Chapter 1 To Curriculum Vitae

City of Muntinlupa
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

University Road, NBP Reservation, Brgy.Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
Bachelor of Arts in Communication
College of Arts and Sciences
Chapter I
The Problem and It’s Background
Introduction
The term "domestic violence" refers to violent crimes, whether felonies or
misdemeanors, committed against an adult or young victim who is protected from that
harm by a current or former spouse or intimate partner, a person with whom the victim
shares a child, a person who is cohabiting with the victim or has done so as a spouse or
intimate partner, a person in a situation like that person, a person receiving grant money,
or by any other person. (Sacco, 2019)
Men are conditioned to start domestic violence from the beginning. The
world has forgotten and was unable to voice the worry from the side of the males while
the fight for domestically abused women continues to live on in society. Discussions of
domestic violence frequently center on women. Domestic violence is frequently
believed to be committed by men. However, as a result of socioeconomic changes that
have an impact on family dynamics, males have started to experience this crime as well
in recent years. Males may also be the targets of verbal, physical, emotional,
psychological, and sexual abuse. Men suffer in silence as a result of their inability to
acknowledge these damaging habits. Furthermore, many male victims of violence do
not receive justice for their circumstances in the family and community because the
legislation in the culture favors female victims of violence. (Deshpande, 2019)
Male domestic abuse has been widespread for a long time. Men have
historically been associated with strength. the notion that they are strong or macho
enough to bear abuse on all fronts, including physical, emotional, psychological, and
sexual. But few people are aware of the true extent of these men's suffering. Because
violence can affect both men and women, it is not solely a problem for women and
children. According to statistics, males have comparable experiences all over the world.
(Pfeifer, 2020)
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Background of the Study
Every year, according to data from the Office for National Statistics,
757,000 males—or one in every three victims of domestic violence—are men (1.561m
women). In their lifetime, one in 6-7 men and one in four women may experience
domestic abuse. Of the domestic abuse cases that the police have documented, 26%
were committed against men. This comes out to about 155,000 offenses a year. In a
study by SafeLives data, just 4.4% of domestic abuse victims receiving assistance from
local domestic services are men. This demonstrates how few men receive assistance
from neighborhood domestic abuse agencies. The charity noticed a 25% rise in calls to
its helpline and a 75% increase in website views during the pandemic. In comparison
to female victims (19%), half of male victims (49%) fail to disclose their abuser status
to anybody. They are also 2.5 times less likely to do so. 7.2% of women and 11% of
male victims of partner abuse had considered suicide. During the pandemic, the
organization received more calls about suicidal intentions. A spouse or ex-partner killed
12 males on average annually over the past five years (April 2015 to March 20). (The
ManKind Initiative, 2022)
In the current study pertaining to gender-based violence, it is said that 52.4%

of men experienced it. They faced violence from their wives or intimate partners in
51.5% of cases out of 1000, with 10.5% of those incidents occurring in the previous 12
months. Along with women, men also experience gender-based violence. This
necessitates further research on gender-based violence against men in India as well as
the required action. (Malik & Nadda, 2019) Intimate partner violence is one of the main
threats to women's health worldwide, as stated by the World Health Organization
(WHO). Men can also be victims of domestic abuse, and like female victims, they often
first go to a family doctor or an emergency hospital with their injuries. The studies
found by the search revealed prevalence rates of domestic physical violence against
men ranging from 3.4% to 20.3%. Most of the impacted men had themselves been
violent toward their partners. 10.4–60% of them claimed to have experienced abuse or
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neglect as kids. Being a victim of domestic violence is more likely if they are abusing
alcohol, are envious, suffer from a mental disease, are physically impaired, or have only
recently started dating someone. Most minor physical injuries, deteriorated physical
health, mental health issues like anxiety or a disruptive disorder, and increased alcohol
and/or illegal drug use are among the reported effects of violence. There has not been
much research done yet on the prevalence of violence against men and its risk factors.
It would be ideal if preventative measures were developed further and the affected men
were given further assistance. (V Kolbe & Büttner, 2020)
The patriarchal system in the Philippines establishes the norms for gender
roles in society, which makes it difficult for male victims to be present in intimate
partnerships. Therefore, it is “considered” impossible for males to be victims and
women to be aggressors in an intimate partner relationship. In addition, social
institutions including hospitals, the police, and local government agencies prioritize
protecting women and children who are the victims of domestic abuse. This disregards
the notion that men could become spousal abuse victims. (Junio, n.d.) One in five men
in the Philippines, between the ages of 15 and 49, has been the victim of domestic
abuse. Pertaining to police records, 1,078 acts of violence against men were registered
in 2015, up from 2,224 the year before. Given the prevalence of male violence as
indicated by the previous findings, establishing laws against male domestic violence
seems feasible. Furthermore, by passing such legislation, the State will safeguard
community peace by reducing male domestic violence. It is recommended that a law
against male domestic abuse be passed in order to reduce the number of mistreated
partners and benefit the neighborhood. The government must establish clinics for
rehabilitation for victims of male domestic abuse. Legal and social support must come
from society. (Casibua, 2018) Male victims of abuse are largely ignored in data and
statistical reports in the nation on domestic violence as a result of their
invisibilities..(Junio, et al., 2014).
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Theoretical Framework
Symbolic Interactionism
George Herbert Mead defined in the late 1920’s, the theory contends that
communication and symbolic interaction shape peoples' thinking, sense of self, and
social environment. The Mind, Self, and Society book, which presents his thesis,
explains how language is crucial for the development of these three important human
characteristics. (Griffin, 2012) In simple terms, people in society understand their
social worlds through communication through the exchange of meaning through
language and symbols. (Nickerson, 2021)
Hence, this theory will be utilized by the researcher, in analyzing how the view
and symbolism of domestic violence against men affects the perception of the 4th year
BA Communication students in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa.
Cultivation theory
Cultivation theory was developed in 1969 by communication researcher

George Gerbner to explain how mass media, particularly television, impacts individuals
over time. Gerbner suggested that television broadcasts homogenous messages
concerning topics like as crime and violence, and that TV viewers, particularly regular
TV watchers, gradually embrace a common concept of social reality as a result of the
messages they get on television. (Vinney, 2022)
Therefore, this theory is to be utilized by the researcher, in understanding as

to how the perceived ideals of the society, contributes to how they view men and in
return, will help the researcher explain why the society tends to overlook the societal
issue of domestic abuse against men.
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Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1.What is the
demographic profile of
the respondents in
Convenience
terms of: Age & Sampling Lalake Ka:
Gender? Perceived
2. What are the Interviews Struggles Among
perceptions of BA Via the BA
Communication 4th structured Communication
year from Pamantasan 4th year students
ng Lungsod ng questionnaire of Pamantasan ng
Muntinlupa towards Data Gathering via
the struggles of men Lungsod ng
printed survey Muntinlupa
victims of domestic
questionnaire. pertaining to the
abuse?
3. How do these Domestic Violence
perceptions of Statistical against Men as
struggles of the men Treatment via: Basis for a
victims of domestic Frequency of Facebook page for
abuse, affect the BA percentage, awareness
Communication 4th Arithmetic Mean & campaign entitled
year from Pamantasan Weighted Mean “Kinaiya”
ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa? Analysis of data
4. Based on the via: & Likert Scale
findings, what
research output may
be proposed?
Figure 1
The diagram shows the relationship of the variables of the study. The left side shows the input
model which contains the key questions/guide needed to be answered by this study, proceeding
with the process model which contains the methods to be done in order to answer the key
questions in the input, and lastly is the output of the research which is the data containing the
Facebook campaign for online awareness regarding men victims of domestic abuse, called
“Kinaiya”
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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to understand the perception of 4th year BA Communication

