Introduction

According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 Violence against women

particularly intimate partner violence and sexual violence is a major public health
problem and a violation of women's human rights. Global estimates published by WHO
indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have experienced either physical
and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.
Most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (30%) of
women who have been in a relationship report that they have experienced some form of
physical and/or sexual violence.

Interpersonal violence whether it is sexual or nonsexual, remains a major problem

in large parts of the world. Sexual violence against children and women brings with its
long-term sequelae, both psychiatrically and socially. Apart from sexual gratification
itself, sexual violence against women is often a result of unequal power equations both
real and perceived between men and women and is also strongly influenced by cultural
factors and values. Within sociocentric and ego-centric cultures, the roles and
representations of genders, and attitudes toward sexual violence differ. Cultures which
are described as feminist, provide equal power to both men and women. Sexual violence
is likely to occur more commonly in cultures that foster beliefs of perceived male
superiority and social and cultural inferiority of women.

Interpersonal violence against perceived or real weaker partner is a widespread

phenomenon. Sexual violence is a profoundly negative and traumatic life event with
widespread psychological and sociological effects on the victim irrespective of their
gender. It often gives rise to a wide range of negative emotions, embarrassment, and
existential questions such as “Why me?” It increases feelings of helplessness and
powerlessness in the victim affecting their self-esteem and producing feelings which
suggest that they may be vulnerable to further violence. It is likely that the fear of sexual
violence in women will restrict their freedom and occupational opportunities and affect
their long-term psychological well-being. Sexual violence is rarely discussed within
professional circles partly because of ignorance and partly due to inexperience in asking

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serious personal sexual questions as well as associated social stigma and shame for the
victim and those related to the victim.

When education environments are hostile due to sexual harassment, assault, or

violence, students cannot learn and end up missing out on true educational opportunities.
Sexual harassment is the unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature and can be verbal,
nonverbal, or physical men and women are both negatively affected by sexual
harassment. But women are more likely than men to say sexual harassment caused them
to have trouble sleeping, not want to go to school, or change the way they went to or
home from school. Too often, these negative effects take a toll on students’ education,
resulting in decreased productivity and increased absenteeism from school. Sexual
violence on college campuses is a common problem that often goes unreported. It
includes any unwanted sexual activity, from unwanted touching to rape.

Sexual violence on college campuses continues to be a pervasive public health

issue with approximately one in five women experiencing sexual assault and one in nine
women experiencing rape while in college Additionally, one in five students have
experienced domestic violence with a current partner and one in five female students
reported some form of stalking victimization. Sexual violence is associated with negative
mental health outcomes, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) depression
anxiety substance use disorders and suicidal behavior. Sexual harassment and its most
extreme form, sexual assault, are shockingly prevalent on college campuses nationwide.
Sexual assault disproportionately affects college women, though both men and women
are targets of violence on campus, and impedes survivors’ ability to participate fully in
their education.

In the Philippines, 1 in 20 women and girls age 15-49 have experienced sexual
violence in their lifetime, according to the 2017 National Demographic and Health
Survey.

Violence against women has been existing many years ago in many different
forms. In the Philippines, there are implemented laws to protect women’s rights and
prevention of violence against women. The government has built campaigns and

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programs to strengthen their call of action for this phenomenon. But despite of this,
Philippines is one of the countries that has the greatest number of cases of violence
against women as stated by Michelle J. Hiden in 2002. Violence against women is
increasing quickly that takes a big effect not only to women themselves, her family and
her household but also to the economy and productivity of the region and society. There
are contributing factors on the occurrence of violence against women anywhere that can
be observed in everyday life. In the Filipino family context, men are superior over
women. According to the data from the Philippine National Police, the perpetrators of
violence against women are commonly intimate male partners. Cross-cultural studies
have cited that male control of wealth and decision-making within the family and marital
conflicts are strong predictors of abuse. Inequalities between men and women go across
public and private phases of life including social, economic, cultural and political rights
and are manifested in restrictions and limitations on women’s freedom, choices and
opportunities. Many factors affect violence against women such as family, economic and
social.

Violence against women (VAW) s linked with the unequal power relationship
between women and men, resulting from society's misinformed views on gender and
sexuality, according to the Philippine Commission on Women (PCW). Men are
traditionally labeled as leaders and providers, while women are seen as nurturers and
supporters. "This perception leads to men gaining more power over women, PCW
stressed, adding that "VAW is a form of men’s expression of controlling women to retain
power. Although the government recognizes VAW as a “pervasive social problem” and
sets necessary policies and programs in place, several Filipino women and girls continue
to experience different forms of abuse every day.

