car belongs to your wife. Fearing the worst you rush over, only to see she is trapped in her car with another man. He is obviously her lover, with whom she’s been having an affair. You reel back in shock, devastated by what you have just found out. As you step back, the wreck in front of you comes into focus. YouChapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 3: Moral Dilemmas see your wife is seriously hurt and she needs attention straight away. Even if she gets immediate attention there’ a very high chance she'll die, You look at the seat next to her and see her lover. He’ bleeding heavily from a wound in the neck and you need to stem the flow of blood immediately. If you attend to your wife, her lover will bleed to death, and you not be able to save her anyway. If you work on the lover, you can save his life, but your wife will definitely die. Who should you choose to work on? (Source: http://psychopixi. author/pixil) are an English teacher at a high school. One of your pupils is a ‘very bright and gifted girl whom you have always enjoyed teaching. has always achieved A grades throughout her school years, and now in her final year and getting ready to graduate. Unfortunately, has been very ill this term, and missed several weeks of Jing. She has just turned in a report which is worth 40% of her grade, but you realize that she did not write it herself — she has ied a report found online and tried to pass it off as her own work. If you report her plagiarisation to the school authorities, it will entered on her permanent record and she will no longer be eligible attend the prestigious university that she has dreamed of attending ‘all through high school. If you refuse to accept the report, her final will be very poor and may harm her chances of being chosen this university. If you mark the paper as though you believed it her own work, she will do very well, and stand every chance of ing her desired university place. What should you do? _ (Source: http://psychopixi.com/author/pixil) moral dilemmas? Taking credit for others’ work in order to get promoted ‘Manufacturing and distributing fake drugs for profit Offering a client a worse product for bigger profit Utilizing inside knowledge for your own profit = group compose your own moral dilemma.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE | A moral dilemma is a “decision making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is unambiguously acceptable or preferable. A moral dilemma is a situation where a person has the moral obligation to choose between two options both based on moral standards, but he /she cannot choose both, and choosing one means violating the other. In a moral dilemma, one is caught between two options. It is a “damn- if-you-do and damn-if-you-don't situation. One is in a deadlock. False dilemmas are situations where the decision-maker has a moral duty to do one thing, but is tempted or under pressure to do something else. A false dilemma is a choice between a right and a wrong unlike a moral dilemma where both choices are wrong. (0) CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING com a A, Write T if the statement is True and F if is False. 1. A person or persons in a moral dilemma can easily choose which course of action to take. 2. In a moral dilemma, one course of action between two options is obviously immoral while the other choice is moral. 3. A person involved in a moral dilemma can choose both options. 4. Ina moral dilemma, a person has a choice for the good, only that because he/she is tempted he/she ends up choosing that which is not good. 5. In a moral dilemma, a person is torn between two no good options.Chapter I: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 3: Moral Dilemmas. Divergent Roads Do the divergent roads tell what a moral dilemma is? Explain your _aaswer. Wee: is 2 moral dilemma that you have experienced directly or (from reading)? Are you happy with how you addressed the lemma you went through? Or do you agree with how the moral that you read was addressed? Write your reflections.ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE @ ~ a The Three Levels of MO Mey Intended Learning Outcome: * Illustrate the three levels of moral dilemma INTRODUCTION This Lesson reinforces your understanding of moral dilemmas. After understanding the meaning of moral dilemmas, let us now illustrate three levels of moral dilemma. In this Lesson, you are expected to give examples of the levels of moral dilemmas. A research on some significant events in history may help you arrive at a concrete understanding of structural dilemma most especially. ACTIVITY 1. Read the following dilemmas: 1) The mission of Catholic School A is to serve the poor by giving quality education. It is torn between the obligation to charge low tuition to help the poor and to pay better salaries to keep quality teachers. 2) Heinz’s wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. Doctors said a new drug might save her. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug, and this was much more than the Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist’s laboratory and stole the drug.Chapter |: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 4: The Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas. A principal ought to welcome and encourage parents and community participation in school affairs. Based on her experience, parents and community are passive and so the principal always ends up deciding and doing things just the same. She is obliged to observe parents’ and community participation which do not give any input at all at the same time she is obliged to accomplish things on time. 2. Among the 3 dilemmas, which is an example of an individual dilemma? organizational dilemma? structural dilemma? 