students from the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa towards the men
victims of domestic violence.
In such, the researcher seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What are the traits of the responders in terms of:
a) Age
b) Gender
2. What are the perceptions of BA Communication 4th year from Pamantasan
ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa towards the struggles of men victims of domestic
abuse?
3. How do these perceptions of struggles of the men victims of domestic abuse,

affect the BA Communication 4th year from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa?
4. Based on the findings, what research output may be proposed?
Scope and Limitation
This study is focused on the understanding the perspectives of the perceptions

of BA Communication 4th year students from PLMUN, from the struggles of those
men being victims of domestic abuse. It aims to identify the understanding of the
mentioned respondents from the issue of domestic violence against men.
Hence, this study is limited only to their first-hand perspectives relating to the
topic of the paper and will not include other matters.
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Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
H0: The 4th year BA Communication students, does not perceive the struggles
of the men victims of domestic violence.
Alternative Hypothesis
H1: The 4th year BA Communication students, perceive the struggles of the men
victims of domestic violence.
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Significance of the Study
The study's findings were utilized to create a project proposal that can
be used as a useful reference for more relevant projects like as the “Kinaiya – Online
Campaign creating awareness about men victims of domestic violence,” Interventions
and other support programs will be developed particularly for PLMUN's 4th year BA
Communication students. The findings are beneficial in resolving issues connected to
understanding the hardships of males who have been victims of domestic abuse. With
the results of this study, the students of 4th year BA Comm, will surely learn that
domestic abuse will never be only up for the discussion on the women and children but
hence, there are men who suffers in silence and are needed to be recognized by the
society, is the first step through this study. Facebook will be the platform for the said
awareness project because (1) the target audiences are 4th year BA Communication
students that are mostly aged from 20 -25 and 26 -30 years old, which according to
datareportal.com, belong to the age percentages of 21.5 % (426.8 million) and 30 %
(596.8 million) of Facebook users around the world, then (2) Philippines is ranked 6th
among all countries in the world, in having the total of 80.3 million active Facebook
users. Next (3) 98.5 % of active Facebook users, access the platform using mobile
phone, which is aligns with intention of the “Kinaiya” project, that is to be very
accessible to the target respondents and to the society. Lastly (4) Marketers in Facebook
had stated that way back in January 2023, an ad or post can potentially reach an
audience of 1.983 billion, which is a good reason to put the “Kinaiya” project on the
said platform, since the first goal of this project is to create an awareness, and to be able
to create awareness, the researcher needs a huge amount of potential audience reach.
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This study will benefit the following:
Communication Students and Practitioners –
This study benefited both communication practitioners and students in

understanding the forgotten side of domestic abuse victims. This research could
open doors for students and practitioners to promote gender equity in terms of
domestic abuse and awareness towards the said societal issue.
Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Abilities Manual (ERPAT) –
The purpose of this paper and the goal of the said program is aligned; hence
both wanted the men to live an improved version of their past lives. The study
benefited the ERPAT program in giving awareness upon the seemingly
neglected societal issue, that is the domestic abuse against men thus helping the
said organization improve their programs and widen their scope in order to help
more men.
Future Researchers-
This study benefited future researchers as they may come up with a more in-
depth study with similar cases and provide further knowledge on the context of
in their homes, men can also become the targets of domestic violence.
Gender and development office of Muntinlupa –
This study helped the Gender and Development offices of Muntinlupa to track
progress of gender related responses and actions related to domestic violence in
the said city.
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa –
This academic paper gave way for the university to recognize that such abuse
does happen towards men and perhaps can establish events or campaign that
advocates awareness upon the emerging societal issue of domestic abuse against
men.
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Definition of terms
For better understanding and clarity, the following terms used in this study are hereby
defined operationally:
Convenience Sampling. It’s a technique that is utilized by the researcher wherein

respondents are selected due to them being easily accessible for the researcher.
Cultivation Theory. A theory where in the common messages prompted by TV,

distorts people’s perception of social reality.
Domestic Violence. In this study, it’s a term used to define violent acts of spouses or
intimate partners towards their husbands/wives inside their homes.
Kinaiya. It’s a Filipino term that expresses someone's inner character. These qualities
or attributes are what distinguishes them.
Likert Scale. Is a scale used by the researcher in order to create verbal interpretations
on the values being tallied in each statement from the surveyed questionnaire.
Patriarchal System. This is a system where in the father or the men of the family are
viewed as the higher order compared to the women of the family or the mother of the
family.
Perception. It’s the way how a person sees’ a subject/object.
Structured questionnaire. This is a group of questions that are uniformly worded and
are arranged according to a fixed plan. It is used to collect data from respondents.
Symbolic Interactionism. This a theory where people give meaning to their perceived
symbols from how they interact.
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Meanwhile, the following acronyms are spelled out for better understanding:
ERPAT. This refers to the Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Abilities
Training
GAD. This refers to the Gender and Development office.
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Chapter II
Review Of Related Literature
This chapter will present the different related literature and studies after a very
in-depth search done by the researcher. This chapter will also present the
synthesis in order to give a better understanding of the study.
Review of Related Literature
Foreign Literature
Alsawalqa (2021) revealed that the main reasons why wives mistreat their
husbands include traditional beliefs, money waste, interference from the wives' families
in the couple's marital issues, and ignoring the home, children, attractiveness, and
personal cleanliness. To better comprehend the nature of abuse against males, offer
them resources and support, lessen the occurrence of domestic abuse, and safeguard
Jordanian families, new perspectives on domestic abuse must be established.
Domestic abuse can also affect men. According to the research uncovered by
the search, rates of domestic physical abuse against men ranged from 3.4% to 20.3%.
Most of the affected men had acted violently toward their partners. 10.6–60% of them
admitted to having been the victims of abuse or neglect as children. Research on the
prevalence of violence against men and its risk factors is still lacking. It would be
wonderful if prevention measures were improved upon and the impacted men received
additional support. (V Kolbe et al., 2020)
Dim & Lysova (2021) demonstrated the difficulties in contacting the

