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Rain Water Harvesting

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 Rain Water Harvesting

Presented By: Mentor: Dr.Abha Kalaiya

Amogh Vyas – 20bba01001
Ananya Sharma – 20bba01002
Vraj Barot – 20bba01003
Nikhil Bensdadia – 20bba01004
Neha Chavda – 20bba01005
Tushar Chhatani – 20bba01006
Isha Shah – 20bba01007
Radhika Iyer – 20bba01008
Jenish Mehta - 20bba01009
Kartik Pahwa – 20bba02001
Arya Shah – 20bba03001
❑ Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Dr Abha Kalaiya ma’am for guiding us in this project. I
am glad that I worked under her guidance. Getting knowledge and guidance
under such a great teacher. We would
like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher DR. Abha kalaiya
ma’am for their guidance and support in the project.

Thank you for being a truly outstanding teacher. Your passion for teaching
and your dedication to your students is obvious in everything you do. I feel so
lucky to have been put into your class. I hope you the priceless impact you are
making in so many lives.

We have taken a lot of effort into this project. However, completing this
project would not have been possible without the support and guidance of a
lot of individuals. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted for the guidance and supervision. We would like to
thank you for providing the necessary information and resources for this
project.

We would like to express sincere gratitude to our supervisor Dr. Abha Kalaiya
for providing their invaluable guidance, comments,
suggestions and thoughts of the project. While making this project not only
for marks but to also increase my knowledge.
We would like to express, special thanks to Dr abha kalaiya who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the rain water harvesting,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and we came to know about
so many things we are really thankful to ma’am.
 We wish to express my sincere gratitude to dr. Abha ma’am for providing us
an opportunity to do project work.

Once again, we would like to thank Dr Abha ma’am for helping us whenever
we we're stuck and guiding us towards the right direction. Without her this
project wouldn't be successful. Am really grateful to GSFC University for
providing us with this opportunity.

❑ Aim and Objectives

 Aim - Feasibility of rain water harvesting.
 Objectives
• To modify and develop the Rain Water harvesting system
• To make aware about our product
• To implement our product in various states of India
• To explain our product
• New techniques used in our product – its explanation
• Where our Product can be implemented

❑ RAIN WATER HARVESTING

• The term Rainwater Harvesting is usually taken to mean the Immediate
collection of rainwater running off surfaces upon which It has fallen
directly. This definition excludes run-off from land Watersheds into
streams, rivers, lakes, etc.
• It includes water that is collected within the boundaries of a property, from
roofs and surfaces.
 • The Rainwater harvesting is the simple collection or storing of Water
through scientific techniques from the areas where the rain Falls.
• It involves utilization of rain water for the domestic or the agricultural
purpose.
• The method of rain water harvesting has been into practice
since ancient times.
❑ Ways Of Harvesting Water
• Capturing run-off from rooftops, roads.
• Capturing run-off from local catchments
• Capturing seasonal flood water from local streams
• Conserving water through watershed management. It involves utilization
of rain water for domestic or agricultural purpose.

❑ Need for Rain Water Harvesting

• Most of the rain falling on the surface tends to flow away rapidly, leaving
very little for the recharge of groundwater. As a result, most parts of India
experience lack of water even for domestic uses.
• Hence, the need for implementation of measures to ensure that rain falling
over a region is tapped as fully as possible through rainwater harvesting,
either by recharging it into the groundwater aquifers or storing it for direct
use. In desert, where rainfall is low, rainwater harvesting has been
providing relief to people.
❑ Advantages of Rain Water Harvesting
Reduces Flooding and Erosion
Reduces Water Bills
 Reduces Demand on Ground Water

Can Be Used for Non-drinking Purposes

Can Improve Plant Growth

❑ Disadvantage of Rain Water Harvesting

• Supplies can be contaminated by bird/ animal droppings on catchment
surfaces and guttering structures unless they are cleaned / flushed before
us.
• Poorly constructed water jars/containers can suffer from algal growth and
invasion by insects, lizards and rodents.
• They can act as a breeding ground for disease vectors if they are not
properly maintained.
❑ Ways of Harvesting Rainwater
SURFACE RUNOFF HARVESTING: It is a method in
which rainwater flowing as surface runoff is caught and
used for recharging aquifers by adopting appropriate
methods.
ROOF TOP RAINWATER HARVESTING (RTRWH):
In rooftop harvesting, the roof becomes the catchment, and the
rainwater is collected from the roof of the house/building. It can
either be stored in a tank or diverted to artificial recharge system.
❑ Techniques of Rain Water Harvesting
Storage of rainwater on surface for future use: The storage of
rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and structures used were
underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc.
Recharge to ground water: The collected rainwater is transferred to
the ground through suitable means for recharging the depleting aquifers.

❑Basic Components

❑ CONCEPT OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting might be the collection of rainwater from a
surface that allows for the rainwater to be stored and used at a later time.
In a typical rainwater harvesting situation, rainwater is collected from
 an impervious surface such as the roof of a building and then stored
inside of a tank or cistern. Rainwater can be collected from other
surfaces as well. Other surfaces include parking lots, roadways,
driveways, and even land surfaces (once surface runoff from the land
surface begins).
Rainwater can be harvested and stored for many uses including
landscape irrigation, potable and no potable indoor use, and storm water
management. Harvested rainwater can be particularly useful when no
other source of water supply is available, or if the available supply is
inadequate or of poor quality. Rainwater harvesting has benefits for
both urban (where municipal water is available) and rural properties
(where a water well is employed). The practice of rainwater harvesting
ranges from simple ideas such as a rain barrel set up underneath a gutter
downspout to complex systems such as for commercial buildings or
systems that supply the portable water for a house.

