Richard Wolfson

'
 3.00 X 108 m/S 299,792,458
1.60 X 10- 19 C 1.602 176 634 x 10- 19
ep 9.11 X kg 9.109 383 56 (11) X 10- 31 kg
1.67 X kg 1.672 621898(21 ) X 10-27 kg
G
6.67 X N . m2/ kg2 6.67408(31) X N . m2/kg2
0 1.26 x 10-6 N/A2(H/ m) 12.566 370 616 9 (29) x 10- 7 N/ A2
0 8.85 X C 2/N · m2(F/m ) 8.854 187 815 8(20 ) x 10- 7 C2/ N · m2
kR
1.38 X J/ K 1.380 649 X
8.31 J / K · mol
(]" 5.67 x 10-8 W / m2 · K 4 5.670 367(13 ) X 10-8 W/m2 · K.i
h (= 21rfi) 6.63 X 10- 34 J · S 6.626 070 15 X 10-3-1 J ·
NA 6.02 x 1023 6.022 140 76 x 1023
5.29 X 10- 11 m 5.291772 085 9(36 ) X 10- Il m

2014, 2019

SI
7_ x| x|
YZEPTGMkhd
102.j
1021
1018
1015
1012
109
106
103
102
101 a

100 µ
dcrrµnpfazy
10- 1 u£0T
10-2
10- 3
10-6
10-9 pgT
10- 12
10- 15
10-!8
10- 21
10- 24

1 in = 2.54 cm 1 u = 1.661 x 10- 27 kg 1 atm = 101 .3 kPa = 760 mmHg

1 mi = 1.609 km 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 at m = 14.7 lb / in2
1 ft = 0.3048 m 1 Btu = 1.054 kJ
= 9.46 x 1010 m 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ 1 rad = 180°/1r = 57.3°
1 eV = 1.602 X 10- 19 J 1 rev = 360° = 21r rad
1 mi/h = 0.447 m/s 1 pound(lb) =4.448 N = 0.454 l re v/ s = 60 rpm
1 m/s = 2.24 mi / h = 3.28 ft/ s
1 day = 86,400 s 1 gaus s = 10- .i T
1 year = 3.156 x 107 s
Essential
University Physics
FOURTH EDITION

Richard Wolfson
Authorized translation from the English language edition , entitled ESSENTIAL UNIVERSITY
PHYSICS, 4th Edition by WOLFSON RICHARD , published by Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2020.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying , recording or by any
information storage retrieval system , without permission from Pearson Education , Inc.

KOREAN language edition published by GYOMOON PUBLISHERS, Copyright © 2020.

Pearson Education ,
 College)
F. Wissler Professor of

of

Center for
Atmospheric Research), Andrews
University),

Einstein's
Relativity and the Quantum Revolution: Modern Physics for Nonscientists (The Teaching
Company, 1999), Physics in Your Life (The Teaching Company, 2004), P hysics and Our
Universe: How It All Works (The Teaching Company, 2011), Understanding Modern
Electronics (The Teaching Company, Nuclear Choices: A
Citizen 's Guide to Nuclear Technology (MIT Press, 1993), Simply Einstein: Relativity
Demystified (W. W. Norton, 2003), Energy, Environment, and Climate (W. W. Norton,
third edition, Scientific the World Book

3
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9 26
9 26
10 27
II 29
II 29
ll 31
11 36
12
13

13
 <Essential University Physics>

14
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B.
C.
D.
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1.1 21 5. 5 117
1.2 22
1.3 26 125
1.4 29 6.1 125
6.2 127
6.3 131
37
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6.4 135
39
6.5 138
2.1 39
2.2 41
149
2.3 43
7. 1 149
2. 4 46
7.2 151
2.5 49
7.3 155
2. 6 51
7.4 158
7.5 160
59
7. 6 162
3. 1 59
3. 2 62
171
3.3 63
8.1 171
3.4 65
8.2 172
3.5 66
8.3 174
3.6 71
8.4 177
8.5 182
81
4. 1 81
191
4. 2 82
9.1 191
4. 3 86
9. 2 197
4.4 87
9. 3 201
4. 5 90
9.4 202
4.6 93
9.5 203
9.6 205
103
5. 1 103
219
5.2 106
10.1 219
5.3 108
10. 2 223

16
 17

10. 3 224 15.2 330

10.4 230 15. 3 333
10.5 232 15.4 335
15.5 338
243 15.6 341
11.1 243
11.2 244
351
11.3 246
353
11.4 249
16. 1 353
11.5 251
16.2 355
16.3 358
261
16.4 363
12. 1 261
12.2 263
373
12.3 264
17.1 373
12.4 266
17.2 377
17. 3 381
279

281 389
13.1 281 18. 1 389
13.2 282 18.2 391
13.3 287 18.3 399
13.4 290
13. 5 291 409
13.6 293 19.1 409
13.7 294 19. 2 410
19.3 415
303 19.4 419
14.1 303
14.2 305
433
14.3 307
435
14.4 309
20.1 435
14.5 311
20.2 436
14.6 312
20.3 439
14.7 315
20.4 442
14.8 317
20. 5 447
14. 9 320

457
329
21.1 457
15.1 329
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21.2 459 26.8 577

21.3 462
21.4 464 591
21.5 471 27.1 591
21.6 472 27.2 593
27.3 598
483 27.4 603
22.1 483 27.5 609
22 . 2 487 27.6 612
22 . 3 493
22.4 495 621
28.1 621
505 28. 2 AC 622
23.1 505 28.3 LC 627
23.2 506 28.4 RL C 630
23.3 508 28. 5 A C 632
23.4 513 28. 6 634

521 641
24. 1 521 29. 1 641
24. 2 524 29.2 642
24. 3 528 29.3 644
24.4 530 29.4 645
24.5 532 29. 5 650
29. 6 654
539 29. 7 655
25. 1 539 29. 8 657
25. 2 540
25.3 erg 546
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25.4 548
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25.5 550
30.1 671
30.2 673
561
30.3 676
26. 1 561
30.4 678
26.2 562
26.3 564
687
26. 4 566
31.1 687
26.5 568
31.2 692
26.6 571
31.3 695
26.7 575
31.4 699
 19

711 36. 4 814

32.1 711 36 . 5 818
32.2 713
32.3 716 827
32.4 719 37.1 827
32.5 722 37.2 829
32.6 725 37.3 832
37.4 838

735
.. ... ..
847
737
38. 1 847
33 . 1 737
38.2 852
33 . 2 738
38. 3 859
33 . 3 740
38.4 861
33 . 4 741
38. 5 867
33 . 5 747
33.6 748
877
33.7 752
39. 1 877
33.8 756
39 . 2 879
33.9 757
39. 3 882
39.4 886
765
39.5 888
34.1 765
34.2 766
768 A. 901
34.3
34.4 771
B. 909
C. 911
34. 5 775
34. 6 777 D. 914

34. 7 779 E. 917

787 918

788 930
35 . 1
35. 2 789
35.3 791
35.4 798
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805
36.1 805
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• LO 1.1

LO 1.2

LO 1.3

LO 1.4 SI

LO 1.5

LO 1.6

LO 1.7

DVD

1.1

LO 1.1 .
..... .... ...... ............ ... ... .. .... ... .. ....... ........ ..... .. ........ .......... .. ... ...... .... ..... ..... .. .
DVD

| [~

DVD
\
1 I
1.1

21
22

DVD

DVD
mechanics)

of relativity)

- l

1.2

LO 1.2
LO 1.3
 1.2 23

SI
II-
1
1
SI

SI

SI

(International B ureau of Weights and

Sl

SI
Hz
24

1/299,792,458
299,792 ,458
SI
SI

SI m · s-1

2019 SI

SI J· s
6.626 070 15 X 10- 34

J· kg · m2 · c,

SI
SI
SI

~l 1. 2 SI
1.2

SI

SI
m) m)
SI
1 km = 1000
 1.2 25

58 1.1 SI
10 SI y 1024
z 1021
SI E 1018
p 1015
'n,
T 10[2
G 109
M 106
N k 103
h 102
— SI rn/s m ·
da 101
100
d 10- l
C 10-2
SI
m 10- 3
h SI µ, 10- 6
(mi/h), SI n 10-9
p 10- 12
f 10- 15
SI 10~1s
a
SI z 10-21
y 10- 24

SI

1 ft = 0.3048 1 0.3048

2722 ft

(2722 ft)( 0-3~~~ m ) = 829 .7 m

I :.s':if.:;~~1f
.......................................................... ................... ......... ... .... .... ...................................... ................... ..........
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1.1 1

65 3600

1 mi = 1609 1609 65 mi / h = ( 65fi )( 16: m )( 3:0~ s ) = 29 m / s

26

1.3

LO 1.4 SI
LO 1.5
LO 1.6
LO 1.7

1/ 1 , ooo , ooo , ooo , ooo ,ooo m

1,ooo , ooo , ooo,ooo , ooo , ooo , 000

4.185 X 103, 0.00012

1.2 X 10-

3 X l0 -8 )

IO" 1. 2
1042 kg
1 X 1026 m
·•····•·...
6 X 106 m
9 X 103 m
2m
1 X 10-5 m
1 X 10-15 m
4 X 1017 S
3 X 107 S

1s
5 X 10- 10s
3 X 10- 24 S
4X I0 - 1
,...... 1 X 1042 kg
1 X 1018 kg
70 kg
1 X 10-13 kg
1 X 10- 25 kg
1 X l0- 3o kg

1.4

- 3.75 X 106 +5 .2 X 105 = 3.75 X 106 +0.52 X 106 = 4.27 X 106

|

(3.0 X 108 m/s) (2.1 x 10-10 s) = (3.0) (2.1 ) X 108+(- IO) m = 6.3 x 10-2 m
 1.3 27

V(3.61 X 104)3 = V3.613 X 10(4)(3) = (47.04 X 1012)1/2

= X 1Q(l2)(l/2) = 6.86 X 106

1.2 I |
29.4 X 103
2.94 X l04
'V = g = 9.8
3.0 km

3.0 km = 3.0 x 103 m

= ( 1.1 x;o2 ( l.Q ~\:3 ¢' ) ( 3.6 Xh103 r, )

= 6.1 X 102 km/h

v= JgF; = [(9.8 m/s2 ) (3.0 x 103 m)]1l2
= (29.4 x 103 m2/s2)112= (2.94 x 104 600 km / h
= X 102 m/s
= 1.7 X 102 m/s

1.7 x 102
figure)

3. 14 159 ...

6.37 X 106 rn

1 .248 km 65.4 m
1. 24 8 km + 0.0654 km = 1. 3134 km
0.001 km 1.313
km
28

1.3 |- - - -
|
3.241 3.249 m —3.241 m = 0.008 m 8 mm
3.249 8.000 mm

1.2 0.0008, 3.14 X l07, 2.998 X 1Q- 9, 55 X 106 , 0.041 X l09 (1) (2)

60, 300,

6.0 X 3 .00 X 102

4.lO X
 1.4 29

1.4

10
9.8

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15
10 cm
( 10 cm)3= 1000 cm3 10-3
l
(1000 cm3)( 1 g/cm3) = 1000 g = 1

(l0- 5 m )3 = 10-15
10-3 m3
10-3
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10-15
= 1012
1. 6 1011

1.4
30

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1.1
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6.37 x 106 m = 6.37 Mm

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40

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2
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10- "

32
 33

Study Modules),
(practice solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 1.1 LO 1.5
LO 1.2 1.2
1.1 , l.3, l.9 l .45, 157, 1.65
l. 13, l.1 6, 1.1 7 LO 1.6
LO 1.3 1.5, 1.6
1.8 1.46, 1.47, I .48, 1.49, 1.50, 1.51 , 1.52, 1.53,
I. I J , J.1 2, 1. 14, I.1 5, I.1 8, 1.19, 1.20, 1.22, 1.54, 1.55, 1.56, 1.58, 1.6 1, I .62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.66, 1.68
1.23, l.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.27, 1.28 LO 1.7
LO 1.4 Sl
1.4 1.69
1.29, 1.30, 1.3 1, 1.32, 1.33 , 1.34 , 1.35, 1.36

15. 0.1 1 cm
..
l.
16. 1.4 8 .1

2. 2.5 X 10-lo 17. 3.4

2.1 km
3. 18. 35 .0 (a) m/s, (b)
4.

19. 1
5.
6.
20. 1r X 107
7.
2 1. 1 1
8.
22.
t = 1000
23 . 1 350 1
9.
lO.
24 . 100 km /h
1.16 X 106
65
25 . 1 km/h
26. 2100 l
1 .2
11 lOOO (a) W, (b) 27 .
kW, (c) 28 . SI (a) 55 m i/h, (b) 40.0 km / h ,
12. 0.1 1 (c) (d) E

13 1 ns 29.
14. 14 2.4 X 1022 111 SI
kg
34

1.3 (a)
30. 3.6 X 105 2.1 X 103 (b)
31. 4.2 X 103 0.57
32. 5 .1 x 10- 2 6.8 X 103 1.8 x 104 46.
SI
33. 6.4 X
34. 1.46 2.3 47. 1 104 k g
35. 3.6 cm 41111
48.
36. 41.05 49. 1.5

.............

50.
5I. 100

52.

37. UlfJIDI 45
38. El~IDI 50 mi/h 25 1 S
10 cm

39. El'21DI
54. 4 X 105

40. El~IIKI GPS 1800

55 . 4 1010
41 . Ul~IDI 3.682 (a)
3.704
(b)

42. l!:lr.-llllcl
3.846
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56. (a) (b)
43. Ul~ID1 57.

58.
44. t lr.-!IIDJ
12.404 h

59.
21 min
$1.29/ L

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45. 385 yd

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d. 10- 30
72.
62.
a. 10- 10 kg
63.
BIO b.
64. SJ
C. 10- J-I

d. 10- JG
65
(a) l.Om + lmm , (b) l.Om X lmm, 73.

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66. b.
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14
67. 3849
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3.14 X 107, 2.998 X 10-9
4
69 V=
DATA _ 3

(a)
(b)

0.75 1.00 1.54 2. 16 2.54

1.81 3.95 I 5.8 38.6 68.2

BIO

10
0.1 nm

70
a.
b.
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20,000 km 10,000

37
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• LO 2.1

LO 2.2
• LO 2.3

LO 2.4

LO 2.5

2.1

LO 2.1

10 km
20 0.5
40 km/h

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velocity)

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(2.l)

39
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20

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15

I• tit = 30 min •I

2.1

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2.1

+ 1200 km

+ 1300 km —750 km
+800 km 2.6 h
(1300 km) / (2.6 h) = 500 10 h
r ..,J.. ..
(— 750 k m )/ (10 h ) = —75 km / h
+400 km

0km
\ ·. s
· -.. 1300 km
2.6 500
km

.,.··1..··
• ...

+ 1300
2.1 (a) (b) (c)
- 800 km

··························································•·

-1 200 km

2.2
 2.2 41

2.1 | 1

1000 km
700 km
2.2 h 30 Llt = 2.2 h + 0.50 h + 1.3 h = 4.0 h
min 1.3 h
- Llx 1000 km
v= = = 250 km/h
Llt 4.0 h
2x700km=1400km
4.0 h 2400 km
(2400 km)/(4.0 h) = 600
v=

2.2

LO 2.2

2.3a

A B

A !'>x

O
B

0 N
(a)

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A
11x, •• • 11x2 •• • 11x, ----- —
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O OO) Q O 111.i =ISs /11,= IOs

(b)

2. 3
42

velocity),

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2
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 2.3 43

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X = btn
dx
—= nbtn - l (2.3)
dt

2.2 |
30 s X = t = 20 b = 2.90 t = 20
b = 2.90 v = ll6 X =
t = 20
- L1x bt2
v = =— =bt
L1t t
L1x = bt2, L1t =

v=
dx/dt

dx d(bt2)
v= —= = 2bt
dt dt

2.3

LO 2.2

_\/
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~ a=
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~ (2.4)

\
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/ L'.lv dv
(2.5)
a>~oL'.lt

dv/dt

2.6
(a)

+--a
SI
(b) 60
2.6 6 mi/h /s

10

050

--
t = 4 x<

5050505

(s;w)
I
(1: 2 "" 4 2.7
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a = = (2 .6)
2. 7 (a) (b) (c)
 2.3 45

GPS,

G PS

- ::,,
p .....
-~ .•
....
r

(a) )
f

>
ui'
l4' 0
I
f

- Vo-+- -------------
(b)

0.010 s
0.098
0.010 s 0.020 s
;
f

a = L'iv/L'it = (-0.098
m/s - 0.098 m/ s)/ (0.020 s) = —
9.8
(c)

2.8

9.8

2.3

(a) (b) (c)

46

2.4

LO 2.3

t =O
v

L'iv V —
a= a = =
L'it t —O

v = + at (2.7)

t=
I

_2
nH"
o

- 1
V = +v) (2.8)
2

— ,1x X —
v= =
,1t t —O

1
x = + = + 2 + V )t (2.9)
 2.4 47

X=
\ + +
1
— at2 (2.10)
X

/ 2

.,

= 0) :

1
2 2.9

x — =—
1 V) (v - )
2 a

(a + b)(a —b) = a 2 -

= V6 + 2a (x - ) (2.11 )

2.7, 2.9, 2. 10, 2.1 1 2 .1

2 .7

2.1

V V, a, t, X 2. 7
1
X, V, t·' a 2.9

1
x = x0 —
2 at2 X, a , t·, V 0- 0 2 10

=V6 + 2a (x — x0) x, v , a ; t 2. 11

2.1 1 |
48

2.3 1 |
4.5
SI

625
v2 1.5

v= SI
SI
L1x
SI
SI .
....... .... .....................................................................................................
—[(270 km/h)(lOOO m/km)(l/3600 h/ s )]2
L1x = =
2a (2)( —4.5m/s2)
=625 m

2,4 1 - —- — 1

50
km/h 75 km/h(21 x= +
1
2.5 (1)
2
(2)
(3) v= +

t= 2.10 2.10
=

1
xs = xP =
2

Vsot
1
—
= 2 ap t = O, t =

t= t
..
.....
..
...
x~o ...
f
t•O 2vs1 (2 ) (21 m/s )2
xs =vs0t=vso = = 2 =350 m
aP aP 2.5 m/s
2.10
 2.5 49

2vso
vP = apt = aP = 2v50 = 150 km/h
ap

JN

2.4

(a) (b)
(c)

2.5

LO 2.4

2 . 11

(acceleration of gravity) 9 .8

2.1 2.1 1

a =

2.5 | |
10 m

2.1 v2 =v6+

v2 =
50

, . .• ..
••-···
lvl = v—2g(y —Yo) = V( —2)(9 .8 m/s2)(0 m —10 m)
= 14 m/s
—14
m/s
c·
-v O m/s-(-14 m/s)
t = = = l.4 s
g 9.8 m/s-

_:
.·
~::O .—
}..11._I-, -t

2.12

9.8

2.6 |
1.5 m 7.3 ....
I
...
L' •.
•·······

..
...
....
..
....... ............
!,'’
. ..

o1
.'

-t
·••
.....
•

?
. \ 2

E-
o

Y"'o?
T"O t
v2 =v5+

1.5 m
2. 13

t= A
(7.3 m/s)2
= 7.3 y= + — = 1.5 m + = 4.2 m
2g (2)(9.8
= 1.5 g = 9.8
v v
t = 1.7 —0.18
1.7 O 1.5 m
 2.6 51

1.7
0.18 s
—
0.18
1.5 m

` 2.5

.
- NIST-Fl

2.6 N IST-Fl

LO 2.5 l s
·· ········ ··· ············· ·· ······ ···· ··· ················· ··· ····· ···· · ········ ··· ··· ··· ··· ······· ····· ······ ·· ····· · 72 N IST-F l

((
22 `j
23 )
V(t) = Ja (t)dt .. ..
··

x (t ) = j v (t ) dt
cond ition)

88, 94,
52

2.6

"
’

,,
1fim{ffS~~;~"-,-; - .. ,- -- • -· -- - -- - - -- T -- ,. "' -· - ---- -- - I

... .. .........

.... ... ... ..... ........

- Ll x
v= a
Llt

- Llv l:,x
a=
Llt

01

dx
v= —
dt
dv
a= —
dt

00
...

v=
1
x = —
2
at2 P, ..............
t--.,.,.
I

= V6 I

'"'

x~-----------------
"u I
’I ,•

I;
:
V Q

-,,., _j_ - - - - - ~ :~~'I

a 0

-9.8 111/s- ,
’

53
54

Study Modules),
(practice solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 2.1 2.26, 2.27, 2.28, 2.30, 2.31 , 2.32, 2.33, 2.34

2.55, 2.56, 2.57, 2.58, 2.6 1, 2.62, 2.63, 2.64,
2.2, 2.5, 2.6 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68, 2.69, 2.70, 2.8 1, 2.87, 2.93
2.11 , 2.12, 2.13 , 2.14, 2.15, 2.16, 2.20, 2.21 , LO 2.4
2.22, 2.23
2.49, 2.51, 2.52 2.7
LO 2.2 2.29, 2.35, 2.36, 2.37, 2.38, 2.39, 2.40
2.59, 2.60, 2.7 1, 2.72, 2.73, 2.74, 2.75, 2.76,
2.1, 2.4, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 2.77, 2.78, 2.79, 2.80, 2.82, 2.84, 2.85, 2.86, 2.89, 2.90,
2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.24, 2.25 2.91 , 2.92, 2.97
2.50, 2.83 LO 2.5
LO 2.3 2.53, 2.54, 2.88, 2.94, 2.95, 2.96
2.7

10. 50 50 50 km
... 100 75
I.
2.
3.
.. ..... ......
4 (a) 2.1
(b) 11. 9.58 100 m

5. X = 12. 8000 mi
6.
7. Vo, 2.10 13. 2.5 h 24
1.5 h (a) 2.5
(b) 2.5 h (c)
(d) (e)
8.
14.

"~ (a)
1
b..
’,
V [\\
(c)
15.
56 min, 16
10
1.5 km, 40 km,
1 h,

2.14 8 16.

9. 50
2.2
100 75
17. 2.2
 55

18. (a) (b) 29

(c) (d) (a) (b)
30. 12 s
88 (a) (b)

432l
(U1)l2k
3 1. 50 100

2 3 4 5 6 32 .
BIO
10- 0
2. 15 18

19. y =bt~cl2 33.

b=82111/s,
(a) (b) 11 2

2-1 112

2 .3 42

20 . 50 90 km/h
34 d

25.3 m/s2
2 1. 25
48 s 17 48 s
2.5
35. 8 00
22. Horizons)

6.1 6
36 . 6 .5 111
16 .3

37 (a)
23. 1.1 2 s 11.0
(b)
0 .131 (a)
(b)
38 . 23 (a)
24 . 320 km/h 2.9 rn/s2
( b)

25 .
39 . 6.5 111
16 1000
3
1. 3 111
2.4
26. 70
40.
6s 80 km/h
170 0 95

27.
28. 50 ms
BIO
40 (a)
(b)
56

m/s, c = 0.640
(a) 1.00 s~3.00 s, (b) 1.50 s~2.50 s, (c) 1.95 s~2.05 s
(d)
2
54. :r.: =
t=
41. El!Jlf'tcl 288
3.38
55. 400 m
4.25 m/s2
42. 275 1.2 km
248ms

56.
43. 45.0
0.766
57.
142 32.0
44. 45.0 102 m

0.75
23 m CD
45. 9.21 m (a)
(b)
58.
46. ElfJlltM 1.05 s (a) DATA
(b) o 2 3
t(s) — — — 4 5
47. 12.5 m 0 17 62 17
x(m) 24 40
(a)
(b)
48. El~lffi 10.0
(a)
(b) 59. 82.0
7.68 16.7

60. 3.0
....... ... ... BIO

49. 40 min 25 mi 6 1. 55%

15 20 %
62.
50.

(a) (b)
51. 20% 9.0 100 m

63. 32 35 cm
18 (a)
52. 9497 km
(b)
1150 km/h
64. 68.5
48.3 s
687 km/h
1.45

53. :r.: = b = 1.50

65. 220 29 s
 57

78. 10 12

66. 79.
6.3
18 km/h, 34 (a)
(b) 38 1

67. 3.6 s 140 m (a) 140

m 53 m/s (b) 80. 4.6
140 m 5.3km
68. 8
88 85 m 8l. 80 50 m 25
2.1

82.
CH
69. 10 km 35 9 km 23.0 mi
100 m 9.70 m /s2
(a)
311
70. 85 10 m (b)
83.
4.2 (a) v,
(b)
(c)
7 1.
84.
15 rn
(a)
x = (b) (c)
72. Fl 1.0 s

85.
CH
73. 1 1
CH y >
2
74.
86. 1.3 m 0.22 s

100
E
87. 1.0
75. h /2 h
110

76. 15 m
88.
10 CH
(a)

77. 3.00 rn (b)

CH
l.80 89. L'.'i t
(a)
(b)
58

90. (a)
CH
1.5
7.3 (b)
(c)
91.
19.6 cm

2.16 98~102)

C. C, F
92. d.
99.
a. E
b. A, E, H
c. C, F
d.
93. 100.
CH
a. B
94. a(t) = bt2, b. C
CH
b = 0.041 6.3 s C. D
d. F
101.
95. v(t)
CH a. B
t=O
b. C
(a)
(b) C. D
d. F
96.
CH 102.
a(t) = (a)
a. C
(b)
b. E
(c)
C. F
d. H
97.
CH

(a)
(b)
—9.8

... .... 2.1 (b).

2.2
GPS 2.3 (b)
2.4 (a)

2.5
98.
a. E
2.6 (a)
b. A, E, H
 1 2 4 5 `/

• LO 3.1 2,

• LO 3.2
LO 3.3
LO 3.4
LO 3.5
LO 3.6

3.1

LO 3.1 2,

vector) T

30° 2m

0 l m
3.1 Tl

59
60

3.2 - - -

, '
A+B=B+A
' '

: {B
, ' ' ' ,
(A+B)+C=A+(B+C)
Bt

3.3
1
B [
[
[

B =

r1 = r2 + (— 1)Llr rI

coordinate system),
(rectangular coordinate (x,

A
3.4

----+
3.4

Ay
+A tan0 = (3.1)
Y ' Ax

Ax = A cos0, AY = A sin0 (3.2)

 3.1 61

' > -->

A =

2 'x, 1. 73 m , 1.0 m

vector)
1 A,j

^j

A = + 3.5a A = A,; i +
(a)
3.5b

l.O J
r1 = l.7 i +
i, ',,;
nn 10
z
/ - - -k- -'>, :"'")~
- -'..v ,
x

A OD (b)

3. 5 (a)
B B A B
y (b)
_lo

3 l O)
8
~

3.1 1 |

35° 165 km

N+
··...

-- -- - -- -- - -- -- -
\,

x = rcos0 = (165km)(co s35°)

= 135 km, y = r s in 0 = ( 165 km )(sin35° ) = 94.6 km x To

1 IU
.. 5
r = 135i + 94.6J km X (kr,,)
3.6
62 ,

3.2

LO 3.2

-= - - L'.1t

-~
L1T 1" 2 1' 1

L1 r
=.-
v= —ilt
(3 .3)

- -
d'I
--+ __, /

V = lim —
.1r
.1t
dr
=— (3.4)
/ d~

L'it L'i1-/L'it
-

r = xi

_,
_, dr dx dy
= — =— i + — J = v,, i +
A A

V
dt dt dt

-
.dv =--- .dt

::;-
.....
Ll v
/
a = Llt
(3 .5)

-
\
; = (3.6)

/
- -
 3.3 63

->
dv
----> dv,, dvy
a = — =
dt dt dt
J = a" i

a
--+
v0 /', -v= at.
- 1

(a)

+--Cl
,’’
-
1

L1t .t::,,i_
= cit::, 1

.dv = v= v,,+iiL'>r

(b)

3.7b 3. 7

- = - + -aL'.'it
V .::'.'iv

3.8

3.8
v’)

"'
v

3 .9

...’
E
V
3.2 (a)
(b) (c) (d)

(a)

3.3
EV

LO 3.3

1000
4 1004 (b)

3. 9
of
64

996

v
-->

-
v
’

~ ---> - -+ / (3.7)

- I
)

3,2 |
960 1290 .
km 190 km/ h ..... , ' --+
v =v'cos0;+v'sin0J, V=Vi, v=vJ
' --+ '

--+ --+

v'cos0 + V= O
3.7, - - +
V =V'
' v' sin0 + 0 = v
’
v

0 = cos-1(-7) = cos- 1( —;:~ ) = 101.4°

-'> I

V v = v' sin0 = (960 km/ h )(sin 101.4°) = 941 km/ h

1290 km
(1290 km )/(941 km / h ) = 1.4 h
TV
’

X
(1290 km)/(960 km/ h ) = l h 20

3. 10
__)
 3.4 65

N
3.3
1 100
500 km
(1), (2), (~
l
(a) 500 km /h
(b) 500 (c) 500 —

__

3.4

LO 3.4

3.ll i.

----> ----> ---->

v = + at (3.8)
/
l

\ _,

r =
->

+
_, <—
+ at2 (3.9)
3. 11

1
—
2 ay
66 ,

3,3 1 1

7.3 - = 7.3 i
0.82 8.7 s -
a = 0.4li + 0.71 J = yo = O

1
x = vx0t+ — axt2 = 79.0 m
2
y = 2-a t2 = 26.9 m
2 y
3.9, r
- - - 1-
2 - r = xi + yJ =79.0i + 26 .9J
r=
-+ -+
a,
'J
-+

^':'',:_','_'

:::. 0.71 "'/s"-

fvo
, )(

(}..x.= ().. c.osr'oOo= "'(s.,_

3.13 tt~fOI r, V,
3. 12

3.4
(a) 10 ; m/ s2, (b) lOJ
m/s2, (c) lO i + 5J m/ s2, (d) 2i m/s2
.

3.5

LO 3.5 .
.. .. ....... ................... ... ............. ... .... .... ..... ......... ... .. .. ... .............. .......... ............

3. 14),

( I)
(2)

3.14
 3.5 67

a.i = 0, av

v, = v.,o (-(((
3333
Ol23
·
-·

Vy = vuo —gt .
-

x= + v.cOt ·-
.

1
y = + vua t ——
2
g t2 ·
..
8

v, =v
y\ 3 \ O
=4v

/
\

-
-_
-_--
-

`
K
,.T \

l111111
,v`
_ ‘...
’
~
'

5K
`
`
5·
…

_ ’
v,
••

···~ . ..
I

.......
l I I

. ......
I I I
I
I' 2' 3' 4' S'
· ······~···~
V V V V V
' ' ' ' '
3.15

3.1 1
68

3.4 1 |
1.7 m 31 m/s
g 9.8 m/ s
vxo = 31
x =vx0t = (31 m/s) (0.589 s) = 18

xy

t =

y
1.7 m
= 1.7 m
31 m/ s 15
y=

--- -~ ' ' '

1.7111 ',,
',,
X
X.= ?
(a) (b)

3.16 (a) (b)

.J

Vxo = VyO =

--- -- 1
X X = y = 2gt2

3. 17
 3.5 69

3.5 |
2.6 m 3.1 m (g/2vlcos200)x2-
X =3 .1 m
1.0 35°
X = 8.7

X = 3.l
1.6

m,y=
x = 3.1 m, y = 1.6 m

:Y
--------
/.b [11

gx 2 I rn
= 1/ = 11 m/s
2 cos200(x I I

3.18

X
t =

y = )-½g( VoC:S0o r
g 2
(3.14)
y = X

50°' 12 15 m/s
30 m
50 km
(horizontal
y=

0 = x tan — c~ s2 x2 = x (tan — i:s2 00 )

x=
70 ,

X =
2v6 COS 2 tan = s in cos
g g

= 2

V6
x = —
g
sin 200 (3.15)

y =
3.19

.... , -'
\ ,,-,, \
:.\
C

’’;. ,’
,
,
, '
I
\
I ,•
,.,:
:
!
;: /h \,
I

(a) (b)

3. 19

- 45°
"\

0
- 2086
.

.
0 60°
0
(E){
0

40

20
t = s in = 50 m/ s
t30 =5.l t60 = 8.8
so I00 150 200 250 300
x (m)
··· ······ · ··· · · · ··· · ······ ·· ······· · ······· · ··· · • ···· · · ···· •· · · · • · · ··· · ·· · ·· ········ ···· ·
__
3. 20 50
\ )
l

s in20 = 0 =
 3.6 71

3,6 1 |
=
4.6 50 km = goo —
0.67°

50
4.6
=4.6

50
X 50

3.5

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)

3.6

LO 3.6

circular

r2,
"/ 3. 21
\
Lir = r2 — T"1 Liv =
72
_, _,
V2 -
_, --+ _, --+

L'.1V L'.1r
V r

L'.lt

(a)
L'.lt L'.lr =
-r,-r,- -v,-v,-
L'.lv v L'.lt
V

~ . !~ -
a=
L:i v
=—
V2
(b) (c) L:it r

3. 22 L:it ------> 0 0 ------>

-->

L:ir =

v2 ~
a = (3.16)
r~

_,

_, _,
L:it ------>

_,

..
 3.6 73

3.7 1 ;

400 km RE =6 .37
r = RE +400 km = 6.77 a=

T = s=92

—
v-
a= r =
(21rr/ T) 2
r
41r2r
= T2

3.8 1

80 km/ h(= 22.2 r = v2/a= (22.2 m/s)2/1.5 m/s2= 329

1.5

(radial acceleration) a,
·1 g

of curvature)
acceleration)

v ’
,
>
.
.
...
...

..

\ ‘
..
:'
-

3. 23

3.6

c
 - - -- - -- - - - - --

. :
0
!a
V

it,.i :

-:+-
a

V
-V

.
llv

,~ = I + -----x
a, v

_,
; :

A
:
-
A =A.
= Axi
'
+A.1
'
-"" -
v=
dr
-
A = 0 = tan - 1___1!._ dt
Ax
Ac, _
Ax =A cos0, AY =A s in0 f

m0 -
a=
dv
-
dt

A, i A.,

00

V=
- - -
+ at,
--->
=
--->
+
- 1-
+—at-
:
.
a:
__,

2 ’
r ;
7

ta

g
y = x tan 00 — X
2

74
 75

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes). solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 3.1 2, LO 3.4
3. 1, 3.2, 3.1 0 3.5, 3.9
3.11 , 3.1 2, 3.1 3, 3.1 4 , 3.1 5, 3. 16, 3.1 7 3.30, 3.3 1
3.52, 3.53, 3.6 1 3.63, 3.64, 3.89

LO 3.2 LO 3.5
3.3, 3.8 3.6, 3.7
3.1 8, 3. 19, 3.20, 3.2 1, 3 .22, 3.23, 3.24, 3.25 3.32, 3.33, 3.34, 3.35, 3.36, 3.37
3.55, 3.56, 3.58 3.62, 3.65, 3.66, 3.67, 3.68, 3.69, 3.70, 3.7 1,
LO 3.3 3.72, 3.74, 3.75, 3.76, 3.78, 3.79, 3.82, 3.83, 3.84, 3.85,

3.9 3.86, 3 .87, 3.88, 3.90, 3.91, 3.94

3.26, 3.27, 3.28, 3.29 LO 3.6
3.54 , 3.60, 3.77 3.4
3.38, 3.39, 3.40, 3.41 , 3.42, 3.43
3.57, 3.80, 3.81, 3.92, 3.93

12. 15.2
->
I, A (a) (b)
2, 13. 360 km
410 km
3,
’
14 .
4 ’

)5. 120
5,
6,
16. 341 + 13.7
1
17. ; (a) (b)
8,
9,
3 .2
18. 15 km/s
10 mi n
19 krn /s 28°
10,
-
(a) v = 5 ; m /s , (b) v = 5 m /s, (c) a = dv/dt,
19. v!! =
(d) a = dv/dt, (e) v = 5 'l m /s

20. 10 min 40
60 5.0 mi 6.0 m in

3 .1 30 (a) (b)

I I. 1.57 km 0.846 km
(a) (b) 21. -
V = ct3;, c
76

36. 1.7km
22 . goo 1.2 µ,m
37. 180 m

23. 2.4 (a)

(b) 3.6
38. 350 km/ h
24.