police for assistance and unfavorable experiences with the police response were found
to be the two main themes about the police response.. Themes that emerged from the
contacts between the male victims and the court related to: (1) female partners
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abusing the legal and administrative systems, including defamatory charges and
manipulation of child custody; and (2) a general bias against men in the courtroom.
This study highlights the need for criminal justice systems to develop more inclusive
tactics to assist male IPA victims as well as the necessity for law enforcement
personnel to be aware of the experiences and perspectives that male victims have of
the criminal justice system.
According to Park et al., (2020) the purpose of this research is to

investigate men's IPV experiences in the context of Korean culture, which is marked
by strong gender norms that may obstruct efforts to understand how men are
victimized. Giorgi's phenomenological technique was used to study the transcriptions
qualitatively. The data indicated six themes in total: (a) living with violence, (b)
enduring the violent relationship, (c) feeling powerless, (d) terminating the
relationship, (e) suffering from trauma, and (f) perceptions of male victimization in
society. Our findings are significant because they show how masculinity in one
society shapes the ideas, feelings, attitudes, and behaviors of male victims. These
findings can be utilized to customize outreach efforts and interventions to Korean
men's specific experiences.
It is stated by Sousa (2022) that it is important to recognize that although

males are frequently the perpetrators of the patriarchal breakdown, some men are also
the victims of the violence in a society that is still primarily patriarchal. The most
crucial thing to comprehend is that men and women differ from one another in order
to strike a balance and fill the emptiness in relationships; one should not expect either
men or women to behave in a certain way. With practice and patience, both men and
women can gain the qualities they lack. Accepting, valuing, and balancing diversity
are all aspects of equality. To the good of society, the patriarchal chains must be
broken. They must also address the requirements of men's mental health and move
beyond the rigid concept of masculinity.
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Local Literature
As reported by Jimenez (2021), male violence or domestic abuse against

men is a real thing. In addition to the conventional gender role-playing, there are other
elements that in many cultures, such as the Philippines, tend to weaken or even make
the topic taboo. Domestic violence against men has the potential to gravely jeopardize
lives in addition to resulting in psychological and physical harm. It is impossible to
overstate the significant impacts of "emotional abuse," "controlling behavior," and
"psychological abuse," and these issues must be addressed in the Philippines.
Domestic abuse against males can seriously endanger lives in addition to hurting them
physically and psychologically. Finally, it is important to note that the State is
required by the equal protection clause to recognize the necessity of shielding all
family members and relationships, regardless of gender and sexuality, from violence
and other threats to their safety and security. This is particularly important
considering all the abuses committed against men.
Rita (2022) demonstrated the acts of the broadcaster Raffy Tulfo, on the
plan to file a bill that would protect men from domestic violence. Tulfo stated that he
would introduce the legislation since he frequently saw situations of domestic abuse
against males on his radio show. Tulfo also stated that he will endeavor to provide
career options for women who have been victims of domestic abuse. Some of the
victims, he claims, were dependents on their violent spouses. He stated that work
prospects would provide these victims with security if they left their relationships.
Tacio (2021) states that men appear to be unaware of this due to the
perception that men are the stronger sex. According to the Domestic Abuse Helpline
for Men website, "Men are more likely to be embarrassed by their abuse, making them
less likely to report it." As a result, they would continue to mistreat themselves.
Domestic violence laws protect women and children in the Philippines, like in most
other nations throughout the world. However, these rules do not protect "domestic
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violence committed against a man/male partner by an abusive party." Wives are not
always the victims of domestic abuse.
According to Lara (2020) extremely few incidences of male domestic

violence are documented from PNP because males, like many women, are reluctant to
come out and denounce their relationships. Some of these males provided photos of
themselves with bruises on their cheeks or arms, which they said were caused by their
female companions. They are also seeking legal and other help from DSM. Women
took decades to come out and seek treatment. It appears that male domestic violence is
only now being recognized. However, it is still not taken as seriously as it should be.
Unfortunately, our society—including males in this government—looks down on
female concerns. The bill is colloquially known as the "Under the Saya Law," "Takusa"
(Takot sa Asawa)," or "Yakuza" (Yuko sa Asawa).
Llemit, (2022) then reported an amendment to the law called the “VAWC” or
rather, the RA 9262 is targeted to be amended by a Davaoi based lawmaker in order to
expand in such that it can also cover the male equivalent of battered and abused wives.
It was filed previously last year on July 6th, known as the “Domestic Violence Act of
2022”. The bill aims to break the toxic norm that states of men being strong always and
not vulnerable to such crime. One in four Filipino women between the ages of 15 and
49 who participated in the 2017 National Demographic and Health Survey conducted
by the Philippine Statistics Authority have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual
assault. from their husband or partner.
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Foreign Studies
Lindstrøm (2018) claimed that Contrary to female victims, men are more
frequently the victims of psychological than physical abuse, according to this study.
The research also reveals that Higher prevalence rates are the outcome of each
definition-variable being added. This shows that parameters connected to the definition
are crucial when examining the prevalence of IPV among male victims.
According to Kigaya (2021) Domestic violence, also known as intimate

partner violence (IPV), is pervasive around the world and seriously harms its victims'
physical, mental, and social well-being. The findings of the study may be use in
developing and putting into practice initiatives targeted at improving men's health and
financial security, giving victims the resources, they need, and eliminating societal
stigma in Kenya. The goal of this study's positive social change is to increase
awareness of male victimization in Kenya, motivate victims to seek assistance, and
stimulate the distribution of resources to abuse victims both locally and globally.
Walker et al. (2019) states that Male abuse victims reported that their
revelation to family and friends was met with varying degrees of shock, support, and
minimization. Participants also described secondary abuse incidents, to which police
and other support agencies reacted by mocking, casting doubt on, being indifferent
toward, and arresting the victim. Boundary crossing, as opposed to IPV, which is
frequently linked with male-versus-female violence, appears to be an effective
strategy for getting information from abused men.
Borsato (2021) explained that victimization is silenced by conventional

conceptions of violence, gender, and masculinity, which makes it challenging for men
to identify and report their abuse. They also emphasize the necessity for services
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specifically designed for men, particularly those that provide peer-support-based
initiatives.
As determined by Rielinger (2017) the results (n=16) showed that men saw
three separate actions as less "serious" than women. Slapping their partner, hitting their
partner, and grabbing their spouse and reminding them that when they are out in a social
setting, they should only be talking to their partner. Additionally, three actions were
rated as "more severe" by helping professions than by other individuals. These actions
included slapping, grasping, and compelling the other spouse to kiss them in front of
others. Social workers can address obstacles that might hinder these men from seeking
help and create interventions to match their needs by understanding and researching
societal biases that exist toward them. It’s critical to comprehend the attitudes toward
Denice as a victim for the same reason as Michael.
Local Studies
S. Deshpande (2019) stated that man is always assumed to be the offender.