❑WHY SHOULD I HARVESTRAIN?

Rainwater harvesting is becoming popular once again for two reasons: its
superior water quality and a desire to reduce the use and dependence on
municipally treated water for all of our daily uses. Rainwater has long been
valued for its purity and softness.

It is free from salts, minerals, and other natural and man-made

contaminants. In addition, rainwater harvesting is valued as a water
conservation tool since it allows you to use rainwater
instead of municipally treated
water. This, in turn, reduces the amount of water a municipality has to treat
and deliver to their service area.
Rainwater is essentially FREE; once the capital cost of the collection
system infrastructure is paid for, you will harvest free water.
It is socially acceptable and environmentally responsible since it promotes
self-sufficiency and helps conserve water.
It reduces your municipal water consumption and thus your water bill.
It can be used as a main source of water or as a back-up source to wells and
municipal water. It can also be very helpful in times of emergencies.
It provides you with total control over your water supply (ideal for cities
with water restrictions).
Rainwater harvesting systems can be easily retrofitted to an existing
structure or built during new home construction. They are very flexible and
modular in nature, allowing expansion, reconfiguration, or relocation.
Rainwater is the best water source for landscape irrigation due to the lack
of chlorine and other treatment chemicals.
Rainwater harvesting can reduce the frequency and intensity of flooding
around your house or property.

Since the use of the harvested water is located close to the collection
source, this reduces the energy use required to move water around our
cities.
Rainwater harvesting can reduce storm water pollution, lessening its
impact on our local watersheds.
❑ PROCESS
A rainwater harvesting system has three main stages:
1. Collecting & transporting rainwater: This is done through
catchment areas & conduits. The catchment of a water harvesting
system is the surface which receives rainfall directly. It can be a paved
area like the terrace or courtyard of a building. Conduits are the
pipelines that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop to the
harvesting system.
2. Filtration: A filter unit is a chamber filled with filtering media to
remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the storage tank or
recharge structure.
3. Storage in tanks for reuse / Recharging the groundwater
levels: The harvested water can now be stored in storage tanks for
immediate usage, which are designed according to the water
requirements of the society. Existing non-potable water storage tanks in
the society can also be used to store the harvested rainwater.

❑ Recharging the groundwater levels:

The collected rainwater can also be used to recharge the groundwater levels
by using structures like dug wells, bore wells, recharge trenches and
recharge pits.

❑ IMPLEMENTATION OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) system is a technology that focuses on
sustainability and support the sustainable environment development. The
implementation of RWH systems provides many environments and
financial benefits. Some of the environment benefits of RWH system are
 the reduction of surface runoff, reduce the burden of soil aquifer, and
provide the availability of clean water. This study analysed the RWH
system implementation benefits both in environment and financial side.
The financial benefits of RWH system implementation are calculated
based on a number of rainwaters that can be used to replace the need for
clean water. The environment benefits defined by the reduced of main
water tap use and the reduced of generated roof runoff volume. This study
used a simple RWH system that uses the roof as a catchment area, the
pipeline as a distribution system, and tank as the storage system. The water
use is for domestic potable and no potable for a household with up to four
occupants in Bandung. The catchment area is taken 70 m2. A water balance
model for various scenarios was developed to calculate the algorithm of
the system. The costs taken in RWH system include the construction,
installation, maintenance and operational costs. The analysis shows that the
implementation of RWH systems provides advantages over the use of
conventional systems. It can save clean water use up to 54,92% and provide
runoff reduction up to 71,53%. RWH system applied requires additional
costs approximately only 0,66% from the value of the house. It was found
that it is possible to achieve payback in RWH system implementation
under several scenarios.
❑ PRODUCT ADVANTAGES:
The benefits of rainwater harvesting system are listed below:
Less cost.
Helps in reducing the water bill.
Decreases the demand for water.
Reduces the need for imported water.
 Promotes both water and energy conservation.
Improves the quality and quantity of groundwater.
Does not require a filtration system for landscape irrigation.
This technology is relatively simple, easy to install and operate.
It reduces soil erosion, storm water runoff, flooding, and pollution of
surface water with fertilizers, pesticides, metals and other sediments.
It is an excellent source of water for landscape irrigation with no
chemicals and dissolved salts and free from all minerals.

❑ BUSINESS MODELS
• Rainwater harvesting is a unique and innovative business that can be
started by young entrepreneurs. The process of rainwater harvesting is a
technically proven system to collect and store rainwater in natural
reservoirs or tanks. There are two processes to store rainwater. Rooftop

harvesting is the most popular way among the urban population. Here I
have discussed some basic components of rooftop rainwater harvesting.
These are as follows:
➢ Catchment
• In the most basic form of this technology, rainwater is collected
in simple vessels at the edge of the roof. Variations on this basic
approach include the collection of rainwater in gutters which
drain to the collection vessel through downpipes constructed for
this purpose, and/or the diversion of rainwater from the gutters to
containers for settling particulates before being conveyed to the
storage container for the domestic use.
 ➢ Transportation
• Rainwater from a rooftop should be carried through down-take
water pipes or drains to the storage/harvesting system. Water
pipes should be UV resistant (ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of the
required capacity. Water from sloping roofs could be caught
through gutters and down take the pipe. At terraces, the mouth of
each drain should have wire mesh to restrict floating material.
➢ First Flush
• A first flush device is a valve that ensures that runoff from the
first spell of rain is flushed out and does not enter the system.
This needs to be done since the first spell of rain carries a
relatively larger number of pollutants from the air and catchment
surface.
➢ Filter
• The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater
collected from the roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with
filtering media such as fibre, coarse sand, and gravel layers to
remove debris and dirt from the water before it enters the storage
tank or recharge’s structure.

