Lecture Notes

on
Measurements
Chap.4:Torque and Power measurements
by

 Professor Dr. Ahmed Sayed Hassan

 Office: 2st Floor of the Arts and Humanities Building
 E-mail: ashassan7@yahoo.com
 Mobile: 0552028379
 Professor of Turbomachinery,
 Mech. Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Jazan University, Jazan, KSA
 Dynamometer
Torque: is the amount of force required to rotate an object
around an axis.
▪ A measurement of torque is required for most motor vehicles
and any other machine that uses an axis and rotating parts.
• A dynamometer or " for short, is a device for measuring force,
moment of force ( or power For example, the power produced
by an engine or motor.
• so that its instantaneous power may be calculated, and
usually displayed by the dynamometer itself as kW or bhp.
➢ A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and
power required to operate a driven machine such as a pump
In that case, a motoring or driving dynamometer is used.
❑ A motoring dynamometer acts as a motor that drives the
equipment under test It must be able to drive the equipment at
any speed and develop any level of torque that the test
requires.
▪ The Prony Brake is a simple
device invented by Gaspard de
Prony in 1821 to measure the torque
produced by an engine
▪ The term "brake horsepower" is
one measurement of power
▪ Power is calculated by multiplying
torque by rotational speed
➢ A strain gauge converts torque into an electrical signal.
➢ The sensor is bonded to a rotating shaft that deforms when a
torque is applied.
➢ Generally, four strain gauges are attached to the rotating shaft
in the form of a Wheatstone bridge circuit.
➢ They are placed precisely at 45 degrees with the shaft axis.
➢ When torque is applied to the shaft, the shaft gets twisted to
the direction of rotation, thereby producing shear strain.
➢ This results in an unbalanced bridge, which produces an
electrical output corresponding to the applied torque.
Two black and white striped wheels are
mounted at either end of the rotating
shaft and are in alignment when no torque
is applied to the shaft.

▪ Light from a laser diode light source is directed onto the wheels
• The rotation of the wheels causes pulses of reflected light,
which are transmitted back to a receiver
• Under zero torque conditions, the two pulse trains of reflected
light are in phase with each other
• If torque is now applied to the shaft, the reflected light is
modulated
Temperature measurement

Based on contact type

1. Thermometer.
2. Bimetallic strip.
3. Thermocouple.
4. Liquid in glass thermometer.
5. Resistance Temperature detector.
6. Thermistors
Based on the non contact type
1 .Radiation type pyrometer.
2.Optical pyrometer.
3.Fibre optic pyrometer.
Thermocouple
• The thermocouple is a device that converts
thermal energy into electrical energy
• Thermocouple are very simple and durable
temperature sensors
• Thermocouples are based on the Seebeck
effect, i e a small thermoelectric current is
generated when two different metal wires are put
into contact at both ends with their junctions
having a different temperature
• Thermocouple uses of dissimilar metals to
generates a voltage proportional to the
temperature
The e.m.f produced by the thermocouple loop is
approximately given by:

𝛼 is the Seebeck coefficient of a material

The value for α is dependent on the types of
material at the junction.
Pyrometer: also is known as an Infrared thermometer or
Radiation thermometer or non contact thermometer used to
detect the temperature of an object s surface temperature,
which depends on the radiation (infrared or visible) emitted
from the object.
Most pyrometers work by measuring radiation from the body
whose temperature is to be measured In an elementary
radiation pyrometer, the radiation from the hot object is
focused onto a thermopile, thermopile,(a collection of
thermocouples) which generates an electrical voltage that
depends on the intercepted radiation
Types of pyrometer
1.Total radiation pyrometer.
2. Infrared pyrometer.
3. Optical radiation pyrometer.
Radiation pyrometer
Advantages
• It is non-contact type device.
• It gives a very quick response.
• High temperature measurement can be accomplished.
Disadvantages
• Errors in temperature measurement are possible due to
emission of radiations to the atmosphere.
 Thank You
and
see you in the next
lecture
Inshaa ALLAH