However due to socioeconomic changes in the family structure, male nowadays became
subjects of domestic abuse but due to the laws of the society favoring women, these
individuals just suffer in silence. In accordance with the fundamental freedoms
guaranteed by the 1987 Constitution, as well as the terms of the UDHR and other
international human rights instruments to which the Philippines is a party, the State
should try to address domestic violence committed against these people, whether they
are same-sex or heterosexual, married or not, and regardless of whether they are victims
or not.
B. Casibua (2018) displayed a statistic that shows that between the ages of
15 and 49, one in five men in the Philippines has been the victim of domestic abuse.
According to police records, 1,078 acts of violence against men were registered in
2015, up from 2,224 the year before. It is recommended that a law against male
domestic abuse be passed in order to reduce the number of mistreated partners and
benefit the neighborhood. The government must establish clinics for rehabilitation for
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victims of male domestic abuse. The society must assist and provide social and legal
support.
Bayasen & Monterey, (2014) states that male victims of domestic violence
in the Philippines have a strong motive to conceal their assault. Two things happen: 1)
they feel emasculated and hence refuse to confess their maltreatment, or 2) they are
afraid that their community would stigmatize them. More awareness of male victims,
according to our male responders, should be conveyed. By raising knowledge, guys
will be less stigmatized for being macho in instances like these. True, the Philippines
has a patriarchal society, but raising awareness is the first step toward relieving the
pressure on male victims to remain silent. Gender differences exist between males and
females. But both are in anguish. Both require assistance when they are in pain,
especially when the discomfort is the result of maltreatment. Women are more likely
to be harmed in domestic abuse instances, although battered spouses certainly occur.
Because they are both human, society must cater to both men and women.
Sison (2014) presented data and research that revealed about males faced
numerous types of domestic abuse that women also experienced, such as physical,
emotional, economic, and sexual assault. The study demonstrated that domestic
violence is a human issue; it victimizes both males and females, young and old, and as
such, there is a call to deal with it more responsibly and appropriately, even in the
formulation of domestic violence policies and programs.
Junio, et al., (2014) claimed that male victims of abuse are largely ignored in
data and statistical reports in the nation on domestic violence as a result of their
anticivilization. News stories and documentaries that were broadcast on the nation's
local television station highlighted the phenomenon of battered husbands in the country
despite reports and data on male victims of abuse.
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Synthesis
When someone hears the term "domestic abuse," they usually associate it with the
idea of the men being the assailants and the women being the victims, without even realizing
that males are also subject to being abused verbally, physically, emotionally, psychologically,
and sexually. And so, the unfairness given to these men's victims is highlighted. As such, the
state should exert effort to address domestic violence committed against these individuals,
especially men. In addition to that, there is a similarity between the causes of abuse among
women and men.
Regardless of it, the myths against men being victims and not perpetrators
are due to instances wherein the incidents of male victimization are underreported,
creating an inaccurate picture of the situation facing males who experience IPV, or
intimate partnership violence. Also, due to societal prejudices, stereotyping, and
cultural preconceptions, these men feel ashamed to report their cases to the authorities.
Furthermore, most of the victims are unaware of the assistance available to

them. Men victims also find it hard to seek support from their friends, relatives,
colleagues, and in-laws. It would be best if there were programs producing gender-
sensitive intervention, advocacy, and public education for the state of these things.
Therefore, the harsh experiences of these men in their homes are not being given justice
and instead would also make it difficult for them to approach local authorities, like the
police, for example. Since these law enforcers hesitate to believe them when they report
their cases of being maltreated by their spouses, to add it up, they also show reluctance
to file charges against the supposedly female perpetrators mentioned. It is then advised
that the criminal justice system needs to develop more comprehensive tactics to assist
male IPA (intimate partner abuse) victims and that there is an urgency for law
enforcement personnel to let go of their personal biases and let the male victims’ voices
be heard equally in the criminal justice system.
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CHAPTER III
Methodology
In this chapter, the researcher presents the methodology of the research. It includes
the Research Design, sampling procedures, participants, instruments, data gathering
procedure, and data analysis.
Research Design
This study adopted the Quantitative Research method, since the researcher will
focus on the process of gathering and interpreting numerical data It may be used to
detect patterns and averages, make predictions, evaluate causal linkages, and generalize
results to larger groups. (Bhandari, 2022) It is the methodical research of phenomena
by the collection of measurable data and the application of statistical, mathematical, or
computational approaches. Quantitative research gathers information from current and
future consumers using sampling methods and the distribution of online surveys, polls,
and questionnaires, for example. One of the most distinguishing features of this style
of study is that the outcomes may be represented numerically. It is feasible to anticipate
the future of a product or service and make modifications based on a detailed grasp of
these figures. (Fleetwood, 2023)
Also, it is Descriptive study in nature since the researcher described the

features of the population or subject under investigation. This descriptive technique
focuses on the "what" of the study issue rather than the "why." The strategy focuses on
explaining the characteristics of a demographic segment rather than "why" a specific
phenomenon happens. (Bhat, 2023)
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Research Locale
Thes study is conducted only here in the Philippines, specifically inside the
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa. The respondents are interviewed via a set of survey
questionnaires that are printed. The researcher made sure that the selected respondents, which
were the 4th year BA Communication students, were free or on break and were not on their
classes or in a rush, during the instances that they are approached by the researcher, during
their face-to-face classes, introduced to the study and asked for their cooperation to answer a
set of survey questionnaires. The researcher chose the place of implementation because it will
give the researcher the much-needed set of information for the perception towards men victims
of domestic abuse. During the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023 is when the
study is conducted.
Participants of The Study
The researcher selected participants who are from the Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, specifically the 4th year BA Communication students. Most of
them are members of the graduating class, while some of them will graduate next year,
despite the case, these students are going to enter the adulthood and will become
professional communication practitioners. Therefore, the researcher believed that it is
necessary for the future communication practitioners to be aware and understand that
there is an emerging societal issue regarding domestic violence against men.
Sampling Technique
Convenience sampling is a non-probability sampling technique in which units are

chosen for inclusion in the sample because they are the most easily accessible to the researcher.
This might be because of geographical closeness, availability at a specific moment, or desire
to engage in the research. Convenience sampling is a sort of non-random sampling. It is also
known as unintentional sampling. (Nikolopoulou, 2022)
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Research Instruments
The researcher used the survey method via structured questionnaire, in

the medium being printed. In survey research, the principal measuring tool is a structured
questionnaire. The usage of structured questionnaires is closely linked to quantitative analysis.
Francis Galton pioneered the use of structured questionnaires in social research, which is
currently widely used in data collecting in quality-of-life research. The census questionnaire,
which collects demographic information from individuals, is an example of a structured
questionnaire. Furthermore, structured questionnaires are frequently employed as an evaluation
tool for psychological and psychiatric exams. (Cheung, 2014)
Lastly, the Likert Scale will be used as basis for the surveys, it is a five (or
seven) point scale used to represent how much an individual agrees or disagrees with a certain
proposition. The Likert scale (usually) offers five alternative responses to a statement or
question, allowing respondents to indicate their positive-to-negative level of agreement or
sentiment about the question or statement. (Mcleod, 2023) In this study, the agreement-type, and
the extent-type of 4-point scale, is the type of Likert Scale, that is utilized by the researcher.
The first part (I) of the survey questionnaire consisted of the questions that
pertained to the demographic profiles of the 4th year BA Comm students, following on that is
the second part (II), which consisted of statements that identified, what are the perceptions of
the 4th BA Comm students, regarding the struggles of men being domestically abused, then the
third part (III) which consisted of statements that assessed the 4th BA Comm students regarding
how they perceived the struggles of men being domestically abused and lastly the fourth part
(IV) consisted of statements that assessed of how do the 4th year BA Comm students,
recognized the issue of men being victims of domestic abuse, as a societal problem that is
emerging nowadays, and their perception regarding if there is an action needed to be taken.
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Validity and Reliability of Instrument
The researcher made his own research questionnaire, in order to