❑ How To Create Rainwater Harvesting System for Your Client

1. Check the roof surface first. Whether it is suitable to collect
quality rainwater.
2. Install gutter meshes to prevent blocking gutters from leaves
and debris.
3. Fit gutter outlets
 4. Install first flush water diverters to prevent the first flush of
most contaminated rainwater from entering the tank
5. Install tank screen to keep mosquitoes and pests out.
6. Select the right size of the water tank. Consider annual rainfall,
roof catchment area, and water usage.
7. Fit insect-proof screen to the end of all pipes and to tank
overflow outlets.
8. Install a pump system to distribute the water inside and outside
of the premises.
9. Install a customized filter after the pump to help reduce
residual sediments, colour, and odour.
10. Fit a water level indicator to help monitor water usage.

❑ NEW PRODUCT IDEAS

1. Install a Rain Barrel:

The easiest way to harvest rain is through a rain barrel (make

your own from a large trash can or an old drum) linked to a pipe
fitted to collect rainwater from the rooftop and veranda of the
 house. To prevent the barrel from becoming a mosquito breeding
ground, fasten a tight-fitting top to it, and screen the ends of the
downspouts leading into the barrels. Or simply add a tablespoon
of vegetable oil to the stored rainwater. It coats the water’s
surface and kills larvae by depriving them of oxygen.
2. Create a Rain Garden:

A rain garden is a sunken landscape that uses native plants, local

soil, and mulch to remove pollutants from water, and allows it to
percolate into the ground. It’s easy to create, looks good all year-
round and has a positive impact on the environment. Here’s how
to make a rain garden in your own backyard.
3. Make your own DIY Rain Chain:

Rain chains are not only beautiful, simple to make requiring few
tools and materials, but also a more attractive alternative to
standard PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipe downspouts. These funs,
 fashionable and environment-friendly accessories help avoid the
runoff by transporting rainwater from the collecting pipe
downwards to a drain or to a storage container.

4. Naturally recharge your wells and bore wells:

Rooftop rainwater is led through pipes with a filter at the end to

open dug wells for replenishing underground aquifers. Based on
this idea, the ‘Mazhapolima’ (bounty of rain) Recharge Project
of Thrissur was born. As a result, today, not only is there
abundant water in summer, there is also reduced salinity,
turbidity, and colour in the well water. A recharge pit for bore
wells is also a good idea as it pushes back the surface water into
the groundwater system. Usually, a recharge pit is one metre in
diameter and six metres deep, lined with concrete rings having
perforations. These perforations let filtered and de-silted water
seep from the sides increasing the groundwater table.
5. Set up a Splash Block:

Setting up a splash block is a great idea to divert the flowing

rainwater away from the structure’s foundation. It is a piece of
concrete or plastic of a roughly rectangular shape, and is placed
below the downspout that carries rainwater from the roof of a
house during rainfall. It absorbs the force of the water that is
getting diverted from the roof, and also prevents holes from being
dug in the garden due to the eroding force of the pouring water.
6. Build a Rain Saucer:
If you are looking for a fast DIY way to collect rainwater without
much hassle, rain saucers form a great free standing rain
collection system which fills up surprisingly fast. Looking like
an upside-down umbrella, the rain saucer unfolds to form a
funnel which fills the containers with rainwater. Since this easy-
to-deploy system catches rain straight from the sky, it also
decreases the chances of contamination.
 7. A Reservoir for Rain:

Rainwater that falls on the rooftop, be it flat or slanting, can be

made to run through a pipe to a storage facility like a sump or a
tank. This water can be filtered to purify the larger particles
before being stored in rainwater harvest (RWH) tanks. By using
stored rainwater for washing cars and watering gardens, the use
of underground water can be minimised. A win-win system for
economy and environment, this also helps in saving energy and
keeps the energy bill to a minimum.

❑ NEW PROCESS TO IMPROVISE EXISTING ONES

For an understanding of this section, technologies used in rainwater
harvesting are discussed here. There are several rainwater harvesting
technologies such as rooftop, in situ, surface water, and groundwater
recharge.
1. Rooftop:

Rooftop rainwater harvesting technologies, according to the

UNFCCC, are rainwater harvesting system that is a simple
technology that promotes sustainable rainwater management and
uses the roof as a catchment. The system comprises of three (3)
basic elements such as catchment area (represented by the roof),
conveyance system (gutters), and storage (tank). An example of
a rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
2. In situ:
The in situ technology is a method where the storage of collected
rainwater in a direct way is utilized immediately. For example, in
arid and semiarid regions, the storage for the maximum amount
of rainwater during the wet season is made for use at a later time
when rain is low during the dry season, especially for agricultural
and domestic water supply. This technique as other rainfall
harvesting systems has three components: a collection
conveyance system, and a storage area. An example of in situ
rainwater harvesting used in the arid and semiarid regions of
North-eastern Brazil and Paraguay is primarily for irrigation
purposes.
3. Surface Water:

Surface water is water on the surface found on wetlands that is

no saline and is replenished by one of the processes in the
hydrologic cycle—precipitation. The surface water supports the
replenishment of groundwater aquifer supply if it is channelled
efficiently. In most urban areas, the surface water is wasted and
polluted. The wasting can be mitigated with proper utilization of
surface water from rain via rainwater harvesting and storing it
into the aquifer.
4. Groundwater Recharge:
Groundwater recharge is a process where groundwater is
supported by several techniques to add or bring back the health
of the groundwater for sustainability. It can be upstream or
downstream discharge such as areas close to mountain peaks
because the precipitation is higher than in the adjacent lowlands.
The shallow groundwater discharges directly to the valleys, and
too low-lying zones and the deep groundwater discharge directly
to the oceans through return flow on irrigation, leakage from
runoff, and wastewater collection system.
❑ ADAPTATION OF EXISTING AND NEW IDEAS
Rainwater harvesting (RWH) system is a technology that focuses on
sustainability and support the sustainable environment development. The
implementation of RWH systems provides many environments and
financial benefits. Some of the environment benefits of RWH system are
the reduction of surface runoff, reduce the burden of soil aquifer, and
provide the availability of clean water. This study analysed the RWH
system implementation benefits both in environment and financial side.
The financial benefits of RWH system implementation are calculated
based on a number of rainwaters that can be used to replace the need for
clean water. The environment benefits defined by the reduced of main
water tap use and the reduced of generated roof runoff volume. This study
used a simple RWH system that uses the roof as a catchment area, the
pipeline as a distribution system, and tank as the storage system. The water
use is for domestic potable and no potable for a household with up to four
occupants in Bandung. The catchment area is taken 70 m2. A water balance
model for various scenarios was developed to calculate the algorithm of
the system. The costs taken in RWH system include the construction,
installation, maintenance and operational costs. The analysis shows that the
implementation of RWH systems provides advantages over the use of
conventional systems. It can save clean water use up to 54,92% and provide
runoff reduction up to 71,53%. RWH system applied requires additional
costs approximately only 0,66% from the value of the house. It was found
that it is possible to achieve payback in RWH system implementation
under several scenarios.
RWH systems with 2 m3 storage tank capacity could meet up to 0,36
m3/day/house water needs. From the previous analysis, a conclusion could
 be drawn that the implementation of RWH systems provides an
environment and financial benefits. The more rainwater used, the more the
benefits. On the environment side, RWH system can save clean water use
up to 54,92% and reduce the volume of runoff comes from the roof up to
71,53% per year when compared to conventional systems. The
implementation of RWH systems also provide financial benefits where the
initial capital cost is only 0,73% of the house sales price, and at a certain
stage, the amount of benefits generated will be bigger than the costs. The
intangible benefit of the system can be bigger if viewed for further
environmental sustainability.
❑ IMPLEMENTATION
Currently, many programs /campaigns/ projects are underway to spread
mass awareness & mobilize general population in managing water
resources "the country is facing a severe water problem not because it does
not have adequate sources of water or because it receives less rainfall but
because of the lack of proper water harvesting. Lord Indra has been very
kind to us. The problem lies in our inability to conserve all the rainwater”.
- PRIM MINISTER, INDIA.
To enable rural population to conserve water for drinking, drinking,
irrigation, irrigation, fisheries, fisheries, afforestation & generate
employment opportunities. project executed by Gram Panchayats (village
governing bodies) with people’s participation; technical support by block
(sub-district) district) administration.
Administration
“Khet ka paani Khet mein, Gaon ka paani gaon mein, Khet ki mitti Khet
mein, Gaon kimitti kimitti gaon mein”.
 Neeru- Meeru (Water & You) – M 2000 ay 2000 Govt. of AP In 3 yrs,
additional storage space > 1800 Mm3 created by constructing various
water harvesting structure constructing various water harvesting structures
through people’s participation. Water literacy drive ‘Jalachaitanyam’
(water awareness) awareness) to create large-scale awareness about
conservation measures & sustainable management of water resources.

❑ Product benefit to customer: -

Less cost.
Helps in reducing the water bill.
Decreases the demand for water.
Reduces the need for imported water.
Promotes both water and energy conservation.
Improves the quality and quantity of groundwater.
Does not require a filtration system for landscape irrigation.
This technology is relatively simple, easy to install and operate.
It reduces soil erosion, stormwater runoff, flooding, and pollution of
surface water with fertilizers, pesticides, metals and other sediments.
It is an excellent source of water for landscape irrigation with no
chemicals and dissolved salts and free from all minerals.
It is cost-effective
Conserve’s water
A source of water for landscape irrigation
It is a simple method and easy to practice
It reduces soil erosion and pollution of water bodies due to fertilizers
and pesticides
Reducing dependence on mains water
 Rainwater can be used for irrigation use, indoor non-potable water use,
and/or potable water supply.
Rainwater harvesting can provide an independent water source in areas
where other water sources are unavailable, or the water quality is
unacceptable, or they are too expensive to develop, or they are too
difficult to obtain.
If used as a potable water source, the zero hardness of rainwater
provides many advantages. It eliminates the scale build-up in
household appliances that could occur with the use of other water
sources. This will extend the life of the appliances. In addition, it
reduces the amount of detergent or soaps needed in laundry and
dishwashing appliances, reducing money spent on these detergents and
soaps.
Rainwater from a potable rainwater harvesting system that has been
properly filtered and disinfected is some of the best tasting water
available. It doesn’t have the many chemicals that municipally treated
water has such as fluoride or chloramines (chlorine).