39. 7.50
25. 1.3 ; = 0.52J

4.4 s 40. 75

3.3 41. 384.4

26. 59.8
465 42. GPS
20 ,000 km GPS
27 . 63 0.57
1.3 (a) 43.
(b) 2470
28. 370 5g
32°

29. 5.1
7.5

3.4
30. -
31. 6.5
0.48 6.3 s 44. 6.28
0.714 5.42 s

3.5 45 . 5.68
32. 2.6 m 8.7 5.42 s
37.2

33. 8.8 11 46. 27.7

(a) (b) 448
41 .3 m s
34. 41 23

47.
35. 12
1.0 mm
 77

50.3 ms
1.76 60.
48. 90 (a)
4.36 (b) V> v'

, ' '
49. 125 m 61. A + A —'

5.0 62. 8.65 m

10 km / h 21.5 (a)
so. 0.564g (b)
988
63. 4.5 18 s
s 1. 0.612g
8.77
64. = 11 ; + 14J

; = —1.2 ; + 0.26J m / s2 (a)

(b) y (c)

52. 1.0 35°

65. 1.6 2.1 m
-
A '
0.93 m
53. A =15i ^
B = 31J --; --+

’
66.
54. 1280
846 67.

(a)
55. (b)
(a) (b) 68. 1.9 m

56. 50 2s 20
88 69. l m
BIO
30° oo, 62.0 cm 48.3 cm
30°' 60°, (a) (b)
57. 70
0.40g 70. h

71.

58. 10 s +3.6y 72. 39° , 8.6 m

<
lt

/ 86 ’ ’
,'
z/

33 ; +15y (a) (b)

\
11
'
(c) (d) '
/

/
z
/
59. 183 37 3 /

5.00 min
3.24 72 "'~"' \39°
- - - -
(a) (b) (c)
78

73. xy 82.
DATA

t(s) x(m) y(m) t(s) x( m) y(m)

0.70 2.41 3.15
0.10 0.65 0.09 0.80 2.17 3.75
0.20 1.25 0.33 0.90 1.77 4.27
0.30 1.77 0.73 1.00 1.25 4.67
0.40 2.17 1.25 1.10 0.65 4.9 1
0.50 2.41 1.85 1.20 0.00 5.00 3.26 82
0.60 2.50 2.50
83 h
74.

84. 180 km
75. 60 km / h
39m

85. 28 m
15°
76.

86. 3m 2.5 m
77. 10 ft 15 ft 8.2 ft
2.8 m

87.
78.

0
2h (a) (b) 88.
CH
79CH 9.5° 28
45°
55
t 60° 3.0°
(a) (b)
80.

55 m
!
38.0 --,,, :
' ' I
' ' I
' ' I
E ' ' I
' ' II
81. ' I

[, 30 :I

'I
I
'
I
I

3.27 88

89 .
3.25 81 CH
a(t) =
3.14
 79

90. C. C> B> A

d. B > C > A
91. 97.
CH
a
b. C > A > B
92. (a) = O, y = C. C> B> A
CH
; =R(cose; d. B > C > A

(b) t = 98.

T
(C) a.
b.
C. A > B> C

93. .Ty d. C >B>A

x= e. B> C> A
f.

(a) (b) ..... ............ ......... ...

94.

3. 1 (c)
3.2
3.3 (1) (c), (2) (c), (3) (a)
3.4

3.5 (e)
3.6 (c)

3. 28 95rv98

95.
a.

b. C > A >B
C. C> B> A
d. B > C > A
96.
a.
b. C > A >B
< 2 3 5 6 v

•
(3.1 LO 4.1
• LO 4.2
LO 4.3
LO 4.4
LO 4.5
LO 4.6
LO 4.7
LO 4.8

C)

4 .1 ,t .A. L...
-'t i CJ
2'ir

LO 4.1

81
82

4.1

llfXI

·, <
',,
'-----
------

..

'--------------- ~[
4.1

4.2

LO 4.2 .
...... .................................. .......... ............... ... ....... ...... ............ ................. .... ...

'--., 1 -
=O

4. 2
 4. 2 83

4.2a
4.2b

fi rst

4.1
\g

second

p = mv (4 .1 )
84

_,
....
dp
= dt (4.2)

_, _,
p = mv
_, _, _,
_,
dp d(mv) dv
F =m —
dt dt dt
_, _,

= ma
_,/ (4.3)

)
'

=O
----> ---->
a =

of
 =
(a) a11 2
m/s7}~ l;J;il lQ 1
-5
4 F'let
4
2. ,.f 1.
%J1]0l 11 ?.)-%7.~%7~
4.4
ma
20
120
l m/ lN
~~ 0
s£

½u:Jl
:i
rlo
LJ-%011 lb
, ,
7<lf 1
kg) 7-J-%;,, lb
7 11
( 8. kg
2 s 4
~ ;;} .
448
;~. ·
m/s
s 7-J-%;,,}oj1
) i7-].!::!..7c!%~rrH,
11 2 ,'
Q}~q v_J
3
1. m.2.]
kN

rj.!::!.
20

%J1]
(b)

F'?J
µ "I
11
ma
11m N
(a) 1 (newton
—
4 dyne
.
12.1 _ r 2v (4.4) rm
11(
;q.~~ kg·m/ ,
__ 1200
,
kN..2..s!. 4
S kg)
2 2.
..2..s!_
(2
-'rrt:i
iflj 85 0
m/s)
m
2-j
2 C-j~fe.f.
A,:j
2-j.2} 11
, ’’ 5
/ 6.
kN C-j~
kN..2..
.
1
N
85
86

reference

4.3

LO 4.4

4.5
 4. 4 87

4.6

(action-at-a-distance

4. 6
-

nuclear

8
• 4. 7

4.4

LO 4.5
LO 4.6

65
65
88

65 65 1

9.8 m / s2

_,
mg
-

w =mg
_,/ (4.5)
/ \
-
65 kg (65 kg)(9 .8 m /s2 ), 640 N
l.6 100

SI
55 55
(55 kg)(9 .8 m /s 2) , 540

4.2 1 |
w
8.82 kg) (3.71 m/s2) = 3.34 E
g = 9.81

w 8.82 kN
m= —= = 899 kg
9 9.81 m/s 2
 4.4 89

4.8

4.9a

4.8

(a)

.,

4.9b

4.3
(a)
(b) (c) (a)

13J

(b)

4. 9
90

4.5

LO 4.3 .
....... .. ................ ........ ..... ........... ... .. ...... .... ... ...... ........ .. ... ........... ...... .......... ... .

=ma

(free-body

.~.
-
.. . ' .. . . . . . . , ... : ' . . ,·.,, 'i' ,. . '. . , , . :11
. . .. ,. ' ... . . .......,,
. ' ·: ,·
..., •.......
,,, · ,
...
• ' ' .
_,,,,., ·,. . • • . , , •• .,.. ••.• ,,,, ••• ·• .-. ··~·
, .. ' ... , .... ·"·" .. • . . . . . .
•
,
• ...• <,

1.
2.
3.

® ..
.....
....
. . @ --
l
TT

®
«
@

.•
f

·3
‘ .
Fg .
T
.~ . :
,•
...
.
0~ Fg
f
K E-

(a) (b)

4.10 (a) (b)

IDEA
IDEA

...01
I - ---- --
 4. 5 91

oo

4.3 | |
740 kg
1.1

·················· ··································································· ·· ····· ··· ···················

-
’

TY =
Fgv
4.1lb

- = - T -mg = m av

- '
T + F g =ma (4.6)
T = m ay + mg = m (ay + g) (4.8)

T = m (ay+ g ) =(740kg )( l.lm/ s2 +9.8 m/ s2 ) = 8.l kN

Ty + F gy = 'm ay (4.7)

ra
1 T'J

8.1

• 7.3

ay

'V
(a) (b)

4.11

4.4 (a) (b) (C)

(I)
(2) (3)
(4) (5)

····· · ··· · · ··········· · .. . ..... . ... . . . .. . ... .

92

- r

N
2
V
- mg=-m ——
RE'

s
4.12
)
\..
 4. 6 93

4.6

LO 4.2
LO 4.7
LO 4.8 .
... ...... ........ ... .......... .... ...... .... ....... ... ... ... ... ... ..... .. .... ..... ...... ... ..... .... ............... .. (a)

4.13a ···..•
..··
··....
.
•..
·..
-
F;

4 .13b
(b)

4.13

third

; i~
force pair)

4.14
4.14

4.5
SN
2 (a)
(b) (c)
94

4,4 | |
-+
(3) -
(1) -
-
(a)
-
a=
F
— =
- -F
m m1+m2
m A (2)
F,., 1 -
F12 =m2a =m2
F
- =
m2
F
(b) m1+m2 m1+m2
(3)

7
4.15
- - m2 -
F21 =-F12 F
m1+m2
(c)

-
a

_,
- 2

4.15b, C

- - - m2 - m1 - -
F+F21 =F — F= F=m 1 a
m1+m2 m1+m2
(1)
(2)
J

force,

f1
g

4.17
x-

(a)

~- (b)
4 .18

4.16
 \\\
0\ 4.6 95

01\{x
[

n .
.
,r E-

4.17
OO
[ [ -

F5 = - kx (4.9)

N/ m

4.19
0 I 2 3 4

4.19

m 4b 4
[
0
.
n
H
"
b
96

- F=

4.5 |
_ =ma
3.4 35
y
(a) (b) l.9

Fsy+F91J
Fsy =
_, Fgy kx-mg = m ay

4.20 m(ay+g)
x =
k

i'l ay = 0, aY = l.9 m/ s2

m(ay+ g) (35 kg)(0+9.8 m/s2)

(a)X= k = = 10 cm
3400 N/ m
(35 kg)( l.9 m/s2+9.8 m/ s2)
(b) X = = 12 cm
3400 N/m

4.20
 ~,·,· ..---,~-==~····=~,.,..,.. ,. . .. ,_. -- .., ..

..............

.... .... ..... .... ... ... .... .... .... ........ ..... ... ........... ........ ... ..................................... ,........ ..... ....... ................. .... ....... .... .
: :
; :
; ;
: ;
:

4.1
,
.......

@
lI «
.•
= ..•.

..... _E
^
-
..

...... ... .. ... ... .. ............ .... ...... .. ... ................. .. ... .. ..... ... .... .. .. ... .
;
.......
.. ..
,>:"
,'
F,,
F
ma. F,

00

w = mg

F,
[\i\\·~ F,

97
98

Study Modules),
(practice quiu.es), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 4.1 LO 4.5
4.1 , 4.1 0
LO 4.2 4.1 9, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 4.24
4.3 LO 4.6
4.29 4.45, 4.47
4.44, 4.52, 4.57, 4.65, 4.66, 4.72 LO 4.7
LO 4.3
4.2, 4.4, 4.8, 4.9, 4. I 0 4.2, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7
4.11 , 4.12, 4.13 , 4. 14, 4. 15, 4. 16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.31 , 4.32
4.25, 4.26, 4.27, 4.28, 4.30 4.51 , 4.55, 4.58, 4.6 1, 4.73 , 4.74
4.45, 4.46, 4.47, 4.48, 4.49, 4 .50, 4.55, 4.56, LO 4.8
4.58, 4.59, 4.60, 4.61 , 4.62, 4.63, 4.66, 4.67, 4.68, 4.69, 4.33, 4.34, 4.35
4.70, 4.71 , 4.72, 4.73, 4.75 4.53, 4.54, 4.64
LO 4.4

I. 4.2
11. 3.86 X 10" kg 2.45
2.
12. 148 191 (a)
(b) 14.3
3.

13. 7.2
4. 11
5. 14. 110
0.14 s 60 kg

6. 15.
BIO
6.0 3.0 X 10- IS

7. 16. 940 4.95

400
8. 17. 85
28
9.
12

10.

18. 1300
65 10
 99

35 . k = 340 N/rn 6.7 kg

4.4
19. N/kg
9.8
20.
532
60 kg
E
2 1. 35

22 340 36. El~IHI 2280 kg

(a) S I (b) oz 9.48 s 31.2 (a)
23. 10 ton (b) 166 m

24. 37 . El~IHI 2280 kg 8 75

68 (a)
22 .8 (b)
8.65
4.5
25 50 40 38. 162 51.4
ms 86.8 m/s
26 . 930 kg 2.3 (a) (b) 86.8 m/s
39
8.50
27 . 2.4
52 kg 39. 162 212
28 . 560 (a) 78.3 (a)
(b) 1.1 (b)

29 .
40. 975 kg
0.754
30. 2.1 92
41. El~IB1 975
8.85
4.6
5600 42. El~IBJ 84.0

32. 65 120 cm 10.8

33 . k = 270 N/m 48 cm 43.

34. k=220 35 552 Mg, 7 61

100

.... .... ...... .. 55 . 2200 1.9

44. 166 44.3
310
45.0°
260 kg 4.22).
82.1
(a) (b)
112
(c) (d)
45.

46. 74
(a) (b)
2.4 (C) 2.4 4.22 55
(d) 1.7 (e) 1.7
56.
BIO
320
47. 50%
0.46
0.40
57. 945 kg
48. (a) (b)
122 0.368

49. 5.2 (a)

(b)

50 . 1.60 2.50 58. k = 140 N/m 2.0

- 3.00 s
3.0
15
x = 4.80 m, y = 10.8
-
~ *
F 1= 15 .0J
51. 1.0 , 2.0, 3.0

4.23 58

59.
70 k m/ h

4.21 51
60 . 250
52. 11 1.8 BIO
500
2.3

61. = S.l 640 kg ,

490 kg
53.
BIO
0.373
5.1 cm
DNA 2.30
62. 490 2.24
19 .5
54. X
2/3

63 . F-35A 18 191 kN
 101

A-380 560 Mg,

64. k1, 69. 165 g 22.4 ms

CH
(a) F(i) = a+bt+ct2
(b) a= —25.0 N, b=l .25Xl05N/s, c= —5.58

"" uu

l~¥t\J\r
70.
DATA ,
x 106 (a)

-22 s
(b)

(I)
32 (2)
(a) (b)
0.75 (3)
4.24 64

65 . F=
d(mv)
F= 22
dt
dm
F= ·, na+v
dt
(a)
(b)
66. 450
(C)
2.0
(d)

67.

25
20%
20

68 .
DATA - >)

O
(a)
(b)
(C)
(d)
0 0
10 15 20 25

4. 26
2.5
70)
2IIO

-
71
2

-
505

i > t
72 688 0.265

72.8 N
F 6
0.2 0.4 14 1.8 2.0

73.
4. 25
102

30 3.2 m/s2 c. 5
18 d. 10

74. L, m

75.
CH

4.1 (b)
4.2 (b) 4.3
............. 4.3 (c)
4.4 (I) (a), (2) (b), (3) (b), (4) (a), (5) (c)
4 .5 2
4 .6 ( ! ) (2)

y1
765

43

0
2 4 6 8 10 12

4. 27 76~79)

76.
a.
b.
C.

77.
a. B
b. C
C. D
78. C
a.
b.
c.
d.
79.

a. 0.5
b. 1
( 3 4 6 7 )

• LO 5. 1

•
LO 5.2

LO 5.3

LO 5.4
LO 5.5

LO 5.6

5.1

LO 5.1

103
104

5,1 l |
U
0=32° J

(a) (b)
...........

.... ······
FJ ~ine

...
.•··..
e
....·"
........ .......>

,•'
,, ----<----- )(
0= 32°
5.2
5.1
F9x = F9 s in F9 = F9x = m g sin 0
nx =

mg sin 0 = m a

ny =

- - av =
F9Y=-F9 cos 0 = - mg
- - -
cos 0 = 0

a = g si n0= (9.8 m/ s2)(sin32° ) =5 .2 m/ s2

a=
n =
0=

: nx+ F9x =max

: ny+ F9Y = may n = mg cos 0 = 540

nx =
ax =
 5. 1 105

5.2 | |

\
:}
..
··..··.. ... •.

f
\
,• <>~ ,
I

~x= -T:lcose
"'
X

·..-·

5.3 5.4

T1 = T2 =
2Tsi n0
-->
--
a
,
Tl + T2 +FY = T=
mg = (17 kg)(9.S m/s2)
=220 N
2sin0 2sin22°

0=

1 1
2 2
Tix + T2., +Fq.c= T1u + T2u +F9u
F9x =O, F99 =-F9

T1 cos0 - T2 cos0 = 0
T1 sin0 + T2 sin0 —mg = O

5.3 |
62 kg

0= 30°
- L - _
’

5.5
106

- - -- -
0=0
a = - Fh +n +F9 = Fh =

tan0 -->

F11." +
....!f .............
nx+Fgx
...······l
Fhx =-Fh, F911 = - F9 = - mg, n:} cose

F9x =Fh11

—
Fh+nsin0 = 0 .s
x
nco s 0 —mg=O

5.6
Fh= mg si n 0 = mg tan 0 = (62 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(tan 30°)
cos0
=350N

5.1 45°
...
\.
(a) (b) (c)

5.2

LO 5.2

|
 5.2 107

5.4 | |
73
51 m , ....
.•

:/
940 kg ---'> .
T .
C
X /
..·,/
.......-··
,JC.
,, 51 m ,,

,··• ····

3
J

, ...
......
-> •
n
.:: :
',

--> , .......

5.7 Tr x ......
..
.., '
Hr3 < .
.:, .
',

4
r

( b)
5. 8 (a) (b)

ar = a , ac = -
__,

Tc + F9c = 1nc ac -
Tr+F9,. + n = m rar
Tc = T, =

n-m,.g= O

m,.a —m cg
=

mc g (73 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )

a= = = 0.71 m/ s2
m c+ m , (73kg + 940kg )
108

1
1 2
=O , x=
2

mc t= [IF =

~4
(a)

I
2
I
... l
... ....
-——=z:
I N • ,.: IN IN

l l
: (b)

5.9

5.2 l
(a) (b)
(c) 0.5

IN
-+

5.3

LO 5.3

5.10
5.10
 5.3 109

?
mv"
= ma = r
(5.1 )

5.5 | I

aA-----,
- - --- - ------
r=lcos0
"•·...
—1
L
- - --

X,
5.11
=-Fg av

ax =

x,

'j

T+Fg =ma -
I
e ,
·-·....·-·:'>' x_
TX = TcosB

5.12
110

mv 2 v=O
Tcos0=
L cos0
Tsin0 —mg=O
T= mg/sin

(mg/sin 0)L cos20

v=~= m

5.6 |

mgsin0/cos0=mv2/r,
350 90 km/h(25

0= = tan- 1( (25 m/s)2 )= 100

gr (9.8 m/s2)(350 m)

_,
-+
n
F9

47

.
5.13
.. ~n cose >
.'J

y
x
F9v 2r3 nx~ n sif\0
,\
··...

x,
5. 14

mv 2
n sin 0 = n cos0-mg =O
r
 5.3 111

5.7

ay =
American 6.3 m

—
2
mv
n+mg =
r

v=

= V(9.8 m/s2)(6.3 m) = 7.9 m/s

-> ---->
n +F9

y
ny =n, F9Y 9.7 m/s

'•,
··...
. .. .
.···
,. /
X.
Tn

'j
5. 15 5.16

........
112

- Hair Day)
r

5.17 5.1

_,
v = ../(nr/m ) + gr 50%
n v = ../(gr/2) +gr = v'3fi

5.7
/3fi =
50%

5.3
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
 5.4 113

5.4

LO 5.4
LO 5.5

20%

5E..
3L|

5.18

friction)

/J.,n

f s --S: µ sn (5.2)

of static

5. 19
5. 19
114

friction)

fk = µkn (5 .3 )

of kinetic

;;
5.20a
...
J,

ft 1.5
'
(a)
1

“ µk

F
’
(b)

5. 20

...

5.21

F
I

5.21

a V
5.22

5.22
 5.4 115

5.8 |
2
Vo Vo
L1x = =
90 km/h(25 2a" 2µg
(a)
(a)
(b)
L1x = 36 (b)

ax

- --
v2
F g+n +fr =
-
:}

Tff .’
-µn=max - mg+n=O
TF,
a •.
5. 23

5.9 | |
73 goo = 0.88)
3T
=
- E-
... ... ..
... ....
. ....

5.24 ,, 5-
_, ---->
F9+n +f's
----> ---->
v= /µii
v = 25 m/ s(90 km / h),
v = l2 m/s (44

)
116

ABS(antilock braking system)

EV
2v

-
f,
........
,~

(b) •····•····.... ABS

5.10 1 0 I

mg
n=mg ·
mg s in0 —µ8mg
tan0=sin0/

tan 0 = µ8

0 =tan-1 µ5= t an- 1(0.46 )

--
a - --
F g+n +fs

tan 0 =

F9 sin0=mg
f sx =-

X.

5. 25 5. 26 )
 5.4 117

5.11 I |

::J
5.27
....
n £
T Sine

5. 27

5.28

_, -- '
F 9 +n +fk + T=
- sin0

n=
Tcos0 —µk( mg —Tsin0 )

µkmg 72
T=
cos0 +µk sin 0
)

5.4
(a)
(b) (C)

5.5

LO 5.6
118

5
50
10 m/s

5. 29 (a)
5.29
(b)
 ___,,,.j

.... .... ... ...

5
5
· ¢
E.
.
Y
’ .

)'

:
= ,,'g
/
F I
Q
’
’ ¢
’ q x

:;; +F!f =rn; _ t' +F,v =·ma, _ {mg s in0 =ma_,

n !I + F '111 =ma!I n-mgcos 0 =0

... ........ ... .. ..... ... ....... ... ...... .... .... ..... .... .. .... ..... ........ ...... .............. ......... ... ... ... ..... .. ...... ............ .. ... ...... .......... .. .
:
:
-
: fs s;
; f1<
; ..
· ····. , nt : · µ1< <

·····•
..,.,
/
...!:.
• !~'~"::,: '!~
.. - - . ..
··..•

119
120

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes). solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 5.1 5.20, 5.21 , 5.22, 5.23 , 5.24, 5.25

5.43 , 5.45, 5.47, 5.48, 5.49, 5.54, 5.62, 5.63,
5.8, 5.10 5.64, 5.65, 5.66, 5.67, 5.71
5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.1 5, 5.16 LO 5.4
5.38, 5.39, 5.40, 5.41 , 5.42, 5.44, 5.46, 5.75
LO 5.5
LO 5.2 5.1 , 5.3, 5.7, 5.9
5.26, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29
5.17, 5.18. 5.19 5.50, 5.5 1, 5.52, 5.53, 5.54, 5.55, 5.56, 5.57,
5.5 1, 5.76 5.58, 5.59, 5.60, 5.61 , 5.63, 5.66, 5.67, 5.68, 5.70, 5.72,
LO 5.3 5.74

LO 5.6
5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.9 5.73

....................... ....................................................... ..
1. 5.1
LL . xy
38.0° 5.48
2. 8 .63

3. 12. 3.1 -a=

0.91 ; —0.27J —1.2 ; —2 .5J

4.
13. g = 3.71 m /s2
5.

14. 24°' 1.3

6.

7. ABS
15.
8. 20 lb 15 lb BIO

9.
55

10.

580

5.30 5.15
 121

16.
27. 14 56 m

5.2 28 . 100
17. 12 m
60 cm 6.8
(a) (b) 29. 11 5 m 60 km/h

18. 60° ,
2.1 (a) 0.64
(b) 0 76
c.~

19.
75
‘ 5.31 5.18

63 kg
30.

1220 kg
5.7
63 .2 kg
48 .6 m

(a)
(b)

31. ElfJIHl 63 .2
5.3 5.7 48 .6 m
20 .
E
2 1. r·, 36 .5

22. 940 1.30 m 32 .

(a) 120 m1=14 .9g,
(b) 67.2
l m m1
23. 150 m

15°
33 . El~IHI
50
24. 1 55 m
m1

25. 3.6 28° E

34. t 1~1m Throttle)'
19 .5
5.4
26. 3s . t 1~1m Throttl e)'
73 19.5 m 17.7
122

72.1 44.
BIO

36. 11fJ1m 1.22 m

4.8 k g

37. ~1fJ1m
65
3.96
6.17

5.34 44
... ..........
45. 6.3
38.
9.7
39. 35°
60 (a) (b)
2.2
(c)
40. 7.3
BIO

46. 45 kg 6.3 m/s, 5 .0 m

(a)
41. 14.6 kg
(b)

42. 26
47.
- 950

5.35 47

48. 85

5. 32 42 49.

43.
50. 22

(a) (b)

5 1.

52.

53 .

5.33 43 140 150 m

 123

65. cos¢=

54. CD
66 .
CH

55. 310 1.2 67 5.1

CH
0.42 s
96 0.33 s

56. 25°' 41 68.

57. 35 (a)

58. 25 (b) 870

47 m
0 71
59.

69 .

60 . 50°
0 84

61. 1.4
(a)
(b)

62.
7f 5.37 69
6
63 . 80 km/h, 210
70.
CH
µ,k =
3
5
7l. 18 cm, k: = 150 N/m
2.1 kg
1.4
64.
450 72. 95
CH
45 77

73.
CH
(a)
5, 36 64
(b)
124

74.
CH
(a)
(b)
75 . lOO

9.28 kg 77.
5.40 77~80
5.38 75
a.
76.
DATA b.
C.

78.
a.
b.
m2 c.
79.

a.
b.
C.

(a) 80. 0=t an- 1

(b) (0.5)
a.
m, b. 0.5
C. 5
111, d.

5. 39 32, 33, 76
... .. ....... ..
m1(g) m2(g) a(rn/s2 )
10.0 170 0.521
10 0 270 0.376
10 0 370 0.274
20.0 170 1.06
20 0 270 0.652
20.0 370 0.534
5.1 (c)
5.2
l
5.3 (c)
5.4 (c)
 4 5 7
8
=2.~
v

• LO 6.1
LO 6.2

LO 6.3

LO 6.4
LO 6.5

LO 6.6

LO 6.7

Lf3 6.lb

6.1

(a)
LO 6.1

,.·

(b)

6. 1

125
126

(potential
 6.2 127

.....
······...
.. f’
K u

£,?<L
•

*:

....
....
....
....

6. 2
c~

BIii ` •

....
.. . . •

..
., ·., ,-. ·. >•C _.,
, .·. , · .•

.<•.:.•-.,;~ •..,':-.•·:~<' .•
..•• , .,.... ,. . . .,.
'.'· • • .
.,,_
:c.p·.... ,---. ,.• •.•
, .,,.,.., ,. . . -~--
--..~.:-··::
• .,,····, .

6.2

LO 6.2
LO 6.3
128

->

W= FxLlx (6.1)

_,

_,

SI · N·

6.3a

.....• !:,x

r~
(a) (b) (c)

6.3
 6.2 129

-
F
W>O
-- - - ...,
W>O
CJ{ :----:

—
I
, 'I

6r 61
(a) (b)

F W=O W<O 6. 4
,- - - - --, - - - - --,

-
—
I I
I

!1r ti,
(rl)

6.4
0,

6 .1 |
650 F, = 650

W= F,L1x = (650 N)(4.3 rn ) = 2.8 kJ

6. 1 W=

6,2 |
60 2.2 60 45
45 60 N

X.
F,= Fco.se

W= F'C Lix = [(60 N)(cos35°)](45 m) = 2.2 kJ 6. 5

6.3
130

W= (Fcos0 )(L1r ) = FL1r cos0 (6.2)

L'.l r =
Fcos0 =

< ~ A___J
········• A·B= AB cos0
i )

,
A·B = ABcos0 (6.3)
'··
j
’

6.6
A ·

A ·B = B ·A
,
, > > > > > > >
A · (B + C) = A · B + A · A = Ax i

+AyJ+ A zk, 52

A . B = A XBX + AYBY +A ZB Z (6.4)

- -

~ w >'; ,1;/ (6.5)

\
-F · Ll'-r
6.3

6.3 1 |
_,
F = l.2 i +2.3J
L1r= 380i +460J (a)
(b)
W= F · -
_,
(b)
_,
 6.3 131

W= F · L1r = F"'L1x + FvL1y

MJ
= (1.2 MN)(380 m) +(2.3 MN)(460 m) = 1510 MJ

- 'j

... ...........•. -
,1; F= =
!
l
"

(2.3 MN)2 = 2.59 L'.JT

0= cos-1( FL:lr
W ) = cos-1
((2.59 1510 MJ
MN )(597 m)
) = 12° ->(

6. 7

6.1

(a) F, (b) 2F, (c)

1..................................... .

6.3

LO 6.4 .
... ... ... ........... .......... .. .......... ..... .. ...... .... ..... ... ....... ... ........ ........ ... .. ...... ...... .......

Xi
·.
.. • ·..
·.
:
:: ~ \
6.9b .:dx
(
x, x,

·m 6.8

.:1

X
W=
1= 1
L1 W; = I: F(x,)L1x
,= 1
(6.6)
132

k
..
6.9c
;
W= lim (6.7)
2

..,L-
... // X2

x, /',-;· f--- x,

(a) W= f x2F(x)dx (6 .8)

X1

X1 L1 x
., f

x,
X2 F (x )
6.9c

r(
Ll
00,
\(
x, x2 nxn- 1
(c,)

6.9

f x'xndx = x, = (6.9)
n+ l n+l n+l

F=-

x=
11···F 6.10

w = = = ½kx 2 : = ½kx 2 - ½k (0)2= ½kx2 (6.10)

(b)

6.10
 6. 3 133

.....

.... ·······> kx :
_L

....
/
c f
nu I
l I
_2 III
2

x
6.11

6.4 | - - ——

k=250
ll
W= = N/ m )( ll m) 2 = 15 kN · m = 15 kJ
2 2

70
ll m 22
ll

- l m l m

l
10 m

l m
l

l
l ,-- · ·--·--
l

······· x l
µ..
-o
l l 10
I

l l

6.12 6.1
134

6,5 |
180
=mg[ (µ0x2+½ax~)

a, m, g = 9.8 m/ s2, x1 = O, x2 = 10
µ0 = 0.17, a = 0.0062
6.6

1.3
10

6.6 k]

W=
A
x,
1500

g 1000
W= J x'µkmg dx = f x2mg
x, x,
+ ax2 ) dx "-lg'nu
500

dx,
0 2 4 6 8 JO

6.13
W= + ax2)dx = mg(µ0x + ::

_)

1
W=
2

L1 W= F ·

L1

j -;2 F·d;
/ -
W= (6.11)

- / r,
 6.4 135

ri

dW=

6.14
- -
6. 15 -
dr

W=
< ....
.. ..
....
g C-

6.2
x =
O
x =l
I
(a) x, (b) x2, (c) VX

(a), (b),
-----------------/~·~·- .. · ., h

(c)

6.15

6.4

LO 6.5

LO 6.6

= ma =
136

j m4}dx

dv, dt , L1 v, L1t ,
dv, dt,
dx
= j m dv dt

dx/dt =

= jmvdv

= j v'mvdv = ½mv2 v, = —;mvi (6. 12)

v, v,
1
2

~ K-½l, (6.13)

energy

/
L\K = (6. 14)
I
 6.4 137

1 1
L1K=-
2 2

1
2

6,6

1400 kg 70 km/h
kg)[(26 .4 m/s)2-(19.4
95 km / h (a) (b)
= 220 kJ
(b)
V1 =
26.4 m/s, v2 =

= ½m(v~ = kg)[02-(26.4
6.12
=— 490 kJ

(a)
1 1 1
= - = 2m —

6.3 (a) (b) (c) 0

(I) (2) (3)

·············································

ST 1J
= 1N
cgs

1
eV),
(calorie, ft ·
thermal unit,
1 kW ·
SI
SI
138

6.5

LO 6.7

L1t L1

/
—
P= L1w (6.15)
Llt
L1t ..