comprehensively cover all the accounted variables to measure where it should measure. The
grammar, phrases and translations were critiqued and validated by three professors from the
College of Arts and Sciences.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher gathered data with the following procedures:
“(1) First, the researcher gathered information and data which were
relevant to the study. This includes selection of participants who are part of the BA
Communication program under the College of Arts and Sciences that happens to be 4th year
students too, from the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, as well as wrote Letter of
Consent. This letter provides the participants with the details and information about the study
so that they have an idea what it is in order to decide. (2) Next, the researcher outlined the most
important objectives of the study which was finding the perspectives of the 4th year BA
Communication students about the struggles of men being victims of domestic violence. (3)
After that, the researcher oriented the participants on what are the things they will do during
the study, particularly the survey questionnaires that contain structured questions (4) Then, the
researcher provided the participants the survey questionnaires on the day that they are available
and are having face to face classes, upon their breaktime. (5) Lastly, the researcher tallied all
the answers and asked for help from the selected statistician, in interpreting the results and
creating a conclusion based from the data gathered.
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Treatment of data
The following statistical treatments were applied in interpreting the data

gathered from the study of “Lalake Ka: The Perceptions of BA Communication 4th year
students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa Pertaining to the Struggles of Men Being
Victims of Domestic Abuse as Basis for an online project campaign for awareness campaign
entitled “Kinaiya”
1. Frequency of percentage - Percentage is derived by dividing the frequency of

participants in the category by the total number of participants and multiplying by
100%. (Descriptive Statistics, n.d.)
Formula:
% = Percent
F= frequency
N= number of cases
2. Arithmetic Mean - It is as simple as getting the total of a set of numbers and dividing
that sum by the number of numbers in the series (Chen, 2021)
Formula:
A = arithmetic mean
n = number of values
= data set values
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3. Weighted Mean - When certain data points are weighted more heavily than others, the
weighted mean is a sort of average that assists in equitably contributing to the final mean. It is
crucial to note that all probabilities or weights must be mutually exclusive (i.e., no two
occurrences may take place at the same time), and that the sum of all probabilities and weights
must be 100%. (Taylor, 2023)
Formula:
W = weighted average
n = number of terms to be averaged
w{i} = weights applied to x values
X{i} = data values to be averaged
4. Likert Scale - The Likert Scale is used to express how strongly an individual believes
or disagrees with a certain proposition. In this study, the 4-point scale variation that contained
the “Agreement” type, was used to interpret the responses of the 4th yea BA Communication
students. The interval value of .75 (0.75) was used by the researcher to determine the value of
each response and will help furthermore in identifying the correct verbal interpretation for each
statement.
Numerical Value Interval Verbal

Interpretation
1 (Lowest Scale) 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree
2 1.76 – 2. 5 Disagree
3 2.6 – 3.25 Agree
4 (Highest Scale) 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree
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Numerical Value Interval Verbal
Interpretation
1 (Lowest Scale) 1.00 – 1.75 Not at all
2 1.76 – 2. 5 To a lesser extent
3 2.6 – 3.25 To some extent
4 (Highest Scale) 3.26 – 4.00 To a great extent
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Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter indicated the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data by

the researchers. The results of the study are presented in tabular form and were
interpreted in accordance to the objective of the study The objective of this study is to
determine the perception of 4th year BA Comm students regarding the struggles of men,
being victims of domestic abuse.
The data from the questionnaire were statistically analyzed by a statistician. A

four-point Likert Scale was used to verbally interpret the responses for each statements
indicated to be measured.
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1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents:
Table 1.1
Frequency of Age of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage
19 years old and 0 0%

below
20-25 years old 49 98%
26-30 years old 1 2%
31-35 years old 0 0%
36 years old and 0 0%

above
Total 50 100%
Table 1.1 showed that ages 20 – 25 years old has the highest frequency of 49
out of 50 respondents or 98%, ages 26 – 30 years old comes next with low
frequency of 1 out of 50 respondents or 2%, while ages 31-35 years old have 0
out of 50 respondents’ or 0%, same as the 36 years old and above having 0 %
as well, respectively only shows that most of the 4th year BA Comm students
who believed that men can be victims of domestic abuse too, are the ones aged
20 -25 years old. This means that most of the respondents, comes from the
mentioned age bracket.
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Table 1.2
Frequency of Gender of the Respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage
Male 17 34 %
Female 33 66%
Total 50 100%
Table 1.2 showed that females have the high frequency of 33 out of 50
respondents or 66% while males have a frequency of 17 out of 50 respondents
or 34%. It means that 4th year BA Comm. women are more aware and perceptive
than the 4th year BA Comm. men, in terms of men being victims of domestic
abuse.
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2.What are the perceptions of BA Communication 4th year from Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Muntinlupa towards the struggles of men victims of domestic abuse.
Table 2.1
Perceptions of 4th year BA COMM Students regarding the struggles of men
victims of domestic violence
Statements
Weighted Mean Verbal
Interpretation Rank
1. I believe that men can be victims of domestic 3.36 Strongly Agree 8
abuse.
2. It is important to raise awareness about the 3.54 Strongly Agree 4

struggles of men experiencing domestic
abuse.
3. Men who are victims of domestic abuse may 3.42 Strongly Agree 7
feel ashamed or embarrassed to seek help.
4. Society tends to minimize or dismiss 3.84 Strongly Agree 1
the struggles of men experiencing
domestic abuse.
5. There should be more support systems in 3.58 Strongly Agree 2
place for men who experience domestic
abuse.
6. Men who experience domestic abuse may 3.5 Agree 9
face challenges in seeking legal protection.
7. Men who experience domestic abuse may 3.48 Strongly Agree 5
struggle with mental health issues as a
result.
8. Men who experience domestic abuse may 3.42 Strongly Agree 6

feel isolated or alone.
9. It is important to provide education about 3.56 Strongly Agree 3
domestic abuse that includes men as
victims.
Average Mean 3.52 Strongly Agree
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Table 2.1 showed the weighted mean and descriptive interpretation of the
respondents’ perception about the struggles of being a men victim of domestic abuse.
It is revealed that the statement 4: Society tends to minimize or dismiss the struggles of
men experiencing domestic abuse got the highest weighted mean of 3.84 that ranked 1
with the verbal interpretation of “Strongly Agree” followed by statement 5: There
should be more support systems in place for men who experience domestic abuse that
ranked 2 and the verbal interpretation of “ Strongly Agree” next is statement 9: It is
important to provide education about domestic abuse that includes men as victims, with
the weighted mean of 3.56 and has the verbal interpretation of “ Strongly Agree”; then
statement 4: It is important to raise awareness about the struggles of men experiencing
domestic abuse, got a weighted mean of 3.54 with a verbal interpretation of “Strongly
Agree”. Statement 8: Men who experience domestic abuse may face challenges in
seeking legal protection, got the lowest weighted mean of 3.5 and has a verbal
interpretation of “Agree”. Overall, the average mean for the part II of the survey
questionnaire, results to 3.52, with the verbal interpretation of “Strongly Agree.”
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3.How do these perceptions of struggles of the men victims of domestic abuse, affect the
BA Communication 4th year from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa.
Table 3.1
The effects of perception about the struggles towards the 4th year BA COMM
Statements Weighted Verbal Rank