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Statement of the Problem

This research works aims to assess The Level of Implementation CMO No. 26 in
relation to Republic Act No. 7877 in Wesleyan University-Philippines at Cabanatuan,
City Nueva Ecija

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profiles of the school officials/administrators and faculty/staff in

terms of:
1.2 Age
1.3 Gender
1.4 Civil Status
1.5 Positions
1.6 Years in service
2. What are the profile of the students in terms of:
2.1 Age
2.2 Gender
2.3 Civil Status
2.4 Year Level

3. What is the level of awareness of the respondent on the implementation of CMO

No. 26 in relation to Republic Act no. 7877

4. What are the common problem encountered in the implementation of CMO No. 26
in relation to Republic Act No. 7877

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 5. What are the common violated rules in the implementation of CMO No. 26 in
relation to Republic Act No. 7877

Theoretical Frame Work

This research study entitled The Level of Implementation CMO No. 26 in relation to
Republic Act No. 7877 in Wesleyan University-Philippines at Cabanatuan, City Nueva
Ecija the aim of this study is to analyzed and assess the level of awareness of the
implementation of CMO No. 26 and to describe also the theoretical frame work of the
study in which an adequate theory of sexual harassment is anchored.

The following theory as stated below will the theoretical basis of the study.

Natural/Biological Theory

Those who belong to the Natural School interpret sexual harassment as a natural
sexual attraction between people. According to this model, men have stronger sex
derives, and are therefore, biologically motivated to engage in sexual pursuit of women.
Thus, the harassing behavior is not meant to be offensive or discriminatory, but is merely
the result of biological urges. Its assumptions include a natural, mutual attraction between
men and women, a stronger male sex drive, and men in the role of sexual initiators.
Biologically men have strong physiological urge for sexual activity hence may exert
coercive powers towards women in order to satisfy the sex drive, whereas the other
version proposes that, naturally men and women has mutual sexual attraction hence they
both are responsible for sexual acts at workplace. This implies that a person may not have
an intention of sexual harassment but still would involve in the act owing to the
motivation provided by the opposite sex attraction which is a natural attribute, thus
harassing behavior may not necessarily be interpreted as offensive or discriminatory.
Therefore, according to this model the concept of sexual harassment is a mistaken one
because the relevant interactions are most appropriately viewed as courtship behavior. A
key strength of the natural/biological perspective is that it acknowledges the innate
human instincts potentially driving sexually aggressive behavior (Tangri et al. 1982).

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Feminist Theory

During the early 1970s, feminist groups like the National Organization for
Women and Working Women’s Institute began zealously to raise awareness of the
problems of unwanted sexual attention on the job. According to the feminist perspective,
sexual harassment is linked to the sexist male ideology of male dominance and male
superiority in the society. Therefore, feminists’ theories view sexual harassment as the
product of a gender system maintained by a dominant, normative form of masculinity.
Thus, sexual harassment exists because of the views on women as the inferior sex, but
also sexual harassment serves to maintain the already existing gender stratification by
emphasizing sex role expectations (Gutek, 1985).

Socio-Cultural Theory

Socio-Cultural theories examine the wider social and political context in which
sexual harassment is created and occurs. According to this perspective, sexual harassment
is a logical consequence of the gender inequality and sexism that already exists in society
(Gutek, 1985; Thomas and Kitzinger, 1997). This theory asserts that women’s lesser
status in the larger society is reflected at the Theoretical Perspectives to Sexual
Harassment of Women at Workplace workplace structures and culture; consequently,
male dominance continues to be the rule. Historically cultures and societal norms have
socialized men into roles of sexual assertion, leadership, and persistence whereas women
are socialized to be passive, submissive and gatekeepers. These social/cultural roles are
played out at the workplace, and sexual harassment is the result. Therefore, sexual
harassment is a way for men to express dominance and hence they are more likely to be
the perpetrators; whereas due to intrinsic physical weakness and submissive behavior,
females are the most possible victims. Thus, sexual harassment is only one manifestation
of a much larger patriarchal system in which men are the dominant group reflecting the
larger society’s differential distribution of power and status between the sexes. A woman
is perceived as an object of enjoyment under the prevalence of patriarchal culture in the
society. The perpetrators of sexual harassment have no regard for women as an equal

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human being. Therefore, molesting women is a part and parcel of male idea of fun in the
society.

Conceptual Frame Work

This research work entitled The Level of Implementation CMO No. 26 in relation
to Republic Act No. 7877 in Wesleyan University-Philippines at Cabanatuan, City Nueva
Ecija it aims to analyzed and assess the level of effectiveness of the implementation of
CMO No. 26.

The issue of sexual harassment at workplace is a recurring problem around the

globe. The influx of large numbers of women into the paid labor force over the last
twenty years and their increasing involvement in workers’ organizations and women’s
advocacy groups have heightened awareness of the extent and destructive consequences
of sexual harassment

To further discuss the paradigm of the study the researcher used independent and
dependent variable of the study. The independent variable of the study is the
implementation of the program with the profile of the respondents school
administrator/officials, staff, faculty and the students, Level of awareness of the
respondent, common problems encountered, common violated rules and the level of
implementation of CMO No. 26 in relation to Republic Act No. 7877 as moderator while
the dependent variable is the awareness of the respondent, effective implementation of
CMO No. 26 in relation to Republic Act No. 7877

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 Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 The implementation of the

CMO No. 26 in relation to RA
7877 with the profile of the Effective implementation of
respondent’s school CMO No. 26 in relation to
administrator/officials, staff,
Process Republic Act No. 7877
faculty and the students,
 Level of awareness of the
respondent, common
problems encountered,
common violated rules

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The level of implementation of CMO No. 26 in relation to Republic Act No. 7877
 Figure 1

Conceptual Framework showing the variables of the study.