(instantaneous

P = lirn L1 w = dw (6.16)
Llt - o L1t dt

1
746 J /s 746
L1t

W=PL'.lt (6.17)

L1
L1

j
t2
W= = Pdt (6.18)
ti

6.7 |
55 kg 2h
1300
1500 kg
 6.5 139

97

L1 W (55 kg)(9 .8 m/s2)(1300 m) kilocalorie

p = L'.lt = =97W
(2.0 h)(3600 s/h) 29
= (1500 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(1300 m) 14 hp
p = = 11 kW
L'.lt (0.50 h ) (3600 s/h )

6.8 I

1650 1.65 kW
(884)(1.65 kW) = 1459
5h

W= PL'it = (1459 kW)(5 h ) = 7295 kW · h

(7295kW·h)($0 .21 /kW·h)
W=
kW,

lOO

11

3.0%
2.5% 4.9%

11
140

d
_, ---+

dW= F·dr

.....
dW dr
P= =F· —
dt dt
..... _,
v .
......, _,
P= F · v

6.9 |
16 km/h(4.4 9.0 kg
8.2 mg 5.1

P=Fv= + mg sin0 )v
= [8.2 N + (75 kg)(9.8 m/s2)(sin 5°)] (4.4 m/s) = 320 W

lOO W
- --+

-F·v

`
P = Pu = (8.2N)(4.4m/s) 500 W

64 wh 5 Mw nn0
.................. ..... ... ...... .... ................... ........ ... .... .. .. ....... ...... .... ... ... ............. ...... ........ .... .. ..... .... .. .. ....... ....... ... ...

n .1. . :----:
\, W>O \ W>O

:----:

—
t!J
— t',r

W=O
-- - - -,
·..
6,r

W<O
- - - - -,

— —
I I
I I
I
, '
I

I',,- L',r

.... ...... .. .. .... ... ...... ..... ..... ....... ... ...... ............... ..... ..... . .. .......... .. .. ... ..... ....... .... ..... .. ... ... ..... .... ...... ... ... ..... ..... .... .
:
:
;

W= F,L'.1x
• ·- - -,
..... ·1·····
~-91 -
L'.lr :
:
-
W = F · L1r = FL1r· cos0
cos 0
::
:
x, x,-

F
Lir
- ' '
:
:

A’ · B’ =ABcos0
)s0 :
....... ............ ... ....... .. ..... ... ..... ..... ..... .. ..... .. ... ...... ...... .. ..... ... .. ............. ........ ............ .. ....... ..... ....... ..... .... ..... ... ..
F :
:-,; -: ::
1
:.· \. ;
2 :
: P= dW =F·v
dt
:
:

L!K=
—
I
2
nn" =
:
:·

SI 1N·

0 0
... .... ...... ... .... ...... ... ........ .. .. .... ......... ... .... .. .... .. ..... ................ .... .. ..... .... ..... ........ ................... ....... .. .................
h
W=mgh
l
2 ]"
,-::....
W=½kx'

141
142

Study Modules}.
(practice solutions to problems}

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

W 6.1 LO 6.5
6.2, 6.4, 6.5
LO 6.2 6.6, 6.8
6.3 6.25, 6.26, 6.27, 6.28, 6.29, 6.30
6.1 1, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6. 15, 6.16, 6.17, 6.18, 6.59
6.19 LO 6.6
6.49, 6.50, 6.5 1, 6.5 8, 6.60, 6.61, 6.73, 6.75, 6.6, 6.8, 6.10
6.91 LO 6.7
LO 6.3 6.7, 6.9
6.1 6.3 1, 6.32, 6.33, 6.34, 6.35, 6.36, 6.37, 6.38,
6. 18 6.39, 6.40
6.52, 6.53, 6.67 6.62, 6.63, 6.64, 6.68, 6.69, 6.70, 6.71, 6.72,
LO 6.4 6.74, 6.75, 6.76, 6.77, 6.78, 6.79, 6.80, 6.81 , 6.82, 6.84,
6.20, 6.2 1, 6.22, 6.23, 6.24 6.89
6.54, 6.55, 6.56, 6.57, 6.65, 6.66, 6.83, 6.85,
6.86, 6.87, 6.88, 6.90

1. 6.2
11. 75 12
2.
12. 50 4.8
3. 0.21
13. 650 23

4.
14. 980
5. 1
15. 75
6. 140
1
16.
7. SI 10
8. 55
17. A’ · (B’ + C)
’
=
A’ · B’ + A’ · ’
9. 143 k W · h 18. F = l.8i +2.2J 56 i +31 J

19.
10. 470 860
 143

6.3
20. x=3km, (b) 34. 100 10.6 22.4
X=3
35. 3.5
50
40
;z 30
36. 75 3.1 10
,joU 20
10

00 4 37.
I 2 3

6.16 20 38. 1
ENV
15 40
21. (a) 10
cm, (b) 10 20
22. 45
39. 20
k=3.8 32 cm
900

23.
40. 12 kW 10 min 7W
8.5
24 h
24
BIO
9.6cm
.. ... .... .... ..... .... .... ... .. ... .... ....... .. .... .......... ......... ........

6.4
25 2.4 X 10° 900

26. 21

41. l!:l!Jll--m 9.58

27. 20 km/h 3.2 X 10'1kg
k=235

28. 5.0 60
42. [l!:lll~ 12.2 m
10
26.3 15 4

29. 0.50 4.5 cm

43. li:l~ll~ 2.35 DNA
70
1.00% DNA

30. 20
44. mRJ DNA 4.48nm
DNA
45. El!Zlm 16.0
6,5
18.5
3J. 1 kcal
10.8 N 132 kg
2000
32. 5.0 min 200 750
46. Elf.llM!l 955 W
152 14.5
33
(a) (b) (C)
144

a = 5.0 X= X = 6.Q
47. El~ll--1=1 787-9 245,000
kg 642 55.
913
(a)
(b) 622 km/ h 56. a=25 .2
(a) x=2.00m, (b)

48. il~IM!J 57.

CH

138,000 105 F= Fo[ Lo - x — Lt ]

L0
193

58.
mgL
49. 200 30°
(a) l 59.
(b) 4 :
60. 8.7
50. 280
5.6 0.41

6 1.
BIO
22
0.57 (a)
(b) 25 mm

6.17 50 62. 19
20 km
51.
23 120 N 2500

TNT

63. 41 35
6.18 51

52. (a) i · i , J · J, k . k, (b) i . J , J . k, .;

(c) A = A,; +AyJ B=Bx; +

64.
53. (a) a;
(b)
54. F=
 145

77.
CH
65.
P (t)
.
(a)
(b)
66. F=
x= X = 18.5
78 0.25
1.86 BIO
1.5 111111
67.

68. 0.5 hp 60 rn
kg /s, ga l/min
79. 225 W
ENV
425 W
69.
ENV
GW
9.5 ¢/kW · h

70 P =
BIO
80 45
b=4.27 J/kg · rn, c= l.83
230 kca l
54 5.2 10
31

71 1590 80.0
(a)
81
11.8° CH

(b) hp

72 1400 60 82 .
CH CH
450
38
83 .
73 78 N·
3.1 2.2ld T1 --->

74. (a) 1.7 1 1 kg) 84. 75 kg

BIO BIO
(b) 5.0 L/min

350

75 0 84.5 85.
0.386 6.55 (a)
(b) (C) k,
b, C, (a)

(b) k=420 N/m, b = —86 N/ 1112 , C=

76 45
0.29 (a)
12 N/ 1113, d = —0.50
(b) 1.0 min
146

86. m 0.7 rn
CH
h(h < 2 cm
µmg

87. x =3 m, y=6 y=ax2-bx

CH
a=2m-1,
F= cxy; +dJ c = 10 N/m2, d = 15 10

88. (a)
(3 m,
(3 m, 6 (b) (0, 6 x
(3 m, 6
~6
89. 101
1010 m/min
0 0.05 0.1 0.I5 0.2
330 67
6. 20 92~95

92.
a.
b.
C.

d.
93.
a. 85
b. 145 ms
C. 185
d.
6.19 89 94.
90. a. 550 J
DATA b. 1.3

40cm C. 7.0 kJ
d.

5.00 0 885 95.

10.0 1.89 a. 185
15 0 3.05 b.
20.0 4 48 C.
25.0 6.44
d. 185
30.0 8.22
35.0 9.95
40.0 12 7
... .... ... ......... .... ..... .

91.
BIO
8
80 500 m
80
 147

400 kJ 100 k cal

300

6.1 (b)
2Fcos45°
6.2 (c) (b)

6.3 ( I )
(2) (a)
(3) (b)
6.4
 5 6 )

• 01
• LO 7.1

• LO 7.2

LO 7.3

LO 7.4

LO 7.5
LO 7.6

7.l 7.1

of

J 6rv ]

7.1

LO 7.1 .
..... ...... ...... ....

149
150

-
6.4
+

(a)

(b)

7. 1

•\B
/ \\
—

// 11
Ao~ . - - - j

7. 2

7.1

(a) (b) (c)

W=
A
 7.2 151

:fF·d;= O (7. 1)

W= B

7.2

LO 7.2

Ll A

l~
\L1UAB= —JBF·dr (7.2)

/ ~ 6.1 1

A
·d; j
— F·dr ...
152

LI U =— j x2F(x)dx (7.2a)

Ll U F (x2 - x1 ) (7.2b)

=2.~
o-,

L'.1 U =

Li U = mgLiy (7.3)

7. 3

U=

U=
7. 4
 7. 2 153

7.1 | |
55 [fr,9 =mg.::1y = (55 kg)(9 .8
=49 kJ
3.5 m (a) (b) (c)
L1U
(c)

U1 = mg.::1y = (55 kg)(9.8 m/s2)( —32

= —60 kJ
D

3.5

(a) (b)

214 m

35

potential F= —

L'i U = - f x2F(x )dx = -

., ,
f 1\—
.r ,
)dx = ½kx~ -

x = U=

x
1
U= —
2
kx2 (7.4)
1
W= x
2 x=O
=01

7. 5
154

7.2 I I

120 kN/m

=86cm

1 l
U= l
2
44

_,)

7.3 |
U= - f x2F(x )dx = - j x( —kx + bx2)dx
F= X1 Q

k=223N/ m, 2.62m
= ½kx2 -½bx3

1 1
= -kx2 - -bx3
2 3
F =
= (½)(223 N/m)(2.62 m) 2 (4.1 N/m2)(2.62 m)3

= 741 J
L'iU=
x,
1
U= 3%
2

7.2

(a) (b) (c)

 7. 3 155

7.3

LO 7.3

Li K =

= —Li LiK=
—LiU
LiK + LiU=0

Li

of mec hanical energy)

156

.1K+.1U=O (7.5)

K + U= = + (7.6)

' .·••...........
... · .. •, ..... ,., . ... . . ' .
7.1 ,.. ” , ..• _,,_.,., • • . ' ,. . .• · .· .

K+ U= J<o +
 7.3 157

-- - -

7.4 |
x0=25cm 38g
½mv2 +0 = o +

v= 940 N/m
0_038 kg ) (0 .25 m ) = 39 m/s

1 1
2 2
0

K+ U=J<o+

[fa =
2
1
I<o = ~
.lJ •..···' K U

2
K= —
1
2
mv2 7. 6 Lf-g

F =

7.5 I |
k = l40 N/m 50 g
11 cm

K+ U=I<o+
158

u= 1
K=O() 2

1
O+mgh
Uo= 2
K0=0
kx6 (140 N/m)(0.11 m)2
h= = = 1.7 m
2mg (2)(0.050 kg )(9.8 m/s2)

K~ Ki
1
Us u.J Us

7. 7

.
..................................................... ..................... ..........

7.3

7.4

LO 7.4 .
...................
 7.4 159

5.18

(internal energy)

6,

K+

L'iK+ L'i U = - = - f kd (7.7)

7.4 (I) (2) (a)

(b)
(c)

7.6 1 |
160

mg

Ko = [fa =
1
"
V
-.
;
2 .--1I,
m

1
Ad = 2

A
1
—
2
kx6 =

d= 7. 8

_J

7.5

LO 7.5

L1K+ L1 U+ =O

= (7 .8)
 7. 5 161

16~

E=

of

7.5
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
162

7.6

LO 7.6

he
h.,

7. 9 —
2
mvA +mghA >
VA > ,J2g(hc-hA)

-- r
—

r~ (a)

E2

A B c D

(b)

E3

C A B c D

(c)

7.10
 7.6 163

1
-mv~ A
2

Un =

vA >

7.]Ob,

—7 .6 X 10 - 19

0.074

0.1 0.3 04

7. 11

7.7 |
U= [fo [fo =-0.760 SI 1 aJ = 10- 18 J, 1 nm =
aJ, 10- 9

—0.717
164

-0.68 U= E
T
67
O72
74 E= [fa
(r~ll

E =-0.7 17 aJ

F:"=
Kh 6
—
K
o
,
','
~ (. ./ . .J —0.717 aJ —(— 0.760 aJ )
286 aJ/nm2
r···········.... = 0.0123 nm
-0.76 •' ~ I I I '•.,,

0.07
········ ....
... 0.08
:
f 0.09 \
\
0.0123 0.0864
..•.. ,······· i 0.0618 nm
; ..
i
.·i
.....•.• 1
U=

7.12

_)

Fx L'.i L'.ix ------> 0 L1

dU
F X = — dx (7.9)
··....
······>
•...

F
•
•.•••

•••
.
y,
•.
_
.... -K
’x
r -o_
t

7. 13

7.6
EE
(1)
12

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
A B c E
D
~'\',~'
,., ,, ,,, "· . . .... . . ,, .. ., .• " '!1ll"
,, ·~.- ....... -~
. . ..,,• -··,,.,
• •. ''"''
. • • •: ••• • :. . • . . .• .• ' ,' •· . • •. • .... • • . .
• . • • • • • •, . ,.,,, .,;:•• .' . . . . .

......... ....... .......... ....... .......... ..... ...... ................ ... ............. ...... .. ..... ... ..... ... .. ........... ... .. ....... ...... ..... ...... ....... ....

····...

:·~ :1 [ -

-
~
u !~ !~
..... .. .. .. ... .... .. ........... .... .......... ... ... ....... ...... .... ........... .... ..... .... .... ........ ... .. .... .... ....... ...... ... .... .... ..... ...... .. .... ... ..
- .r,
dUAu =- J F·dr L1 U = - ! ,,F(x)dx .d F( x2 - x 1)
A

....... ...... .... .. ....... ...... ... ..... ... ......... ....... ...... ... ... .... ... ..... ...... ... ... ..... ...... ... ... ...... ......... ..... ...... ..... ... ...... .. .. .... ...
:
:
:

/
K+ U= + n'lxF1
I ·."::,_
I 1,;, 1 =
o
i,;-ITT,
......... ···.
·.
;,
1,;, + fn
E

... .. .... ....... ... ..... ... .... ... ....... .......... ........ ..... .. .... ... ..... .. ...... .. ... ... ..... .. ................ .... ........ .. .... ................... .. ... .. ..

U= ~k.T2, ~ ( ,,,- _0__

2

] ;,. !

165
166

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 7.1 7.40, 7.4 1, 7.42, 7.43, 7.45, 7.46, 7.47, 7.48,

7.1 , 7.3, 7.8 7.49, 7.55, 7.59, 7.62, 7.63, 7.65, 7.66, 7.67, 7.69
7.9, 7. 10 LO 7.4
LO 7.2
7.4 7.22, 7.23
7.11 , 7.1 2, 7.13, 7.1 4, 7.1 5, 7. 16 7.53, 7.56, 7.57, 7.6 1, 7.64
7.35, 7.36, 7.37, 7.38, 7.39, 7.44, 7.51 , 7.54, LO 7.5
7.58, 7.63, 7.68
LO 7.6
LO 7.3 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8
7.24, 7.25, 7.26
7.2 7.50, 7.52, 7.60
7.17, 7. 18, 7. 19, 7.20, 7.21

I.

1; ;,
(a) (b) 7.15 9, 10
7.14 1
10.
2.

3. 7.2
4. 11.
12. 70 (a) 1900 m

5. (b) 86 m

6.
13. 1.6
7. 65
(a) 11 (b)
8.
14. k=320 18

15. k= 1.4 210 J

7. 1 16. DNA
9. BIO
26 µm 0.046
 167

.... .........
7. 3
17. 32°
25 111 20°
38

18. 10, 000

k: = 40 kN/111
27 . F = —J..,·x+bx·(x:=244N/m, b=3 .24
25 111

4.68 m
19. 430 71 cm 120

U=
20. 7. 5 35, 000

k: = 2.8 MN/m
2s. F = —kx —
F=
2 1. 14 cm 65
35 m
29 . Eli.:!ID1
F= b=0 .00185 nN/nm·3)
7. 4
22. 54
x=

32 2. 14

30. t l~ID1
23. 6.2 33 U= aJ

15 (l aJ= l0- 1~1)

x = 1.47
3 1. El~lffi k=875
7,6 50 .2 g
24. 7.88 cm
(a) (b) (C)
32. ElfJlffi /..: = 107
A 75 0 g
B

3.8 m c 33 . 28,600
2.6m r3
11
j
-

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 JO 11 12 1.88
1.03 m
7,16 24

25. 34. El!Jlffi 41,700

2.65 m
8.5 m/s 89.4
26 .
J m 40 (a) 1; = 2.1 m,
(b) X=0m, (C)
168

45. 200
..... ... ... .. k= 130 16 cm
35. 214
ENV
k = 280 N/m (a)
2.1 X 1010 (b)
1.08 (a)

(b)
7.18 45
36.
46. 1400 kg 1.3
1.46 pm
0.0125 eV
5.0

37.
47.
c= 3.1 2.62 m CH

%
38.
BIO
125 \
2.66 mm (a)
(b) 50.0
39. F = ax2 + b(a,
x= U= 7.19 47

48. 0.55
40. 16,000 110

49. h
41.
(mg/k)
(1 + ,/1 +2kh/mg)
42. 3.2
50. U=7.0 —8.0x + 1.7x2
J
43. = h,
51. (a) F " = a.r2
v=
a =- 26.5 N/m2, b = 12.2
(b) 0 <X< 3m
44.
BIO (c)
10.0 J
52.
CH
F(x) =
F SJ 4.04 X 10-28, 5.52 X

kN cm (a) 7.5 (b) NaCl

15 cm 53.

2.0
1.5 54 8.5 X 109
z ENV
-"' 1.0 140 m 8.0 h 330
~0.5

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
55.
7.17 44
 169

18 cm

56.

1.4
15

--
7.23 62

= (a J;)

64. k = 2.0 kN/ m 10 cm

CH
4.5 30°, 2.0
1.4 cm
7. 20 56

57. k=200 15 cm
CH 65 . 1200 370 hp
190
/J. =
85 60

66.

1500 17

2.4
µ = 0.27
67.
7.21 57

58.
h

59. k = 3l 840 68.

CH CH
6.2 m
a> l

X >

69
DATA

7.22 59
7.2 1

60 h=

6 1.

m(g) 50.0 85.2 126 50.0 85 .2

x (cm) 2.40 3.17 5.40 4.29 1.83
62.
CH h(cm) 10.3 11.2 19.8 35.2 3.8 1
170

····· ························

7.1 (c)

fm = 10-15 m) 7.2 (b)

> I
0 7.3
-1
-2 7.4 (I) (2) (c)
-3 7.5 (a), (c), (e), (f)

7, 24 70~73) 7.6 (I) B, (2) E, (3) C, (4) A, D, (5) B, E

70.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d.
71.

a. 0.1
b. 3
c. -3
d. 0.3
72.

a. 0.3
b. 1
c. 3.3
d. 3.6
73. 4 fm
a.
b.
C.

d.
 6 7 9 10 `/

o-,

•
LO 8.1
LO 8.2
LO 8.3
LO 8.4
LO 8.5
LO 8.6
LO 8.7

8.1

LO 8.1

1601

8.1

8.2

171
172

.·, ....
,,.,,---

8.2

•'((
8.1
LO 8.2

\ F = -p- (8.1)

'
6.67 X l0- 11 N-

G(= 6.67 x

/_\ 10- 11 N of universal

8.2

(1) (2)

8,1 1 ·

380 km

F =
 8.2 173

r = RE + 380 km
F= GME
a=
J\1., ,,.2
ma = (6 .67 X 10- 11 N · m2/kg2)(5.97 X 1024 kg)
(6.37 x 106 m + 380 x 103 m)2

GM = 8.74 m/s2
a= 2
(8.2)
r

3.73
T

E
GME
a=

(6 .67 X 10-11 N · m2/kg2)(5 .97 X 1024 kg)

(6 .37 X 106 m)2
= 9.81 m/s2

v2/r
12

602 =

8.1
- . ' _.,,.,('''.· ,-. "' '·" "'I" ,'C"

, ' ·· ··· :,;,, \ ··~ ,·,

g
"i',.i(• , : S ,,/ C ,· ' .; _, .I
..
;
/

1/22,
1/32, 4

8.3 8. 3

~.
81 "
·2

(~
d) 4 nH"~

.
174

5 cm
30 cm
, ,,,,:., ,0 /
0 /
B. 4

8.3

LO 8.3 .
...... ... ...... .... .. .......... ............................ .......... ... .... ................. ....... .................

8.5

\
8.5
 8.3 175

m,,

GMm mv2
2
=
T' T'

V = VGM T'
(8.3)

T
v = 21rr/

(2;')2 = c;1
47r2T'3
T2 = (8.4)
GM

8.2 l |
380 km 6.37 Mm
380

v=~

v = (6.67 X N · m2/kg2 ) (5 .97 X 1024 kg )

T2 = 6.37 x 106 m + 380 x 103 m
= 7.68 17,000 mi/h)
176

T= J41r2r3/ GME = 5.5 X 103 s

380

TV

8.3 | - -
|
= 4.22 X 107 m

24 h 86,400 s 42,200
36,000 km

TV

r=( c:;t2(3 36,000 km

= [ (6.67 x 10-11 N 1024 kg)(8.64X 104 s)2 r 3

J
, , • I

. / /
,,
I
.
,'

8. 6

8.6

0
8.7

8. 7
 8.4 177

"···•..
8.2
.
. 8.8

8.4 :.-:::2.~
c5'-,

LO 8.4
LO 8.5
LO 8.6
······· ····· ····· ··· · ······ ········ ····· ··········· ······· ······ ··· ········· ············ ··· ····· ·····················

Mo ... _.,_....,..
r,
F d i' _____ _
III

r,

8. 9

L1 Ui2 = d;
'/
I

)
F · dr = —
L1 Ui2
, .. 2
,,/
/

;
; ,'
<rn dr = GMmJ'\- 2dr = Gl\!fm r - 1 1 1
Vi2 = J 12 Gil
o'.;. _
__
,, ,
= GMm( ——— (8.5)
,, r ,·, —1 r1 r2 ) I .- - - , ,

11 < L'.i

8. 10
178

T1 =
•'
E>O:
rI
L
I
I

I
I E
I (8.6)
,;;:
•.

r = oo U=
8.11

O E<
E>
E>
E=
E =

8,4 I
3.1 530 km

530
490

K=O
K + U= J<o + GM1m _
1
U= - ,.
. xh-k
Ko = 2
0 U(r) =— ...

[fa =—
K=

I
K+ U= J<o + 2
GM"m
R,,
GMEm 1
r
= 2
2
RE 85

r = (_!__— - 1 U=
RE 2GME)
( 1 (3100 m/s)2 U= —
= 6.37X 106 m - 2(6.67 x 10- t1
= 6.90Mm
................................
I
 8. 4 179

8.1

U= —
1
2

1 GMm
O= K + U= —
2
·mv2 -

1\ 1 ·'
I

1977

J
1980
(8.7)

= 11.2

2006

20 15
, 2020

8 . 13

8. 13

2012
35.000 Jm1
..io

2012 DAI

20l2 2012 DAI

190lm1/ s
35.5
45 30
22 km
180

8.5 1 |

1
- r
+ 2
50 km/s

1
T
+—
2
v
2

(6.67 X 10- 11 N · m2/ kg2 )(1.99 X 1030 kg )

1.50 X 1011 km
1
+— (50 x 103 km/s )2
2
= 3.7 X 108 J/kg
1
2

E=- + ]:_m v2
r 2

v
./

1 2 GMm
K= —
2
mv =
2r

GMm
U= -
7'

U= —
E= (8.8a)

1 GMm
(8.8b)
2 2r
 8.4 181

11111.11 0 1:1

...................... ............ ,
,.

380 km
1
—
4
320km

(a)
T1 =92.0

T2 = 90.8 min
1
1.2 —, 23
4
(23 min)(l.2 =

(b)

8.14

8.3
(a) (b)
(c) (d) (e)
182

8.5

LO 8.7

•........ . •...... ·
:.::
• •
.. ••••••••
.
:
w *
·`
: •••
W

-̀|'* •
•••
? ....
…
.I *
•
--
••
...
w
•.
...
...
....
,.,.*-
•.
...
w
•
9.8
::* ...
-
W v ” w
—
g =- gJ (8 .9)
(a)

ll
/ -g
· /
w/ \ I
_
... ... .
--------
... . .. ....
., ,.. ' ,,
; =— (8.10)

/ ,

..
-^
A
··
·

(b)

8.1 5 (a) (b)

11111 ——-----~ :: •. ··_::\·:._.__:--

..

(tidal force)

o
; ;
; i
'.
8.5 183
 ... .. ....... ..... .... ................. ........ ..... ... .... ......... ..... .. .. ... .... ...... ......... ...... ........ ... .. ... .. ..... .... ........ ......... ...............

) .
..
....
\ i
...
. ..
..
....
.
)

r...
..

.
..
...
..
..
.

..
‘....

... .................. ......... .... ......................................... ............. ....... .. ............ ................. .. ............. ........ ....... .... ...

Gm1m2
F=
r2
I• ,.

...... .... ..... .... ... .... ..... .. .. .. ... ... .. ............ ... ........ ......... ............... ..... .............. ..... ..... ...... ...... .... ....... .... .... ......... ..

U= O,
-------- :;..;;,,
I
- --- r••···...
-
I
1 1
L1U= GMm( ——
r1
—) r2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

,. ,,
I

GMm •...,))'.
U= — U= O) ...··
r ::

........ .. .... ... ... ..... ...... ... .. .. .... ....... .. ..... ... ............. ... ... ....... .. ....... ...... ... .......... ...... .... .............. .......... .............. ..
: M
:
:
• GM

ra:1 :
:

...... .. ...... ................ .... ... ... .. ........ ...... ... ...... ............. ........ .............. ... ............. ......... ... ... ...... ........ .. .. ..... ... ..... .
:
:

; TV,
<>
," ;
F

184
 185

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 8.1 LO 8.4
8.1 8.1 0
LO 8.2 8.24, 8.25, 8.26, 8.27
8.41, 8.42, 8.46, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53,
8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.8 8.55 , 8.56, 8.58, 8.60, 8.62, 8.63 , 8 .64, 8.65, 8.68
8.11 , 8 .1 2, 8.1 3, 8. 14, 8. 15, 8.1 6, 8. 17 LO 8.5
8.38, 8.39, 8.40, 8.47, 8.66, 8.69, 8.70, 8.74, 8.28, 8.29
8.75 8.53, 8.54, 8.58, 8.72
LO 8.3 LO 8.6
8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.9 8.6 1
8. 12, 8. l 8, 8.1 9, 8.20, 8.21 , 8.22, 8.23 LO 8.7
8.39, 8.43, 8.44, 8.45, 8.46, 8.47, 8.48, 8.54,
8.57, 8.59, 8.64, 8.67, 8.70, 8.71 , 8.73

.. 14. (a) (b)

I.

2.
15. 14 cm 0.25
3.

16. 67 73,000
4
84
17.
5.
1.67 mm/s2

6.

8.3
7.
18. 2.0 h
19.
8.
20.

21
9.
JO.
22.

23. 112 min

8. 2
11. 2
8.4
12. 24. 147 Gm,
152

13.
186

25. 123,000

1800
230

26. 5.1

27. 1100 km 38. 22.5

39.
28. 2.9X 1024 7.1

29. (a) (b)

6.0 40. 4 X 106 15 m

41. 450

km
km

42.

30. 569
43.
(a) (b)
130 km
3 1. 11.97
(b)
32. [ 1~11:t-1 Trace
44.
Gas
(a) (b)

400 km
(a) (b) 45. 200

33. El~ll:H

34. EIE.ill:E 8.31 46. 10,786

(a)

3s. El~ll:E (b)

2150
36. El~lf:E 47.
CH
550

37. 1!:1~11:~I
48.
 187

57.
CH
49.

( GMEm )( R E + 2h )
35 5 RE 2 (R E +h)
11.2 58. M,
CH

(1
E 59 5500
CH
50. (a) 10% (b) 10%
ENV

5 1. 60. 160,000
1. 17 1.87 lO
20
378 6 1.
16 26

52.
1% 62 . 230 890
7 23
53.

63. 1200
54. 6.1
64. 720 kg - 0 53 TJ
55 . (a) (b) (C)

65. 38.8 km /s , 59.0

6.99
X lO lO 111
408 km 66 T l ""' L1 U = =
4500 CH
1"1 +
67.
CH
8. 17
56 . 250.000 2.1
8.1

8500 8.16 (a)

(b)

(c)

8. 16 56
8.17 67
188

68.

69.
DATA 1....

8.19 OPS
r(km,
80.0 55.0 40.0 35.0 30.0

a(mm/s2) 0.172 0.353 0.704 0.858 1.18

OPS
70. OPS 20,200

8.19 GPS 76~79)

8.18 70 76. GPS

a. 90 min
71.
CH b. 8 h
35
C. 12 h
d. 24 h
e.
72.
BIO 77. GPS
2
a. 9.8 m/s
b. 500 m/ s
c. 1.7 km/ s
d. 4 km / s
3
e. 12 km / s
78. GPS
73.
a. 4 km/s
b. 5.5 km/ s
c. 6.3 km/ s
74.
CH d. 9.8 km/ s
e. 11 km/ s
E
79. GPS 844
75.
L1
 189

a. 6 GJ
b. 3 GJ
C. —3 GJ
d. — 6 GJ
e. —8 GJ

.......

8. 1 (d)

1/(r/2)2
8.2
8.3 (a), (c), (d).
 7
8
10 11 v

w
=2.~

• 01
. .
• F = LO 9.1

LO 9.2

• LO 9.3

LO 9.4

LO 9.5

LO 9.6

LO 9.7

LO 9.8

LO 9.9

9.1

LO 9.1
LO 9.2
LO 9.3

of

= illa cm

191
192

_, -->
—• _, d2 r - dmr
2

Fi = mi ai = m- ' = ' 1

' dt 2 dt
2

i =l

N N d2mi; ,
i = 1 i = 1 dt2

d2 (Lmi rJ
dt2

M=

= M:t: ( I:;;;i ) (9.1)

-
r em
1'cm m,
Xcm, Yrm,

~ ;,m ~ (9.2)
M

= --+
+

----> d2->
= Macm = M rem (9.3)
dt2
 9.1 193

Xcm = L Yem = 2cm =

I:m, z,

9,1 | CM: |
1.5 m 50 50 X= 80 X2 = 1.5 !TI

80

m1X1+m2X2 m2X2 (80kg )( l.5m )

X = = =
·cm m1+m2 m 1+m2 (50kg+80kg)
J'cm = =0.92 m

Xcm = (mlxl =

9. 1

I: m ,
1m1=50 k9
CMH
___

:
~x1=0
III

Xcm=O.gJ m X;i= 1.5m

X
...

9.1

9.2 1 CM: |
=L\13/2, x2 =y2 = 0, x3 =— ,Xi =L/2, Y3 =y1

mx1 + mx3 m(x1 -x1)

XCITI = 4ni = 4m = O

V3
-
r em =
Yem =
my1 + my3
4m
=
2my1
4m
=
1
2
=
4
L = 0.43L

(XcnP

= —L s in 30° L / 2, y1 = L cos30°
194

Xcm =
&
x'3 x

h L c o 5 030

xcm
m _ %
m
J

'!), =!}.,
'Y
9. 2 JZ

element) 9.3

;cm = M=

9.3
-r, m •

\ _, -+ ~
_, ~L:lmi r i j rdm
(9 .4)
r,m =

9.3 1 CM: |
L,

x=
x = h=
Yem =

dA = hdx =
1
2
xcm =
 9.1 195

dm dA (w/L )xdx 2xdx

M
= A = 1
= L2
—
2
wL
dx J
r t=J
wl,;i dm =

,··..

( 'h
x
xcm = ifxdm = 2~ <~ dx) =

x = x =
-wl.:i
l ,1
9. 4
3 L
2 L 2 X 2L 3 2
Xcm = x2dx = £2 3 =
3L2 3

>.-~---,-""~~V<)-~-~--~~_,,·~:~ ,.,. ,~-~--·--~,:~~·11

111111 I •

1. X, Y,

2.

3.

4.

9.5
9. 5

91

9. 6
196

9. 7

9.4 CM |
1t = 1000 Xcmi =xcmf,
19 m
m1x1, m1 (x1; + 19 m +xcf) +mcxcf
M = M

m1x1, =m1(x1,+l9m+xcf)

x= (19 m)m1 (19 m)( 4.8 t)

Xcm = xcf =— =— = —4.6 m
(m1 +mJ (4.8 t + 15 t)
(m1x1

9.8b).

Xcmi =
4.6
19 m —4.6 m = 14.4
Xe; =
Xcm i = m1 x1;/M

xcm f = (m1 X11 +

'

d,
. . \.

·-• . .
• I
J

I
’I
I =
, ' I

19 X11 x1, x,,,/ 1 0 x=x" =O

(a) ’

x1r = x11 + 19

I I
I I

m 1xJf m1 (x11 + 19 m+ xcr) I I

Xcmf = ]VJ = M
(b)
X"· /') ' x,m X=O x,,

9.8
 9.2 197

9.2

LO 9.4
LO 9.5

P = ~;, = m,,

V =

dr I d -;
p = I:m, dt =
dt
I:1n1r1

;cm =
d -
—
— >

P = illrcm
dt

___,
—,
p = Jl/
d r cm
dt
-
= Jl!v crn (9.5)

ucm = dr crn

dP dv Clll
= J11 = J1Ja cm
dt dt

F =

I F
=
dP
dt
(9.6)
198

P = (9.7)

of linear momentum)

P,

9.7

~m
o, 2 5 g 6

- 53

3.1
72 26
17

9.9
 9. 2 199

-
(m1 - 9. 10 -
O :Pk
+ +.
vk =— 0.35
9.10

9.5 1 |
1.6 Mm /s vox=vo co s<f> ,

mL, vL; -mavax mL;Vu - m 0v0 cos1>

1.4 Mm /s V
7X"
= mp mp
5Li 33° (5.0 u) (l.6 Mm /s) —(4 .0 u)(l.4 Mm/s)(c os 33°)
1.0 u
=3 .30 Mm / s
m nV0y m nV0 s in (p
V =— =—
m p. r,i p

(4.0 u) (1.4 Mm/s )( s in 33°)

1.0 u
= -3.05 Mm/s

9.11

vJJ = = 4.5 Mm /s 0=

- -
mLI VLI = 1np VP + m a VO'
- (vr/v,,J
SI

in LiVLi = m pvpx +ma vn,

0 = m pvpy + m ovny

~~A',~ -
9. 11 /

9.1 2
200

dP/dt =

9.6 |
32 1 32

45 32 m/s 45 kg / s
dP
= (45 kg/s )(32 m/s ) = 1400 kg · m/s2
dt
1400

1400
-
1 kg · l

I o'
J

11111
 9.3 201

9.3

LO 9.6 .
... .......... ..... .. .. ..... ... ... ..... ...... ... .... ..... ........ ..... ... ... ............... ........... .. . ... .... ... ...

K=

V1 = +
1 ---> ---> --->
J,( = I:2m,(vcm + > (VClll + )

= + 1:n,;;cm · + (9.8)

~½m ,v~111 = =
2
energy of the center
of mass) J(c 111

=;cm·

2
kinetic energy)

9.8

A 1,-,11 ','

\ K=Kem / (9.9)

r-; '"

9.4 (I) (2)

(a) (b)
(C)

........................................................................................
202

9.4

LO 9.7

..

;joO

L1t
F = L1p / L1t

.:1p =F .:1t (9.1 0a)

~; = } = f F (t )dt (9.10b)
 9.5 203

9.5
(a) (b)
(C)
(ct) (e)

9.5 a.... L..

LO 9.8
·· ······ ············ ····· ··········· ····· ·· ·· ···· ···· ··· ····· ········· ····· ·· ··· ············ ···· ····· ·· ···· ··· ·······

ine lastic

- -
V1,

1n1

__,\ /

m1 v1 + m2 v2 = (m1 + m2 )v1 (9 .11 )

\ Lf-5

-
1n1, Vi, T/7,2,
- -
V2, Vr

9,7 1 |
6.4 kg
160 .....
·~ r
•,

1.2

9.13
204

(mP + mclvc = (0.16 kg + 6.4 kg)(l.2 m/s)

VP =
mPvP = (mp + mp 0.16 kg
=49 m/ s

9,8 l -- - -

_,
|
3.5 Mm/ s, v1v= 9.14
3.5 Mm/s v2x =(1.8Mm/s)(cos64°)=0.789Mm/s, v2Y= (1.8
_,
1.8 64°
Mm/s) (sin64° ) = 1.62

m1V1x +m2V2x
Vex =
m1+m2
(2 u )(3.5 Mm /s ) + (2 u ) (0.789 Mm/s )
= =2.14 Mm/ s

m 1V1y+m2V2y
Vry=
m1+m2
-+ -+ -+
vr = (m1v1 +m2v2)/(m1 0 +(2 u)( l.62 Mm/s)
_, = = 0.809 Mm/s

:/
vr = = 2.3 0 = t an - 1
(vrylvrx) =

--+

9.14

9,9 1

=
9.15
 9.6 205

=gh
mv = (m+M)

v = ( m;M) V2gh

[fa = Ito =
1
—
2
(m+M) m

K= U=
1
--, J<o + [fa = K+ 2

9.6 (a)

(b)
(C)
.
............... ........ ........... ...... ...... .... ........ ........................................... ........ ... ... .......... .