❑ Product benefit to environment/nature: -

Rainwater harvesting can reduce stormwater runoff from a property.
The elimination of runoff can reduce contamination of surface water
with pesticides, sediment, metals, and fertilizers.
By reducing stormwater runoff, rainwater harvesting can reduce a
storm’s peak flow volume and velocity in local creeks, streams, and
rivers, thereby reducing the potential for streambank erosion.
Rainwater harvesting systems can be employed as simple and effective
methods to meet a municipality’s stormwater management program
requirements of individual properties.
It is an excellent source of water for plants and landscape irrigation
since it has no chemicals such as fluoride and chloramines (chlorine).
In urban settings, up to 90% of water runs off because of all the hard
surfaces like roads, parking lots, and roofs. In nature, up to 90% soaks
into the ground. Rainwater systems counteract storm water run-off and
thereby reduce flooding, erosion, and ground water contamination.
When combined with enlightened infiltration designs like rain gardens,
a natural state can be regained.
Keeping the world green has a direct impact on the water cycle,
ecosystems, and our ability to maintain balance with our surroundings.
We have all heard of the heat island effect that affects weather patterns
in large population areas where green spaces have been destroyed.
History is full of examples where deforestation and urbanization have
totally changed the climates of large landmasses from the deserts on the
Iberian Peninsula to parts of the western US. Your lush and verdant
oasis made possible by a rainwater collection system does more than
just look beautiful, it helps maintain the water cycle.
Using well water may be better than using city water for things like
irrigation but it very directly depletes ground water supply. Taking
water out of our lakes, reservoirs, and rivers also affects ground water.
On the other hand, irrigating with rainwater helps replenish
groundwater supplies.
Protect your Local Watershed
Reduce your Carbon Footprint
 Maintaining the Quality of Watershed and Prevent Flooding
Mitigate the Changes in Climate and Reduction in Carbon Footprint.

❑ Product benefit to society: -

Collecting and using rainwater to replace municipal water use reduces
your water bill
Reducing municipal water use for areas such as irrigation reduces the
amount of water that a municipality has to treat and pump. This, in turn,
reduces water service cost to a municipality.
The widespread implementation of rainwater harvesting within a
municipality’s service area can reduce the long-term water development
needs of a city, allowing the city to use their existing water
infrastructure investments more efficiently. The cost to the community
to supply treated water is becoming more expensive every year. The
cost to construct dams, pipes, and treatment plants, not to mention the
cost of maintenance and infrastructure replacement is huge. As water
users, the rate-payers in the community ultimately will foot this rising
bill. Therefore, the practice of rainwater harvesting can reduce water
demand and thus allow municipalities to provide potable water service
at a lower cost.
Designing and installing rainwater collection systems can provide
sustainable jobs for the economy of the future. The rainwater
harvesting industry can become a leading employer in the green
infrastructure movement.
Rainwater stored onsite in a rainwater harvesting system can be
available for wildfires and help protect the house and property.
 Insurance companies can offer discounts for storing water onsite for fire
protection.

❑ Product Sell
❖ MARKETING IDEAS: -
To promote and sell in multiple marketplaces. In the current
situation, it is easy for an e-commerce store to launch a multi-
channel sales strategy to market a product across different
platforms.
To use product recommendations, For e-commerce stores we can
use the shopping experience for product promotions.
Make use of google My Business, this can be useful to promote
new product by using google My Business.
By the help of email marketing, it is very helpful to market the
product. Create Value-Packed Infographics: - Infographics are
powerful for two reasons. First, in this fast-paced age, text is no
longer the preference of most people.
Second, imagery often has a stronger pull and impact than text
alone. By creating infographics, you can impart valuable
information to your audience.
❖ ESTABLISHING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE
PROJECT AT SITE: -
For the implementation of the project the garden or home,
suitable for pedestrian or vehicle loading areas is suitable.
Rainwater harvesting can be implemented by any person who is
building a house or who already has a house and has space to set
up the system. It is mandatory for houses who own 2400sq ft. and
 above or who wish to build house on an area of 1200sq ft. and
above to install rainwater harvesters in their houses.
❖ ADVERTISING AND DEVELOPING BUSINESS IN
INDIA: -
The Indian advertising industry has evolved from being a small-
scaled business to a full-fledged industry. The advertising
industry is projected to be the second fastest growing advertising
market in Asia after China. It is estimated that by 2018, the share
of ad spend in India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will be
around 0.45 per cent. The Indian government has given
tremendous support to the advertising and marketing industry.
Advertising expenditure is likely to increase in the financial
sector, driven by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) policies which
could result in a more favourable business environment. Also,
proposed licences for new banks and better market sentiments
render the advertising and marketing industry in India a fertile
space.

❖ Market size
Print contributes a significant portion to the total advertising
revenue, accounting for almost 41.2 per cent, whereas TV
contributes 38.2 per cent, and digital contributes 11 per cent of
the total revenue. Outdoor, Radio and Cinema make up the
balance 10 per cent.
 India’s digital advertisement market is expected to grow at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 33.5 percent to cross
the Rs 25,500 crore (US$ 3.8 billion) mark by 2020.
The Internet's share in total advertising revenue is anticipated to
grow twofold from eight per cent in 2013 to 16 per cent in 2018.
Online advertising, which was estimated at Rs 2,900 crore (US$
435 million) in 2013, could jump threefold to Rs 10,000 crore
(US$ 1.5 billion) in five years, increasing at a compound annual
rate of 28 per cent.

