Introduction

Traffic consist of pedestrian, street cars, ridden animals, bicycles and other motor
vehicles. The enhancement of technology and the start of urbanization have transformed
the standard living of individual in travelling and moving goods commodities from one
place to another. These changes brought difficulty and problem of travelling due to the
unavoidable traffic congestion especially at rush hours. However, traffic problems are
part of daily life of motorist these days. Typical events which disrupt the flow of traffic
into disorganization mess such as road construction, collisions and debris in the roadway
are the cause of road user’s frustrations.

Traffic congestion is a global concern. The delays and unreliability present a

severe threat to economic growth, productivity, environment sustainability and live
ability of city regions. The increase of world population and upgrade of social classes
contribute to traffic congestion. Compressive traffic schemes and special laws from
concerned national agencies and infrastructure spending are unaccounted in providing
short and long-term benefits in decongesting roads, highways and routes. The failure of
concerned agencies to properly implement traffic rules and regulations, which become
irrelevant over time due to the constantly changing setting, is one of the contributing
factors in traffic congestion. Severe traffic affects the vital role of Cities in the
development of the country

According to Castle, M. & Glenn, L. (n.d.), as the number of vehicles increases,

the chance of congestion also increases. Lack of proper infrastructure can also add to the
worsening traffic. Councils and National Governments fail to act on the looming threat of
heavy congestion until it happens. A lack of public transport, or poor public transport
options subsidized to the growing concerns in traffic congestions. According to Castle, M
& Glenn, L (n.d.) if there aren’t enough buses, trams, or local trains, people are forced to
take their vehicles to work. The ratio of passengers to vehicles decreases thus
contributing to traffic, whereas if they were able to take the bus, people would feel less of
a need to drive their vehicles resulting to a constant flow of traffic

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 Traffic congestion also presents a serious threat to economic growth and live
ability of city regions. The delays and unreliability caused severely affect the productivity
of businesses, as well as their ability to innovate and access new markets and resources.
A survey of businesses by the British Chambers of Commerce put the cost of congestion
at £17,350 per business in the United Kingdom (UK) alone. The same survey found
congestion to be a problem for around 90% of businesses in the UK, with around 45%
viewing it as a significant problem.

According to Coifman (n.d.), there are several processes that cause congestion to
seemingly appear out of nowhere only to slowly vanish as you drive through it. Flow on a
freeway is constrained by a small number of critical locations, referred to as bottlenecks.
When demand exceeds the capacity of a given bottleneck it becomes active, and it is not
able to serve all drivers exactly when they arrive. These drivers thus have to wait in a
queue until there is space for them to pass through the bottleneck, and the delay is
manifest as reduced speeds in the line-up. In general, congestion is mainly caused by a
desire for people to drive their vehicles coupled with a failure by local government to act.
These causes lead to various effects.

According to Writeflix (2017) one of the most important is parking problems.

People find it difficult to park their vehicles especially in the city center. Long delays in
getting to and from work are another result, leading to less productivity for employees.
Pollution in the city center worsens as a result of car emissions, and the city becomes a
less attractive place to live. According to Sanders (2012) slower moving traffic emits
more pollution than when vehicles move at freeway speeds. Car burns the most fuel
while accelerating to get up to speed. Maintaining a constant speed against wind-
resistance burns more or less a constant amount. The constant acceleration and braking of
stop-and-go traffic burns more gas, and therefore pumps more pollutants into the air

According to the 2015 Global Driver Satisfaction Index conducted by Waze, the
Philippines is ranked fourth among Asian countries and placed ninth in the world in terms
of negative traffic situation. Major Cities in the country are rapidly entering the 21st
century community where transportation affects nearly all aspects of the daily lives of

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Filipinos. Despite the Philippines’ better-than-expected economic growth, the country
stands to lose up to P6 billion a day by 2030 because of worsening traffic jams.

Traffic law enforcement remains one of the biggest problems in this day and age.
Traffic rules and regulation are very important to enable the safety and convenience of
individual and to prevent damages and casualties among individuals. Road users usually
experienced poor implementation of traffic rules and regulation by traffic enforcers who
maybe lack of knowledge about traffic management. The hard work of city officials and
public agencies concerned with traffic management provides the abrupt answer to
motorist who suffer from different kinds of traffic related inconvenience corrupt and
unknowledgeable traffic enforcers are not the only root cause of traffic congestion but
also those disobedient drivers, pedestrians because their intended courses of travel
intersect, and thus interfere with each other’s routes. Signs, signals, markings and other
features are often used to make priority precise. Some signs, such as the stop signs are
nearly universal. When there are no signs or markings different rules are observed
depending on the location. These default priority rules differ between countries and may
even vary within countries. Trends toward uniformity are exemplified at an international
level by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, which prescribes
standardized traffic control devices for establishing the right of way where necessary.