9.6

LO 9.9 .
............... ......................................................................................................

_, _,
VI1,
_, _,
V1r,
_, _, _, _,
99
((
l)
l)
23
1nI VIi +1n2V2i = inI ..

—
1
2
?n1 V1, + —
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
1n2v2i = - m1 vu + —
2
'n'l2 v2
2

9.1 3
206

__..,.
’’
V

: .—
·.·.·.

V,
-v,,

9.16a
(a)

m1 Vii + m2 V21 = m1 vlf + m2 V2f (9.12a)

.,__
_,
v,

(b) m1 (v11 —vlf ) = m2 (v2r - v2i ) (9.12b)

9.16
(9.13a)

a2 —b2 =
m1 (v1; —vlf )(v1, + VIf ) = m2 (v2r —V2; )(v2r + V2, ) (9.13b)

V1i + V1f = V2f + V21

V1i - V2i = V2f - Vlf (9.14)

5 5 m/s

V2f = V11 —V21 + V1f

m1Vii + m2v2i = m1V!f + m2 (vii —V2i + vlf )

m1 -m2 2m2
V1f = V1i + V2, (9.15a)
m1 +m2 m1 +m2

2m1 m2 -m1
V2f = V1i + V2, (9.15b)
m1 +m2 m1 +m2

V21 =

1. m1 <( 9.17a): V2i =Q

m1/m2 ------>
 9.6 207

Vu =— V1,

V2r = Q

(a) m, <: m,

...
1
2
u -.. Q)

(j)
(b) 1111=m,

2
1a-. Q

2. n,1 = m2 9.17b): V2, =

1,..... 2

(c) m, » 1112

Vlf =0 9.17
V2r = V1,

3. m1 » 9.17c): V2, = m2/m1

V1f = V1,

V2r = 2v1,

9.10 1 I

1u
2u

v2r=2m1v1,/(m1+m2)
208

1 1
— m 1vi, I12 = —
?
Ki = ffi2V2
2 2
(1 ) m1
Ki = _!_ m2( 2m1v1 )2= 2m2mM
2 m1 (m1 +m2)2

(2) m1

= < )( m1~U2 )
100%
(3) m1
4mm
1 2
(9. 16)
(m1 +m2)2
m1 = 1 u,

1:

` o' 7 n 10 >
JZ

9.18

•
’
! - F

\..:r-0 ----------------
V
'".."'-•
-r----------
_L _________ __

(a)
o ----- _t ___________ _

(b)

9.18

9.11 | |
30°
 9.6 209

f',
V2; - - -
Vi, Vi; =

, e

@;~;. · ······
··· ..

Vii · Vii = (vu + v2r) · (vlf + v2r)

-- -- --
= vlf . vlf + V2r . V2r + 2vlf . V2r
9.19

cos( 0+30°)

, ,
A·B = AB co s 0, A·A=A2cos(0)=A2

- - 0 + 30°

2vlfv2r cos (0 + 30°) = 0

)

P,,
Q

P,, _/r~( ___ _ ,,,,

')O
0
'o
/1 11

9. 20
Lf-g

- 9.2 1
CM

-
t,;,
I
I ~,

t
I
- -,'- - ~ 0
l',

1111 : 1112

9. 21 CM
‘E
210

_,
-
_,

CM

CM

CM
CM

CM
_,
~---
m,
CM
_,

9.22
v1x =v v1y = - v

—
tan-1[ sin0/(1 +cos0)]

CM
 ,, ' ' '

' ;.,' j 3/::'.;,'.0.*0>'·,'l'

A,'• .,, ' ,, ' ' " ' ,
',, ',' '
,'

' ' ,'

..... ..... ....

',
7'12.t .·
',
“ ,,··········
,... .......

rdm
-
1·c111 =
I:111 ,1 ·,
J1/ 7 cm = JJlf
go 8 r
P

.p
- /1/ac,n = dP
F-

cit
’ - -
m1 u1 + m2U2 = (m1 +m2lvr
-

- f
111iUii+m.2v2i = n11°1r + m2u2r ...
x
oo r- .
.....
<
O
1
= ,.
.’
2 2 2 2
,,·
""

00

111,<111, ,,,,= ,,,, 111,>111,

111, 111 ,
8 _..
111,

—
111 ,
111, , . . . . .,o
;
..8 -+- ~------+

211
212

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 9.1 9.19, 9.20

9.1 , 9.2 9.43
9.10, 9.11 , 9.12, 9. 13, 9.14 LO 9.7
9.41 , 9.90
LO 9.2 9.4, 9.6, 9.7, 9.9
9.44, 9.59 9.21, 9.22, 9.23
LO 9.3 9.42, 9.46, 9.81
LO 9.8
9.47, 9.55, 9.86, 9.87, 9.88, 9.9 1 9.24, 9.25, 9.26, 9.27
LO 9.4 9.49, 9.50, 9.52, 9.64, 9.66, 9.69, 9.7 1, 9.79

LO 9.5 LO 9.9
9.3
9. 16, 9.1 7, 9. 18, 9.1 9 9.5, 9.8
9.45, 9.48, 9.5 1, 9.54, 9.56, 9.57, 9.58, 9.60, 9.28, 9.29, 9.30, 9.3 1, 9.32
9.63, 9.65, 9.67, 9.68, 9.70, 9.83, 9.89, 9.92 9.53, 9.6 1, 9.62, 9.72, 9.73, 9.74, 9.75, 9.76,
9.77, 9.78, 9.80, 9.82, 9.84, 9.85, 9.93
LO 9.6

9.
1.
(a) (b)

2.

9.1

8
9.23 2
10. 28

ll. m
3.5 m 65

3.

4 12.

5. 13.

6. 14.
E
7.
9.2
15. 91 64
8.
47
 213

27 . 5500 8000
16. 60 12 3800
; = 53.0 ·;, + 14.0.J 65
37
17.
5 15 MeV 1I-Ie
9.6
18. 23 86 28.
15

29. 14
9.3 18
19. 995 18 6
30.
372 31 .3
31. 6.9 11
20.
32 .
(a) (b)

9.4
2 1.
2000
0 800 ms, O
100 (a) (b)

22. 220 I.lg

BIO
1.2 ms
(a) (b)
(c)
33. 2.25 Mm/s

23. J .03 Mm/s

5 64 N · 135 "L i 23.6°

34. mmm
9.5 24 .7° 1.78
24. 2.6 2.43
7.0 (a) 31.5°
(b)

35. 549 kg 235 kg

25 . 816

26. l. Ql 2.01 55 2
23.5; + 14.4.J
15.J ; + 22 .6.J 36. 784 kg 392 kg
214

225{+107J —75_4{-214;
8.3
37. El!Jll!.l(i] 90 ms
41 (a) (b)

47. h, R,

38.

39. EIIJll!.l(i] 685

40. WIDJ
9.25 47

48. 14
............. 48 32
41.

49. 11 ,000

8.5 (a)
(b)

50. 50 1200
35 4400
65 1500
9.24 41

42. 0.81 51.

BIO
300 10

34 s (a)
(b) 52. -
v1 = 36.2 ; + 12.7J 1250 kg
;2 = 13.8;+ 10.2J
43. 100 ;1 = 25.0; m/s, ;2 = 448
—9.45; + ll .6J m/s, :3 =— 3.67; —ll .6J
53.
44.
1500 12,000
6.5 m 54. 5.0 x 105 23su
234Th 22° 1.4 X 107
45.
55.
CH
1/10
56. 42 12 g
46. 35 m/s, 21
BIO
 215

29

57. 60 14
5.8 70 . 8.2 400
l.6
200°, 0.85
58. 7 1.
CH .

59. 190 kg 62 kg
7.1 72. 6 90 1 2.80

8.62
60. 2
12 73.
CH
50

61. 74.

62 .

63.
12.0
65.0
15.2111
4.50
D
A
D
B
II
c
(a) (b) 9.26 74
64. 1600
75
1300
76.
25

77 1 2
65. 40 CH
CH

28 7 s
78.

g
66. = U01

67. 950 640 0 v.,

350 N ·
9.27 78
68.
79 7.65 114
10 N · 20 N · s
240
~t = 2.8 F(l) = al(t-~t)
17.7 1.23 (a)
a= —4.6
(b)
69. 1640 3220
17 6
80. M
m
h
70 km / h
216

81. 91.
CH

5
(a)
18
(b) (c)
82. 25
CH
200 1.4 m 92. N·s
DATA
800 9.28

25~

9.28 82

83.
CH
(a)
J11dv =
J(N · s) 4.5 7.8 4.5 7.8 II
(b)
180 485 234 234 485
vr = v, +
22 13 19 51 23
ve, ln
93.
84. CH

9.29 n ::C:
(a) n
85 .
(b)
(c)

86.

.nM
CH

87. R,
CH
0
88. 3.25 J 9. 29 93
0.52 400
0.50

89.

200 m 80
7 8.0 4 min
4 m in

90.
 217

9.5

9.6

9.7

9. 30 94~ 97

94.
a.
b.
C.

95
a.
b
C.

d.
96.
a.
b.
c
97.
a.
b.
C.

9.1

9.2
P = m; = (O SO kg)(607 m/s) = 30y kg ·
9.3 (d)

9.4 ( I ) (a), (2) (b)

‘
 9 11 12 v

• 01
• F= LO 10.1

LO 10.2
LO 10.3
LO 10.4
LO 10.5
LO 10.6
LO 10.7

10.1

LO 10.1

LO 10.2 .
...... ................. .... .. .. ... ... ... .... ..... .. ....... ...... .. ........ .. .. .. ..... .....

DVD

219
220

I 360°/2rr,
1
360° 21r
1
.· ,. 0=7
./

'-1-- angular velocity)

.10
l
w= .1t
( I 0.1 )
10.1
L1t 10.2
angular vel-

\ . L'.10 ~
w= hm = — ( 10.2)
L\t ----> O Llt dt \

dfJ/ clt ,
10.2

10.1 0=

d0 1 ds
= —
dt r dt

• "w, w = v/r
~r -
(
.,_..
\( - ;;
v= ~ (10.3)
I
..

rad/ s S- I

10.3
 10.1 221

10.3

10.1 I |
28 21 (2 1 rev/min ) (21r rad/rev )
w= 21 rpm = ~A I . = 2.2 rad /s
S 111111

v = wr = (2.2 rad/s) (28 m) = 62

v=

l min =60

acceleration)

a= lim
.c1t -
Ll w
—-
o Llt
= —
d!
dt
(10.4)

SI rprn/s, r ev/s2

acceleration) 10.4

dv d(wr) dw
at =— = =r = TO'. (I 0.5)
dt dt dt

a,. = v= a,. =

J:, V, 0, w, 10.4
222

10. 1

x O
d0
v=
dt dt

a= —
dv
dt
=
d2x
dt2
o,= —
dw
—
dt
d20
dt2

- 1 ())
(
8 (
2222
7(—ll1 (
l6)
OOoo
(
1 (
)(
l)
l)
v = +v) .. w= ..
2 2
78
w= +o,t
1 O)) 1
x= 2at2 . 0= +-o,t2
2
1 9
.

10.2 1 I

0.12 L:10 =

o—(2.2rad / s) 2
L:10 = = = 20 rad = 3.2 re v
2.2
2a (2)( —0.12 rad /s2)
1 r ev = 27r

L1x = x

10.1

a,
]

(a) (b) (c)

 10.2 223

10.2
t

LO 10.1

... .................... ......... .. .......

0~
F =
(a)

:
-;:~ .... .·

0,
(b)

10.5

T=rFsin0 (10.10)
(c)

10. 5 r

.........
..
...
.·· ·. .... ..
,, .
··..·.
F
.·,·
F
u,
" O <. "
~-··
F~ = Fsin 0
(a) (b) (c)

10.6 - (a)

N ·m
(Joule; l J = l N (b)

10. 7
(a) T=rF.1, (b) T=r.1 F. 7=

10.3 |
45
95 N ·
224

, e= 1130

180° —67° =
,\

F= 95N·m
rsin0
T = (0.45m)( sinll3°) = 230N

23 kg( -

` 10.8

b 6b

\ I---
:.,
-----.....__
10.3
c:?-.,
LO 10.3
LO 10.4
LO 10.5

10.9

10.10
10.5
10.10
F= mat = T= RF
 10.3 225

T = (mR2)n.

F =
inertia)

of kg ·

\I/ T = fa ( I 0.1 I )

/ 111 ,

I = I: m ; r; ( I 0.12)

10.4 | — 1

L
L =85 m = 0.64

rn"°
rn "' O.(p<-\ k:3
I = 10. 11

I = 2: m,r; =m(_!_Lr+m IL 2=
4 (4 ) 8
= —
5
8
(0.64 kg)(0.85 111) 2 = 0.29 kg · m2

10.3 ( I) (2)
(a) (b) (c)
226

10.12

- I =
\

J
r2dm/ (10.13)

10.12 r2dm

10,5 | I

M,

I -.. ...

/<-- X ~c/
L dx
10.13

(1) I = J L/2 = x2dx = L/2

(2) (3) - L/2 L - L/2 L 3 - L/2
1
=— ML2 (10.14)
12
dx/L = (4) dm =

5
I =
8 1
I = Jli/=2m
I = j r2dm = J L/2 1 2
- L/2 L I =
4
- L/2

10.6 I
-- -- - - -- - - - --
I
R,

10.14 dm

I= j R2dm =R2jdm

I = (10.15)
 R : 10. 3 227

-)____
10. 15
10.15

10.7 | - - - - - - - -

R,

10. 13, I = J
11/f---> dm, (b)
;)_-rrr

10.16 r,

dA =
dm/J\!J = dm =

J = j 0Rr2dm = j 0\2(7)dr

2M R 2M r 4 R
= R2 r3dr = R2 4 o = ½MR2 (10.1 6)

1
I=
. 5
,.

...

I = f em + Afd2 ( I 0.1 7)

I
, d=R

(a) (b)
..·
.•
1 4 10
2 7
I= - MR' +
5 5

10.17
228

52)©
10.2

—
cb
I
I= M(a2+ b')
12
,0fM~

I
12 l=MR2

cb 2

30
I= —
I
12
Ma1

I= —
I
2
MR'

10.8 I

10 1;'
20 N

w
10. 18

sin0

7=
(3)
(I) 1
a =T/I= (2RF) /( — MR2) (4)
(2) 7= 2
(3)

(4)
L1w = 10 rev/min
1 = (10 rev/min)(2Had / rev )/(60 s/min )
(I) I = (2)
2 = 1.05 rad/s
 10.3 229

a =
L1w MRL1w
L1t = =
a 4F
(940 kg)(0.70 rn)(l.05 rad / s) R2
= (4)(20N)
= 8.6 s

10.9
R,
RT=
Ia/ R
1 1
I = T=
2 f
ma=ing —
2

a= mg
1
10.19 10.9
m + —j\f
2

->

at

RT = 10.20
230

10.5

(a) (b) (c)

10.4

LO 10.6

kinetic energy)

dK= =
2 2

= jdK= = ½w2jr2dm

10. 21

1
J(=

I
2

1
(10.18)
2

1
K =
2

10.10 |
30 cm, 135 1 1
I = —
2
MR2 = —
2
(135 kg) (0.30
31,000
m)2 = 6.1 kg · 31,000 (31,000 rev/min )
(21r rad/rev)/(60 s/m in ) = 3246 10.18

1
=
= = kg · m2)(3246 rad/s)2 = 32 MJ
 10.4 231

32 l

,^ -_
0
7_ \ _lo 8 K
1
—
2
1
0

W = j\de = ( l 0. 19)
o,

10.11 | - - - - - - - -
I

2.7 kg ·

W; = wr = (700 rev/
700
min) (211 rad / rev)/ (60 s / rnin ) = 73.3
.'10 =(25rev)(211rad / rev ) 10.1 9
1
HI = T.'10 =
2

1 1
(—)(2.7 kg · m2) (73.3 rad /s)2
2 2
T= .'10 = 157 rad = 46 N · 111

W= j\de = L1K, = ½iwf - ½Jw~

0,

rad/s 100 N 10

10.6 100 200

100 (a) (b) (C)
232

: :- . • • . .. \''i' ,~,": 1,, ••

30,000 rpm

30%

10.5

LO 10.7 .
........................ .. ...... ... ........ ..........................................................................

K = Kem +
1
K em =
2 1
=
2

1 1
2
J
2 cm (10.20)

\ \ w =
T

V = w

10.22 v= wR (10.21)

v=

10.24
 ·. .

(
·•··.., v.,,
\= 10.5 233

=
E

10. 23

10.7

10. 24
(a)
(b)
(c)

10.12 |
R,

v= pr;;
v=

10
7
li.'ii + [fa = K +
=
[fa = Mgh , U= O J(e = ½Jl-1v2 +
1
2

Mgh = _!:_Mv2 + = _!:_Mv2 + = h

2 2 2 2 5 R 10
2 --------
5
10. 25
234

-
2
I =
3
v= v'6/5
""'
 •-· ., .,, "' ".'-""'1""i'•·- .,.•
,. . - '
, , •. · - - - - -
.... ;.';, .....,_,
.••
-- -- -- ---- .
··fr-
-- ---- - --- - - - - - - -- - --- - -

..............

... .. ..................

00
r

GC3" - M
1+~1

w= —
~,
l= L m,r ,' d111

,l O
r = J1, /clt w = ci0/ cit v=wr
a Q a1 =ar
m J I = f 1·2dm
F T T= rFsin 0
1 1
=— 2
'I/I.Ii" = 2

F=m,o T= f et

v= —
2 +v) (2.8) w = 2(Wo +W —
] )
( I 0.6)

v= 'Po +at (2.7) w = w0 +at ( I 0.7)

1 1 2
X = —
+ vc/ + 2at2 (2 10) 0 = 00 +Wot+ 2cd — ( I O 8)

u2 =vfi+2a(1:-x0) (2. 1 I ) (10.9)

1 2 v=cvR
2

235
236

Study Modules),
(practice qu1u.es), solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 10.1 LO 10.4
10.27, 10.28, 10.29
10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 10.45, 10.46, 10.47, 10.48, 10.49, 10.55,
10.11 , 10.12, 10.13, 10.18, 10.19, 10.20, 10.58, 10.59
10.21, 10.22 LO 10.5
10.53, 10.76 10.57, 10.60, 10.66, 10.79
LO 10.2 LO 10.6
10.5, 10.6, JO.JO
10. 7, 10.8 10.30, 10.3J , 10.32, 10.33
10.14, 10.15, 10.16, 10.17 10.63 , 10.64, 10.70, 10.72, 10.77
LO 10.3 LO 10.7
10.9 10.5, 10.6, 10.10
10.23, 10.24, l0.25, I0.26, I0.27, I0.28, 10.29 10.34, 10.35, 10.36
10.50, 10.51 , 10.52, 10.54, 10.56, 10.59,

\
10.61 , 10.62, 10.64, 10.67, 10.68
10.65, 10.69, 10.71 , 10.73, 10.74, 10.78

.. _·h- n-

I.

_
2.
10.26 10, 64

3.

..... ........
4
10.1
11. (a) (b) (C) (d)
300
5.

12. (a) (b)

6.
13. (a) 720 rpm, (b) 50°/h , (c) 1000 re v/s, (d) 1

7.
14. 25 3500

8.
BIO
15. 200 500 rpm
9.
74 min (a) rpm /s, (b) rad /s2

10.
16. 0.52
(a) 3600
(b)
17. 14 s 0.010
 237

(a) (b) 10 . 4
30. 25 0.85
10.2 (a) 3500
18 1.0 320 N (b) 3500 3.2 s

19. 31 18
l
200 mm
4 32 . 150 42 33

20. 35.0 N · m 3.7 cm

24.0 (a) (b) 33 . (a) 360
(b) 3.0 s
2 1. 17 55 360 300

22. 25
32 10 . 5
34. 2.-1 (a)
(b)
35 .
10 . 3
23. m 36. 100J
(a) (b)

24. 6.8 Mg, 85

c f-g
25. 120 g, 8.5
33 (a)
(b)
3.3

26. 92 7.8 kg · (a)

(b)
27. (a) 37. l!:11;.lllt•J;1 (a)
(b) 1 172 l m
(b) l Ill 2.54
28. 2<-1 cm, 108 10.2
1/-1
550 (a) 38. ll:1121~
ML2
(b)
9
39. El~III-M A mes
29. 2-4 Ill, 7.7 X J0"1

3880 kg
<-11 18.0 m 7.92 m
34 360

105
72 6
238

40. 2.10 rn

7.92 rn 1.85
(a) (b) (c)

41. li:l~IIDIN 24 .2 10.27 50

1
51. —
2
R, R,
42. 10.7
1.12 (a) (b) 52. M,
1
— Jvfa2
43. mnm 3.58kg
3

29.5 12.6 53. 49

(a) (b) BIO
400 pN ·
12
44. El~lllfin.l
14.7 kg 54.
1.00
3.38

55. 5 X 105
22

.... .
45. 18
100
(a) (b)

46. 1.4 s
56. (a) 60 kg
3600 1800

(b)
47. 2.7 s
1200 5500 (a)
(b) 3.5
57. 30° 2.4 5.0 cm ,
(c) CH
0.85
48. 5800
2s 1.6

75

49.
BIO

600
25
150 10.28 57

58. 66
50. L, m 230 1.9
 239

3.1 s —
2.7
h

59 90 cm, 120
75
—
60. 5.0 380 kg, 1.1 m 10.30 68

69. R,
CH
(a) (b)

61

70.
CH
62. 3.7

63 .
10% , 7 1.

20%

64. J1/, 72.

CH

65. J (a)
CH Jld, m , a,
15.8 kg
1780 kg
10.0 kg (b)
(c)
10.0 kg %
73 . Jlf, h,
CH _

74. RL, R-2 ,

CH 1

10. 29 65, 70 2
75.
CH
66. 50 kg
a = 3.7
(a) (b) 76.
67. 320 52
2.1 k g 75 95 c m
85 10.l

68. 77.
CH
12
40 kW
39 Clll, 48
30.000
240

78. M(g) 783 432 286 677 347

CH
R(cm) 6.25 3.86 9.34 9.42 9. 12
dm, t(s) 2.36 1.22 2.72 3.24 2.91
A, (a)
M(g) 947 189 821 544 417
1"2 =r~m
R(cm) 6.71 5.45 6.55 4.67 9.98
(b) I =
t(s) 2.75 1.41 2.51 1.93 3.47

................... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .... ...... ... .. .. ... .. ... .... ..... ........ .
10.17).

CM4~
10. 31 78

79.
CH
DATA '--

(a) (b)

10.33 80~84)

80.
m = 77.8 g a. A
b. B
C.

81.

a.
b.
C.

82.

a.
b
C.

83.

a.
b
C.

84.

10. 32 79 a.
 241

b.
C.

d.

I 0. 1 (c)

I 0.2 ( I ) I 0.5b, (2) I O.Sa

10.3 ( 1) (b)
(2) (a) 2)
10.4
I0.5 (a)

I 0.6 (b)

I 0.7 (c)
 9 10 12 13 `v

•
LO 11.1
• LO 11 .2

LO 11 .3
• LO 11.4

LO 11.5

M RI

11

11.1

LO 11.1

velocity)

I I. I

243
244

... .. -
\ - + = lim —
a
L'.1 -; d-;~
=— (11.1 )
Llt----> O L1t dt

11.1

11.2a, b
11.2c

ta

11. 1 (a) (b) (c)

11 . 2 (a)
(b) (c) 1::1~

11.1
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)

11.2

LO 11.2

~J a

11,3
T=

- --;
 11.2 245

T = rFsin
..
,

y.
C =
.;.

’ ’ ’
> > _,
C=AxB
,
11 . 4

.. . .. I

\ ; /-; ( 11.2)
/
r

- A x
I
A·B
l

A’ x (B’ + C)
’ =Ax B +A x
B’ X A’ =— A x

’ ’

Ax = (A!JBZ- A2BY ) ; + (AzBx - AxBz)J + (AxBy —AyBx) k

--; B
246

11.2

<

— /, ¾
(1) (2) (3) (4)

/, ,f '·l

11 .3

LO 11.3

F = F = dp

MRI

_.,

->

.......
L =
->
r Xp
I- (11.3)

- I \- -

11.1 I I

xy

xy
--+ -+ -
xyz L =r
 11 . 3 247

z_

y
-
fL sin 0 = l L=
- L
-
2-
L =mvrk =mr-wk =mr w

11. 5 -
L

m,v
v =

L = Iw (11.4)

I L =

u JJ = 1Tl'U

F =

T = dL

-Z = ~-Z, = x;,)
248 11

1:(; i X i i + : i X ; i)

d;; i

p =

= ~(;i X i ) ~(;i XFJ

=
..,
-
_,
dL
=~;i
dt

-
\_,
—= _.
dL
dt
T (11.5)

-
_,

11.3

(a) L1 = L2 = L3 r= 0, (b) L1 > L2 > L3 = 0,

(c) L1 > 0 , L2 = L3 = O, (d) L2 = L1 r= 0, L3 = O
 11.4 249

11.4

LO 11.4

J 1.6

\
ox

(a) (b)

11. 6

11.2 |
2
l =
5
20 6 2 2
—
5
MR12W1=
5

"½ w,(11} (4~';:,)( :~:: )'

= 2.5 x 105 rev/day

13

= I2W2,
250

11111111

R = l.3
I = 240 kg · = 11
28 32
2.5 3.7

,. +mgvgR =

mb/
t
kg · m2 ·
11.7
\. _)

11.1
 11.5 251

11.4
`>\, =

( I) (a)
(b) (2) (a)
(b) (C) (3) (a)
(b)

a
·

11 .5

..
LO 11.5 ..
..
..
..
..
•
.. .A
•

(b)

11.8

11.9a
11.9b
MEMS

-~ \r
,
`’ `...
IW A5 ~

11.9 (a)
12.6 28.1 ,1
,_

7.7 39.9 •9.4 dcq

'°" p•tcl, .,.,,,.,
""'''"'''""'···" ,, , C•. v,·,,

(b) MEMS
,
(a) (b)
0.5 mm
252

MEMS

11.5, dL/dt =

T = dL

11.10

F =

MRI(magnetic resonance
MRI
 11 . 5 253

F,>F,

l1.1 I

11.11
11 .5
(a) (b) (C) (d)

~’

.
...

• ··•··•··•····
•··························
 (t~ ~ . ··..

.... ....... ... ....

~ -
.......

, ' '
C=AxB
' ;)

\ .....•
T=r XF r ..
....

--
p =
L =r X p
----> -
L = Iw

dL
—
dt

.... ..

254
 255

Study Modules),
(practice solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO I I.I 11.18, 11.21

11.39, 11.40, 11.4l , 11.43 , I1.44, 11.45,
11.1 , 11.2, 11.3 11 .54, 11.56, 11.60, ll.63 , 11.64
ll.ll , 11.12, 11.13, 11.14 LO 11.4
LO 11.2 I 1.5, I 1. 6
11.4 11.46, 11.47, 11.48, 11.49, 11.50, 11.53 ,
l I.15, J 1.16, J l. I 7 11.55, 11.57, 11.58, 11.62
I 1.35, I 1.36, 11.37, I 1. 38, I 1.42, I 1.51 , LO 11.5
I 1.52, I 1.64 11 .9, 11.10
LO 11.3 11.61
J J.7, I 1. 8

.. 9.
I.
2. 10

....
11.1
I I. 70 km / h 62 cm

12. 25 s goo

13 45 15 s
11.12 2
60 (a)
3. (b)
14. 140
4 35
5 .0 s
5.
6. 11 . 2
15. (x =3 m, (a)
7. (b) (c)

’
16 (x = 3.0m,
(a) (b) (x = —l.3 rn, y = 2.4

8. 17. I
BIO
67
256

18 cm

27. 111:llllll 65 2150

175

28. 11~11111 1150 125

11.13 17
2.86 x 106 kg ·
11.3 (a)
18. (a) SI kg, m, (b) (c)
(b) (c)
19. 29. l!:lf.'!11111 58.2 84.3
5.87
20. 62 kg · 470 kg ·
(a) (b)
21. 90 c m, 640 170 30. 11~11111 58.2 1.00
1 0.347
22. 145 g, 7.4 2000 kg · (a) (b)

31. ElfJllm
4.96 X 108
11.4
4.21 X 106 m
23.

46 .0
32. 11:l~IIIN 7.10 km
21.9
24. 3.0 m, 120 kg · 0.50 49 .3
25
(a) (b) 33. El~llllt~ l.66
11.6a)
25 . 2.0 X 1030 kg , 1.0 X 1013 m 3.56 kg · 11.6b)
1.4 X 106 1.21 kg · m2£
7.0 X 108 m 34. li:1'21119"~
5.31 kg ·
26. 4.2 kg · m2 123 cm
5.7 kg · 2.5 0.950
76 3.0 24.7

(a) (b)

c~
..
35.
(x = 18 cm, y = 5.5 = 88; -
 257

23J 45

36
’
30°
’
A
’ 30%
38 35
A’ x ’

’ 0.32
kg ·
37. 42
BIO
145
46 22.0 25 cm,
63
0.0154 k g · 19.5
(a)
5.QQ Clll
(b)

38.
’ ’ ’ ’
A- (A x B )
’ 47. 1.81 Ill, 95 kg ·
CH
39. a,

48. 0.31 kg .

40. 130

b 0.22 kg ·
70 (a)
41. 1800 83 30
3.2 111 (b)
11.14
49. 60 kg

------- 12 111

11.14 41
8 .0
42.
300

43
BIO
so. l 03
300 µIll , 2.0

800
800

2A4
44 I
0.048 k g .
51 A= A, ; + A,] + A),: = B, ; + By.I + B, i
50 (a) ' '
A x B = (A,1B, -A,B,) 1 +(A,B, -A,B,).7
(b) 0.25 s
(A,.B,1 - A!IB, ;, l,

p CM 52.
_ —— ] )

11 . 15 44
258 11

i J k 58. 440 g, 3.5

’ ’ CH
A X B=IA., Ay AZ 180
B., BY B, 270 g, 2.3

53. 4.8 (a)

8.5 m (b)
15 Mg, 0.15

(a)
(b)

54. 124
75.7 32.6 11.18 58
12 .4
59. M,
CH

(a)
(b)

11.16 54

55.

11.19 59
- 11.17 60.
(a) (b) a, b,
(c)

61.
-
11.17 55 62.

56.

%
25
131
57.
CH

63.
1/5 DATA

20 5
 259

66.
1.12 X 10"18 kg ·
a.
b.
C.

d.
1995 I 2000 I 2005 I 20 I O I 20 I 5
67.
7.844 I 7.831 1 7.816 1 7.799 1 7.787 a.
(101' kg · rn"/s )

64.
CH
- b.
—/i
- L' =L c.
d.
68.
- -
a.
b.
C.

d.

11.20 64

11.21

1 1. 1 (e)
11.2 ( I) T;, (2) Ts, (3) T1, (4)

ll.3 (d)
ll.4 ( 1) (a)
(2) (c)
(3) (b)
I l. 5 (a)
\ I

11 . 21 65~68)

65.

a.
b.
C.

d
 10 11 13 14 `/

LO 12.1
• LO 12.2
• LO 12.3

LO 12.4

12.1

LO 12.1

/
"' " 0
\
~--;i = o c12.1)

~ ;, = ~(;, = 0 (12.2)
I
F ,, r,,

261
262

11

y =r X

--+ --+
T= r X

r = --->
r X

12.1 I |

11,000
~
-=-
Ti

,'-
/2
Tg = —(L/ 2)mg

L
y (a) ——
2
mg sin01 +LTsin02 =O

mg sin 01 (11,000 kg )(9.8 m/s2)(sin 120°)

T= =
2sin02 (2)(sin165°)
= 180 kN
x
(b) 110
z.

12. 1 (a) (b)

- 11 )
12.1
 12.2 263

12.2

LO 12.2
·· ····· ··· ···· ········ ····· ·· ·· ·· ··········· ······· ······ ········ ········· ·················· ···· ······ ·· ·············

; = ~ ;, = ~ ;, Xm,; = (~ m,;,) X; - 12.2

;=(~m,;,) _, ill
X Jlfg

J\Jg
of gra vity,

-
12.3a,

.
.

12.3c).

....
..•.•>,
:
•.
........

t I

I
I
.. .

,r. ...
Ft
g '
· ..

(a) (b) (c)

12.3
_,)
264

12.2

12.3

LO 12.3

n |

~;i
 12.3 265

12.2 |
m, µs in ¢ — (1 / 2)cos ¢ ¢

sin ¢ 1
tan¢ = =—
cos ¢ 2µ

fs =

, x : µn1 - n2 = 0 35
, y : n1 - mg = O
IB0°- <P,'

Tg =— (L/ 2)mg sin (90° —cp) =— (L/2) mg

Tw = Ln2 sin
(180° —¢) = Ln2 s in sin (90° - = cos ¢, sin
(180° —¢)
L
Ln2sin cp- —mgcos¢= 0
2
x
n1, n2, n1 =mg
(a)
n2 12.4 (a) (b)

- F
goo —

s in

12,3 I

X: F cx- TCOS0 = 0
y : T sin0 —Fey-mg —Mg = O
266

x1Tsin0 —x2mg —X3Mg=O

(x2m +x3M)g
T= =500N
x1 sin0

Fcx = Tco s0 =87N

(a)
Fey = Tsin0 - (m+M)g = 420N

Fe = V872 +4202 N = 430 N

x.,:::'3'.J..cm
X
2Fc -m33

Mg
(b)

?
12.5 (a) (b)

12.3
(a)
(b) (c)

12.4

LO 12.4

equilibrium),

12. 6
 12.4 267

f=nul/,

·v2 t
1·9 2h

2
3
ECS

J··'
::....
·.
>
··..

stable)
<\
stable)

(c)

12.7 (a) (b)

(c) (d)
268

,,•"
,•'

12.8

dU
=0 (12.3)
dx

12 .1

d2U
>0 (12.4)
dx2

d2U
<0 (12.5)
dx2

d2 uIdx2 =

12,1 |
1.
2.

3. 12.7a,

4.

12.4 1 |
aJ(l0-1s J) a = 8 aJ/nm2, b = l
U(x) nm
 12.4 269

<

dU/dx = d2U/dx2 > 0,

dU
O= — = 2ax —
4bx3 = 2x (a —2bx2 )
dx

.,:" I · .,
.. .
x =O a = 2bx2, x = = 2 nm

x =

]]/~i ~
L x (nm)
~Q]
,......)
x = —2 nm , x =2

12.9

\/\r--
12.4
12.10
 ..................... ........... .......................... ........... ......... .............. ........... .......... .. .. .......... ..... ..... ............ ..............
····.•..
•·..