❑ Recent Developments
GroupM, the US-based advertising media company, has acquired a
majority stake in Mediacom India, a joint venture between GroupM India
and Madison Media group's principal shareholder Sam Balsara, for an
undisclosed amount.
Flipkart, India's largest e-commerce marketplace has re-entered the private
label business by launching Smart Buy, with a view to boost earnings and
fill gaps in its product selection.
Google is all set to help India implement Prime Minister Mr Narendra
Modi's "Digital India" initiative and the government has a well laid out
plan to realise it, said Google's Chief Internet Evangelist Mr Vinton G.
Cerf. Digital India is Rs 1.13 trillion (US$ 16.95 billion) government
initiative that seeks to transform the country into a connected economy,
attract investment in electronics manufacturing, and create millions of jobs
and support trade.
❑ Government Initiatives
The Governments of India and Canada have signed an audio-visual co-
production deal which facilitates producers from both countries to harness
their collective artistic technical, financial and marketing resources, and
encourage exchange of culture and art between the two countries. The
agreement is also likely to lead to better promotion of Indian locales for
shooting films. "The agreement will also lead to the transparent funding of
film production and boost export of Indian films into the Canadian market,"
as per the agreement.
India and Poland are seeking to enhance cooperation in the digitisation and
restoration of film archives. This was decided in a meeting between Mr
Bimal Julka, Secretary of Information and Broadcasting, India, and a
delegation from Poland led by Ms Malgorzata Omilanowska, Secretary of
State. The two countries will form a joint working group that will help
improve cooperation in fields such as student exchange programmes,
animation, films and digitisation, among others. Mr Rajyavardhan Singh
Rathore, Minister of State for Information & Broadcasting, has announced
that Indian government has planned to increase advertising spend on the
digital platform which will help increase the government’s presence in
digital media.
❑ Road Ahead
The advertising and marketing sector in India is expected to enjoy a
good run. Growth is expected in retail advertisement, on the back of
factors such as several players entering the food and beverages segment,
e-commerce gaining more popularity in the country, and domestic
companies testing out the waters. The rural region is a potentially
 profitable target. For instance, in the automobiles sector, the focus of
two-wheelers on rural areas could mean more launches and more
advertising spends. The telecom sector could see growth as well, driven
by better smartphone penetration and service providers cutting down on
prices.
❑ Process of the Product:

Water scarcity is a serious problem throughout the world for both urban
and rural communities.
Urbanization, industrial development and increase in agricultural field
and production has resulted in overexploitation of surface water
resources and resultant deterioration in water quality.

➢ Design Of Recharge PIT:

The recharge pit should be filled with the metal, to recharge slit free
water.

Hence the materials to be filled in the pit are 60 mm metal, 40 mm

metal, 20 mm metal, fine sand. The material should be filled depth wise
in the pit. The coarser material should be filled at the bottom and finest
 on the top. The uppermost fine sand layer can be separated from the 20
mm metal layer by using non corrosive wire mesh. It will help for the
yearly maintenance. Depth of material for recharge pits:

Material to be filled % Depth of material Depth (in m)

60 mm metal 30% 0.45m
40 mm metal 30% 0.45m
20 mm metal 20% 0.30 m
Fine sand 20% 0.30 m

➢ Result And Discussions:

Design of the rainwater harvesting system of GECA campus is
done using Geographic Information System (GIS).
For Catchment 1:
Runoff potential for one storm of two hours = 5, 09,018 litres
For recharge, Size of recharge pit (1and 2) is taken as = 10 m X 10m X
1.5 m % of runoff from rainfall obstructed and recharge in pit = 58.9%
= 2, 99,811 litres.
For Catchment 2:
Runoff potential for one storm of two hours = 2, 36,232 litres For
recharge, size of recharge pit (3) is taken as= 5 m X 5 m X 1.5m
% of runoff from rainfall obstructed and recharge in pit = 15.87%
37,490 litres
Total annual runoff potential from catchment area considered (1 and
2): 1, 19, 24,000 litres
Total annual recharge through pits: 53, 96,816 litres
Filter material for filling the recharge the pit is decided as 60
mm metal (30% depth), 40 mm metal (30% depth), 20 mm
 Approximate expenditure for: Recharge pit 1: Rs. 1, 44,637.5/-
Recharge pit 2: Rs. 1, 44,637.5/-
Recharge pit 3: Rs. 37,409.375/-
Approximate expenditure for underground storage tank (5m X 5
m X 1.5 m) (Optional) is Rs. 1, 82,052.875/-
Recharge pit/ underground tank can be connected to bore
wells for bore well recharge.

❑ Costing and Financial

Installing a rainwater harvesting system can reduce mains water
consumption by up to 50% in a domestic property, and even more in
some commercial situations. That’s an attractive saving on commercial
or household bills for your client. Compared against the initial
investment of the system cost, a top of the range rainwater harvesting
system will pay for itself, generate additional savings over the longer
term and provide an ecologically sustainable solution.

