PPG

POLITICAL IDEOLOGY – set of ideas, beliefs. Values, and opinions.

POLITICAL SPECTRUM

LEFT (TOTAL FREEDOM)

 Freedom, equality, fraternity, rights, progress, reform, internationalism[‘’’’’’’’’’’’’’’

 Anarchism, Communism, Socialism, Liberalism

CENTER( MODERATE)

RIGHT(TOTAL CONTROL)

 Notions such as authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction, nationalism

 Conservatism, Monarchism, Nazism, Fascism

LIBERALISM

 Building blocks of democracies

 Latin word “liber” means” class of freemen”
 Response to breakdown of feudalism in Europe: Divine of Kings and Absolute
Monarchy

PRINCIPLES OF LIBERALISM

INDIVIDUALISM –, capable of making own choices

FREEDOM – pursuit of his/her own interest, wants, and needs outside of any external
force.

REASON- thinking nature, capable of discerning his/her aspirations and best interest.

JUSTICE- fairness and equality

TOLERATION- allows difference without conflicts, it exercise their freedoms that will
allow them to develop as moral beings.

CONSERVATISM

 Resistance to change
 Importance of maintaining traditional values
 Latin word conservare means “protect to preserve”
 Highlights customs and conventions
  Based on an attempt to conserve the political, social and economic practices that
are beneficial to the nation.

FORMS OF CONSERVATISM

Libertarian Conservatism- enforcement of business, regulations, corporate subsidies

and other form of intervention

Social Conservatism- government intervention is necessary in promoting traditional

values and behavior.

Cultural Conservatism- importance of preserving a cultural identity (values, beliefs and

norms)

Religious Conservatism- ways to preserve religious traditions and beliefs.

SOCIALIS AND COMMUNISM

 Essentially economic philosophies advocating public.

 Means of production and exchange of goods.
 Fix problem created by free market capitalist system

KARL MARX

 German political philosopher and economist, revolutionist

THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO

 With collaborator Friedrich Engels, Marx published “The Communist

Manifesto”
 Criticizing earlier socialist models as utterly unrealistic utopian.
 Under communism, there’s no such thing as private property.
 All property is communally owned.

SOCIALISM

 Collectively owns and controls the means of production(machinaries, land,

transportation.
 Nations wealth is equitably distributed.
 Person is not just a mere individual.

PRINCIPLES OF SOCIALISM

Social Equality- eliminating unfair treatment

Community- shapes identity

 Cooperation- good of the community

Social Class- narrow gap between social classes

Common ownership- resolves competition

VARIATIONS OF SOCIALISM

Democratic Socialism

 To reform
 For government positions

]Communism

 Seeks revolution
 Completely change the structure of government

COMMUNISM

 Rooted in socialist ideology

 Defined by “Rejection of private property and clear preference for common or
collective ownership”
 Complete abolition of private property

Marxist Communism

 Bourgeoisie:private owners of the mean of production (capitalist)

 Proletariat: laborers suffer alienation and exploitation from capitalist.
 Necessary to Proletariat to dismantle the bourgeoisie

Soviet Communism

 Also known as Marxism-Leninism

 Pioneered by Vlaidimir Lenin
 Concept of vanguard party, lead proletariat into class consciousness

Chinese Communism

 Mao Zedong
 Concept of revolution
 POPULISM

 Essentially contested concept in academic debates.

 Adopt a “minimal definition” where populism is argued to comprise three
features( attacking the elite, defending the interest of common people,
proclaiming popular sovereignty as the only legitimate source of political power.
 Making minimal definition, authors able to compare expressions of populism in
America and Europe.
 Thin centered ideology, considers society to be ultimately separated into two
homogeneous and antagonistic camps, the pure versus the corrupt elite.
 Volante Generate (GENERAL WILL)
CORE CONCEPTS
The people
 ambigious but central concept to populism
 vision of populism cannot be realized without an appeal to the people.

The elite

 favor interest that are contrary to the people genuine wants and needs
 elites pursue their self serving interest to the detriment of the people.
The general will
 capacity of people to join together into a community and legistate to enfore their
common interest.
 Populist claim to be “one” with the people appealing to the general will.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE, ELITE, GENERAL WILL

 There’s persistent conflict between the people and elite.

 Elite dominance over politics, economic and society sabotages the genuine
exercise of the people’s general will
 Populist takes advantage of the hostile situation by claiming to be “one within the
people.
THE POPULIST LEADER
 Defining feature of populism is it reliance on strong leader.
 Voice of the people
 Charismatic strongmen
 Key element is the charisma, central to one’s appeal is the exploition of political
and econic crises
  Charismatic strongmen appeals to people struggles by presenting oneself.
 Rule of charismatic strongmen make populism episodic

FEMINISM

 Advocates for women political, econic, personal, cultural and social rights in
the spirit of equality.

WOMEN

 are disadvantaged.Disadvantage are not biological but societal.

 Weaker sex

DIVISIONS OF FEMINISM

Liberal Feminism

 men and women are of equal worth.

 Equal access to politics, education
 Against confinement of women in the domestic life
 Not seek to completely the existing order.

Socialist Feminism

 Root of inequality
 Inequality exist in the way society and economy themselves are structured
 Oppression of women stems from men’s ownership of property resulting in
economic dependence
 To narrow the gap between social and economic classes.

Radical Feminism-

 oppression of women does not occur in political and economic sphere.It exist in
aspect of social experiences.
 Gender and sexual oppression are rhe most profound social and political issue.
 Patriarchal system perpetuates oppression and must be overthrown.