\ )

:\
..................... .. .. ............ .............. ... ..... ... ....... .......... .... ................. .. ...... ..... ...................................... .. ... .......

- -
I:F; = O
:

::
:
:
J(x)
:
,•

0 i "·............··
,•

:
:
dU
—
dx
=0
d2U
>0
d2U
<0
dx2

...... ............................ ........ .... ...... .... .. .. ....... ..................... .. ... ......... ......... ....... ........... .... .. .. ............ .......... .. ..
:
:

(\
:

\J
<·j

:.
....
·. .
:

··• n '·{ Y\/

270
 271

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes). solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 12.1 12.16, 12 .17, 12.1 8, 12.19

12.1 12.30, 12.3 1, 12.32, 12.33 , 12.34, 12.35,
12. 10, 12.11 , 12. 12 12.36, 12.37, 12.38, 12. 39, 12.40, 12.42, 12.46, 12.47,
12.57 12.48, 12.51, 12.52, 12.53, 12.58, 12.59, 12.60, 12.61 ,
LO 12.2 12.62, 12.63, 12.64, 12.66
12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.9 LO 12.4
12.1 3, 12.14, 12.15 12. 8
12.65 12.20, 12.21
LO 12.3 12.41 , 12.43, 12.44, 12.45, 12.49, 12.50,
12.5 , 12. 6, 12.7 12.54, 12.55, 12.56, 12.67

y(m)
I. ,,(m)
l;

2.

3. , ,(m) ~ s(m)
I
-1 - I
4
-2 -2

5. (a) (b)

6. 12.11 12

7. 12.2 B
B

.A
13. L,
C

8. A
(a) (b)

12. 12 13. 14
9.
14. L,

12.1
15.
10. F1 = li +2J 23 m
:r =2 m , y=O F2 = -2; -5,J x= 4.0 m 7.5
6.2
— lrn, x= —2 rn ,
y =5 (a) (b)

11 (3 m, 2 (— 7 m, 1

12. 23 m

12.13 15
272

12.3
16. 2.4 m, 60
80
12.14 40
22. ~l~llt-M

8
k 23. ElrJIIW 4.00 6.47

12. 14 16, 17 68.8

17. (a) 100 N, (b) 300 24. 224

18. 4.2 65
190

19. 250
3.0 m, 3.4

1.2 210

12.16 24, 25

2s.
12.15 19

12.4
20. x
m (a) (b)

2I. U=2x3-2x2- 7x+

26. ElfJIDm
m, J
a= b=l

21. b= 1
(a) X = 3 (b)

28.
COMP
mmJ ;;z..

x=O
X= l Q
 273

29. 32.

(a) 1:= 0,
1
(b) T = 2

33.
CH
8 .0
·· ······ ······ ····· ·· ······· ····· ·· ······ ······ ········· ···· ············ ······ 55 12.19
30.
60 cm 32

64.7
8.0 cm
8 22 111 ,1

?ll k

7 _i i - 12. 20 33

34
76 0 cm
BIO
T, F e,
12. 17 30
697 n
31 (a)
4.2 kg, 5G 21 (b)
(a) 6 .0 kg
(b)

I I

4.55 cm
12. 21 34
(a)
35. 5 0
0
65

36.

12. 18 31 1700
2200
274

12.25 40

12. 22 36 41. 111, L,

37. L,
CH

42.
2500 15 m,
830

12.23 37

38. 1250

12.26 42

43. wX wX

44.
12.24 38

39.
CH
µ1, U(x) = [fo(~+a~ +4{)
x0,

</J = ta n- 1( 1 —;:]J.l,2 ) 45.

CH

40. 8.2 kg , 66 k g (a)

= 90°). (b)
 275

55
(c)
56 l
cH h,
46 160 2.3 3

1.4 d

2.l
57

47

2/ 5
’
Tl' = Ll'p, X

48 ,·r, = "o, + R
BIO '
7GO
’
= O
49 m,
To =

50 IJJ,
CH

5I 12. 28 57
cH m

58

11 2". tan
1
µ <
2
52
I
CH
a = 1.0 kg / m, b = 1.0 kg/ 1112, .1 It —·-,"I L

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

53. I
I
I

I
:

I
e —
[ I

4 I' -,' - -2 /.
[ I
I

54

12. 29 58

59.
CH

()
-- - - - ------
(}

12. 27 54, 55 , 56 12. 30 59, 60

276

60. Msin0
m >
6 1. 1 sin 0

4.5 cm
12

12.34 64

65.
CH

(a)
(b)
F
F
g
(c) 0.083RE
12. 31 61

62.
BIO ...,
m
r m
29 68

12.35 65

66.
SSF
12.32 62
= (a) 100
85 (b)
63 . 4.2
0.85 9.0
1.71 315
2.1 rn

67.
DATA

x(nm) 3.26 5.85 6.4l 7.12 9.37

U(aJ) 1.5 0.65 0.30 0.47 0.85 2.7
12.33 63 x (nm) 10.5 12.2 14.0 14.5 15 3 17 2
U(aJ 3.3 2.1 -0.47 ---0.86 -0 72 3.2
64.
 277

12.l C.
12.2 B .

12.3 (b).
12.4 D, B, C, E

12.36 68~ 71

68 .

a.
b
c.
d.
69
a.
b.
C.

d. (a), (b ),
70

a
b.
C.

d.
7 1.
a.

b
C.

d.
1 : ~—
- p =mv

F=dp/ dt
-
F=m a
- -

W=F·L'.'i; W=JF· d;
F AB = —F BA L'.'!K= W !( = —
1
2
mv2)
K+
F FF
mAB
E
...
... 2
7- E-
..
v•

K U
lil_._
K U

Gm1m2 Li-%
F=

r 0
I• •I
c:=> 0
111, F 11 111, 0

P, = I:rn, -v, = m1 -
=?
- - -
pf = I: rn,Jvf =mi vlf +m2V21+m3 V3J -
.. ... ... ....... .... ....... ....... .. ... ..... ... ..... ................ .... .... ... .. ....... ...................... ..... ..... ........ ....... ....... .... ....... ....... ....

- -
d
F =O

V(\
t

.'
a --> °' --->
=O
-

p ---c> L
---+ --+
F -T
m --> I
- -
F = ma ---> T = I a
1 1
K = — 1nv2 ---> I<=
2 2

/
, .:lw
(b) (c)
(a)
/ t -f2'7
278
GPS

279
 11 12 14 15 `»

• LO 13.1
LO 13.2
LO 13.3

LO 13.4
LO 13.5

LO 13.6

LO 13.7

LO 13.8
LO 13.9

0
L-

32.768

13.1

LO 13.1

&
.. ,... ...
·-

13, 1

281
282

1
f = —
I T (13.1)
T
A
:·.
; ·~r-
,_ _

13.1 |
10 s i
8.0 cm
8.0
_l
13. 2

13.3

8.0 4.0
10
10 s
T= = 0.36 s
28

f= 1/T= 1/0.36 s = 2.8

s = 2.8

1 1
4.0
8.0 ·

13.1
(a) 1 1 (b) 1
1 (c) 1 1 Hz
(d) 70
.................... .. ........ .. .. ..... ................... . ....... ........... . .. . .. ................. .... .. ... .... ...........

13.2

LO 13.2
LO 13.3 .
.... ................... .. ... .......... ... ..... .. .... ............. .. .......... ........... ......... .... ... .......... ...
 13.2 283

harmonic motion,

\ F= —
I
kx (13.2)

/ i

F=
13.4

—
b.13.4

— k.r = x=

~ d2x /
m = - kx ( 13.3)
dt2
I I

t=
cos(O) = l , sin(O)=

:r(t) = A ( 13 .4)

+ —1 .

13.5 21T rad , 360° ..,

+
A -k - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

x:
.
_OelfJ
1=T I

W1=27r

T—
( 13.5)

13.5 A
284

1 w
f= T
= 21r (13.6)

dx d
—
dt
= —(A coswt) = —Aw
dt
A

d2x d dx d
dt2 = = dt(- Aw s in wt) Aw2 cos

d2x/dt2 X

m( —Aw2 cos wt) = - k(A cos wt)

= k,

,t
s

\
| E
\ /
-

0
QjQ -
CE
7

= \ : ( l 3 7i

13.6, f =

f=~=tJI, T=7=27rVT (13.7b, c)

 13. 2 285

13.7a,
13.7a,

101 "1 I-Iz

0.l

F= —

x = A sin t = ¢=0

= t=
= t=
13.6

/ =

I () =

\ I /
----- I = 13. 6

x(t) =A cos (wt+ ¢; (13.8)

constant) > 0) 0 1 / / . a 1 Wt

2 2 •
(¢ < :
:

(a)

W;/
: '

dx d
0
I-7r / 7
l~
:
,~ :J
— l[ . wr
:' 27'
V (t) = —— = (A coswt =— wA s111wl 2 : ?
(13.9) -CUA
dt dt
(b)

;
..
0A —
..
.
.. . _{J)/

..
...
FT
J}
\27f
IU
1r/2 go o)
(c)

13.7a, 13. 7
286

dv d
a(t) = —= —(~ wA sin wt) w2A cos wt ( 13.10)
dt dt

`
13.7b, C

.
g 2
AF

13.2 1 mass damper) |

41r2m X 105 kg)
110 k= = 3.18 X l05 N/ m
T2 = (6.80 s )2

w=21r/T= 0.924
= wA = (0.924 s- 1)(1.10 m) = 1.02
= w2A = 0.939

13.7c, 373Mg (373 X

13.5,

11111

180°

101
 13.3 287

13.3

LO 13.4

mg —kx 1 =
l
= /k/m . ....
.k.

.
(a) (b)

13.8
w=

T
0, con stant)
torque) T =-
T=

d2 0
I =— r;,0 (13 . 11 )
dt2

m, X, I, 0 , >
0(t) = A

m} =
| 13.9

(1 3.12)

N · m / rad

111gL
m,
13. 10
288

T=

I =- mgL sine
dt2

E2

r
...
sin
...
... .. X sin0
..
....... .......•
.....
..
.
...
.
. 1x I = -mgL0
0.5 ...
...
7
E,r
dt2
...
>
"' =

0.5

w = VmgL ( 13.1 3)
13.11 I
m, I =

( 13.14)

T=
21r
= 21r J—L
g
(13.15)

13.3 |
25 m

13.1 5,
13. 12 13.3.

D — 2
1
0
B~ 4 H~
~
 13,3 289

-
(nonlinear •
'`•
(a)
(a)
(b)
( \
(a)
s in
•
0
(b) •
3,r

(b)
•'""' 2,r

•
7f

(c)
0

13.13 13.1 (a) (b) (c)

U= mg(2L)
1
I<= 2
v >2

13.4

13.1 4
290

13.4 |
90

; J./ • /:

45 13.13, w= 13.15
U_L
13.5, 10.2
1
I = 3

( ?1L '_'2t
mm
= 2T
<
= 21r{1= 21r gL
w mgL

L = 0.45 T= l.6

< 13.4

LO 13.5 .
R
.. ........... ........... ...... ........... .... ... ... .............. .... ... ... ..........................................
13.16a

'
'
' 13.1 7
’
’'
t=
’’
’ 0= x = r y= r
’'
' (a)
'
'
'
' x(t)= ·,· coswl, y(L)=1·s inwl
'
'
'
:
’
: 71/2,
:

; ;
x= - R x=O x = f/
(b)

13.16
 13.5 291

WI

(b)

'L ,
ri~n

CX)
u
( I

(c)
(a) (b)
13.17
13.18

`
53

·~
•

r\ ' ' ' :' ,.

• (0(

( K

13.4
.. I (I) (2) K
r

:—
\ \ \ \ \ :\
.
U
A (JJ/=-
;r
)
fHHr
.u
I
)

13.5 LJ
K IHHH
••
LO 13.6 wr=lf
ltnJH~ I

.u
u K
LO 13.7 .
... ... ... .... ............ ........................ .... ............................. ................. .................. D
K I
n
.’’ ’ k CU!= —
""2

. nK
,L
[\\ \ \!\ ,i
••
13 . I 9
w1=2,T
L
7.4, U=
k0
t 00
2 r=O
1
A= 13.19
2

1 l 1 x=
U=
2
= —
2
k(A cos wt)2 = —
2
kA 2 cos2w
292

1 1 1
K= —
2
mv2 = —
2
m( —wA sin wt)2 = —mw2A 2 sin2wt =
2
½kA 2 sin2 wt

1
w2 = —
2
kA

1 1
E= U+K = — kA2(cos2wt+s in 2wt) = —kA2
2 2

sin 2wt+cos2wt=

13.20

·················
E=U+K ..·······

—
K T
—
p
u.....................
··············
K " ..

7[ 2TC

WI

13. 20

13.5 1

w, 1
K= —
2
mv2= ~(~mw2A 2)
2 2
=
4

wA
v=

E=
1 1
j

1
U=
2
 13.6 293

13.5
I~
13.21
(I) (2) (3)

13.6

LO 13.8

.·.·;

-A

dx
Fc1 =— bv = —b— 13.22
dt

dx
m =-kx-b — ( 13.16)
dt2 dt

x (t) = Ae-1!1 / 2111 cos (wt + ¢) ( 13.17)

t=

II

"
—·
0
13.23a

-;/

13.23b
13. 23 (a) (b)
13.23c (c)
294

|
- - -- -- -

13.6

m = 1200 kg, k = 58 kN/m -ln

2m (2)(1200kg)
t= ln 2 = In 2 7.23 s
b 230 kg/s =

T= 21r f f = 21r V58 1200/g

X 10 N Im
= 0.904 s

13.17, x(t) = 7.23 s

Ae - bt/2m e- bt/2m
7.23 s
=8
0.904 s
- bl / 2,,, 1
e
2
ln(l /x)=
/

13.6 m, k:,
(1) (2)

(a) (c)

13.7

LO 13.9

Fct

....... .. .

m d2x dx
=— kx - b —+ ~1 cos (13.18)
dt2 dt
13. 24
 13.7 295

r = .1l c o s (w c1 l + o)

73

F cl
A(wct) = ( 13.19)
/}) — + b2wj/1172
frequency) J1,:/111

`
r h I
J _.,,,, .j

1S
I I
10, cw, ’’
13.26 w.,

13.25

ti~

magnetic resonance imaging)

II

13.7
,
13.26

1985
8.1

/ //
I -'\\
 "
~ ·. ~ [ . .··
7nH" $ Tr
AO x( IJ
- ooji
j j
H
So
A
g 1r 1
t '_ = A c t
'

...... ........ ..... ..... ........ ............ ....... .................. ................................... ........... ... .................. ........... ....... ... .... ..
:
:

1
I
:
w=27rf=
T ( &=wt (l)/

f= —
T :
; I V

1 1 :
E= —mv2+ —kx2
2 2 :
... ... .................. .. ... ........... .................... ........ .... ..... ..... ......... ........... .. ... ......................... ................ .. ...... .......

F ct, Wct, = r
J
Fd
=
m
Wo

i
w.,

...·
.
. .
.
·

[
..· .·
.....·
..
...
..
.
·
·
· ··
. .·
·.
.·..
··.
.
·
·..
·
·
·
·
·
··
···
.
.
.
.··
.
.
.
·
·
·
·.
.
.
.
.
·.
· ~
\
..
..

5
..
..
..
.......
..
x.
. .
..
i
g ·· . ·. . · · ·
..

Z
..
[ ..........
j L

.. 11

296
 297

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes). solutions to problems)

DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 13.1 LO 13.5
13. 11 , [3.12, 13. 13, 13.14, 13.15 13.24, 13.25

LO 13.2 13.53

13.85 LO 13.6

LO 13.3
13.26, 13.27
13. 1, 13.2, 13.3 , l 3.4, 13.5, 13.10 13.62, 13.71 , 13.72
[3. 16, 13.17, 13.18, 13.19, 13.28 LO 13.7
13.40, 13.42, 13.43, 13.44, 13.47, 13.50,
13.54, 13.57 , 13.59, 13.60, 13.74, 13.80 13 .60, 13.61, 13.63, 13.64, 13.69, 13.75

LO 13.4 LO 13.8
13.7, 13.8
13.4, 13.6, 13.10 13.29, 13.30
13.20, [3.21 , 13.22, 13.23 13.65 , 13.66
13.41 , 13.45, 13.46, 13.48, 13.49, 13.50, LO 13.9
13.51, 13.52, 13.55, 13.56, 13.58, 13 .6 1, 13.63, 13.64, 13.9
13.67, 13.68, 13.69, 13.70, 13.75 , 13.76, 13.77, 13.78, 13.31
13.81 , 13.82, 13.83, 13.84 13.73 , 13.79

....... ......
l. 13.1
11
BIO
2
12. 440 A
3 13.
4
14. (a) (b)

5 0 15. 45
BIO

6. L, 13.2
16 k = 5.6 200
A = 25 (a) (b) (c)
7. (d)
8. 17. 1900 kg,
9. 26

10. 18. 342

18.6 m/ s2, 1.75 (a)
7]? (b) (c)
298

19. 25 cm, 4.8

(a) (b) (c)

13.3
20. (a) 200 ms, (b) 5.0 s, (c) 2.0 min

21. 1.45

22. 24.0 cm, 622 1.87 Hz

32. Elf.Jllfcl'-1

23.
6.85 Hz 142 kg 4.86 cm
(a) (b) (C)

13.4
33. l\ll~llfcM
24 . 600
0.288 MN/m
(a)
5.71
(H z (b)
34. 1!111.ll lfcM
25.
1.75 :

5.49 660 .000

13.5
8.40 m
26 450 1.2
0.51
27. l.6 kg · m< 3.4 N · m/rad
4.7 3s . ElfJllfcH

28. 2000
20 36. ElijllfcM 0.377 Hz , 28 .2 cm
1

37. k = 63.7 N/m

13,6 13.7 2.38 7.69
29.
(a) (b)
2.8 38. T= 2.62 s,

30. b/m = (a) (b)

10%
39. Bim T,
3I. 0.45 (a) (b)

40 111

.. .. .........
40.
 299

49. i
CH
-lOX
z 50 /,·, <

o·,n1A'\f\tt@UH~
13. 27 40

l l5.0 cm, 320 80.0

H

42 Ill =7.5 g 13. 29 50

BIO 1, = 2.5 kN/m 5 1. 13.30

82.4
21.0%

/z:
43

(b)
(a)
k. 111.
l-,,
13. 30 51

52
12 s
600g,

13.28 43
53
44. 1(1) =A
; =A sin w/; + A (a)
45. 8 .65 g, 18.8
(b)
(c) (d)
507"1

54
46 (a) BIO

(b) o = (c)
(I = (d)
25 %

47 55
BIO

1.0
15
56. 8.0 m 7
(a) CH
60
(b) 70

57.
48 BIO
?
5.8 cm
300

66. _
CH
T2=4.0 s2+(5.0
(a) (b)
58. M,
67. k = 74 N / m
490 g
2?T (a) (b)
68 25

69.

70. 850 g, 1.5 m

13. 31 58
0.63 N · m/ rad 5.6 s
59. m

w = J(k1 + k2 )/m
7 I.
(a) (b)

72.
13.32 59 (a) (b)

60.
73. x(t)

6 1. 74 500 g k = 8.7 N/ m
CH

62.
CH 1 1
E = 35
2 2
V = 75
cH Jv'I,
63 M,
CH

76.

62

g(r)

(a) m
13. 33 63

(b)
(c)

10 g k = 3.3 N/ rn
b = 8.4 X l0- 3 kg /s 77.
CH
 301

13.34 77

78.

13. 35 81

82.

d2(oR) GJll
83.
d/2 =- Rr/ rSR
32 .6

(De lta
18'"1

79.
DATA _
3750

x(cm) U(J)
-4 54 l64
- 3.49 141
- 2.62 71 9 13.36 83
22 9 .1 5
0 162 84.
CH
30 .00 cm
0 730 4.13
I 29 16. 3
692.2 g 6 350
2 13 34.0
3.39 l15
4 70 225
30.00 cm

1.000
80 . A= cf>=
h 1111111
tan
81 3c!O g, 50
BIO
13. 37 84
2.6
85
S.00 N · m/ rad COMP

Maple
302

Id20 /dt2 =
-mgL (a) 88 .
sin 0
a.
b.
(b) c.
d.
89.

(i) I<o < (ii) J<o :,; (iii) > a. 80

b. 801r N/rn
c. 2
d. 801r2
[fa
e.

... .. ..... .. ...... ............

1
2

13.38).

13. 1 (c)
60 20
13.2
6.0

13.3 (l) (2) (3)

13 .4 ( 1) 1 2 , (2) 3 : 2
13.5 ( 1) (2)
(3)
] 3 .6 ( l ) C, (2) b
13.7

13. 38
86~89).

86 . 90

a. 50%
b.
C.

d. .
.

a.
b.
;,
'.
 13 15 16 v

j'
LO 14.1
LO 14.2
•
LO 14.3
•
LO 14.4
LO 14.5
LO 14.6

LO 14.7
LO 14.8

L-

07':
01 .----r

14.1
·· ···· ····· ·· ···· ···· ·· ·· ··· ·· ·· ········ ····· ··· ······ ···· ·· ······· ··· ········ ···· ··· ·· ····· ··· ··· ······· ·· ····
LO 14.1 .
.. ....... ..... .. ..... ....... .......... .. ... ............ ..... .. ...... .......... .. ... .... ..... .. ... .. .. .. .......

’
304

ll
J •

(a)

(b)

(c)

14. 1

, .
. •..•
··············
"
~'1,'1,UO\U\0~"1"1 ,~01\i
• o
14.2
14.2

-:-~--t< -{ -'\ - -'=1-- '--~

......

,_ ' f ' ,-_~>-

14.4

14. 3
train)

—
JVV\fv
(a)

(b)
14.5
f

(c)

' 14.4 (a) (b) (c)

340 m/ s 20

Ol
 14. 2 305

..,..... .
;:
\ >,~
v = —= >-J ( 14.l)
/ T \

""
f— X- 1
I=
1• = 14.5

14.1
10
1 2m 2s
(a) 2 m/s, (b) 5 m/s

1=0 ~
·.·., '
,.__A '
.
14.2 r=T ~ - - -.....
,’ ,’ .. T
,- ,l '

LO 14.2 14.6
v = >./

t= t
I

\'

x = x - vt = 0 , X =
J (.y - vt X
x =O ., = ,-i

14. 7
J(x v t
J(x +

t = O harmonic
A
x =
y(x, O) = A
(wave X = -A
(a)
k,,\ =
I•
A
0-,

k= —
21r
(14.2)
(b)
>-~
14.8 (a)
(b) x=
A cos .T — y(.r, t) =
A cos [k(x — x = y( O, t) = A cos (— kvt) = A cos
cos( —x) =
kvt = (21r/,\)(,\/ T) t = 21rt /
306

frequency) w = 21r/ 14.8b

t
\ I
y(x, t) = A cos (kx wt) (14.3)

/ '\
21r/A, w = 21r/I).

k, w,

>- 2?T/k w
v= —
T
=
27r/w
= —
k
(14.4)

14.1 1 1

14 m
3.6 y(x, t) = l.8 cos (0.449x - 2.09t)
1.5 s

l'-lm j

.....
/ ----

t= x= 14.3, y(x, t) __l

...
3. 6
(o.)

1.5 s ’< 1.5S >

· · ··. /
•• •••• •••• , . .... .. ... .. . .. . .... . . > ,

1.5
/2·
"""\=-

T = 3.0 s ,\ = 14 m .
.
•
.
,'
f..\7
>
L I '

,\ 14 m (b)
v = —= =4.7 m/s
T 3.0 s
14. 9 (a) (b)
A, k,
A = l.S v=
k = 21r/,\ = 0.449 w/k = 2.09 1/0.449 m-1 = 4.7 m/s
.\, w,
__)
 14.3 307

14.2 ( I) (2) (3)

(4) (5)
vf

(a) (b)

:::;~ ( 14.5 )

differenti a l
v =
7 1).
72).

14.3

LO 14.3
308

v
..
····· .. - -

(a)

\ 14.lOb
/-~ ,

(b)

sin 0 =
:II ..

14.10 14.!0c
m=

?
T/1, V~ 20Rµv-’
2F0 = =
R R

v= JI ( 14.6)

14,2 | --
|
5.0 kg, 43
1.4 s
14.6, V = F, µ,

µ=
v=
 14.4 309

700
F=µv2=(!!f)(if= mL= (5.0kg)(43m ) =llON
t2 (1.4 s)2

11+.l+

LO 14.4 .
.. . .... .... .. ..... ... ...... ....... .. ... .... .. .... ....... ...... ... .. ..... .. ........ .... .... ...... ... .. .... .... ........

P= -F0u x

y(x .
14.11
dy
u = —= Aw s in —wt)
dt

1f/J1f£Sl
e= dy/dx =— kA s in — P =— F0u = FwkA 2 sin2 (kx —

1
P=
1 2
k = w/v, F= 14.12 l
2 1
2

1
P= — µw2A2 v (14.7)
IL-- [[

2
I `; ·
-~

'.
/~

s
3a
310

p p
I= —
A
= 2 (14. 8)
41rr

14.13b

14.1

4m 1
50 m 10
10- 10
l m
1360
50
l m 4000
1018
TV 50 kW 5 km 1.6 X 10-4
6000
7.0 5 km 4 X 104

14.3 1 |
9.2 W 1.9 m
4.9 W
r4 9 = r9 2 t f € = ( 1.9 m) ~ = 1.4 m

4.9 W
14.8,
9.2W,
75W, 40 W )

14.3

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 311

14.5

LO 14.5

V
--+

oilPu

14.14

(14.9)
p .v

7
'Y = —,
5 5 ·`
,..
r
..
'Y=
3
343
340

20 20
14.14

12 120
lOO 0 -- 0
1080604020°
(
, 0 ,’
LLI
/
M) 0 -’’
—

0 O OOl oo 00 OO ooo OOOgoooo

t g
z , Ol
z

14.15
(sound intensity level)

/3 = 10 lo g ({ ) ( 14.10)

= 10- 12 1

lo g lO = 10 10
40 d B
10 d B
312

14.4 I TV I

75
60
= 10 log P2 —10 log P1 = 10 log (;;)

log (P2/P1 ) = ((32 -(31 )/10 = (60 —75) /10 =

14.10, (3= 10
P2/P1 = 10~15 =

TV I

75 f31 =
10 dB
= 10log P1 -10log
15 1/2

(32 = 10 log P2 —10log

14.4
250 (a)
(b) 2.25 (c) 10

111111 14.6

LO 14.6

•(\ (\
D- D- -x
\ E-

vv
(a)

IYVY\ . •f\J \v f\vf\~

(c) (d)

14.16 (b) (c)

 14.6 313

32

.·

Baptiste Joseph

14.17
1
y(t) =A sin(wt) + —A sin(3wt)
3
1
+— A sin(5wt)+
5
14.18

r' (a)
’
1

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(a) (b) (b)

14.18 (a) (b) 14.19 (a)

(b)

14.19

v= v~ (I 4.11 )
314

600 km 40

250 m

40 km/h
,\ = 250 m 71 km/h

........... ............................................ ... ........ ............... .

y(t)=
cos a + cos/3 = 2 cos ll(a —
2
(J)]cos ll(a
2 + /3) ]
(a)

y(t) = 2A cos l½(w 1 - w2)t j cos + w2)t]

(b)

14.20 2A cos - w2)tj

W1 —

14.21
 14. 7 315

3/2 5/2

14.5 1 |
20 m
75 m - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -· p
0 0 0

33 m

i:~
LlA m
~,:[
14.22

AP= V(75 (43 m)2 = 86.5 m

16 20
BP= -/(75 (23 m)2 = 78.4 m

2
,\ = 2(AP-BP) = 2(86 .5 m —78.4 m) = 16 m

14.5
(a) (b)

14.7

LO 14.7
316

~ :t

14.23 14. 24

14.25

14.25

14.26

- .. . .

14. 26
 14.8 317

I 05°

14.6

(a) (b)
(C) (d)

············ ............. .

14.8

LO 14.7 .
.... ...... ... ...... .. ...... .... ..... . ... ... ....... ... ... .... .. ... .. ... .... .... .... ... ... .... .... ........ ..... ........

- -- - - :..,c

~ -- - - - ,
, ,

t) =- A cos
14.3
ex ' , -'

O\_;
'

y(:r . t) = y1 + y2 = A [cos (k.'£ — wt) — cos (kx wt)]

,-
'
' - '\ J-,
' ’
’

cos a- cos (J =— 2 s in l½(a + (3) j s in l (a - (3) ] ' ,

14.27
n = k.'£ - wt, (3 = b: +
318

y(x, t) = 2A s inkx sinwt (14.1 2)

2A
2A

kL=m1r(m= 1, 2, 3,

L= (m = 1, 2, 3, … ) (14.13)

m
m = 1

= s in kL=

jA =

14.28
1
4
 14.8 319

14.29

14.30a
14. 29

14.30b

E::::~
t:::2:XX (a) (b)

14. 30 (a) (b)

14.6

5.5
,,. --- -- ---
---
I

•• I

343
"
14.31

14.1 ,
v =

5.5 ll

v 343 m/s
j '=—= =31 Hz
,\ 11 m

14.7 l
4 4 3
—
5
111, 1111 , -
3
111,
2
—
111,

2111, 3111, 4111, 5111, 6111, 7111, 8111

320

14.9

.1 LO 14.8

14.32 14.32
14.33

.
··....... .... V =
......·········
·B A •
A

effect)
Johann
14.33

u
).' =
T=

>.' = >. - u~ =
V
>-(1 - V
(14. 14a)

>-' = >-(1+ V
(14.14b)

>- = >-' =
rri

\ f/
( 14. 15)
.l "U/ V
/ \ • .
 14.9 321

14.7 1 --- ----- — |

343
G(f = 392 A(/=440

u = v(1 f) = (343 m/s)(1 ]!~ :: )= 37.4111/ s

14.15, j' 134
J

78

\-~1/<:v~
(

(14.16)

•.
322

sin0 =
number),

vT

vT/uT=

r
.... II
..
..

··- ........

uT

14.34

14.35).

(b)
14.35 (a)

` 1 3 4
.n0
nh
.nH"
 ,,,,.,. ·.~'~=, ·-_·,·-· ., ..... ..
...
~·"
. •. .•
·
• ,
,;...·;.·, ,·.•· .;;·. ••,,'\,. '" . ..,........./." : ..•.,
.
":.:c:,·· ·. •· . ,.).,. ·:'':" ·.'-'
:. :-•.•.• •..,• •..,,. ·.. . •

... ......
v
-----

f - ,l --,j - --
'IIUIO\IIIOUIIOI\\\OUIH,

;
>., ;
T, /, ;

;,w
y(.T. t )= A cos(b -wt ) ' r= y (x)
nfJ
,,\ :
1•= —
T
=v
:
I
27f 2Tr
k = — , w= —
.\ T
1·(1)

f =

00

1· = /f L = 111,\./2

1· = <:E, (!
~ 111=2:L=,1

u= F1[ 27f
..··· ····..

~ L=},

..... ..... ...... ..... .... ......... .. ..... ................ .. ..... ....... ................... ................................ ... ....... ..... ...... ..... ......... ......

II

f' = (1 fu/o) '

t,
./' =f(l n/u),
”

•
B
@ I
.,

323
324

Study Modules),
(practice solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 14.1 LO 14.5
14.1
LO 14.2 14.7, 14.8
14.27, 14.28, 14.29, 14.30, 14.31
14.2, 14.3 14.63, 14.64, 14.65, 14.66, 14.67, 14.82
14.11 , 14. 12, 14. 13, 14.14, 14.15, 14.16, LO 14.6
14.1 7, 14.18, 14.1 9, 14.20 14.32, 14.33
14.55, 14.56, 14.71 , 14.72 14.79, 14.80
LO 14.3 LO 14.7
14.9
14.4, 14.5 14.34, 14.35, 14.36, 14.37
14.21 , 14.22, 14.23, I4.24 14.68, 14.69, 14.70, 14.74
14.50, 14.57, 14.58, 14.6 1, 14.62, 14.68 LO 14.8
LO 14.4 14.10
14.6 14.38, 14.39, 14.40, 14.41
14.25, 14.26 14.73, 14.76, 14.77, 14.78, 14.79
14.51 , 14.52, 14.53 , 14.54, 14.56, 14.59,
14.60, 14.75

............. ..... ....... .

I. 14.1
2. 11. 18 5.3
3.
4 12. 34
5.2 Hz (a) (b)
5. 13. 89.5 MHz FM
14. 1250 km
6.
3.21 Hz
7 15. 1500
BIO. BIO

8. (a) 80 MHz (b)

3.5 MHz
9.
14.2
10. 16. 4.1 10.S (a) (b)

17. y= l3 cos (a) (b)

(c) (d) (e)
cm
 325

18 4.86 MHz 30 1.0 kg/rn\ 81 368 rn/s

BIO
0.313 (a) (b) (c)

31
BIO _
19. t=2.6

6.2 X l(J ; N/1112, 4 .5

515051-)
r~ 0 s kg / m3
(LUO)

x (cm)
50 cm
I
. __ 14 / 16

I - 2.6 S

14.36 19 14.6
32. 985 993
20.

EJ-y l EJ 2y
= 33 . 33
gh EJt2

14.8
14 . 3
34 . 2 .0111 (a)
2 I.
(b) 56
4100 250

22 . 15 g/m, 21 1. 2 cm, 35. 140 Hz

01,1 (a) (b)

(c)
23 l.J 18
'10
24. 18.3 m 78 6 585 ms 36 85

37.
14.4 BIO
620 Hz
25 . 280 g/m , 550 6.1 cm,
= 354
3.3

26. 14 . 9
Q. 60 W 38 . 380

30 0
39 85 120

14.5 40 1400

27. 101 kN/m2, 1.20 1600

28.
41

JOO 111 656 n m

29. 1.31 1.95 X 101

N/ 1112. 0 .352 kg / 111 N20
326

50.
v=

51. 415 µ = 68.4

52. 50
18 m
42. Elf.;lllUI 59.6
53. 0.73
4.28
3.09 (a) (b)
54.

43. El~ll!JII
120 90 p s
7.0

3.5
44. El!Jll!II
6.5 (a) (b)
(c)
482
50.6 c m
4s. El~IIUI 1480 (a)
55. W, k,
14.5 Hz (b)
y1 = A cos y2 =A cos
343 m /s

46. El~ll!ta
56. y= 175 s in

494
523 343 32.8 (a) (b) (C) (d) (e)

47. llllfJll!Jrj 95.0 km/h 57. m,

352 Hz
343 m /s
58. 340 40 4 .5 m /s
CH
48. El~ll!N 60 12 (a)
(b)
10 59. 15 m 750
270
676.8
3.52 x 10- 7 60.
20 111
49. El!Jll!N 50%
64.8

656.28 nm
~ 20111
G
I x=?__j
r
14. 37 60
 327

6I.
CH
LIGO

62. t= 76.
CH BIO
2 5.0

63. 5.2 100 Hz

35°
330 77. 90 km/h
70 15.6

64. (a) 65 dB, (b) —5 120

240 km / h

65. 3 d8
78.