Domestic properties will have different requirements to commercial

buildings and the cost of the system will depend on a range of factors,
including:
➢ The type of tank required for a specific location
• The tank capacity dependent on usage and collection area
• The size and shape of the tank
• The level of sophistication of mechanical and electrical
components
❑ What’s Included in The Cost?
The base components of a rainwater harvesting system include the
filter(s), pump, storage tank, pipes, connectors, mains water backup
and control unit. The UK Rainwater Management Association
recommends that a quality domestic system should cost an average
of £2,000 to £3,000, excluding additional features, installation and
VAT. Commercial properties will require much larger systems,
potentially involving additional features such as UV disinfection and
monitoring units. Although the cost will be correspondingly higher,
the return on investment is often faster and greater. When retrofitting
to existing buildings, additional costs may also apply to connect the
gutter to the tank and the tank to the property.
Whether the system is being installed in a new build or integrated
into an existing building will affect the overall costs. For new builds,
planning may include an individual tank or shared tanks. There may
be direct feeds or gravity feeds to each property. Excavation for an
underground tank can be factored into new build plot preparation.
For an existing building, excavation costs can be pricey, so check
the likely costs with a building contractor before setting a budget.
You’ll need to account for ground drainage and providing a concrete
base for the tank. Other important factors are the cost of new conduit
or piping to each utility, such as toilets and washing machines.
❑ Calculating the Cost of a Rainwater Harvesting System
Tank Location: - Tanks may be located above ground if
excavation is not achievable.
• Above ground tanks will be exposed to temperature fluctuations,
such as summer heat and winter freezes, so ideally should have
some protection. Below ground tanks are the ideal where
excavation is possible. Below ground tanks come in a range of
capacities and heights to suit shallow or deep excavation,
depending on the space constraints and the type of ground.
Tank capacity: -
• The geographical location of the property. Different parts of
the UK experience widely different regional climates. For
example, the North West typically receives heavier rainfall
all year round than the South East. On average, it rains one
in every three days in Britain. The roof surface area for rain
collection – This is calculated by multiplying the length and
width of the building, including any extensions.
• The number of occupants and the purpose of the recycled
water – Will your client be using the harvested water for
toilet flushing and garden use, or also for washing clothing?
Consider how many litres will be required per day per
person for each usage.
Direct Fed or Gravity Fed?
• A Gravity Fed System requires space for a header
• tank in the loft. The water is pumped into the tank, where
gravity provides equalised pressure to fill toilet cisterns
or to feed appliances.
• With a high-quality system, such as our domestic Rain
Sava® or commercial RainTech® solutions, your client
will benefit from low energy costs, as very little electricity
is expended on pumping and the system standby power
use is minimal. Your system cost calculation will need to
factor in the price of the header tank. System prices
depend on the capacity required, but a quote should
take into account all the primary components required to
make your system work at peak efficiency for the
building and its occupants.
• A Direct Fed System is appropriate for properties that do
not have high level space for a gravity fed solution.
When rainwater levels drop in the collection tank, a
control unit will partially fill the storage tank with mains
water, ensuring a constant supply; whilst complying with
UK water regulations. Prices for standard domestic
control units are relatively low, while a sophisticated
system may cost you more. These typically include extra
features, such as a leak detection alarm, suited to large
domestic, commercial or industrial properties.
 Value for Money
• It is possible to source solutions below the price ranges
recommended by The UK Rainwater Management Association, but
you should consider the following points:
➢ Guarantees - A quality system should provide a long warranty
on all mechanical components, management systems and tanks.
➢ Pumps - An important component and the item that will receive
the most wear and tear. For this reason, it is important to use a
high quality unit. Cheap pumps are cheap for a reason! Equally
important is the pump controller; – beware that many have high
standby energy consumption, and since most of the time the
system is in this mode, this can amount to a significant cost.
➢ Support- There’s nothing worse than receiving components with
no back assistance for installation queries and technical issues.
Check whether the system is accompanied by telephone support,
this should be a given.
➢ Filters - No filter can remove 100% of sediment, but quality
solutions will include features such as water inlet calmers,
siphons and strainers to provide exceptional standards of
filtration and clarity. To summarise; the cost of a rainwater
harvesting system is dependent on the quality of the components,
whether the system is for domestic or commercial use and the
size and location of the installation.
 A. Unit cost of construction activities
Item Unit Rate
Excavation in soils cu. m. 90.00
Excavation in rock cu. m. 150.00
Brickwork with cu. m. 1400.00
cement mortar (1:6)
Plain cement cu. m. 1500.00
concrete (1:3:6)
Reinforced cu. m. 4700.00
cement
concrete (1:2:4)
cu.
m.
4700.00Including
steel bars etc.
PVC piping for Metre 165.00
rainwater pipes Metre 275.00
-110 mm
diameter
- 200 mm diameter
Making Metre 180.00
borehole in
metre
165.00Soft
soil (with 150 mm
diameter PVC
casing)

B. Ferrocement tanks with skeletal cage

Capacity of rooftop 5000 6000 7000 9000
water harvesting
system in litre
Total cost in rupees 12,430 12,430 12,430 14,380
 C. Plastic tanks:
Available as finished products in various capacities. The cost of these
tanks’ ranges from Rs 2/litre to about Rs 3.5/litre

Other brands available in the market

Brand name Unit cost (Rs. Per litre)

Hindustan, Jindal 1.80
Storex, Ganga 2.75

❑ ESTIMATION AND COSTING OF RECHARGE PITS:

For the recharge pit 1, 2

Item Item Quantity Rate Total cost
No. (cu.m.)
1. Excavation 150 140.00/-per cu.m. Rs. 21000 /-
2. Labour Charges Lumsum 1000 /- per day Rs.3000 /-
3. Materials (60,40,20mm metal) 150 804.25/-per cu.m Rs. 120637.5/-
Total Rs. 144637.5 /-
TOTAL=Cost of 2 pits=2×144637.5= Rs. 289275 /-
For the recharge pit 3

Item Item Quantity Rate Total cost

No. (cu.m.)
1. Excavation 37.5 140.00/-per Rs. 5250 /-
cu.m.
2. Labour Charges Lumsum 1000 /- per day Rs. 2000 /-
3. Materials (60,40,20mm metal) 37.5 804.25/-per Rs. 30159 /-
cu.m
Total Rs. 37409.375 /-