Crosswalks or pedestrian crossing are common in populated areas and may

indicate that pedestrians have priority over vehicular traffic. In most modern cities, the
traffic signal is used to establish the right of way on the busy roads. Its primarily purpose
is to give each road a duration of time in which its traffic may use the intersection in an
organized way. The intervals of time assigned for each road may be adjusted to take into
account factors such as difference in volume of traffic, the needs of pedestrians or other
traffic signals. Uncontrolled traffic comes in the absence of lane marking and traffic
control signals. On roads without marked lanes, drivers tend to keep to the appropriate
side if the road is wide enough. Drivers frequently overtake others obstruction are
common, intersection have no signals or signage and particular road at a busy intersection
may be dominant. At the intersections of two perpendicular roads, a traffic jam may
result if four vehicles face each other side-on. Safety and Efficiency to travel is the only

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mindset of a driver when he/she travels but this remains inaccessible in many parts of our
country especially in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija.

Statement of the Problem

This research study aims to assess The Implementation of Traffic Management in

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profile of the traffic enforcers/administrators in terms of?

1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Length of service
2. What are the profile of the road users in terms of?
2.1 Age
2.2 Gender
3. What is the level of awareness of the respondents on the implementation of traffic
management in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?
4. What are the commonly violated rules in the implementation of Traffic
Management in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?
5. What are the observations by the respondents in terms of the implementation of
the traffic management in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?
6. What are the common problems encountered in the implementation of the traffic
management in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?
7. Is there a significant difference in the observations of the respondents in terms of
the implementation of the traffic management in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija?

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Theoretical Frame Work

This research study entitled “The Implementation of Traffic Management in

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija” the aim of this study is to analyzed and assess the level of
awareness of the implementation of traffic management and to describe also the
theoretical frame work of the study in which an adequate theory of traffic management is
anchored.

The following theory as stated below will the theoretical basis of the study.

Deterrence theory

Can be traced to the early utilitarian philosophers Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy
Bentham who believed that people are motivated to obtain pleasure and avoid pain.
Crime, then, can be deterred by increasing the certainty (likelihood), celerity (swiftness),
and severity (amount) of legal punishment for committing it. That idea continues to form
the basis for contemporary deterrence theory, and that theory is subsumable under the
more general social learning and rational choice theories. Contemporary deterrence
theorists have recognized several important complexities, including distinctions between
specific and general deterrence, absolute and restrictive deterrence, and actual and
perceived punishments. Moreover, they have recognized that the deterrent effects of legal
punishment may be contingent on a host of other factors, including the threat of
extralegal punishment.

General Deterrence

It is a theory in criminal justice, which seeks to curb illegal conduct. To deter

means to discourage. Under the theory, the public will avoid committing crimes from fear
of the strict consequences. General deterrence in criminal justice seeks to achieved the
enforcement of criminal laws by intimidating others into abiding by the law. In other
words, people fear breaking the law because they fear the consequences that come with

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breaking the law. General Deterrence tries to send message to the public by making the
public fearful of the consequences of committing a crime and therefore, less likely to
commit a crime.

Specific deterrence

It is a method of punishment in the criminal justice system intended to discourage

criminal behavior in the specific individual charged with the crime. The objective of
specific deterrence is to persuade the person who committed the crime from breaking the
law in the future. Punishments for criminal behavior may include fines or prison
sentences. Two factors generally determine the effectiveness of the deterrence: the
severity of the punishment and the certainty of the punishment.

Conceptual Frame Work

This research work entitled “The Implementation of Traffic Management in

Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija” it aims to analyzed and assess the level of awareness of
the implementation of the Traffic Management.

To further discuss the paradigm of the study the researcher used independent and
dependent variable of the study. The presumed effect of this study or the output variable
is an effective implementation of traffic management in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija.
The presumed driving variables or the independent variables are the profile of
Cabanatuan City Traffic Management Group, the respondents’ observations, the
commonly violated rules of drivers, the existing problems encountered by the
respondents, and the determination of level of awareness of the respondents.

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Independent Variable Dependent Variable

 Profile of the respondents

 Level of Awareness
 Observation of the Effective
respondents implementation of

 Common Problems traffic management

Encountered in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

 Commonly Violated Rules

Figure 1

Conceptual Framework showing the variables of the study.