66 .
(a) (b)
T'
67. 2.0 m 75
79.

65
68 . 38.9 2.5 km / h
50
667
5.0 GHz
69

80 U' =l S (a)
COMP
70. (b)

22 (a)
(b) =

71 81 2.85 m
CH

72. y=fh ul) 10.0111

CH
2.44 m

73.
CH
343 m/s
82.
DATA
19 s
340
74. 2.25
CH
345 483 (a)
(b)
75
I 000 1200 1500 2000 3000 4000
LIGO
7.0 ms 80.7 79.4 76.9 74.2 71.6 68.8
(a)
(b)
328

.......... ....................

v= 14. 1 (b) 5
14.2 ( 1) (a), (2) (b), (3) (b), (4) (a), (5) (a)
14.3 (c)
14.38). 14.4 (c)
14.5 (b)
14.6 (c)
4 4
14.7
5
— —
m,
3
m, 4 m

14.8

14.38
83~86).

83.
a.
b.
C.

84.
a.
b.
C.

85. 450

a. 225 km/h
b. 320 km/h
C. 640 km / h
d. 900 km/h
86.
1 rn

a.
b.
C.

d.
 13 14 16 17 `/

• LO 15.1

• LO 15.2
LO 15.3
LO 15.4
LO 15.5
LO 15.6

15.1

LO 15.1

1021

329
330

SI
1000

t::1-,

15.1

F/
p= —
A
( 15 .1 )

SI

1 atm= 101.3

15. 1

I
15.1

15.1 1 (a) l m3, (b)

iv
,', 100 cm3, (c) 1 L, (d) 0.1 m3

Hf IIIII~
L
lll

^}_t' l 15.2
_
-g
LO 15.2

(a)

(hydrostatic

llt
I

---.:
,—
I

1
I +--
,+--

ft)
(b) A, dh ,

15.2
 15.2 331

p, = (p+dP)A
-pA = dFq =

Adp — gpAdh =

/
\

dp
dh
= pg ( 15.2)

15.3

p = Po pgh ( 15 .3)

15.1 |
(a) (b) (b) 10 m 100 11 X
11 km
101 1030 (11 x kPa/10 m)= 110 MPa

1000
15 .3,
(a) (b)

(a)

p-po 2.02 x 105Pa — 1.01 x 105Pa

h= = = 10.0 m
pg ( 1030 kg/1113)(9.81 m/s2)

=
p=
101 .3 760 mm

10
332

p ’
,','
g

1 IE'
,1 Po
Io
.""~ ..
.
•.
......
..
15.5
.•
.. .....
::
\

.........
:::· ....
.
... .....
•• .. .... __
..
T
‘ h
•
•
pi ..
.
’ j
’L -
i

,'
....
.. ..
p ... .....
...
....
....

.....

bH:!,5 ..
’.
...
..:
I1 _x c"n ...
- a--1 -
.
200 100

15.4 300
15.5

15,2 |
p =Fi/A1
3200

F2

F1 Ri 2
mg =pA2
15 cm

15.6
= (3200 kg ) (9.S m/ s2) ( l 5 cm
120 cm
r = 490 N

490

` 15.2
. . ............ . .

(a) (b) (c)

_)

··········································································· ·····················
 15. 3 333

15.3

LO 15.3 .
.... ......... ..... ........ ... .... ..... .. .... .... ........ ... ......... .. .......... .... .. ..... ... .. .. ... .... ....... .....

`
```I
15.7b
i?
l'
-X

(buoyancy l
1
F E-
"a

(a)

15.3 1 | (b)

60 15.7
2200

!oR
-
,ro\= T,
--

me 15.8

r;J V,,
i,;v = V,,
Fb = m wg = v;vPw9 = m cg(pw /PJ

=320N

600 N
334

15.4 I |

= = 0.86
V

^-
••_V

= = 15.9

_)

- 15,000

15.4

V=
2.6 X 1015
d= 7

I
50 l m

5 n
“~
 15.4 335

of c k_
-

15.4

LO 15.4

15.11
(b)

15.10
(CM)

15.11

15.4

(a) (b)

(a)

v,

(b)

15.12
336

L'it
A1 , L'i t
m=
A2, V2 ,
m= L'i t

P1V1 A1 =

I (15.4)
\

(k g/m 3)(m /s)(m2) =

flow

""
vA = (15.5)

(m /s )(m 2) =
flow

15.5 1 |
40 2.2 m
4.5
3.7
6.0
V1W1d1 =
 15.4 337

v1w1d1 (4.5 m/s)(40 m)(2 .2 m)

d2 =
v2w2
=
(6.0 m/s)(3.7 m)
= 18 m

....
' •, ...
1,

L'IK= ½m(v~ -

6.14 15.13

TV1

vr; =
H> =
n-1 + w;+ 11 ;1

= P1A 1L'ix1 - p 2A2L'ix2 - mg (y2 —Yi ) = ½m —

V= p = m/
1 2 1 2
P1 + —PV1 + P9Y1 = p2 + —PV2 + P9Y2
2 2

~ P+ ½pv'+p9Y (15 .6)

1 1
2 2
m
p
338

15.5

LO 15.5

15.1 |

68

‘µ
# •
•
•

15.6 |

15.14

v =
=

1
2 1 1
Pa +pgh =pa 1g
 15.5 339

... . ........... . ..........

15.7 1 I

A1

1 1
P1 +—
2
pv~ = P2 + -pv~
2

v2 = =
1 1
Pi +—2 pv~ =p2 2
L1p=½pb2vf-
Ar 1 1
—
2
pv; = ')
—1)
1.,t-0
VP
" ,:: V,
:rr,:: p
15.15

v1Al =

--+-

I 5. 16).

15.16
340

15.5 h

h [,
h3,

15 .17

15.17

15.18

_./ ~ F-
,•'

(a) (b)

15.19 (a) (b)

 15. 6 341

- .. ,_ - , ' ,,. ,-,.. , /-v--, \ ---

11111 " • --· --------,
- -•.i ,., ,-. -
.,,-_,,_"-
~,, - - J' ••
- ·;;,• .;, • -,,
....., ' >·~--,,.-_
" •', ,_ -_ -.,_ ,.'. -' ic~~- ' ' ' '' , ' ;.
-- ------- ----

'11
2

Af,= (_J_ pu2)(u.4'11 ) =

2 2

1
=—
2
pv'l

8
1.2
27
10 :150

80%

15.6

LO 15.6
(a)

.---
.·

15 .20 ... ---

(b)
’

15.20 (a) (b)

I5 .2 1

15.21
 .... .. ..... ... ... ...... ....... .. ... ... ..... ... .. .... ....... ....................... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... .... ........ ..... ..... ............ .. ... ........ ..... ....

p
•
... ........ ..... ... .. .. .. .. ... ........... ....... ........... ... ... ... ....... ...... ... ... .. .......... ..... .. ... .... ... ....... ...... .. ..... .... .. ........ ...... .......
= :
:

:
:
--
:
:
:
= ----

... ....... ....... .......... .... ....... .. ..... ..... ...... ...... .. .......... .. ......: ........ ..... ..... .. .... ........ ... ....... ...... .. ... .. ... ....... ... ... ..... .....
:

1
p+ + pgy
2

00
....... .. ...... .... .... ... .. ..... .......... ... ... .... .. ..... .. ... ... ... ....... ....... .
;
;

'}1
F">F, O

"·. . ....
(·········/

342
 343

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes). solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO IS.I 15.4, 15.5, 15.8, 15.9

I5.1 , I5. 2 I5.23, I5.24, I5.25, l5.26
15.1 1, 15. 12, 15. 13, 15. 14, 15.15, [5.16, 15.21 I5.48, I5.49, I5.50, I5.51 , I5. 52, I5.53,
15.40, 15.41 , 15.42, 15.67, 15.77 15.54, 15 .60, 15.70, 15.79

LO 15.2 LO 15.4
I 5.27, I 5.28, I 5.29, I 5.30, I 5.31
15.3, 15.6, 15.7 I5.66
15.17, 15 .1 8, 15. 19 , 15 .20, 15.22 LO 15.5
15.43, 15.44, 15.45, 15.46, 15.47, 15 .63, I5.10
15.64, 15.65, 15.72, 15.73, 15. 74, 15.75, 15.76, 15. 78 15.55, 15.56, 15.57, 15.58, 15.59, 15.61.
LO 15.3 I 5.62, I 5.68, I 5.69, I 5.71

LO 15.6

8
.. .. .. ..... .
l
9
2

10.
3. I

i1i
15.1

11 LGOO O7S

15.22 3 12 101, 101 kg/ m1

4
8.8 (a)
5.
(b) 1.2 kg/m1

14. l
I
, ,.. co
15.

200

15.23 5
16 1.5 11ll1l

120
6.
7. l m
344

15.2
17. 6.0 m 100 kPa

18. 101 62

32.
19.
BIO
1 MPa
952

20 . 0.82 5.0 cm 1030 kg / m3

5.0 cm
33. El~llr.'11 1000

21. 36 917 2750

25
1030
22. 0.91
1.0 34.

15. 3
23. 25 0.30111 , 1.5

2200
24. 5.4 32 35.
3.51
25. 160
% 56 .3
1.2 135

26. 0.23 16 (a)

482
(b) 860
36. 2.68
15.4 15.5
27 . 2.5 1.8
2.0 37.
28. 5.46 m/s

29. l .8X l07 (a)

2.0 km , 6.1 m
30. 10 15 38. 2.68 m

2.5 (a) (b) 186

3BIO.
1 1.8
39 Elf.Jllf.!J:.J o l,
35 cm/s
18.8 m / s
 345

(a) 100% (b)

19.3 g / cm3,
40.
10.5 g/cm3, 1.00
4700 Pa
49. 36

41 1950
230
1.2 cm
40
42. 40 cm x 55
0.77 0.22

50. 5.0 c m 14 cm
12
43. 1.0 0.82
5.0 5.0 (a)
5 1. 2.0 X 10G kg
(b)
9 .0 111
44.
95 111 1500
100
52.
50%

Jl!pg
45 2.0 cm 1ng = (pa - p)

53. (a) 0.18

c:
7
I T204
cll
280 kg (b)
10%
54. 1.8 111 X 2.4
10 20
15. 24 45 50

46. 5.0 5.6

55. 31 16
1/2 BIO
120 mmHg
l .06
50%
56.

47.
hi

Magura MT4 1.04 cm

2.10 cm
(a)
3.25 (b) 8 .80 111111
(c)
!
_A
2
48.
15.25 56
25 0
346

57. 140
65
DATA

58.
1.9 0.64 72
(a) (b) ho

10 20 30 40 50 60
242 98.7 37.6 16.2 7.21 2.3 8

66.
CH

15.27

15.26 58

59. 1.0 cm 1000

17 (a) (b)

15. 27 66
60. 1.6 g, 28 0.18
0.63 67. 5.0
0.72

6 1. 10 1.06 30 c m / s
BIO
68.

62.
1.9 v=
16
63.

15.28 68
64.
69. 95 111
l
11 km
6.4 109

70
CH
T = 21r
 347

7 1. Ii,
CH
A1

72 p =
CH
'711 =8.2

(a) 15.30 79

(b)

73 . (a)
CH
(b)

74
CH

(a) (b)

80
,..,... w
a.

15.29 74 b.
C.
75 .
81

76.
CH a.
15 Ill, 3.3 Ill , 22
b.
C.
77
82
0.92 1.0 g/cm3)
a.
b.
0 97 c.
78. 18 p si
33 83
G2 2
79.
l
a. —
4
b.
2
1,0, 1,1, L, C.

d
e. 4
348

15.1 (c)
15.2 (c)

15.3 (a)
15.4 (a)
15.5 h1 > h4 > h2 >
-
.. ....... ......... ..... ............. ... .. ..... .. .... .. ....... ............. .......... ... ... ...... ............... .. .. ... ....... .... ... ..... ... ..... ............ ..... .
:
:
: y(.i: . t) = A cos (k.r -wt)

,y ,
F= —k.r

r =A COS WI l
T= ---:-
j
w .\
v=
k
= —
T
= f.\

w= —Ill

...... .... ... ..... ....... ... ... .. ... ...... ...... ............. ... ... .. ........ ... .... .. ........ ........... ....... ..... ...... ... ....... .... ...... ..... ..... ........ ..
:
:

--- -----

< - ....
' , - ,, -
'>,: _ - - -.
........_

...... ... .............. ..... ............ .............. ... .. .. ...... ..... ... . ...... ...... ............. ........... ...... ... ...... ................... ........ ...... .
:
:
:
;
: pvA
: p+ —
2
p1 ·- + pgy

... ............... .
- ,.- ——------—
-----.c _______,

•- d

349
2 x 101 i

351
 14 15 17 18 v

• LO 16.1
LO 16.2
LO 16.3
LO 16.4
LO 16.5
LO 16.6

16.1

LO 16.1

insulated)

353
354

16.la

(zeroth law of

(a) (b)

16.1

gas
16.2
SI

SI K; "degree kelvin"

SI 2019
16.2

273.16

°C), °F ),

~ ~,P
P, 16.4
16.3 273.15
SI
Tc = T- 273 .1 5 ( 16. 1)

32°F 212°F
 16.2 355

f f
9
Tr, = —
5
Tc ( 16.2)
K
rtl kd
lOr { -_
C lOR
16.4

f i

I 1°C) 9
~-
l I 0R) 5

630 357 [1 1134 674

---

373 IOOLI 672 2 12

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - -
273 492 32

Sl J/ K 77
-196

2019 o lI
16.4

energy)

(a) (b) (c)

161

16.2

LO 16.2 .
.. ... ........ ... ... ... ............ .. .. ................ .. .... ..... ... .. ......... .. .... .. .... ...... ........ .... .... .. ..

L'.l
Q = CL'.l
J/ K
heat)
356

Q = mc L'i T ( 16.3)

SI J /kg · K

16.1
c
SI J/kg · K cal/g ·°C . , Btu/ lb · °F
900 0.215
880 0.21
386 0.0923
447 0.1 07
753 0.18
140 0.033
502 0.12
840 0.20

4 184 l 00
—10°c 2050 0.49
1400 0.33

1 1
1 cal/g
4.184

thermal unit, 1
1054

16.1 I
- -

5.0 kW
150
5.0 .

2.o x 107 J
.dt = = 4000 s
5.0 x 103 J / s

16.3,

J/kg · K

Q = mcL1 T = (150 kg)(4184 J / kg · K)(50°C —l 8°C)

 16. 2 357

dQ

Li T1 + m2c2 Li T2 = 0 ( I 6.4)

Ll

` 16 2
b
g
-—
0

16.2 |
1.5
8.0 kg TP + mw cw
T=
r,,PcP +mwcw

J6.4, m1c1L'.'iT1 +m2c2L'.'iT2

Tw,
+mwc11(T-I;1.)

..)
358

16.3

LO 16.3
LO 16.4
LO 16.5

conductivity, k, SI W/m · K
400 W/m ·K
0.029 W / m ·K
SI

16.2
k
SI W/m· K Btu·In/ h· ft2 ·°F
0.026 0.18
237 1644
7
401 2780
0.042 0.29
0.7 ~0.9 5~6
0.043 0.30
2 0.14 0 97
80.4 558
46 3 19
T+i\.T
0.029 0.20
0.61 4.2
0.11 0.78

L'i x' A
16.5
T+ L'i L'i
 16. 3 359

y -I
....I

--------
I
kA L!. T ( 16.5)
Llx~
--1,
4

H =

L'i T/L'ix·
78

16.3 |
1.5
8.0 16.5, H=

L'i T
H=-kA
L'ix
30°c — 4.0°C
= -( 0.61 W/m · K)(l.5 X 106
30° c_ 8.0 111
—3.0MW
V =

16.6 l 1.5

T1 T)

T2-T1 T3-T2
H = —kiA = —k2A
'1x1 L'.1x2

(thermal resistance)

16.7
360

L1x
R= ( 16.6)
kA

Sf

T2-T1 T3 -T2
H= —
R1

R1H = T1 - R~H = T2 —
(R1 + R2)H = T1 - T2+ T2 - T3 = T1 - T3

T1- T3
H = (16.7)
R1 +R2

16.3 k, 3k,
L'.lT1,
L'.lT2,

• R = RA =
L1 x
(16.8)
k
SI SI
ft2 · °F · h/Btu
1
16.8
1 ——
19
R-19
1
-
19

16,4 |
0.65),
h = 14 ft X tan 30

20°F 70°F
1 100,000 Btu 1

16.9
 16.3 361

1 (36 ft)(28 ft)

= ( 31.65 Btu/h/ft2/oF) cos30o (500F)
= = 1839 Btu/h
2 X 28ft+2 X 36ft 7792 Q=
= 128 10 1280 (7792 Btu/h)(30 days/month) (24 h/day) = 5.61
1
2
10° Btu (0 .1 MBtu )
(28ft)(14ft tan30°)
56 .1 5.61
= 1506 (1/12 .65)
1506

= ( 12~65 ft2)(50°F)

= 5953 Btu / h

oorn
....

(a)

(b)

16. 10 (a)
(b)
362

5.67 X l0- 8 W/ m2·K ;

(SI

/
P = eaAT4 (16.9)

Boltzmann 5.67 X 10-8 W/m2 · K

e =1

T4)

P = e!7A(T4 -

` 16.4
(3)
(1) (2)

16,5 I |

P = 3.83 X 1026 W
6.96 X 108 =

16.9,

16.11
 16. 3 363

T= ( p 1/4

—
i4•R 'al 3.83 x 10'° W
]
'1'
= 5770 K

1111111
3.0 mm
5.0

k - 0.03 W / rn ·

0.004
0.2 m2 ·

5 'R-

16.4

LO 16.6

16.12 \
;

....... ' `
l

L ..
13
.
.

16.12
364

16.1
r· ., :. ',:' ..,...... '. ..•, • • . . . -.-... '" . • .. . • . ' ...

16.6 |
120 W

2.5

2.5 7 f'17 I
0 y

16. 13
120 W/°C H = ( 120 W/°C) (L'i T)
(120 W/ °C)(L'iT) = 2.5

L'i
2.5kW
L1 T = = 21°C
120 W/°C

16.7 1

300 250 (250 ft 2) = 1.0 X 104 Btu / h d

40
15°F
(149 Btu / h/°F)d T = 1.0 x 104 Btu / h

1.0 X 104 Btu / h

dT =
149 Bt u/ h / °F
= 67°F

Aw.dT 300
H,,v= 'R.v = ( 30 ).c1r = (l0Btu / h /°F)L1T

Ag.dT 250
Hg = 'Rg = ( l.S).c1T = (139 Bt u/ h/°F)L1T

H = (149 250
(40 Btu / h / ft2) x
 16. 3 365

16.5
(a) (b) (c)

-r \
\ 425
400 I i O 50

L/v
\ E"n

: •"k J''
'
350
325

300

275

250 I , , , ,
0 00

0 25

, , - 0.50
(OC)

I 000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

960 \\ CO2

ppm .JO%

CO2

CO2
1°c
l.5°C-5°C

T=25S IZ = —18°( 5°C

10111
19
2°c
(na tural greenhouse
2°c
:JJ0c
366

'-

2 4 6

Projected temperature change (°C), 2081-2 100 versus 1986-2000

2081 ~2 100 1986~2000
 . .....4

.. ............ ..... ...... .... ... ... ... ....... ... .... .... .. .. .. ..... .. .... .... ............ ... .... .... .... .... ..... ... ....... ...... ........ ..... ... ...... .... ..... ...
1
Sl :

.. :L
.....
,,

Tu
EL

Q=mcL:'iT

.. .... .... .. . ... .. ........ ........ .... .... ..... ... ..... ..... ... ....... ..... ..... .. .. ..... ... ........... .. ..... .. ... ... ...... .... ............. .... .. ..... .......... .

..
.....
T+L1T

L"i T
H =— k:A P=eaAT~
L"ix

..
...... ...
......

.
.....

•
..
.. ............
674
1130 -
...
..
............
672 2_1_2
..

[
..
on 32 .....
...... ..
...
... ...
4> if· ,;f
............. ..
....
Tc = T - ..
....

I\
' '--. :
...... ..
9 ..........
= —
5
Tc
...
..

367
368

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 16.1 LO 16.4

16.1 , 16.2, 16.3 16.8 , 16.9

16.11 , 16.12, 16. 13, 16.14, 16. 15, 16.1 6, 16.1 7 16.24, 16.25, 16.26, 16.27, 16.28, 16.29
16.43, 16.44, 16.45 16.6 1, 16.62, 16.65, 16.66, 16.71, 16.78, 16.80
LO 16.2 LO 16.5
16.4, 16.5, 16.10 16.30
16.18, 16.19, 16.20, 16.21 , 16.22, 16.23 16.56, 16.65, 16.69, 16.70, 16.72, 16.73
16.46, 16.47, 16.48, 16.49, 16.50, 16.51 , LO 16.6
16.52, 16.53, 16.54, 16.55, 16.57, 16.58, 16.59, 16.60,
16.67, 16.68, 16.74, 16.75, 16.76 I6.3 I, 16.32, 16.33, 16.34
LO 16.3 16.63 , 16.64, 16.77, 16.79, 16.81, 16.82
16.6, 16.7

16. 77.3
.. .. ....... .
I 7.
1.
2. 16.2
3. 18. 55 t t = 1000 kg).
19. 2.0 kg 18°C
4
5. 20. 1 kg 3.0°C 7.5
6.
7. 21. 2000
BIO
8.
22. 3 200
BIO
9.
23. (a) 3.4
10. (b) 2.0

16,3
24. 1 SI
16.1
11 25. 20°c, 2.0
ENV
3.0°C~4.2°C 50 % (a) (b)

12. 26.
ENV

13.
14. 10°c 27. 8.0 m x 12 23
15.
 369

28. 1 °F 1 0.040 Btu 572 J/kg · K, 497 J/kg · 1110 °c

29. 39. m'lnlJ 435 35.6 Btu/h /ft2

285
30. 50 10.5 °F

40. mam 51 .5
16.4
31. 20°c
32.3
14

32. 40
41. [ l!Jllt:ti 96 2
1 °c 1.3
—

33. 100 W 30
42. 1!:lrJlltM

34 ] ...(
01 0·

.............
[_~
)

43 101
(a) \<), (b)

35 . li:l~llt;J,1 2.65 K), (c)

10.9
55

36. li:liJllt;J,J 2 33 l
45. 600

2s0c ..J.0 °C 57.8

37. l!:l~llt;f--1 46. 60 1700 m

BIO

322 284 J/kg ·

47 9 100%
BIO
15 0 Mg) 125
26.2

48. 1.0 km, 10 16.14

BIO
38. E!:11.3 11[:J--1 200
370

57. 40 1500
5.0 kg

58. 34.0 °(
12.4 °c,

16.14 48
59. 1.0

49. (a) (b) 1.0 (c) 4.0

800 60.
2.5

50. 100 100

1.0 min a = 1.1 kW , b = 2.3
32°c, (a)
(b) 61. 3.0 m x 2.0 m x 2.3 m

51. 900 330 8.0 cm

52.
100,000 Btu/h 62. 40 cm, 3.0

75 t 16. 15

53.
15
65°F
ri\"
1.0
625 W

1.4 16.15 62

63 .

54.
ENV
lOO
320

64. 325 e =
1500 900
650

65 .
55. 12 2.0 CH
5.4 min
56.
BIO
k,
1
O
100
(a)
 371

(b) 2.85 76.

CH
c(T) a = 31 =
66. 343 40 lOO 25 .0
BIO
4.0 cm

77.
ENV
100 W 960
—l0°F E

67. 1.1
960
15
68. 430 2.5 mi n

69 15 cm, 65 cm
3-l
1
70 23 3.4 x 78
CH

71. 2.5 ft X 5.0 ft R 1,

ENV
30 Btu/h ·
0 90
21<kL ( T1 —T)
(a) (b) H=
ln (R2 / R1)

72. R 2,

5000 k m
rl,
96.3

73 . 0.876

74. 500
DATA 7 .
J

16.16 78
75
79 0.85°(
ENV
0 25 60 95 125 160 190
12 20 39 53 64 83 93

75 . c(T) = c0+aT
CH 80.
c11 = 4207.9 J / kg · K, a =— 1 292 R - 19
J/kg · K 2, b = 0.01330 J / kg · K 1 000 3.5

8l 2.2
ENV
372

86. 6
1°C 55
21 a.
b.
82. C.
COMP~ ,__
ENV d.
(40 Btu/h /ft2)
t =
......... ... ..... ... ..........

C = 1500

16. 1 (b)
16.2 (a)
16.3 L1T2 < L1T3 < L1T1.
L1
16.4 (1) (2) (3)
16.5 (b)

16.17).

16.17
83~86).

83.
a.
b.
C.

84.
a.
b.
c.
85.

a.
b.
C.
 15 16 18 19 v

LO 17.1

• LO 17.2
LO 17.3

LO 17.4

LO 17.5

c::::1

17.1

LO 17.1
LO 17.2

17.1

17.1

373
374

(ideal-gas

\"I-/ / • •
(17.1)
pV = NkT

k= 1.38x 10- 2:J

p, V, k = 1. 38 X
10-23
(Ludwig
k = 1.38 X 10- 23 SI

mo!)
SI NA =
6 .022 X SI

N = nNA

pV = nNAkT = nRT (17.2)

R = N Ak = 8 .314 J/ K gas

17,1 1 |
STP( T = 0°C, p = 101.3 nRT (1.00 mo! ) (8.314 J/ K · mo l )(273.15 K)
V= =
p 1.013 x 105 Pa
= 22.4 X 10-3 = 22.4 L
T= 273.15
17.2,

22.4 L 1 1000 cm3,

10- 3
_)

k,
 17.1 375

I.

2.

3.
4

17.2

17.2
i

L'.1t1 = ,.
'
I'
'

— 2mv .l'I mv /'I

-
?
F
F, = =
2L/v L
’’ “’
A l'

F ~F,
p= —
A
=
A A
= AL 17.3

mN
p = AL = V N

p= v;
V
376

v; = V- = V

X, y, = v; + v; + v2 =
—= l —
3
p= V
3V

kT

T
"'-._

=—
3 kT-----

\
2 (17 .3)

17.2 1 I

293 = 6.07 X 10-21 J

14 u D
m = 2(14 u )(1.66 x 10- 27 kg / u) = 4.65 x 10-26 kg

1 3 -
=—
1 —
17.3, —
2
mv- =
2
K mv·
2

V = PK m
=
4.65 X 10- 26 kg
= 511 m/ s

( - 340
1 -;, 3 3
K=— mv- = — kT = —(1.38 x 10- 23 J/K)(293 K)
2 2 2
 17 . 2 377

= v3!T ( 17.4)

71
l H~ nH
"

C lerk

300 K

\
I ••

I
I
I

200 I 400 I 600 800 1000

,·,,

,. (rn/s)

17.4

de r Waal s

17.2

LO 17.3
LO 17.4 .
.. .. ..... .... ..... ... ........ ........ .. ..... ..... ......... .... .. .. ... ....... .. ...... ... .. .... ...... ..... ....... .... ..
378

0°C

of transformation)
of fus ion) L r,

of vaporization) Lv, of

/
Q=Lm (17.5)
/

334 kJ/ k g (80 1

17. 1
2=;,;:
21

159 109 351 879

1357 205 2840 4726
601 24 7 2013 858
234 11.3 630 296
54.8 13.8 90.2 213
388 53.6 718 306
273.15 334 373.15 2257
3120 259 3815 1533

1111111 L-

- .....
.
.. \ ... J
-_--...
. .. s--
.
..
..
..
:…
......
...
....
...
-
..
.7
~j
c~I%
-20 .J
;.17. _ f - ~
0°c
17.5
 17.2 379

2.9
1.6 kW, 1.6 1.8 ks

` ~n

17.3 1 I

2.5 X 105 kg

Q = Lrm = (259 kJ/kg ) (2.5 x 105 kg ) = 65 GJ

120 MW, 0.12

(65 GJ)/(0 .12 GJ/s) = 540

17.5,

17.4 |
200 1.0 0°C

16.3,
17.5, Q1 =
= (0.20 kg) (2.05 kJ/kg · K)( lO K) + (0.20 kg)(334 kJ/ kg)
= 4. 1 kJ + 66 .8 kJ = 70.9 Id

T>
Q2 =
=(l .Okg)(4 .184kJ/kg·K)( 15K) =62.SkJ
380

4.1 Q 58.7 kJ
= ——
Lr
=
334 kJ / kg
= Q.176 kg = 176 g
70.9
Q! 24 1176
4.1
62.8 58.7 62.8

:
A
-- - --::~~- -IB
H

17.6
AB)

CD) EF)

273.16
 17,3 381

17.3

LO 17.5

of volume expans ion)

L'.1

LI V/ V
(3 = (17.6)
LIT

66

17.7
of linear expansion)

L'iL/L
(1 = ( 17 .7)
L'.lT

f3 = 3a 69

17.2

a(K 1) (3(K I)

24 X 10- G 37X
17.7
19 X 10-G 75 X
17 X 95 X 10-5
3.2 X 10-6 A. 0 J8 X 10- ,:;
o-1 0 51 X 10- 6 1°C - 4.8 X
0 9 X 10- 6 20°c 20 X 10- 5
70]-; 12 X 50°c 50 X 10- s

*
**

73
382

17,5 1 |
20 = {JVLlT= (3)(12 x l0-6 K L)(15 K) = 0.0108 L

= {J VLlT= (95 x 10-5 L)(15 K) = 0.285 L

f3

17.6, /3 = (L1 V/

lO
/3 = 3a

(3 = A Jz

1 °C

O',
oo?5°0 H20
'
b 06Z,z,
o
,
``
0

17.8

r
mnJ
on
<
11111 1

17.9

4°C

4°C
' ' • ,, .. ·,j·•~"·\. ' .... -; .,.,, ,•" .....,. ,• , ..... ··:, . . ., '
r, ••

. . .... .. .. ....

............... ... .....

·
p V= NkT ;

k: = 1.381 X 10- 23 Q= Lm
......... .. ........... ........ ..... ...... ....... ............ ..... ... .... .... ..... .
?
I,

V
··· ....
EnJ'°
rn

R = N,1k: = 8.314 J/K ·

pV=nN,1k:T=nRT

’
l 3
—
2
mv = — kT
2

0 0
... ...
..-··· LlV
..:·. '
L'.'i V/

L'.'iV/V
/3 = L'.'iT
V V+LlV

a = L'.'iL/L
L'.'iT 0 0

383
384

Study Modules),
{practice quizzes), solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 17.1 17.1 8, 17.19, 17.20, 17.21

17.40, 17.4 1, 17.42, 17.43, 17.44, 17.45,
17.1, 17.2 17.46, 17.47, 17.48, 17.49, 17.50, 17.51, 17.52, 17.53,
17.11 , 17.12, 17. 13, 17.14, 17.15, 17.16 17.54, 17.55, 17.56, 17.62, 17.63, 17.72
17.35, 17.36, 17.37, 17.38, 17.39, 17.70, 17.73 LO 17.4
LO 17.2 17.9
LO 17.5
17.3, 17.4, 17.5 17.6, 17.10
17.17 17.22, 17.23, 17.24, 17.25, 17.26
17.74, 17.75 17.57, 17.58, 17.59, 17.60, 17 .6 1, 17.64,
LO 17.3 17.65, 17.66, 17.67, 17.68, 17.69, 17.7 1
17.7, 17.8

12. 350 K, 8.5 L, 180

13. — 2.0 L ,
1.
14.
2.
3.
6.88 14

4
15. (a) 250 K, 1.5 at m , (b)

5.

16. 1.o x 10- 10

6.
l

7.
17. 75 350

8. 1

17.2
9.
18. 65
19. 8.0 200
10.

20. 840
2 1. 195
0 2
573 195 255 CO2
17.10 10

.... ...... ... 17.3

17, 1 22. 250 rn

11. —12°c
215 250.42
 385

.
23. l L 2°c
35.
(2 MK) 0.03
24. 1.00000

25. 9.52 9.55 36. 20°C, 1.0 atm, 8.0 - 10°C,

0.65

26. 5000 km
37. 100 cm, 20.0
180 (a)
(b) l.O
38.

39. 20 °c, 1.00 3000

27. [!;l!JIIW
33 7
—
(a)
(b)
28. [!;lrjllMJ 10.0 mL
(C)
—5 764
40 120
(a) (b) BI O
800
17.1 STP
29_ l!il~llt~I

—180°C
4 1. 1500 W 1.1

42. J
30. [!;l~llm
l 1

43. 2.3S
12.5 cm
3I. (!;lrjlltlf:.1 66 g 1
2.00 cm
32. [!;l~llt'-:.1
268
7970
33. 6.40°C,
44. 1.3 m
185.000 17.3 X 10° ENV
917 (a)
(b)

45. 95 0°c, 750

34.
386

46.
ENV
1.0 µ,m
2.5 m 60.
ENV

75

300 917
0°C 6 1.
47. 12.5
48. .::1

49.
ENV

17.11 61
1, 2,
62.
so. 25°c 16
0°c 0.12 K / W
51. —10°c, 50
63 .
ENV
52.
BIO
2.4 0.46
3 Btu/lb · 0.68 Btu / lb ·

53. 20 6.0 min 20,000 (a)

54. 500W (b)
20
20 min 64.
55.
15.4 20.4 65 . 20°c /3 =
419 kJ / kg CH
a =— 6.43 X 10-50( -1,
1.04 kJ /kg · (a)
b = l.70 X l0-3°C -2,
(b)

66. {3 = (1/ V)
56. —40°c, 1.0 5.0°C , 1.0 CH
0°C , 1.00000

57. 1.000 0.997

67. 50 mL
25.0000 mL
58.
5°C

1 mm
68. 1.35
CH

59. 1.0
 387

69 8, (-J
1V( 11)L'.'iu = ,[1r,v( 177 f12u2e- ,,,//2u.du
ds, 21rkT

70. 730 [I

J )2kT/m
7 1.
CH
20%

100.00 75 .
(a)

(p+ 1 ~ )( V —nb) = nRT

(b)
a = 0.1 4 Pa · m6/mo12, b = 3 .91 X l0-s
(c) m'1/mol 1 2.000 L
10 .00 (a) (b)

T(°C) 0 20 40 60 80 I 00 120
y(cm) 30.00 30.05 30.07 30.ll 30 .1 6 30. I 9 30. 24

1·=0

17.12 71

72
ENV
250
(a) 250 (b)

17. 13 76~79)
1 w/1112
76 .

73. (a) = a.

Jr kT/m (b) b

N2, 1 = C.

d.
77.
1
74
CH
388

a.
b.
C.

d.
78. 120°c
BIO
3 atm

a 17.9

b.

C.

d.

79

a.
b.
C.

d.

17.1 (a)
17.2 (c)
17.3 (a)
 16 17 19 20 v

•
LO 18.1

• LO 18.2

LO 18.3

LO 18.4

18.1

LO 18.1

18.2

389
390

xf·
7
-- 7
...

-
(a)

\
r~~--.
law of

: ·,

18.2

(b)

18.1
(a) (b)

\ /
= Q+ W (18 .1 )

state

dQ d vV
dt
= dt + dt (18.2)

*
 18.2 391

18.1 1 |

2/3

18.2,

3
1
2

dQ dW
—= — =— 3.0GW —(— 1.0GW) = —2.0GW
dt dt dt

18.2

LO 18.2

LO 18.3 .
\·
: .

............. ,...'
..... ........... .. ...... ........... .. .. ... ....... .. ..... ... ..... ... ...... .. .. .. .. ...... .. ... .. ........ .. ..

pV =
p, V, T
18.3
pV V

:'

18.3

/!

1·, . T,
JJ V
18.4
18,4 pV
392

pV
process)

pV

18.5

pV

18.5 A, =
= pAL1 x
= p L1 L1 V = 18.6a

L1 =
- p L'.1

L1 d

\ (18.3)

v, I ------------- pd d

pV
( V2 < V1) Vi > V1)

18.1
(a) (b)
(c)
 18. 2 393

^ =·^ '`
T 1 A x
p
X

v, 6V
V
(a) (b)

18.6 (a) (b) pV

pV
18.8

T
p = (nRT)/
T

1' nRTd V 18.7

1·, V

w ~ —nmf,':, d: ~—nRT I, V : : ~ - nRT I, ( )

•
p

’
••
= O= Q+
-
V .- v,
; v
pV

Q 7 W ~ nRT!n ( v, ) ( 18.4) 18.8

’’
pV

~ Vi
Q =-

Q =—
—
394

18,2 1 |
25 m 3.5 P1v;
8.0 1
300 v;/ v; =

- W= nRTln(~) = f1rr3p ln3.5

300
8.0 350
0.95 Sl 1 atm
- = 101.3 v;/ v;
25m

4
nRT=pV=
3

- j

=
"1 specific
heat at constant volume)

Q = nCvL1 T (18.5)

= nCvL'i T (18 .6)

18.6, = nCvL'.1
, T,
I
\ T,
’, ’' Q=
I I
I 1
p
\ I \ ' \ ,\
.
.:
... _ - '
' ', '
--
W= -p!J.V - - - - _
v, v,
V
pV
18. 9 Lf,g
18.9
 18.2 395

W= —p(V2 — V1) =— p L'.1V ( 18.7)

Q= - W=

Q = nC1 -.d T+ p.d

l K specific heat at constant
pressure) Q = nc;,.:1
nC,,L::\ T= nC1-L::\ T+pL::\ V ( 18.8)
T= l00°C, T= 373 K
3.1
C1 170

p V= pil V= nRil
nC,,ilT= nC1 170

c;, = C1 + R (18.9)

H20

___\£,IJ '/

/
I
= W ( 18.10)

___\L~ II '/
396

:···.. 18.10

pV=
pV

\ L

.:······· pV' (18.1 l a)

/
\\'J
'/
I..L p V·

O'
r = CP = r =

18.10
(b)
rvr l = (18.1 l b)

I I P2 V2 —P1 Vi
I W= (18 .1 2)
? —1
p
' '

',,~ ;1 ---- T,
--- -- - T,
I 18.1 _.- _:.,.···1·-~· ? .. ;' · .· ·._ .·_. .•. :I
=
v
nCvd T= —pdV
18. 11 pV
nRdT=d (pV) =
pdV+
C11 + R = C11p
dp Cv dV
—
p
+ —— = O
C11 V
T

lnp + ry ln V =
 18. 2 397

- pV'I
'" . ,., ' ,

'Y=
(a) (b)

P1Vi' v; = P2 =
p p
'Y=

18.3 1 |

'Y =

=
18.12

~:: = ( i::: rb-1)

= ( r04 = 11
(a) (b)

111111
398

18.2
(!)
(2)
(3)

process),

pV pV

pV

18.1

p\ p p
.'
’
I
I
’
` p
’
I
I
I
``
\ l T
,
-
E

v v L
V, V V2 V - V, V V,

Q=O
Q =- W —W = W
P2l-';-p1 v;
I W=-nRT ln( ~) W=O W= —
p ( v; —Vi) W=
'Y-1

Q= nc;, L1T p T/r

Q=nC11L\T
c;, = Cv +R

\
...........

p
,O' Pl 8

:.,
W<O
A

va v vc
,_'.. b,_' ··

18.13 (a) pV (b), (c)

 18.3 399

18.4 1 |
, = 300 100 4.0 PB =PA( V.4 / VB)7 = 696.4

300
PBVB —PA v,, = 741 J
liT".,w=
1 —1
kP a(= 103Pa),

18.l WcA

WAB= WBC nRT = pA V4 = 400 J PA = 100 kPa, V.4 = 4.0 L

WcA SI
.... v11 =
ooo
0 13.( liVcA =
Ve
= —(400J)( ln4 )= -555J

0 c

0 ,/
'A w4BCA = W4B+ WBc+ Wc.4 = 741 J +o J —555 J = 186 J
0 ( d- ?,

V(L)
18.14 pV
(BC),

PA =100kPa,
, = VA/ VB

18.3

LO 18.4

—
1
2
mv- =
3
= nNA x

(½=J) 2
N, NAk
3
=
2
1 3
C1·= —
n L'.iT
= - R
2
(18.13)
400

5
-R
C Cv+R 2
'Y = = = = = 1.67
Cv Cv 3 3
—
2
R

7
—(= Cv =
5 5
2

of

c..l.,
p V=

y'

18.15

1
3 2
2

C lerk

1
2

5(_!_kT) = =
2 2
 18. 3 401

2 2
l 5
C1 ·= = .. I •
n f\T 2

q 1=

q, = 1 = q ,/ C1 = I_ =
5 '---. '
• X

)'

= C1 · = 3R, q , = C1 R 18.16 N02

4
= , = —= 1 =
3

|
-- - -

18.5

2 2

3
= -nRT=
2

18.6, 1 6.5R
= = 2.2R
n L'.'!T 3.0 mo l

2.5R
2
5
2 E

18.3
(a) (b)

(c)

3 5
2 2
402

3
—
7
2RRRR
5 Cv = 2
—
23l2I

—
2

10 100 1,000 10,000

18.17 H2
20 K 3200 K
 ,,.,....,..,,,,..,.•. ·• M · ·•
·.· . '. 1.;:·
. ' ,,. . ,,....
. . •• ;. ''·' ,,,' .....
•,. ` ~""""""' .• ""

..... ...... .. ... ....... ..... ......... .. ...... .... .................... ... .... ... ...... .... ... .. ............ ........ ......... ............. ..... ........ ............. .

= Q+ ff'
\4OQ
····· ··· ····· ··· ··································· ················································································································

•
• E:olx ...,‘
-
-
• [

-
-
......................................... .... ....................... ... ... .. ....... .. .... .. ..... .... ......... .... ....................... ........ .... ... ........ ... .

- 11,'pd V

\
0 0
................ .... .. .. ... ......... ...... ........................... .... ......... ... .. .... .. ...... .... ... .. ........ ...... .. ........ ..... .... ............. ..... .. ..

"il
‘, \
p

’ ’\
/J

v
v,

Q=O
Q= —ff" Q= Q= —ff = W
P2 Vz-p1 T~
—nRTln ( —p( Vz- V1)
1 —l
Q =nC:, L1T pV'
Q =nC1 L'iT
c;, = TV' -1 =
....... .. ..... ................ ... ......... ... .... .......... .... ....................... ......... .. ... ... ... ...... .. ..... .... ... ... .. ...... ... ... ...... .... ... .......

1 5
C, ="---R
2
C, =—
2
R C,=3R

403
404

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 18.1 18.22
18.1 , 18.2 18.38, 18.41 , 18.42, 18.43, 18.44, 18.45 ,
18.11 , 18. 12, 18.13, 18 .1 4, 18.15 18.46, 18.47, 18.48, 18.49, 18.50, 18.51 , 18.52, 18.53,
LO 18.2 18.54, 18.55, 18.56, 18.57, 18.60, 18.6 1, 18.62, 18.63 ,
18.67, 18.69, 18.70, 18.71 , 18.72, 18.73, 18.74, 18 .75,
18.3, 18.4, 18.5, 18.6 18.76, 18.78, 18.79
18. 16, 18.1 7, 18. 18, 18.1 9, 18.20, 18.23 LO 18.4
18 .36, 18.37, 18.39, 18.40, 18.54, 18.55 ,
18.58, 18.59, 18.62, 18.63, 18.66, 18.68 18. 10
LO 18.3 18.21 , 18.22, 18.23, 18.24, 18.25, 18.26, 18.27
18.7, 18.8, 18.9 I 8.64, I 8.65 , I 8.77

L 18.1
11. 1.0
2.
3. pV 12. 500
4. 9.0 kJ
(a) (b)
5.
13 . 25 s 40 750 J
6.
14.

15.
68

'~
V

18.18 8 18.2
16. (P1, Ti;) (P2 , ½)
7.
P2 =2p1 , ½ AB

8.

2p,
p
9.
p,

//1 2V,
V

18.19 16, 17, 75

10.
 405

17. ACB 3o. 5.25

18. 300 3.46 24. 6

31. E lf.3 11(:'f..l

19. 100 p = 75
300 (a)
(b) 147
20. 300 (a) (b)
32. [ 1~11(:11 1 = 335 K, 89 .2
2 1. 1 = 8.26 1/ 3
335
22 . =
33 . [ l~ llf:11 1 = 1.40, 288 0

23 25 0 L
ENV
6.8 5.0% 288

436
18.3
24. 3 Ar 34. ,=
25 . 1 = ( I) (2)
(3)
26 . N02 (, = 1.29) 50%, Oi, = 140) 30%, Ar(, = 1.67) 20% (4)
(a)
27 . 2.5 (a) (b)
(b)

35 . [ 1~11(:11 1 = 273
2 00
( I) 373 (2)
(3)
(4)

0.910 Id

.. ........ .. .
2s . 36. 440
17.6 mm 3.3 kJ
(b)
37.
BIO
29 . 417
1.58
3
38 . 3.5 L 61 J
3.0
406

39. 80 125 51. Cv= 255 K,

BIO
101 kPa (a) (b) (c)
1.52 1.75
(a)
(b) 52. p V

40. 1.5 53. 'Y = 1.00 m3 , 250 kPa

41. (a) (b) (C)

42 . 'Y = 98.5 6.25 (a)

250
4.18 (b)

43. ABCA ~;
60 (a) (b) 2

18.21 53

54.
CH

i c~
2.0 300
(a)
(b)
0123456
55.
18.20 43, 44
300 K
44. 'Y =
45. 18.3
56. p1 -1 T1
= 1.4)

57.
46. 'Y =
32

47. B4204
16 75°C
'Y = 342

(a) (b)
58.
48. 1.00 1.75 BIO
X 103

0.340 atm
1750
1500

(a) (b) ? 1250

1000
49. 28
750
500
250

50. (a)
IO 15 20 25 30 35
(b) (c)
18.22 58
 407

59. 18.I
72
DATA
V
158 log (a)
(b)

60. 273 K, 1 = V(L) l. I 1. 27 1.34 1. 56 1. 82 2. 14 2.37

p(atm) 0.998 0.823 0.746 0.602 0.493 0.372 0.344

6 1. 273 K, lOO kPa, , = 1 240 kPa 73

CH

62. 1= 350 K 2.00

CH
(a) ABCA (b) AB
74. [p+a(n/ V)2]( V-nb) =11RT

~EJ:
CH

00So00Soo

75. pV p =p1 [1+( V — v; l2/ v}l

I 2 3 4 5
V(L) 76. lapse
ENV
18. 23 62, 63

63 . (a) ACDA
(b) CD
29 LI

1 =
64
77. 3810
ENV
1250

65.
43.2

66. 0°c, 8.5 D°C 78.

6.3 g CH

67. 200 g
CH
p =
210 g
= 17 m\ JJo = 1.0
8.7 J .5
68. pV p = 10v3 - 67v2 +
BIO
79.
4.5 ENV

69. lO
70. 320 K,
CH
(a)
l 350

(b) ,=
1 = 1
71
408

ENV

18.24 18.1 (c)

60 260 K
(— 90 18.2 (1)

(2)

(3)

18.3 (a)
18.24 80~83)

80.
a.
b.
C.

d.
81.
a.
b.
C.

82.
a.
b.
C.

d.
e.
83.
a. 240
b. 260
c. 290
d. 390
 17 18 20 21 `/

01
• LO 19. 1

LO 19.2

LO 19.3

LO 19.4

LO 19.5

LO 19.6

O:I
E

19.1

LO 19.1
... .... ......... ........ .... ..... ... ...... ..... ... .......... ....... .... .... ............ .......... ... ......... ...

409
410

0 0

(a)

0 0

(b)

19.1

19.1 (a) (b)

(a) (C) (d) (e)
- - n""" (f)
,

(b)

19. 2 (a)
(b)
19.2

LO 19.2

(a)

law of
..• .
.;·
w'
Q,

' ( .......................
.. .
T,

(b)

19. 3 (a)
(b)
 19. 2 411

Q =

(efficiency) e (=

QC
Q

W
\Qh-QC QC
e = = = 1- ( 19. 1)
\ Qh Qh Qh

Qh-

A
•.

19.4

I.

W=
2.

3.
412

4.

d
rn
<
FmUO

19. 5 pV

Qh = n R I;1 In( ~: )

CD

QC = —nR Tc ln ( ~: ) = n R Tc In( ~: )

Qc /
QC
Tc ln ( Vc/ Vn)
Qh = (19.2)
Thl n ( VB /

ThV;J- 1 = Tc v r 1,

ThVJ - 1=

(;~r-1 = ( Ve
VD)
Vs
V4 =
Ve
VD

Qc/Qh =

\ Tc~
=l ——
Th
( I9.3)

/ \
 19.2 413

111111
19.10

19.1 I |
15°c 100 J 240 J —100 J
W= 140
e = W/ Qh = 140 J / 240 J =

Th = Tc = 288 K = 691 K =418°C

19.3, 1— e 1—0.583
Qh=240J, QC= 100J, Tc=15°C
240
50%

Tc = 1—
414

Th
O

w\

T,

19.6

i\
19.7
Q,

19.8a 100
····~t 60 40 40
Cl,

T, 60
19.8b
19.7

Th
r.
I
t
IOOJ
44
i40J
60 J

t 40 J 19.5
401
+ T
T, ,

(a) (b)

19.8 (a)
(b)

100 60

10 10
19.9b
 19. 3 415

m
“
19.2 300
IOOJ
t
(a) (b) (c) 100 J
70 J 50 1 -
(d) 130J
‘
,*· t I

T,

(a)

19.3
Th
LO 19.3

10 J

T,

(b)

19.9 (a)

(b)

r,

..

I
r..
··...
·-....... ..

··......

19.1 0
416

650 K
570 K 40°c
(310

310 K 310 K
=52%, =46%
650 K 570 K

l 2

37

19,2 1 |
60%

773 K
= l —1723 K
= 55%, = l —313 K
773 K
= 60%

19.3, e =
14so0c
= 1723 K 500°C = 773 Tc w,
40°c, 313

w,
Tc 313 K
=l ———
Th
= l —1723 K =0.82 =82%

19.11
__)
 19.3 417

1000
2000l< I;)

38

20 % 60,

19.1 2

Qh

of performance,

COP =
Q,,

19.12
418

W
QC QC Qh Qh
Jif/ = Qh - QC COP
2.
= w = Qh - QC

Qc/Qh =

TC

I
\
Tc
= (19.4a)
Th —Tc
Th
= ( 19.4b)
Th- Tc

COP

19,3 I

—l 8°C(255 Tc 255 K
COP = = =5 .31
30°C(303 K) Th-Tc 303 K-255 K
500 500
Qc = Lm = (334 kJ /kg)(0.50 kg ) = 167
W=
303 K, 255
QC/COP = 167 kJ/ 5.31 = 31 kJ
19.4a, COP = 17.5,

COP

__)

19.3
(a) (b)
(c)
 19. 4 419

19.4

LO 19.4
LO 19.5
LO 19.6

1 1000 300

300 K

300 300

1000 K
(1 —Tc/Ti,
= 1 —300/1000 = 0.7

-
,-

e =

0.85
0.48
0.85/0.48 = 1.8

300
(energy 19.13
100 %
420

O~:>:I
02

L1

19.13
19.5
Qc/ Q h =
Tc

Qj Q11 =
QC Qh
Tc
+ ——
T
=0

0c Q
T' Th

rIl

di =0
,o

j (19.5)

pV
19.14
2 change)

L'.\S12 = 12 dQ (19.6)
/ 1 T~
p

......’
,, pV L1S12
...

V
—
19.15
ofq_
 19.4 421

µV

19.16
Tr = (Tc +
dQ=

L1S1i c = mc;lT = mrj; d:

h
.1Sc

.dS = meln [(Tc +

lif'''
(b) (c)

19.17
422

18.4,

L1S= f ~ = ½fdQ = = nRln( ~: )

W= Q = nRTln( ~: )

E =

19.4
I
 19.4 423

290

TL'.'iS=nRT ln(~)
0

1so L
= (5 .0 mo ! ) (8.314 J/K · mol )(290 K ) 111( 152 L
2.0 L )
=52 kJ J.i

v;= 152

. L. ••.
• • ISO

19. 18

E ]
19.19
424

\\\\
1
=0.06
16
4
—
16
= 0.25

6
—
16
=038

4
—
16
=0.25

1
—
16
=0.06

19. 20

0 50 100

(a)
19.6),

0 0.5 X l023 I OXIO"

(b)

19. 21 (a) (b)

1023
 19.4 425

19.4 (!)
(2)
(3) (4) (5)
(6)
(7)
['·~:--·;-~:_~ ... . ..... "'" . I

······ ········· ···· ················ ·· ··· ······ ······· ················ ······································· ··· ················· ····· ····· ····· ···· ··········· ···· ·

½>§ 0
V V

0- o- 0- 0 -+ 0 -+ Q -+

Q-. 0- o-- 0 -+ 0 -+ o-

.. ..... ..... .... ....... .... ... ... ... ... .......... ...... ............. ............ ....... ... ........ ............. ... ...... ..... ....... .. .. .. ...... .. ... ............ ..

'

lJu \
T
• =

g
... b E-
‘....
,

............ .... .. .. ... .. ... .... ..... ... .......... .. .. .... ...... .... .. ......... ............. ........... .... ...... ... .. ..... .. ... .. .. .... .... ..... ..... ... .... .. ... .
. A
I
___
I
W Tc

E
= = 1 ——— ,r <
e :S:
- -
d ______

Qh Th :_] B
' - ,- ,
:"'/
o:----.i
I
III

I
I c
IIivA I
I
I
E
v" v.

....... .......... ... ........ ........... ..... ... .... ... ......... ...... ... ....... .. ....... .. .... ... .. ............ .... .... ...... .. ........... ... ..... .... ...... .......
of performance, Th
‘
Th
= T;, - Tc
Th
Tc
—Tc
COP
t
01,
-- w

Q
'
T
C

426
 427

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes). solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 19.1 LO 19.4
LO 19.2 19. 9
19.54, 19.69
19.1 , 19.2, 19.3, 19.4, 19.5, 19.6 LO 19.5
19.11 , 19. 12, 19.13, 19.14, 19.15
19.3 8, 19.40, 19.44, 19.46, 19.47, 19 .48, 19.8
19.58, 19.66, 19.67 19.1 8, 19.19, 19.20, 19.21 , 19.22, [9.23

LO 19.3 19.49, 19.50, 19.51, 19.52 , 19.53, 19.55,

19.56, 19.57, 19.59, 19.64, 19.65, 19.70, 19.71 , 19.72

19.7 LO 19.6
I9. 16, I9.17
I 9.32, 19.33, I 9.34, 19.35, 19.36, I 9 .37, 19 .10
19.38, 19.39, 19.41 , 19.42, 19.43, 19.45, 19.46, 19.47,
19.60, 19.61, 19.62, 19.63, 19.68, 19.73

l4. 900
350 (a) (b)
I.
(c)
2.
3.
l5. 30°c
16. 4.2 670 g
4.
5.
17.
6. 100% BIO

19.4
8.
18.
19. 650
9. BIO

10 .
20. 250

21 900J /K

19.2 19. 3
22 . 440 25
II . (b) 2G°C c1°c
(c) 1000°c
23 (a)
(b)
12. 5800 2.7

13. --!.25
428

.. ..... Jo.

3 1. 11.5 16.8

24. ElfJIIDD
2.84 1.31
169
(a) (b)
(c)
2s. ElfJIID'II
41.7 kW ............
625 (a) (b) 32. 592 745 J
(c) 458 (a)
26. El!Jllm (b) (c) (d)
1 18.6
33. 570
ENV

34. 6.85
ENV

320 K
233 MW
(a) (b) (C)

35. 750
27. 1!:l~lll=WI 2.8 X 104

25°c 5°C
(a) (b)
(C)
36. 880
2s . 'C' ENV
30°C
6.88 282
(a) (b)
445 (c)
23
37 2 X lOu W
29 . . . ENV
5°C

955 1.8 X 107

38. T,
293 54.6 MJ
19.22
 429

47. (a)
(b)

p
T,

19. 22 38

39 /I

27.3 (a) 19.23 47

(b)
48 . 0
0°C 0°c
(a) Oi1, (b) Q, , (c)
40
(d) (e)

41 8000atm
1000 L
ENV 7
COP

42
2.050 atm
340 W 3.224 L

19.24 48
43 1 8.62
ENV 49 94
l l
0°C

50.
44 BIO
5 1.

45
ENV
2 18 8 k'vV .J8.0°C 52.
(a)
(b) 1
1 53. 1 00 atm , 288 (a)
(c) (b) (C)
46. 0 2.42 552
G86 54. 250 250 (a)
• .J.84 (b) (C)
• 292 55
• 2.cl2
• 586
430

56. 305 K, C=

s7. 155°c, 2.4 15°c, 3.5 66. ni ,

CH

58. 8.5 420

1000 (a)
-
(b)

P=P
o Tho -Tc
s9. H20 2.00

(a) (b)
60.

(a) 67.
CH

(b) (C)

68 110 m3/s 750

ENV

"'","'~
p

Pd 2
69. (a) Tc
L'.lS=mcln[(Tc+
!_
v v v_
5

19. 25 60 (b) c,c

61. 1 ( Tc + 'l;,)2

>
4 Tc
62. 70.
CH
c =3l(T/343K)3 25K

12.7
71. a = 33.6
CH
J / mol · K, b = 2.93 X l0-3 J / mo l · K2 , c = 2.13 X l0- 5
J / mol ·
1.33
17 :
72.
,= CH
(a) (b)
63 . 54MW
ENV
(c)

(d)
64. 80°C, 500 10°c, 1.0
N=
(a) (b)
73
65. DATA
 431

Q1,/

I;,
100%
(a)
(b)

T, (oC) — 18 —10 —5 10 19 .1 (a), (c), (f)

COP Q) TT" 27 3.2 3.6 37 4.7 I 9.2 (c)

19.3 (c) 40
19 .4 ( I ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

10 MJ
"10%

74.
a.

b.
c
d.
75.
1
a.
3
b.
C.

d.
76

a. 12
b. 25
C. 40
ct. 75
77
a. 10
b. 30
C. 40
d. 75
- :
;

....... ................ ................. ......... ......... ........................................ .......... ....... ... ......... .. ....... .. .............. ..... .... ..

01 lzJ - I" .:`>

[lJ []
I
·- '--'-"-

(a) (b)

..... ... ..... ....... ..... .......

pV=NkT=nRT

If]
k = 1.381 x 10-23 J/K, R = 8.314
rIl

Q,

=Q —W

W Q, Tc
e= —
Qh
=l ———
Qh

Th

Q,.

` w
Q
(a) i
(b) t>
(C)

432
L..

433
 18 19
h— 21 22 `,

• LO 20.1
9.1) LO 20.2

• LO 20.3
LO 20.4
LO 20.5
LO 20.6
LO 20.7
LO 20.8
LO 20.9

20.1

LO 20.1

charge)

435
436

charge)

A.

1
3

SI
Augustion de

SI
1.602176634 x 10-19
l 6.24 X

2
20.1 + —e )
1 3
—3
(a) udd, (b) mm , (c) uud, (d) ddd

20.2

_,''::
LO 20.2
...
---\ LO 20.3 Ci%
l
.
_

20. 1

-.
F

20.1
 \
20.2 437

20.2
1700

IJ1,

-; k qlq2 A

F 12 = 2 r (20.1 )
r
i / i~
''1

(b)
k = 9 .0 x l0 °
20. 2 (a)
qi (b)

\··.•
•
F,,= kq,',..f ' ,c ' \ ;

.. . .
,;.
q,
. r. ·.
·. F. _.·.
© ~\ "
20 . 1 I I :——,. j :
(a) i

+——
q, q,
F ,, ,. :’

f ’ . ..
(b)

4 3
7 '1r^ = = 5...
22 . .
l l + _5.J.
....
4 20 . 3
...
q2 ~,.
f -
i, .7 , k 20.4 (
E
)A`

- - q,

2 3 4
'!'
: 5
x(m) :
;:

20 . 4

F 12 = ( kq1q2 /r2 ) ;.
438 ,

20.2 X= lm , (I) (2) .T= Q,

20.1 I

1.0 x = l.O -1.5 x = 3.0 cm t.OµC.

x(cm)

1.0 —1.5
x1 = l.O x2 = 3.0 20. 5 20.1

2 cm
—3.8 ;
kq1q2 -
F 12 = r
r2
(9.0 x 109 N ·m2/ C2)(1.0 x 10-6 1.5 X 10-6 C) -
i
(0.020 m )2 x = 1.0 x = 3.0
= —34; N )

-
Fg =
=

FE/F9
 20.3 439

1/,0

q, G)
q, 1- ,.,

20.6

principle)

20.2

20.2 1 |
Y,,
y
x

20.7

J
.....
,,,-

=y/H+Ji

FY =

F = 2( kqQ )(
a2+y2 H+J
y )-J=
(a2
2kqQy ,
J
l, +Q

y = -
20. 7
1~ --+--- -¼,
20 .3

LO 20.4
440

_,

11111IIIIRla
phoresis)

DNA

elec-

’
- -+ /
F
- E= —
q
(20.2a)

--------------

DNA

DNA

---
- --
- -
- -----
- ^
tE

-- -
.
.....
l ;l l l 0.
. X
g.
..
...

i i CD i
.....

® G!!i~1fi:::~
11,
?

(a) (b)

20.8 (a) (b)

 20.3 441

- --; = /E (20.2b)

SI
3

20.3

10 0.30
- 5.0 -— -
5.0
F = qE = (-5.0 µC)(30 ·t k N/ C) = —0 15 i N

20.2a, E =
,

-
'
20.2b, F =

<

F 0.30i N -
^

E= —= = 30i kN/C
q 10 ~tC

F =
(kqq,,,I

\
I
E= F
= kq A
/
(20.3)
/ r
;
442 ,

l
" \ [// ~
. . . . ._~
/

-/ 1~-
- · •0 • · -

/ I \ ' 1 20.3 xy
. . ............. ..... ......... ... .

(a)
20. 9
(b) (c) (d) D

20.4
.. .. .......... ....................... ....... .... ..... ... ... .. .... .. ............. ........
LO 20.5
LO 20.6
LO 20.7 .
.. ......... .... .... ....... ...... ...... ..... ... .. ... ....... ..... ..... ..................... ........ ...... ... .... .......

-
E=E1+E2+E3+ (20.4)
, i r-
’
 20.4 443

20.4 1 |
3.6
1.2 —> —• ke , ke l 1 ,
E= E1 +E2 = -;yi +-;y(- ;) = —
1.2 nm q
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C, r1 = 1.2 nm, r2 = 2.4 £ =750;
F=qE= —eE =
—0.12;

~ <···") .... .,~ x (q = 1

3.Conm
nm -t-—; )_:\ nm ------,
20.10

- x=a 2Q — Q=

1
Q3i=

X.
X=O
x_a
(! ) < 0), (2) < X < a), (3)
20.11 X
- > a).

r- , " "' " ""-" -'"!

-
x-
—
+

k(2Q) k( —Q)
E= +
A A

—Q i i
X
2
(x —a) 2

— k, Q,
=
x =
a ( /2 )= x=
20.11 .
... . .. ... .. .... . .. ... . .... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... .. ....... . .......... ..... .... . ... . .... . .. . .......... .. ................ .....
444

£6~ [ 20.12
20.12

20,5 1 |
x=a, X =

lyl

-
i

5
· ,' , `r
,'
,' p
’ \
``
,'
...%.
'
..
q ’’ .
' rt
'3

— x~-cc
.. ···
x = =a/ r i', _
r,+=
x ;x+ =
20. 13

E = k(~q) = —(a2~k:~)3/2 ;
r = lyl

2kqa -
E '°' - 1;7i (l y l a)

(electric dipole moment)

p = qd (20 .5)

d = p=
 20.4 445

E = — kp A

i lyl P (20.6a)

’ 2kp :
E= l l x l )> a (20.6b)
Ix 13
T+q (+
tf
2 ld

`
q
=
I l)

J) 20.14
20.14
p=
~ i
8 N
“- l- —~

charge density) p(C/ 1113),

charge density) a(C/1112), charge density) A

dE =
20.15

20.15
/ -
E= = (20.7)

/ \ \

20.6 | |
x=

;:,. =
446

kQx
E=
(x2 + a2 )3/2

dci
20.16

X }>

r=
H+rl =

E=j dEx = j /xdq = kx j

(x-+a2)3/2 (x2+a2)3/2

20.7 1 |
E= Ey = ();y~~3/2 = (x2: :2)3/2

=k,\y [ y2 ~ [ : = 2~,\

x =

Ty

20.18

20.17

,,;!/...
dq =
..- ><
/j\
I I . ._
kdq k.\ dx y k.\y
dE = r= -= dx
A

2 y
r (x2 +y2)3/2

r=
20.18
J
 20. 5 447

20.5

LO 20.8
LO 20.9

F = F =
E q, m

(20.8)
T/1

1/ 2000

20.19
O
q TmTilT
20 . 19

20,8 |

20.8, a = -

;
v2 eE e b
a= — =— =— E0 —
r m m r

V =

20. 20
448

20.5 l
2 7 8

q,
---->
20.14

’
-+ -+
T= r X

20. 21 T+ = rFsin0 =
T = qdE s in

---->
T =p X E (20.9)

L1U = - W=

0,
0=

T = - pE s in
=

W= j Td0 = f0
1r/2
(- pE s in 0)d0 = - pE[ —co s 0J :;2 =pEco s 0
_, >

p
 20, 5 449

U= —p -· E
'
(20.l0)

U=

20.23
E,
•
20 . 22

:
....... ·· f_
. . \
·.
L

(-
A
.~ ~
,. F
B
:. '
.!:.+
20 . 23

d ipo le
20.24

20.26

.tit ^
x- 7 -
..
````
...
...
...
7