Underground storage tank

Item Item Quantity Rate Total cost
No. (cu.m.)
1. Excavation 37.5 140 /- per Rs. 5250 /-
cu.m.
2. P.C.C (1:2:4) 5.40 4010 /- per Rs. 21686 /-
cu.m.
3. BBM (1:6) 12.25 4454 /- per Rs. 44540 /-
cu.m.
4. R.C.C (1:2:4) 15 4819 /- per Rs. 72285 /-
cu.m.
5. Plaster (1:4) 60 74 /- per cu.m. Rs. 4440 /-
6. Labour Charges Lumsum 2000 /- per day Rs. 2000 /-
Total Rs. 182052.875/-
Grand Rs. 508737.25 /-
Total

Total Cost of RWH system = Cost of Recharge pit 1 + Cost of Recharge

pit 2 + Cost of
Recharge pit 3 + Cost of Underground Tank

= Rs. 144637.5 /- + Rs. 144637.5 /- + Rs. 37409.375 /- + Rs. 182052.875/-

= Rs. 508737.25 /-

❑ Balance Sheet
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1S5FGEhX0OA96aUZsCG6LCNnD_IlS_fcg
/view?usp=sharing

❑ Conclusion
Experience Given by All the Team Members –
My overall experience about the project is good. When we started
working on the project, I think it was very difficult but with the
guidance of Abha Mam and the help of the group members it became
easier for us. Ma’am helps us in every situation and guides us on
how to act. We learned a lot at the end of the project. I’ve learnt a
lot of things about myself while working with my group members in
undertaking this project and also found that I am capable of
achieving almost anything if I put my soul and heart into it. Working
in teams can make work a lot easier.
By engaging myself into a group, I increased my involvement in the
project, put in more effort, and became more oriented in completing
the group’s task. I like the fact that the amount of work in a group is
divided fairly and evenly for each member so that the work is done
in a timely manner and efficiently as possible. With group work, I’ve
been learning more in less amount of time and also enabling myself
to check on everybody’s progress to see if anybody needs help. One
of the major challenges of completing the assignment was finding
the right type of articles in terms of clear context and topic. Many
research methods and resources were used to locate the appropriate
articles and it was something which wasn’t easy at all. Working in
groups made this assignment easy to finish and meeting up its
deadline just in time.
Overall, internship is a really good program and recommended to
my fellow friends. It was really fun and it really encouraged us. It
helps to enhance and develop my skills, abilities, and knowledge
about the Rain Water Harvesting. It was a good experience and
memories as not only I have gained experience, but also new friends
and knowledge.
In conclusion the student benefited a lot in the field attachment in a
way that the student managed to apply the theoretical knowledge as
well as practical knowledge regarding the Rainwater Harvesting
from the university into practice through the many activities which
we were instructed to do.
We improved the skills like interpersonal, listening, presentation
skills, acting freely around people, typing skills, accounting,
recording, presentation, typing, conflict resolution, organizational
skills to mention but a few. The student got different ideas from the
different people and also through interacting with other people from
GSFC University and this contributed a lot on the knowledge and
experience of rainwater Harvesting.
We learned so many new things regarding rainwater Harvesting like
how Rainwater Harvesting is important to us, what are the different
techniques of Rainwater Harvesting, how can we implement it, etc.
On the whole, this internship was a useful experience.
This internship has been an excellent and rewarding experience. I
can conclude that there have been a lot I’ve learnt from my work at
Cemosis. Needless to say, the technical aspects of the work I’ve
done are not flawless and could be improved provided enough time.
As someone with no prior experience with Node.js whatsoever I
believe my time spent in research and discovering it was well worth
it and contributed to finding an acceptable solution to build a fully
functional web service. Two main things that I’ve learned the
importance of our time-management skills and self-motivation.
First of all, I am very grateful to Ma’am for giving us such a great
opportunity. Internship provides a great deal, major advantage. It
reveals my standard concerning skills and competence on the
intellectual's scene.
According to the considerable task that I did, I got the experience
and lots of knowledge. It is also important to remember that the
internship reveals the various challenges and realities of the
professional work in which I will enter in coming days.
Internship helps me to improve my qualifications such as
communication skills, report writing, organization at work,
information required to do a work and also a research paper.
My experience in this project was good. I have learned a lot of things
while working on this project. I felt very easy in doing the project
with the guidance of Dr Abha Ma’am and with the help of the group
members. With the equal division of the work made it easy to submit
it on time. I also experienced and gained some knowledge through
this project.
This project rainwater harvesting has given me many benefits from
using group work as part of teaching and learning activities in this
project. Working in teams can make work a lot more easily leading
to an involving and satisfying experience for students. By engaging
myself into a group, I increased my involvement in the project, put
in more effort, gained greater satisfaction and became more oriented
in completing the group’s task. Also, working in groups can be
challenging at times and it demands a set of skills. With this project,
gained fair knowledge about the way task-oriented groups work and
what complexity it involves. At first, it was hard for me to
understand the whole process of team work and the amount of
communication skills it involved but by undertaking this project in
groups, I have certainly developed a stronger sense of obligation
amongst the members and increased pressure towards the
completion of the task.
 In conclusion, rain water harvesting project has given me a new
insight about group work with an opportunity of learning group
skills. These skills promoted my self-independence and less
dependence on teachers.
I would like to say that my overall experience about the internship
was good. I got to new things. As a group leader I had lot of
responsibilities. With the help of ma'am and my co- partners. I was
able to do it.

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