Mean Interpretation
1. “Men wo are victims of abuse, faces 3.5 Agree 3

unique challenges that are often
overlooked.”
2. “Society is less likely to believe men 3.4 Agree 5
who report abuse to women. “
3. “Men who experience abuse may feel 3.5 Agree 4
ashamed or embarrassed to seek
help.”
4. “It is important for society to 3.68 Strongly Agree 1
acknowledge that men can be victims
of too.”
5. “Victims of abuse, regardless of 3.66 Strongly Agree 2
gender, should be provided with the
same level of support and resources.”
Total 3.55 Strongly Agree
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Table 3.1 showed that the weighted mean and the descriptive interpretation
of the respondents’ affected perception about the struggles towards being men victims of
domestic abuse. It is revealed that statement 4: “It is important for society to acknowledge that
men can be victims of too. “Got the highest weighted mean of 3.68 and has a verbal
interpretation of “Agree,” followed by statement 5: “Victims of abuse, regardless of gender,
should be provided with the same level of support and resources.” with the weighted mean of
3.66 and got a verbal interpretation of “Agree” Next is statement 1: “Men wo are victims of
abuse, faces unique challenges that are often overlooked.” got a weighted mean of 3.5 and a
verbal interpretation of “Agree” as well, then the statement3: “Men who experience abuse may
feel ashamed or embarrassed to seek help.” has a weighted mean of 3.5 as well and got a verbal
interpretation of “Agree”. The statement 2: “Society is less likely to believe men who report abuse
to women. “Got the lowest mean of 3.4 but still has a verbal interpretation of “Agree.” The
overall average mean for the part III of the questionnaire, got a 3.55 value with a verbal
interpretation of “Strongly Agree.”
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4. Based on the findings, what research output may be proposed?
Table 4.1
Perceptions about the interventions needed to be made.
Statements Weighted Mean Verbal Rank

Interpretation
1. To what extent do you believe that men who are 3.34 To great extent 3
abuse face unique struggles compared to women
who experience domestic abuse?
2. To what extent do you believe that men who are 3.56 To great extent 1
victims of domestic abuse are stigmatized or
judged by others for not being able to physically
defend themselves from their abusers?
3. To what extent do you believe that men who are 3 To some extent 5
victims of domestic abuse are likely to report their
abuse to authorities or seek help from support
services?
4. To what degree do you agree with the statement: 3.42 To great extent 2
“Society has a tendency to overlook or
downplay the abuse experienced by men in
relationships, which makes it harder for them to
find support or resources”?
5. To what extent do you think that the society we 3.5 To some extent 4
currently live in, lacks the necessary
interventions to be done for these men victims of
domestic abuse?
Total 3.36 To great extent
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Table 4.1 showed the weighted mean and verbal interpretation of the respondent’s
perceptions about the interventions needed to be made. It is revealed that statement 2: To what
extent do you believe that men who are victims of domestic abuse are stigmatized or judged by
others for not being able to physically defend themselves from their abusers? has the highest
mean among all the statements on this part, with a weighted mean of 3.56 and has a verbal
interpretation of “To Great extent”, followed by the statement 4: To what degree do you agree
with the statement: “Society has a tendency to overlook or downplay the abuse experienced by
men in relationships, which makes it harder for them to find support or resources”? that has a
weighted mean of 3.42 and got the verbal interpretation of “To Great Extent”, next is the
statement 1: To what extent do you believe that men who are abuse face unique struggles
compared to women who experience domestic abuse? That got a weighted mean of 3.34 and has
a verbal interpretation of “To Some Extent”, then statement 5: To what extent do you think that
the society we currently live in, lacks the necessary interventions to be done for these men victims
of domestic abuse? is 4th place in rankings, with a weighted mean of 3.5, with a verbal
interpretation of “To some Extent”. The statement 3: To what extent do you believe that men who
are victims of domestic abuse are likely to report their abuse to authorities or seek help from
support services? got the lowest weighted mean of, but still got a verbal interpretation of “To
some extent” Lastly, the general average mean of the part IV of the questionnaire, got a 3.56
value with a verbal interpretation of “
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion, and recommendations.
Summary
The main purpose of the study was to assess the perception of the 4th year BA
Communication students regarding the issue of men being victims of domestic abuse,
through the convenience sampling technique or method.
To obtain the purpose of this study, the researcher used descriptive method to
determine the perception of the 4th year BA Communication students regarding the issue
of men being victims of domestic abuse, then the researcher asked for help from a
statistician to interpret the findings of the data gathered using different statistical
treatment such as the Frequency of percentage to get the number of respondents. The
Arithmetic Mean and Weighted Mean to determine the perception of the 4th year BA
Comm students regarding the issue of men being victims of domestic abuse and the Likert
Scale was used to further interpret and analyzed the gathered data.
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Findings
The significant findings of this study were based on the data gathered from the
cooperative 4th year BA Communication Students from the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa, under the College of Arts and Sciences.
1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 In terms of age, most 4th yea BA Comm students that perceived the struggle of
Men being victims of domestic abuse are aged from 20-25 years old.
1.2 In terms of gender, majority of the respondents from 4th yea BA Comm students
that perceived the struggle of Men being victims of domestic abuse are Female
due to the convenience sampling technique that was used by the researchers.
2. What are the perceptions of BA Communication 4th year from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa towards the struggles of men victims of domestic abuse?
The data gathered from the survey questionnaire shows that the statement 4:
Society tends to minimize or dismiss the struggles of men experiencing domestic abuse, got the
highest weighted mean of 3.84, and the whole section of questionnaire got a general average
mean of 3.52.
3. How do these perceptions of struggles of the men victims of domestic abuse, affect the BA
Communication 4th year from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa?
The data gathered from the survey questionnaire shows that the statement 4:
“It is important for society to acknowledge that men can be victims of too.” with a weighted
mean of 3.68, and the section of this in the survey questionnaire got a general average of
3.55. Therefore, the perception of struggles of these men victims of domestic abuse, affects
the 4th year BA Communication students from PLMUN.
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4.Based on the findings, what research output may be proposed?
Objective: The objective of the research output entitled “Kinaiya” is to provide a campaign that
will give online awareness to not only the BA COMM 4th year students, but also towards the
community of PLMUN and most especially in the society.
Rationale: Men are always thought to be tough and apathetic, however with the change in the
societies power balance, now that women have equal opportunities as men, some of them
abuses it. As one of the BA Communication majors, we are obliged to be the key
communicators of many societal issues that are emerging in the society. Domestic abuse
against men is one of the rising issues nowadays, without the initiative to fix it the abuse would
further circulate. But the first step towards solving it would be creating an awareness for the
abused men, have their voices reached the necessary institutions.
This research output aims to create awareness the struggles of men being possible victims of
domestic abuse, for the emerging issue to be popularized and make local institutions be aware
of the possible abuses that can partake inside the houses of these men.
Content: The Facebook page will contain posts that gives awareness to the target audiences of
the possibility that men can be victims of domestic abuse, it will also contain factual reports
about the said issue and lastly will post motivational contents that focuses on empowering men
and the society around them, centralizing on the fact that men can be vulnerable and not always
tough, that this Facebook page will serve as their safe space and will help them face the society.
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Interface:
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Conclusion
1. Most of the respondents are from the age bracket of 20-25 years of age. it
implies that 4th year BA Communication students, are the ones who perceived most the
issue of men being victims of domestic abuse.
In terms of gender, most respondents are female. Therefore, there are more female in the
population of BA Comm 4th years who perceives the struggles of men being victims of
domestic abuse.
2. From the data gathered from the part II of the questionnaire that answers the
statement of the problem number 2, shows the perception of struggles of these men victims
of domestic abuse 4th year BA Communication students from PLMUN, strongly agrees that
there is indeed a struggle in being a men victim of domestic abuse, according to their
perception.
3. From the data gathered from the part III of the questionnaire that answers the
statement of the problem number 3, shows that the perception of struggles of these men
victims of domestic abuse, strongly agrees that the perception of the 4th year BA
Communication students from PLMUN are affected.
4. Based on the result of the data, the researcher therefore concludes that the 4th year
BA Communication students are aware of the emerging societal issue of men being victims
of domestic violence, and they perceived the struggles of the said issue, therefore majority of
them agrees that an intervention must be made.
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Recommendation
Relative to the findings and conclusion of this study, the following recommendations were
suggested:
1. The communication students that will be future practitioners in the near future,
must be taught more about the emerging societal issue of men being victims of domestic
abuse, since the first step of prevention could come from them, since one of the main heart
of their course, is to communicate to their society, of the problems needed for the people to
be aware and create preventions from there on. They must be aware that men, in the first
place, should never be out of consideration from being hurt or harmed.
2. ERPAT or Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Abilities should