... ^--

• E, ... IE
C
...
..
...
.
....
-K
- 7

20 . 24 20 . 25 20 . 26
450 ,

...•
··.. - :·.
..
•·. E
..... <'·.

- - -'
//-;
I 1- -
Pll11i'1l1l1lli'
1i'
—,_-_-
= —
':
c.=- :
~-=--=- :

I I \I ' =- -=.. =
OH;,c,
~o

TV,
-] """''~'""""··-=•""'•.. , "'·:·',. . .~.

' ' P
E = F /q
.. ’
.. ..
5

kq,q, ' ,

'!,
,. 2

'h '° q F
@ ~ l
,'
F= ........ ....

kq -
1·-

£3
£
\ I / q ,. ,. I
'-+-- - - =: ;;
- - --
'I,-..,- - - - -. -,.,-
£,
-=,=,:! d)E
,., q,~ - - di}

'1
,,,.,.. , , . , '
E(P) =E, + E2+ E3 E\P)
, 1·-
’

00

1j,, E =

p =

q p +q

T =
p X
E
•

__
? ?
,a ··
GG

451
452

Study Modules),
(practice qi.Jiu.es), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 20.I 20.27, 20.28

20.1, 20.2, 20 .8 20.51, 20.56, 20.59
20.11, 20.12, 20.13 , 20.14, 20.15 LO 20.6
LO 20.2 20 .6, 20.9
20.53, 20.54, 20.55, 20.67, 20.69, 20.70, 20.72
20. 16, 20.17, 20.18, 20 .1 9, 20.20 LO 20.7
20.44, 20.57, 20.58 20.29, 20.30, 20.31
LO 20.3 20 .61, 20.64, 20.68, 20.7 1, 20.73 , 20.74,
20.75 , 20.76, 20.77, 20.78
20.3 LO 20.8
20.46, 20.47, 20.48, 20.49, 20.52 20.32 , 20.33 , 20.34, 20.35
LO 20.4 20.60, 20.63
20.4, 20 .5 LO 20.9
20.2 1, 20.22, 20.23, 20.24, 20.25 , 20.26
20.50 20.9, 20.10
LO 20.5 20.62, 20 .65 , 20 .66
20.7

..... .... ... -q +q

(--- 11w
1. A

-q +q
(-
B

2. 20.27 10

3.
20.1

4. (a) 11. 10 1

(b)
5.
12. 25
6.
2 1
7. 13. +3 ——
3
e
(a) (b)
r=
14.

8.
15
BIO .

9.
10. + 180
 453

20.2 20.5
16. 52.9 32.
20
17.
33.
5.0 cm
18. 34. 56 3.8 x 10''
(a)
15 111111 21 (b)
35. b = 7.5 84 m/ s
19. (.i; = l111, y = O (a) (x = l111, y = l111),
(b) (C) (.r = 2 111, y = 3
q

20. .r =0.41 nm , y =0.36 .. ...........

20.3
21 0.61

22 . 100 2.0

36. El~lli•.H
23. 68 150
218
(a) (bl 35
q=645

24 8 .0
12.3 Q= —1.87
BIO.

37. El~IF.ffl
25 . - 1o 10i
3.36 111111

26. 52.9
96.2.J (a) (b)

20.4 38 El~ll'..t•J--1 (al

- (b)
27.
(a) 5 0 cm, (b) f
+2.0 fl(

!'
-20µC

0
39. (a) .I/ =
5.0 cm, (c)
20.28 27 u/ (b)

28 6.17 X 10- -lll C . Ill 40. El~lli•M 1.00 k111

264
54.3 Cl11

29. 22 Clll

1.9 38 Clll

30. 45 Clll 260

41. Elf.:111'.t•Jrj

1.20 Cl11 0155

3 1.
454

42. tl'-llf'..t•M 400 800 1200 2000 3000 5000

0.235 0.472 0.724 1.15 1.65 2.87

(a)
x X = -5 .Q

yA

52.
8
x

L~
(b) y L 53. y =0.60

20.29 42. 43
y = —0.60 (a) (b) (x =
2.0 nm , y = 0 nm), (c) (x = - 20 nm , y = 0
43.