3. How do the 3 dilemmas differ? dual This refers to personal dilemmas. It is an individual’s damn-if- _you-do-and-damn-if-you-don’t situation. The case of Heinz as given in the Activity phase of the lesson is ‘one of the best known individual dilemma’s of Kohlberg’s (1958). Kohlberg’s dilemma questions were as follows: “Should Heinz ‘have stolen the drug.” (Mackinnon, B., etal 2015) If he did not steal the drug that would mean his wife’s death. He was tom between stealing the drug and saving his wife. The dilemma is faced by an individual who is torn between 2 obligations — to save the wife or obey ‘the law. So this an example of an individual dilemma. An organizational dilemma is a puzzle posed by the dual ‘Becessities of a social organization and members’ self-interest. It may | exist between personal interests and organizational welfare or between _ Soup interests and organizational well-being... (Wagner, J. 2019) The example of the Catholic school in the Activity phase of the fesson shows the dilemma between the goal of the school to give “quality education for the poor and so must charge the lowest tuition fee possible and yet to keep quality faculty the school must raise their 21 dilemma is an individual's it-you-don't situation,organizational dilemma exists between interests and organizational welfare or between individual groups’ interests and organizational well-being. governments and schools have likewise become more and so it becomes more difficult to integrate. them for a unified ETHICS: LIFE AS IT OUGHT TO BE salary and consequently, must raise tuition. Organizational dilemmas may likewise occur in business, medical, and public sector. The following hypothetical case highlights the story of Mr. Brown, a 74-year old man who is seriously ill of metastatic lung cancer. Mr. Brown completed a full course of radiation therapy as well as chemotherapy for treatment of his cancer, and he is now hospitalized with severe shortness of breath and pneumonia. His physician has managed the symptoms associated with the lung disease, including chest pain, fever, infection, and respiratory distress, but believes that there are no other options available to aggressively treat the underlying cancer... Both Mr. Brown and his wife clearly state that they ‘want everything done.” The dilemma here lies in the conflicting concerns: ’a) the financial problems of Mr. Brown and his wife, b) the hospital concer of focusing its attention on this hopeless patient when there are other cases which have still possible remedies, c) the other hospital patient’s concern, particularly their need of the medicine used by Mr. Brown, ¢) the concern of the medical staff, et al. between various groupings in an organization. C. Structural 3 The case of the principal whether to be participatory or non- participatory in school affairs but due to her not so favorable experience of attempting to be participatory ended up to one-woman rule is an example of a structural dilemma. Below are more examples of structural dilemma. Differentiation Versus Integration in Structural Dilemma Different divisions have their own different culture and so coordination between divisions or bringing them together for becomes more difficult. With decentralization, local governments have become more empowered to direct their affairs just as schools have become empowered to address their problems or are given opportunity to localize the given curriculum, In effect, local governments and schools have likewise become more differentiated and so it becomes more difficult to integrate them for a unified structure. Local governance and schools curricula have become more complex. There is need for more costly coordinationstrategies. Any attempt to introduce reform in society or government creates structural dilemma. For instance, promoting or introducing universal ‘bealth care, which is tantamount to socialized health care, gives rise to = structural dilemma, that is, a conflict of perspective of sectors, groups ‘and institutions that may be affected by the decision. Why would ‘those who contribute less to the social fund enjoy the same benefits ‘5 those who contributed big amounts of premium? In a study on the Prices of medicines in the Phi ines, it was established that “patients are buying medicines from the private sector at many times their ‘imternational reference price” (Ateneo de Manila University 2019). If the government intervenes by introducing price control, the drug stores ‘may lose so much that they may close shop. If the government does mot do anything at all, the patients continue to suffer because they ‘may not be able to afford the high prices of medicines. ‘Gap Versus Overlap There may be gaps and overlaps in roles and responsibilities. ‘If key responsibilities are not clearly assigned, there may be gaps ‘ef overlaps in important tasks. If there are gaps, organizations end =p with no one doing the responsibility. If there are overlaps, things ‘become unclear and may lead to more confusion and even conflict and worse wasted effort and perhaps even resources because of the ‘wmintended overlap. Here is an example. A patient in a teaching hospital called her ‘busband to report how disturbed she is and how sleepless she was Goring the night. At night, she couldn’t sleep because hospital staff Kept waking her up, often to repeat what someone else had already done. This is an overlap of nurse duty. Conversely, when she wanted something, her call button rarely produced any response. This is a gap. There is a gap as to who according to rule is supposed to respond to the buzzer. (www. i iew.org/contenv/default.asp? Arti IDs28# To illustrate further the consequence of gap and overlap, here is = story to show what happens when there is a gap or overlap. A boy ‘wanted his pants shorter. So he went to his mother to ask him to shorten %& His mother was busy computing grades and told her son to ask his to do it. His sister was busy reviewing for the final exams and her brother to ask their elder brother to do it. But his older ‘rother was also busy with his school project and so could not also ‘gttend to it. The boy highly frustrated went to sleep. His pants were Chapter I: Understanding Morality and Moral Standards Lesson 4: The Three Levels of Moral Dilemmas 23 A structural dilemma is a conflict of of sectors, groups and that may be affected by the decision. There may be gaps and overlaps in roles and Ifkey are not clearly assigned, there may be gaps or overlaps in important