NAME\ Abdulrahman Ali Hamad Adawi.

ID\202100816.
Course\Mechanical measurement.
INESTRUCTOR\ prof. Dr. Ahmed Syed Hassan.
MEASURMENTS
 Introduction
Measurement is an essential process in scientific
research, engineering, and various industrial
applications. It involves quantifying physical quantities,
properties, or characteristics of objects or phenomena.
Accurate and precise measurements are crucial for
obtaining reliable data, evaluating performance, and
facilitating decision-making processes.

Principles of Measurement:
The principles of measurement encompass accuracy,
precision, resolution, and traceability. Accuracy refers to
the closeness of a measured value to its true value,
while precision relates to the consistency and
repeatability of measurements. Resolution refers to the
smallest detectable change in a measured quantity, and
traceability ensures measurements are linked to
.internationally recognized standards.

Types of Errors:
• Systematic errors.
• Random errors.
• Negligent errors.
Common Measurement Techniques:

❖Direct Measurement:
This involves direct observation or counting of a physical
quantity, such as length or time.

❖Indirect Measurement:
In this technique, measurements are obtained through
mathematical or physical relationships. For example,
measuring temperature indirectly through the expansion
of a liquid or gas.

❖Comparative Measurement:
This technique compares an unknown quantity with a
known reference standard to determine its value.

❖Null Measurement:
A null measurement balances two opposing quantities
to determine the value of the measured parameter.
Torque Meter:
By definition, torque meter is a type of transducer,
specifically a torque transducer that converts a torque
measurement (reaction, dynamic or rotary) into another
physical variable, in this case, into an electrical signal that
can be measured, converted, and standardized. As the
torque applied to the sensor increases, the electrical
output signal changes proportionally (torque detector).

types of Torque Meter:

❖ rotary torque sensor:

measures rotational torque (dynamic torque sensor).

❖ reaction torque sensors:

reaction sensor measures stationary torque (static or non-

rotational)
Applications for Torque Meter:

• torque measurement is used for quality control

processes.

• ensuring proper fastening of components and

preventing failures or malfunctions.

Borescope:
This is an optical device used to view invisible and hard-
to-see areas. Reliable and accurate results can be
obtained to see the reactions inside a wall or tunnel for
example.
 Types of borescope /Videoscope:
• Video borescope.
• Waterproof borescope.
• Wireless plumbing videoscope.

Applications of borescope:
• Parts of aircraft.
• Turbines.
• Test of Generators.
• burrs and surface finish.
• Electrical tests

Hygrometer:

A hygrometer is a specially designed apparatus

that calculates relative humidity in an open or
enclosed area. The term hygrometer is formulated
from the Greek word ‘Hygros’, which means moist or
wet.
Types of Hygrometer:

• Mechanical Hygrometer.

• Electrical Hygrometer.
• Dew-point Hygrometer.
• Psychrometer.

Applications of Hygrometer:
• Hospitals.
• Museums.
• agricultural fields.
• food preservation.
• Meteorology.
Transducer:

A transducer is an electronic device that converts

energy from one form to another.it is used to
determine the exact magnitude of physical forces
such as temperature and pressure is difficult.

Types of Transducers:
• Input Transducer.
• Output Transducer.

Applications of Transducer:
• A transducer measures load on the engines.
• Transducers are used in an ultrasound machine.
• The transducers in a speaker convert electrical
signals into acoustic sound.
Venturi meter:
Venturi meter is a type of flowmeter that works on the
principle of Bernoulli’s Equation. This device is widely
used in the water, chemical, pharmaceutical, and oil &
gas industries to measure the flow rates of fluids inside
a pipe.

Venturi meter Diagram and Parts:

• Cylindrical Inlet Section.
• Conical convergent Section.
• Cylindrical throat.
• Conical divergent outlet.
Types of Venturi meters:
• Horizontal Venturi meter.

• Vertical Venturi meter.

• Inclined Venturi meter.

Applications of Venturi meter:
• Water treatment plant.
• Chemical processing.
• Oil and gas industry.
• Power Generation systems.

Advantages of Venturi meter:

• They provide accurate results.
• No moving part.
• Very low energy loss.
• Very little chance of being clogged.

Disadvantages of Venturi meter:

• Limited range of flow measurement.
• Not suitable for very small diameter pipes.
• Expensive as compared to other types of
flowmeters.
Rotameter:
A rotameter is a device that measures the flow of fluid
volume per unit of time in a closed tube. There are
several types of rotameter applications, including
chemical injection/dosing and tank blanketing.
Types of Rotameters:

Fig.1 fig.2 fig.3

fig.4 fig.5
Applications of rotameter:
• Rotameters are used in different industries.
• Used in laboratories.
• Process and oil industries.
• Used in the medical field for measurement of
oxygen flow rate.
• This is used where low pressure is necessary.

Rotameter Construction:
The rotameter construction can be done by using
different components like transparent tube, scale,
float, and transmitter.
Pitot Tube:

A pitot tube or a pitot probe is a flow

measurement appliance used to calculate
the fluid flow velocity. French engineer Henri
Pitot invented the pitot tube in the early 18th
century. In the mid-19th century, French
scientist Henry Darcy altered it to its modern
form.
Pitot Tube Construction and Working:
A pitot tube consists of two hollow tubes that
measure pressure at various places within the pipe.
One tube gauges the impact or stagnation
pressure, and the other tube measures only the
static pressure, usually at the pipe wall. These
hollow tubes can be mounted separately in a pipe
or installed together in one casing as a single
device.
Pitot Tube Application:

• The pitot tube is used in utility streams.

• It is used in the air duct and pipe system.
• It is used in aircraft to measure airflow
velocity.

Pitot Tube Advantages:

• Permanent pressure loss is low.

• It is economical.
• Pitot tube can be easily installed on an
existing system.

Pitot Tube Disadvantages:

• Less accurate.
• Low range.
Conclusion:
Measurements and instruments play a vital role in
numerous scientific, engineering, and industrial
applications. Understanding the principles of
measurement and utilizing appropriate instruments are
crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable data.
Advancements in measurement technologies continue
to drive progress across various fields, facilitating new
discoveries and improving industrial processes.
References:
https://www.futek.com/torque-meter
https://www.mrclab.com/best-measuring-instruments-
for-industry
https://www.acrn.fr/en/product-category/torque-
measurement
/https://byjus.com/physics/hygrometer
/https://whatispiping.com/venturi-meter
https://www.iqsdirectory.com/articles/flow-
meter/rotameters.html
/https://www.elprocus.com/rotameter
https://cegroup-lb.com/product/extech-br100-video-
borescope-inspection-camera/
https://catalog.hydac.com/viewitems/pressure-
transducers/hda-47xx-hazardous-rated-pressure-
transducer
https://byjus.com/physics/hygrometer/
/https://byjus.com/physics/pitot-tube
https://www.keyence.com/ss/products/measure-
sys/measurement-selection/basic/error.jsp