identify the issue of men being victims of domestic abuse, as an emerging one that can
endanger the lives of many fathers soon. Therefore, with them being aware of it, can create
awareness programs that can help the men protect themselves from the possible abuse that
they can get.
3. Future researchers should make a follow up study from the same issue regarding
men being victims of domestic abuse, in order to check if there are more respondents that
are becoming aware and is acknowledging that men, despite being viewed as tough and
strong in the society, can also be hurt and abused.
4. The office of GAD or Gender and Development office of Muntinlupa, should

be more aware that an abuse like this can possibly occur towards men and they can be
victims too, therefore in order to promote equality to the citizens of Muntinlupa city, they
must develop a much more updated programs that will benefit not just women, but also
men.
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5. The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa, should help the students be more

aware that such abuse does happens towards men and perhaps can establish a men’s
month possibly, or even a campaign that advocates awareness that all in all, the
domestic violence, had already shifted from the fact that not only women are the one
who experiencing it, but also the men.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARTICLES
Dim, E. E., & Lysova, A. (2021). Male Victims’ Experiences with and Perceptions of the
Criminal Justice Response to Intimate Partner Abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(15–
16), NP13067–NP13091.
Alsawalqa, R. O. (2021). A qualitative study to investigate male victims’ experiences of

female-perpetrated domestic abuse in Jordan. Current Psychology.
Kolbe, V., & Büttner, A. (2020). Domestic Violence Against Men— Prevalence and Risk
Factors. Deutsches Arzteblatt International.
Anisur Rahman Khan & Najuwa Arendse (2022) Female perpetrated domestic violence against
men and the case for Bangladesh, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 32:4,
519-533, DOI: 10.1080/10911359.2021.1927281
Alibogha, S. E. (2018). The feasibility of enacting a statute on male/men domestic violence.

BAHÁNDÌAN, Institutional Repository of Central Philippine University.
Kigaya, C. (2021). Domestic Abuse Against Men in Kenya.
Walker, A., Lyall, K., Silva, D., Craigie, G., Mayshak, R., Costa, B. M., Hyder, S., & Bentley,
A. (2020). Male victims of female-perpetrated intimate partner violence, help-seeking, and
reporting behaviors: A qualitative study. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 21(2), 213–223.
Roebuck, B., McGlinchey, D., Hastie, K., & Xavier, R. G. (2020). Male Survivors of Intimate
Partner Violence in Canada. ResearchGate.
De Sousa, A. (2022). Domestic violence against men: A lesser explored phenomenon.
Anip.Co.In.
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Borsato, X. (2021). "Man Up “Man Up”: Male Sur ": Male Survivors of Intimate P ors of
Intimate Partner Violence Thr tner Violence Through the Eyes of Their Providers.
Monterey, M. J. D. (2015, November 5). The Perspective of Male Victims on Domestic
Violence in the Philippines. Dlsu.
Lara, T. (n.d.). Abused Filipino men: Nograles seeks to expand law on domestic violence to
include men, LGBTs. Philstar Life.
Llemit, R. L. G. (2022, July 14). Proposed expanded Anti-VAWC law to cover abused men,
LGBTQ+. SUNSTAR.
JOVILAND RITA, GMA News & JOVILAND RITA, GMA News. (2022b, May 12). Tulfo
to push for law addressing domestic violence against men | News |. GMA News Online.
Sison, L. J. P. (2014, April 1). Exploring Domestic Violence Against Men in Selected
Municipalities in Pangasinan.
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JOURNALS
Deshpande, S. (2019). Sociocultural and Legal Aspects of Violence Against Men. Journal of
Psychosexual Health, 1(3–4), 246–249.
Jimenez, D. (2021). DEBUNKING THE NON-EXISTENCE OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

AGAINST MEN: A BASIS TO REVISIT REPUBLIC ACT 9262.
LINDSTRØM, R. (2018). INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AGAINST MEN. A

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF HOW DEFINITION, STUDY CHARACTERISTICS AND
QUALITY AFFECTS PREVALENCE.
Kgatle, M. O. (2021, October 9). Absent voices: Help-seeking behaviour among South
African male victims of intimate partner violence.
Park, S., Bang, S. S., & Jeon, J. (2021). “This Society Ignores Our Victimization”:
Understanding the Experiences of Korean Male Victims of Intimate Partner Violence.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23–24), 11658–11680.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX A
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT/ SAMPLE
QUESTIONNAIRE
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APPENDIX B
LETTER OF
VALIDATORS
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April 29, 2023
Roselyn N. Suarez, LPT, MAED

Part-Time Faculty Instructor
Dear Ma’am Suarez,
Greetings!
I, Saguil, Joshua Ivan E. a fourth (4 th) year student of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Muntinlupa under the Bachelor of Arts in Communication program is conducting a study
entitled; Lalake Ka: The Perceptions of BA Communication 4th year students of
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa Pertaining to the Struggles of Men Being
Victims of Domestic Abuse as Basis for a Facebook page for awareness campaign entitled
“Kinaiya”
With your expertise, I am humbly asking your permission to validate the

attached
self-made questionnaire for the study using the attached rating tool.
I am looking forward to the request and would merit your positive response.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
Saguil, Joshua Ivan E.
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Lalake Ka: The Perceptions of BA Communication 4th year students of Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Muntinlupa Pertaining to the Struggles of Men Being Victims of Domestic
Abuse as Basis for a Facebook page for awareness campaign entitled “Kinaiya”
Direction: This tool asks for your evaluation of the questionnaire to be used in the data
gathering for the investigation stated above, to establish its validity. You are requested to give
your honest assessment using the criteria stated below. Please circle your answer to each
statement using five (5) Likert scale [(1) = Not valid at all, (2) = Less Valid, (3) = Valid, (4) =
High Validity, (5) = Very High Validity].
Scale Interpretation Description
5 Very high The questionnaire is valid and can provide unbiased data for the
validity investigation, allowing 0-5% error.
4 High validity The questionnaire is valid and can provide unbiased data for the
investigation, allowing 6-10% error.
3 Valid The questionnaire is valid and can provide unbiased data for the
2 Less valid The questionnaire is valid and can provide unbiased data for the
1 Not valid at all The questionnaire is valid and can provide unbiased data for the
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April 29, 2023
Julius Macaranas MAEd

College of Arts and Sciences Faculty
Dear Sir Macaranas,
Greetings!
I, Saguil, Joshua Ivan E. a fourth (4th) year student of the Pamantasan ng

Lungsod ng Muntinlupa under the Bachelor of Arts in Communication program is conducting
a study entitled; Lalake Ka: The Perceptions of BA Communication 4th year students of
“Kinaiya”
With your expertise, I am humbly asking your permission to validate the attached
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
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April, 29, 2023
Sarah Jay S. Casacop MBA
Faculty Member
Dear Ma’am Casacop,
Greetings!
I, Saguil, Joshua Ivan E. a fourth (4th) year student of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod
ng Muntinlupa under the Bachelor of Arts in Communication program is conducting a study
entitled; Lalake Ka: The Perceptions of BA Communication 4th year students of
“Kinaiya”
With your expertise, I am humbly asking your permission to validate the attached
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
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APPENDIX C
Request to
conduct a Survey
63
City of Muntinlupa

Letter of Consent for the respondents
Dear Respondents,
I, Saguil, Joshua Ivan E. a fourth (4th) year student of the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Muntinlupa under the Bachelor of Arts in Communication program is conducting a study on
Abuse as Basis for a Facebook page for awareness campaign entitled “Kinaiya” as part of
my requirements for the course, Thesis / Special Project II. In lieu of this, I would like to ask
for your assistance by accomplishing the purpose of the study to the best of your ability. All
collected data will be treated with strict confidentiality.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
64
City of Muntinlupa
65
City of Muntinlupa
66
City of Muntinlupa
APPENDIX D Editor's/
Grammarian's Certification
and Certification of
Statistician
67
City of Muntinlupa
68
City of Muntinlupa
69
City of Muntinlupa
APPENDIX E
CURRICULUM
VITAE
70
City of Muntinlupa

JOSHUA IVAN E. SAGUIL
27-B Israel St. Don Bosco Village, Paranaque City
saguiljoshuaivan_abcom@plmun.edu.ph
Personal Details:
Date of Birth: November 14, 1999
Gender: Male
Civil Status: Single
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christian
Educational Background:
Tertiary
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
NBP Reservation Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
Bachelor of Arts and Sciences
2019 – Present
Secondary
AMA Computer College Binan Campus
KM 31, National Road Canlalay Binan City, Laguna
General Academic Strand – GAS
2017-2019
Greatland School Of San Pedro Laguna -Highschool, Main Campus
Block 4 Lot 25 Ma. Aurora Heights Subd. San Pedro, Philippines
2013-2017
Primary
Andress Bonifacio Elementary School
1200, C-2, Tondo, Manila, Metro Manila
2007 - 2013
71

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City of Muntinlupa

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

College of Arts and Sciences

The Problem and It’s Background

College of Arts and Sciences

Background of the Study

In the current study pertaining to gender-based violence, it is said that 52.4%

College of Arts and Sciences

College of Arts and Sciences

Cultivation theory was developed in 1969 by communication researcher

Therefore, this theory is to be utilized by the researcher, in understanding as

College of Arts and Sciences

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

College of Arts and Sciences

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to understand the perception of 4th year BA Communication

In such, the researcher seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the traits of the responders in terms of:

3. How do these perceptions of struggles of the men victims of domestic abuse,

4. Based on the findings, what research output may be proposed?

Scope and Limitation

This study is focused on the understanding the perspectives of the perceptions

College of Arts and Sciences

College of Arts and Sciences

Significance of the Study

College of Arts and Sciences

This study will benefit the following:

Communication Students and Practitioners –

This study benefited both communication practitioners and students in

Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Abilities Manual (ERPAT) –

Gender and development office of Muntinlupa –

College of Arts and Sciences

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa –

College of Arts and Sciences

Convenience Sampling. It’s a technique that is utilized by the researcher wherein

Cultivation Theory. A theory where in the common messages prompted by TV,

Perception. It’s the way how a person sees’ a subject/object.

College of Arts and Sciences

ERPAT. This refers to the Empowerment and Reaffirmation of Paternal Abilities

GAD. This refers to the Gender and Development office.

College of Arts and Sciences

Review Of Related Literature

Review of Related Literature

Dim & Lysova (2021) demonstrated the difficulties in contacting the

College of Arts and Sciences

According to Park et al., (2020) the purpose of this research is to

It is stated by Sousa (2022) that it is important to recognize that although

College of Arts and Sciences

As reported by Jimenez (2021), male violence or domestic abuse against

College of Arts and Sciences

According to Lara (2020) extremely few incidences of male domestic

College of Arts and Sciences

According to Kigaya (2021) Domestic violence, also known as intimate

Borsato (2021) explained that victimization is silenced by conventional

College of Arts and Sciences

S. Deshpande (2019) stated that man is always assumed to be the offender.

College of Arts and Sciences

College of Arts and Sciences

Furthermore, most of the victims are unaware of the assistance available to

College of Arts and Sciences

Also, it is Descriptive study in nature since the researcher described the

College of Arts and Sciences

Participants of The Study