54.
(a)
x > (b)
55. 1 1.44 m
x :?
296 2.16 m 87.7

... ... ..
44. 12.5 cm 143
(a) 56.

(b) (a)

45 . xy x = 1.6 (b) y a

y = 0.85
57. q],

46. — X = 1.0 2.5

1.0
47. +Q 2.5 q2

48. q1 = 68 µ,C, q2 = —34 µ,C, q3 = 15 Q3 58 52.6 cm, k = 145

COMP
38.0

'.l:,,(m)
20.30 48, 49
59.

60.
X =
2.5
x = a (a >

61. 6.8 µ,g, 2.1 280

49. q1 = 25 µ.C , q2 = 20
(a) (b)
62.
(a)
50. DNA
BIO (b)

DNA
63.
 455

20.8
Q
(a) y > (b)
y :'?

~' (C)

I - - - -I : 1- - - - I

E
, ’
++++ ++++

71. lO 25
20. 31 63
(a) (b) l5
64. 5.0 ~Ull DNA nm (c) 350 m
BIO
DNA 25 nm 72.
CH
.1: —Q
65 x =
(a) :r >
6.17 X 1030 C, m '.l (b) T ;';> a
2.95 (c)

66.
CH
X )>
-Q Q
(a) (b) (C) x = -a
I
x= 0 x=a
X

20. 34 72
+q
+T 73
+Q CH
+ 2a
I· x- (a)
-q 21T'rdi (b)

20. 32 66
(c)
67.

(d)
'0.12
SI
E=27rk:CJ [
68. 5.0 cm
380 kN / C , 15 160 x

(a) (b)
69. +q
-2q
CH
~ x 20.35 73
x=-a x=O x=a

20.33 (a) T =a 20.33 69 74.

CH
(b) T ;::>

75. :c
70.
CH
456

80.
a.
76. b.
CH
c

d.
8 1.

a.

20. 36 76 b.

77. x = L/ 2
CH
C.
(a) (x , (b)
X y =O , x >
82.

78. X = x=
CH a.
..\ X =

b
79.
C.
q, m,
20.37 L, d
83.
a. -
-

~rrnm]
b.
I' L 'I
C.

.. ........ ........ ..... ...... .. ..... ....... ...... ........ ........... ..... .... .
20. 37 79

...... ... ........ ....... ....... .... ... ..... .... .... ........ ... .... ....... ... .. 3 M V/m

BIO
100 15

20.38a). 20.1 (c) uud.

20.38b). 20.2 (l) —i , (2) — 2 i' + /2

2
'
J
'

20.3 (a)
20.4 (I) 200 (2)
100

\ 20.38 (a)
(b)
20.5

-
(b) (
+ + ++ +

++++++ @ (c)
19 20 22 23 `/

LO 21.1

LO 21.2

LO 21.3

LO 21.4

LO 21 .5

LO 21 .6

21.1

LO 21.1

field

21.1b

457
458

1 I
··... \
1 • ............

I ,.,,,
··...............,

>~!?,/
'- \
···....... …....
..

I
/ l \\ '
l

\
(a) (b)

21.1 (a) (b)

[
+

(a)

(a) (b) (c)

+qq 7"n
88 - q
+44 8 7f ,1
7H HH
77 7
. I

; \ E-
; : ..
(b) . ......
’.. :
:
21.2 (a)
-=
...
..
E ...
- +-
E+ E_ (b)

(d) (e) (f)

21. 3

21.1

(a) (b) (c)

 21. 2 459

21.2

LO 21.2

I , 2,

_ .....} I. 2,

.-,-~-;

' / ·.. :
•..

(a) (b) (c)

I.

..... ·····

(d) (e) (I)

21. 4
460

kg / s, m3/ s

(a)
25 100 k g / s ·
2500

...

(b)

(c) <D =

A
•......

·········
' -

(d)
<D =
21. 5
 21. 2 461

21. 6

>
A
,\ '
EA

·-
d<l>= E ·d!I
’
Cl:>=E·A’ (2 1.1 )

N·
21. 7

A’

(al
. .................................................................................

21.7
' ' '
d¢=

\ E

CJ) = J E ·dA (2 1.2) dq> = EdA

d<I>= t' ·

dA (b)
21. 1
21 .8
(a) -
I 21.1 - -: ;' •• ·. ::_'.\ :_·,_>> ::") :':,- ' :::j (b)

- '
462

21.8a).

_,

21.2
E (I) (a)
r
E
A, B, s

(2) 45 ° ’

(al (b)

21.3

LO 21.3

<t> = J E . dAcc

21.9

<D = JE · dA = JEdA cos0

cos0 =

<D = :fT EdA = =

E =
' -
<D = = =
dA .. ··· .. ·:'
:
<···
~ -·/ = = 8.85 X

21. 9 12 C 2/N . m2
 21.3 463

l~
r/.·1

,,.., ,"I ~I

~\ q~ (21.3)

DNA

I '4~H

21.10
464

21 .3
(1)

(d)
(2)
(a) (b) (c)
j
0·
...
\

21.4

LO 21.4

I --- - - ---
|

'
:f
_,
• ¢ = E ·
cos0 E·A

:f _,
E·dA

•
 21.4 465

of 21 . 1

21.1 I |

(a) (b)
1E

'-"
/

OFE
\!/
/
,i
/
/ \\\\
’.
21. 11

\\\\ ////I

<D = f E · dA

’
2 1.9 cos0 =

21. 11

<P = •

A =
<P =
E=

• • 2 ].4).
E =

<D= f E·dA =

Q
E= (2 1.4)
41rc0r2
466

·····•
·.

21.12

'

21.13
=

21.4
(1) (2)

21.2

- •
qi =

•
r> =

=
• r > E = -q/
r < E =
 21 . 4 467

—
,'
;,.... .

21 . 14

21.1

21.3 |
(a) (b)

\(ci)
\
\ ....

1£

21.1 5

' (a)

4
= — 7i7'3
3
4
3

• (b)

4m·2E
=
Qr
E= (21 .5)
47iE0R3
468

r =

I
..·····
,
,.

R
1/r2
21.16 21.16
j

<D = · dA =
 21. 4 469

21.4 | 1

cos0 =

<I:> =
’
dA
’

E · dA

--,
EA .....
•

,\
..• • .. E= o) (21.6)
2nc0r

21.17

l/27TEo =

E=
A
,
,,
2Jrc;,,

21. 18
470

21.5 I i
2.0 3.0 5.7 µ,C
E= =
21rE0rL (3.0 x 10-2 m )(3.0 m )
3.0 cm = 1.1 MN/C

21.6, E=

• <I:> =
• 3.0 cm ,t,-- ----- --- --"-= ~-}~- --- ----- -

1.0
,' 3cm
'·

• r=3.0 21.19
J

21.6 I

.••,
··.. (,......
~ .

...··
..
a ..... ’

• 21. 20
 21. 5 471

• 2EA =

a
E= —
2E0
(2 1.7)

21.5

LO 21.5 .
..... ............... ...... ... ... .... .. ..... ... ........ .. ..... .. ... ... .... ..... ..... ................. ..... ..... .......

•\ I
1
—
..,`·

• 12

t '
." ""1/. " •
.
,,

./ ~,''
• ' ~- )k
"

1
/'

21. 21
472

-
1.0 20
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.0 m

(a)

(b)
E = kq /r2 = 180

21. 22
j

21.5 (I) (a)

1/r3, (b) 1/r2 , (c) (2)

21.6
(a)

LO 21.6
(b)

<

(d)

21. 23
 21 . 6 473

O
-d1 E=O

t
,1, '

21 . 24

21.7 |
1 µ,C +
+_-_
+
2 :+-

(l )
(2)

21. 25

+3
—2
+l
—2 +3
474

21.6 + -
’ (a) —2Q, (b) - Q, (c) 0, (d)
! Q, (e) 2Q
.

\
~+

[ H

=O
-_

21. 26

21.27a

(a)
’

EA =

\ (J
E= — (21.8)
/ Eo
(b)

21. 27 (a)
(b)

2 1.28a 21.8

21.28b
 21 . 6 475

(a)

·•. ..' +++ ++

"' ++ <"
H

++
H
++6
+ '
++

(j (i
C

(b) (c)

21 . 28 (a) (b) (c)

21. 29
[[il

TV
DVD
T V,

TV,
 ;C •. . . . . I

..............

q +q, —q/2
.. .. ....... ............

k= 9.0 X 109 N ·

00
..

..... o Clm'
,;

A Clm
,\
Q kQ E=
E= = 21rc0r

kQr
E= O
E=
R3
E=O
er
E= ——
2E0

(5

•
•
•

476
 477

Study Modules).
(practice solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 21.l 21.22, 2 1.23, 21.24, 21.25, 21.26, 2 1.27, 2 1.28

2 1.1 21.47, 2 1.48, 21 .49, 21.50, 21.52, 21.53,
2 1.I I, 21.12, 21.I3 21.54, 2 1.55 , 21.56, 21.57, 2 1. 58, 21.59, 21.60, 2 1.61 ,
21.65 21.66, 2 1.67, 21.68, 21.69, 21.71, 21.72, 2 1.73, 2 1.74,

LO 21.2 21.75

21.2, 2 1.3 LO 21.5

21.14, 21 .15, 2 1.1 6, 21.17
2 1.44, 2 1.45 21 .29, 21.30, 21.3 1

LO 21.3 21.5I , 21.64

21.4, 21.5 LO 21.6

21.18, 2 1.1 9, 21.20, 21.2 1
21.46 21.10

LO 21.4 2 1.32, 21.33, 2 1.34, 21.35

2 1.62, 21.63

2 1.6, 2 1.7, 2 1. 8, 2 1.9

I.
2. .............
21.1
3. II. 3
4

5 dA =

6. 1/-,
21.31 11

7 12.

8. 13 A, B,

10
21 . 32 13
21.30 9
478

21.2
14. 850 N/C 2.0 28. 1.4
(a) (b) 45°, (c)

15. 47 10 21.5
29. 50 cm, 1.0 2.0
16. E= 1.75 s = 125 (a) 4 .0 mm (b)
23
30. a = 45 nC/m2 1.0 cm
17. 3.4 15 cm
6.8 31. 5.0
0.14 (a) 1 (b)
2.5
21,3
18. 21.6
32. 1.4
19. (a), (b), (c),
33. 5.0 2.0

(a) (b)

3
34.
2
21.33 19 q

20. 6.s — 4.7 35. 75 18

21. 7.5 2.6

21.4
22. 5.0 90 kN/C
10 cm
23. 25 14
(a) lG cm, (b) 25 cm, (c) 50

36. ElrJll'DJ
24. 15 10 c m , —22
(a)
(a) 2.2 cm, (b) 5.6 cm,
(b)
(c) 14 cm
25 . 18 55
37. 15.0 cm
23 43

7.50cm
26. 1.8
23 .8 cm
2.68 (a) (b)
27. 87
(c)
 479

46, = or ; o = 40 N/C - 111,

38. R
- 2,\
(a) , < R, (b) / > fl ! 47
BIO

39. mi:W
15.0 cm 30 ;36 i.tm
7.50 cm
1 48 . 70 Clll
23.8 cm 2 68 2G
(a) ,\J, (b) (a) SO cm, (b) 190

,\2, (C) (c)

49 2.0 Clll
[ .() 39 (a)
40. 292
(b)
85 .0 cm
so
(a) (b)
41. [l~lltml ;.l.26
(C)
5.12 Clll
788
51 I
42. mEIIJ f!(C /
71.0 m
(a)
314
6.80 (a)
(b)
(b)
52.
43 Elf:.lllfffi 7.J.0 cm 2.5--1 cm

(a)
G,8--1 mm
(b) Q, R ,
286 (a) (b)
3.6() Clll
53. 30 8S
1.0 (a)
5.0 Clll , (b) -15 (c)

...
44 54. (/,
CH
u <,<

ss 5.G - 4.2

\l
L.0
(a) 0.G() Clll, (b)

56.
21.34 44

45 . .t,lj 57 2.G-1 1.so

(o. 0 ) , (o. o ), (o o), (o. 0 )
480

631 (a) (b)

(a) (b)
42 67. p=
CH
58. 15 µC, 5.0 (a) (b)

59. 21.35 68. L,

CH
p
(a) (b) dx

21.35 59, 75

60. 10 40
40 µ,C 21. 36 68
20 (a) 5.0 cm, (b)
15 cm, (c) 30 cm
61. 75
1.0 45
15 70.
CH
62. 20 250
(a) r< r >
(b) 71. p(r)
CH
63. (a)
(a) 0 (b)
(b)

64
DATA 72.

(a) (b)
< g (r) = (r/RE )

E
f; ·dA =
73.
x(cm) 0.01 0.02 1.2 6.0 12.0 24.0 CH

E(N/C) 5870 5860 4840 1960 754 221

x (cm) 48.0 72.0 96.0 120 240
E(N/C) 57.6 26.7 I 6.1 8.45 2.34
74.
CH
65 .
3
2

66.
 481

78 .

a.
b.
C.
d.
21.37 74 79

75 59
- +
CH
a.
b.
C.

d.

2 1.38).

2 1. 1 (a)
2 1.2 ( I) <PA = O, ¢8=0, <Pc=s2E
./
(2) <P,1=0, <PJJ=<Pc=s2Ecos45°=s2E/ J i
2 1. 3 ( I) (a)
21. 38 76~79) (2) (d)

76
2 1.4 ( I )

a (2)

b. 2 1.5 ( I ) (c), (2) (b)

C.
2 1.6 (c)

d.
77.

a
b.
C.

d.
< 20 21 23 24 `J

• LO 22.1

•
LO 22.2
LO 22.3
LO 22.4
LO 22.5
LO 22.6
LO 22.7
LO 22.8

L..

22.1

LO 22.1
.
.. .. .... ...... ....... .. ... . ... ........ ... ........ .. . ... .. ..... ... ..... ....... .............. ... ..... ..... .......

LI 7.2)

138.000 V Li U.,1fl = Ufl - U,1 = - B = — 1 - A

F · cli·

LI

6.5 W = F · LI F

483
484

! ..
L1 UAB = —WAB = —qE ·L'.1; = - qE L1r cos l80° = qE L1r
;
cos 180° =

L1
22. 1 q
potential difference) L1

6.

\ ,1 ij / <
j
B
AB
,1VAB = q = — A l
E·dr
I
(22 .1 a)

'
L1 VAB = - E·L'.lr
- (22. lb)

Li VAB =

22.1

F N

—• F
E = q — N/C V/m

L'.'iU = - F·dr J

L'.lV = L'.'qi U L'.lV = - E · dr J/C V

 22. 1 485

' ' 22.1 22 .J Ll (J) 2

(2) Ll1 2 (3) (4)
····················· ···················································································· ................... .

22.2

12
1 12 i1
.'1 U = q.'1 i1
l qi1

l l
1.6 X 10 - 19 1 eV = 1.6 X 10 - 19

L'.'i V qL'.'i eV

22.2

1 mV
80 111V
1.5 V
12 V
100 - 240 V
1200 V
365 kV
lOOMV
486

` .
2 2
SI

\ 2 \D~ g.

22.1 1 |
10
300 kN/C 22.lb, ,1VAB=

cos0 =

L1 VAB = E L'.lr = (300 kN/ C)(0.10 m) = 30 kV

A B

j [ q =
1.6 X 10-19
4.8 fJ
/E--~r = /O
22.3 l 1 4.8

_I

22.2

/
22.lb, LlVAB =
V,

cos0 =
O'X 22. 4 22.2.
—Ex = ——
2c0
= x

(a <
 22. 2 487

> _.

dV= - E ·rlr

(a) (b)

(d) L1V111=f111dV= -f"i;

’

d i' = -C· d,: = -Eclr cos0

22.5 (a)
(c)
(b)
dV =
-- (d)

22.3
Li

E
A
B
" "' F • •
A B
• L'

(a) (b) (c)

22.2

LO 22.2
LO 22.3
LO 22.4
LO 22.5
488

>
20.3, E = rA,
..
rB B

L1 VAS = —
1A
.d; = 1A T
.d;
dr =

Ll VAB = dr = —

B
; .; =1
22.6
L1 VAB = - kq ~L:
[— = kq (t -t) (22.2)

rs >

.«: -
q< 0

·....... £
rs < rA
L!V

r,.H
22.7

0
P
LI V(B) —
0

0 rA oo
 22. 2 489

1·,

=
I
=
kq
— / (22.3)
T~
l

` ~
22
1
,"
~5}~

b
.

22.3 1 I

Graaff)
R=2 .30 Q=640
(a)
de

\> I
I
v(R)( (,R)
I
I
v(co) o

(a)
(b)
(c)

r
(b)

22. 8
r ;::: V(r) = 22.8
MeV , 4.0 X 10- 13 J (c) 2R

2R L1VR 2R = V(2R)
kQ
—V(R) = —_
2R
—
—
kQ
R
= —
kQ
—_
2R
LJ
= —1.25 MV
(a) R=2.30m, Q=640
kQ
V(R) = —-
R
= 2.50 MV LJ
(b) 2.50
2.50
490

22,4 1
- -
|
1.0 ,\ =
2.6 22 m

E =
(>../21rc0r)
22.l a, L:lV=
22. 9

LlV=

L1VAB= -f18E·d;= - f ro ,\ ;.·;.dr

1;1 r A QT

rA <
=
A
—27fEo J
rA
ro dr
—
r
= —
27fEo
lnr
A ro

- 2:Eo ln (~) (22.4)

ln x- ln y = ln (x/y) = - ln
—__)

P
kq,
V(P) = T·
(22.5)

22.5 | • - j

22.5, V(P) = (kq/r)

 22.2 491

k(2aq) cos0 kp cos0

V(r·, 0) = r2 = o (22.6)
r-
V(P) = !!I_ +
—q) k(
=
kqh-r1)
T1 7'2 1'17'2

1·~ 1'1, T2,

22.10 22.6
0
r~ 21.2
22.11
:, ........
p .;,

V=

:::-<:-

-q, 0.. 0..

,,...... ....
,,.•'

22.10 22.11 3D

22.5

00 • ' '
-q ' "

d V= k

I
ri I d i ·= 1.-d,J/,

V=
J d V= j r--,
(22.7)
r~
1
492

22.6 |
r =

22.7, V= V(x) = j kdq = ~jdq= = kQ (22.8)

x = r r

x
V(x)

V(O ) =

22.12

22.7 |

V(x) = J a2kQ rdr 2rdr

aa2 a2 o~

2r dr=d (r21=

22.7, V=

V(x)=
a
2 a2
r= O

V(x) = J dV= ; r= a kdq 22.2

r =O

dq/Q= 2kQ
a
dq=

x
la 2a 3a
x

22.14

22.13 r,
 22. 3 493

22.3

LO 22.6
LO 22.7 .
.... .... ............. ................ ........ ................. ..... .... ...... ................ .... ....... ..... ........
-- - '

22 .15
, / T-~\:-'., -,,
" - - - -, ,''
' , ' •· -- - - -
::. ` ' -
: --- --- ----- - -
I (al

22. 11

22.6 --: - --_,

- - - - --
' ', ''
,.' ' ' ' '',,
`, , ' ' ' ' ’ ''
, ,
.,
i '
’ ’ .,' ,., '' ' ' ’ '',,
tr

’
` ` ,
' ' '' ' , ,,
'\' '-,
,
',','
, ,
-
-: -
’
'' ' '
<----- ,
,

(b)
(a) (b)
22. 15

(a)
(b)

dx dr = dx
22 .l dV = —E _, dx E, = d

E ,. = Eu = —&V /&y , E , =

E= —( aa.rv A+ av A av A
ay + az k)
i J (22.9)

22. 16
494

22.8 1 1

ET = - ~ =

d+rl)
X > 0, X <

-
V(x)

k= 1/ 47rEo
= E=
lx l ::'? 72

- (a)
0 < x < a, x > a
,-

1-. e o

X =
X < 0,
x > —
(b)
2Q - Q =
V=

22.9

kq
22.3, V=
r
-

,,
x<
4··.;·..'. 3a
"'c;··... 4a Sa 6a 7a 8a

V=

22.17 V V=
= =
V= Ex
 22. 4 495

V= O
xy
V=O
,..
V=O

(.
"•,' •,,
•·.• xy k(2Q) k(- Q)
V= x + a-x

' ·. V=
2
V= x=
' ·.. ' . 3
k( —
'
k(2Q) Q)
V= x + x-a
.. x>
..········

22. 18 xy V=O

··················································································•···•····•········•·············

22.4

LO 22.8 .
....... ...... ... ......... .... ..... ...... ....... ... .... .. . .. ... ... ..... ..... .... ..... ..... ..... .... ........... .... ....

Q,
... ·.........
V(R) = ..····· ..... ··
.::
·~

..(
....
kQ1/R1 = R
.
G
Q=
CJ I R,) 22.19

CJ? R1

E=
496

-
’
7 mm
(70 V)/
(7mm) =10V/mm
12 mm
(70 V)/(12 6

...

(a) (b)

22. 20 22. 21

-
5

3
 22. 4 497

...
I •..···· •.•

•····
··..

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 ;; •

···· ···· ········ ··· ······ ··· ··············· ·· ··········· ···· ······· ········· ········· ············· ····· ····· ······ ·· ········· ···· ········· ············ ·············

·· ················ ·· ··· ······ ···· ·············· ···· ················ ······ ····· ··· ·········· ···· ···· ···· ····· ······ ··········· ·········· ······ ···· ······ ············
E

L1 UAB B- -
L1 VA8 = q = - JA E · dr

Q)
dV =-E ·dr =-£dr cos0

Ll VAB = - -
—E · Llr
'
£1 A
< A/
...... ... ... .. ...... ..... ... .. ............. .................... ............ .... .... ..... ..... .. .... ........ .... ........ ..... .... ........... ........ ........ ... .....
:

kq, rI
- - - ---
---
... ,
p ;
:
.. -
.. --- •’----' ----- ---
V= I: q, - - - - - - - - - dV
1'.;
- I.
, r) E" = dx
q,

\
q,
P
•

t'~!=
td kdq
V=J k dq zt
t
/ tN v= —
I

r
', ---- --- ,\
-- '

v
.
\ .
..
..
..
.
.....
..
R}
;
H `
.
A
.
7
.
1r7
’

o·
.....

lj
.....
....
.
...
.
..
..

498
 499

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 22.1 LO 22.4

22. 1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.6, 22.7 22.54, 22.55, 22 .56, 22.78

22. 11 , 22. 12, 22. 13, 22.14, 22. 15, 22 .1 6, LO 22.5
22.17, 22 .1 8 22.58, 22.59, 22.60, 22.61, 22.72, 22.73,
22.4 1, 22.42, 22.44, 22.45, 22.47, 22.48, 22.77, 22.79, 22 .80, 22 .8 1, 22.82
22.74, 22.75
LO 22.6
LO 22.2
22 .19 22.24, 22.26
22.39, 22.40, 22.43 , 22.50, 22 .5 1, 22 .52 ,
LO 22.7
22.53, 22.69, 22.83

LO 22.3 22.4, 22.5 , 22.10

22.8, 22 .9 22.25 , 22.27
22 .20, 22.2 1, 22.22 , 22.23 22 .62 , 22.64, 22.65 , 22 .70
22.46, 22.47, 22.49, 22.57 , 22.63, 22.71 ,
LO 22.8
22 .74, 22.76
22.28, 22.29, 22.30
22.66, 22 .67, 22 .68, 22 .7 1

I.
2.

22.1
Il 12 50
3.

12.
4.

13 15 45
5.
L'i
6.
14. 1 1
15 . 650 1.4 m

7.
16. 3.l 90 V

8.
17. 100 V

9. V= O
18. 80
BIO
10.

22.2

19
500

(b)
20.
0.0529 29. 2.0

21. 10 4.8

22. 3 MV/m 30.

5.0 cm (a)
23. 3.5 0.86 (a) (b)
(b)

22. 3
24. 2.54 5.0 V

25.

31 . [iJl~llf-1 1.27
52.6 12.8 m

- 1
32. 2.54 19.6 m
-2
115
22.22 25 (115

26. xy (a)
33.
(b) (C)

> = [4kQ/( 4x2-

y (m) L 2)] (a) O

x> V(x) =

In ( ) (b) x :J>
x (m)

34.
E=85 .2
(a) (b)
22.23 26
35. a = 15.0 cm Q=

27. 26 .2 85.0

:J; = 1111, y = 1 111 , z (a) cm

(b) x, y , 36.
1.27 m 544

22.4 417 (a) (b)

28. 3 (a)
22.3
 501

37.
52. 2.0 111111
lx l
E = 2h<Y( f;1V —~ ) 1.6 Cl11

2 kV 62

38. u= 33.2 cm, b =

..r 226

39. 15 Clll AB
L:'iVw7} 8401·

22, 24 52
40. so
BIO 53 3.0 l.O m

4 1. 7.2 X
3 9 k\
54 . (I

42. 3.12 k\ 1 50
55.

43.
56. / (a) .ry
(b)
44 6.5

57. p = 2.9 nC · m (a) (b) ·15 ° , (c)

45. 5 .0 g , 3.8
10 cm
10

58. 20 3.2
46. 32 .Q Clll
(a)
V1 =36 2 \ ', T>7 = 146
(b)
59. 3/ --1
47.
—

60.
48.
BIO 15 33

6 1.
15
i
(a)
V(1) =21rka( ~)
I .2 X 10
(b)
49
2R P4
4

so
21. 1
’ 22.25 61
5I. V=O
502

62. V= (a) 1200

(b) 100 µC
63.

64. 76. 22.6

CH

65 . V= — —
E=k:p[ (3cos20-l )i + 3sin 0 cos 0J ]
3
'r

66. 1.0 77
DATA
38 nC, —10 (a)
(b)
(C) (a)

67. 5 .0 cm, 0.12 8.0 m

(a) (b) (C) (b)

(d) (C) 22.7

68. 2.0 cm , 75 10 cm ,
1
- 75 nC (a)
x(mm) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
(b) + 150
V(V) 900 876 843 820 797

69. 2
CH
x(mm) 20 30 40 60 100
V(V) 165 118 80 58 30
70. V( x, y) =
78. xy V= O
b= :r.:, CH
xy
y
7l. 15.4 cm, 88 .0 38.7 cm,
- 88.0 (a) 79.
CH
(b) (a) X

(b)
(c) x }>

72. :r.: )> 80. a,

CH CH
A
73 . 5.0 c m
10 cm 81. ,\ =
CH
(a) x >
74. 238 u , (b) X }>
CH
4 u, 234 LI, 82 . ((b)
CH

7.4 83.
COMP
60m

75 .
BIO
 503

BIO
138,000

V=

22.1 (I) (2) (3) 0, (4)

22.2 (1) lO eV, (2) 20 eV, (3) lO eV
22.3 (c) > (a) > (b)
22.4
22.5 0,

22.6 (a),

22. 26 84~87)

84.
a.

b.
c
d.
85.
a.
b.
c.
d.
86 .
a. A

b. B
c. C
d. D
87.
a. 20
b. 2
c. 20
d. 2
 21 22 24 25 v

•
LO 23.1
LO 23.2
LO 23.3
LO 23.4
LO 23.5

23.1

’\ \
` 23.1

LO 23.1

ql

ql
V= (Ji V1 =
w,; = q2 Vi = kql(]2/a

rr :1 =
0 10

505
506

q,® kqlq2 kqlq3

I \ W2 + W3 = + +
\
a a a
, \
a, \
a
, \

I
I
\

q, a
-© q, Q1, Q2, Q3

23.1

23.1
0 0
(a) (b) (c)

0 0

23.2

LO 23.2

r ···· ·-.
~ -1
(a) I

(b)

23. 2 (a) A,
(b)

E=
CJ = E =
 23.2 507

V= Ed=

Q = (E0A/d)

/
..

Q (23.1 )
C=
V

E0A
C= (23 .2)
d

(M ichael 1

` - ~-
µF( lO- G pF(10- 12

~5 ~5
2 UF

d W=
clQ=
c! W= VclQ = CVd

W = jdW = c vdv = ½ cv2

1
U= —
2
cv2 (23.3)
508

23.3

+~ -Q
+
.
·•··.... +
+
+
+
+
+

23. 3

23,1 1 |
~d-1
(a) 12 V
(b) (c)

.. ..
..

23.4
23.2,

(b)
12 V 12 Q = CV= (80 pF)(12 V) = 960 pC
23.1, C= Q/
1 1 (c)
23.3, U= —
2 5.8
1 1
U= cv2= -(so pF)(12 v)2 = 5760 pJ
2 2
(a)
c0A c01rR2 80
C=
d
=
d
= 80 pF j

23.3

LO 23.3
LO 23.4

25 fF (10-15 60 Hz
 23. 3 509

mF
F

,_
.,.r,:.· \\
_,;;;; -

23.5 18 mF

43 10

C= Q/
—
l'l:....±....±_l ++t j +l++
l~]@j~j,,
--++l

C= r;, —
E0A

d
(23 .4)
L
------------- --- { _
23.1 10
'
E=
V=

23. 6
3
50 E=

23. 1

I 0006 3
84 670
56 14
3.5 14
34 40
2.3 50
26 25
38 8
26 500
2. 1 60
80
510

d)

23.2 1 I

100 µF 20 V 1.0 µF 300 V Q1 w = CV= (1 µF)(300 V) = 0.30 mC

1 1
u100w = 2cv2= -(100 µF)(20 V)2 = 20 mJ
2
1 1
uiw = —
2
CV2= —(1.0 µF)(300 V)2 =45 mJ
2
1 100 µF 1.0 µF
23.1, Q= 23.3, U=
2

Q100w = CV= (100 µF)(20 V) = 2.0 mC

23.3
(a)
ci
(b)
...............................................................................................

cc-
23.7

3
C= Q/ V
,a
_‘

7
·
V1 = C1 = Q1/ V, C2 = Q2/ Q = Ql + Q2 =
,' ·
C1 V+ C2 V= (C1 + C = C1 +

QQ
0
...
.. C= C1 + C2 + C3 + ··· (23.5)
.....
cl .

c_ ..... +
.....
I

0 +

23. 8 V1 = Q/C1, V2 = V= Vi V2 = QIC1 + QIC2= Q(1/C1

 23. 3 511

1/

1 1 1
c =

1 1 1 1
—
C
= —+—+
C1 C2 C3
... (23.6a)

C = C1C2
(23.6b)
C1+ C2

1111111

-,

15 10

C=20 15

5 µ,F

·········

I 234
(3)
··························· · · · ······················
(!) 2C, (2)
1
2
512

23.3 | . ,

C1C23 (12 µF)(4.0 µF)

C123 = = =3.0 µF
B 100 C1 + C23 12 µF +4.0 µF

B
Q123 = Ci23

QI = Qz3 = v; = Q1/C1

8 t:i. + e," :::: µ,F =

VAB = 100 V Ql23 =

C123 VAs= (3.0 µF)(lOO V) = 300 Q1 = C1
A '
::: C.,C.:i.-, 300 v; =
8__J ,:~ c,.c~ "o ,F Q)C1 = (300 µC)/(12.0 µF) = 25

23.9 B lOO
V= Q/

C23 =
= C2+C3 = 4.0

l!
\
` _j
| • : · ·••i , -_ ._-_· ..•·:.:_ ·.·_ 7· <:.:·•·:·:;\:·:)(;,.·: :--· ;.-· · · ·_·/: -· :-·._ ; .>: -'

rns
 23.4 513

23.4

LO 23.5

]
U= 23. l, V = U=
2
23 .2, C=
U=

U/Ad = Q2/2E0A

E = Q/E0A Q = Q2/2EoA

1 /
uE = —
2
EoE2 (23 .7)

l
2
514

23.4 |
10km,
20 km 1 X 105 V= 7rr2h = 7r(l0 km)2(10 km) = 3.1 x 1012 m3

U= u,EV= (4.4 X 10-2 J/m3)(3.l X 1012 = 140 GJ

1
0.1 C
1
23.7, uE=
2

u E= ½E0E2= X 105V/m)2 =4.4X J /m3

J

dU=
1
2

U= ½Eo]E2dV (23.8)

23,5 |

R1 (a)

23.8, U=
Ri < r <

E=
dV=

(b)

U= ½Eo/E2dV=
R, r J R1r- 2dr
R,
23. 10 (a) (b) Ri < r <

1/41rk =
 23 . 4 515

R2 <
...•..

····· ... = O

23.11

j r -2dr= r
-1
=- 1 —
r

23.5 I• "
+q p

(!) (2)

(3) U= k
D
a
•
[ ’
I
Of
+q p
 ......... ... .

•
U>O
• ...
u<
ef
... +q +q ..

1
uE=
2 I .......... ........
.
• '•
......

.. ....

d
C=Q/V v[

C=E0A/d

1
2

C= C1 + 1 1 1
—-
C C1 C2

|4T_
c,I =
c = c + C~
c,, T
J_
C

A
A

(a) (b) (c)

C--->

516
 517

Study Modules),
{practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 23.1 23.10
23.1, 23 .3 23.22, 23.23, 23.24
23.11, 23.12, 23.13 23.47, 23.48, 23.52, 23 .69
23.37 LO 23.4
LO 23.2 23.4 1, 23.42, 23.46, 23 .49 , 23.50, 23.51,
23 .64, 23.65
23.6, 23.7, 23.8, 23.9 LO 23.5
23. 14, 23.15, 23. 16, 23. 17, 23. 18, 23.19
23.38, 23.39, 23.40, 23.41, 23.42, 23.43, 23.2, 23.4, 23.5
23.44, 23.45, 23.46, 23.56, 23.60, 23.61, 23.62, 23.66, 23.25, 23 .26 , 23.27, 23.28
23.68 23.53, 23.54, 23.55, 23.57, 23.58, 23.59,
LO 23.3 23.63, 23.67, 23.68

I.
12

2.
13.

3.

4.

5
23.12 13
6.
7. 23.2
14. 25 cm,
8. 1.1 (a) (b) (C)
9
15. 5.0 cm,
10. (a) 7.2
(a) (b) (b) 7.2
C, (c)
16. (a)
(b)

23.1 17 60 1.3
11. 75 5.0 cm
518

]8.
29. C1 = 6.8 µF , C2 = 4.7 µF , C3 =
19. 20 c m , 1.5
2.2 µF

20. 1.1 150 2.3

C2 48

2 1. FastCAP
35F EE-1 25-35
AA 3 1. B

1.5
3.3 µ F
23.3
22. 1.0 2.0 2.7 µ F 1.8 µF

23. (a) 23. 13 5.6 µF

(b) (c) 23.14 31. 32

lc
< 32. B

ygx
F
µ=2
75 2.7

C.=- - g µF
- 33. l!llf.31BA

23 13
. - 23 34. l!ll~I.. 130 fJ(130
X
24. 1.0 µ,F, 2.0 µ,F, 3.0
(a) (b) (c)

23.4
25 3.0

36.
26.
30
27. 3

28.
1 37. Q" =
(x = a, y = (x = O,
y=

38.
 519

39. 10 c m
4.5
40. 65
BIO
1.5 X 52. 2
1.7 19

41. (1.0 "tF, 250 V), (470 pF, 3 kV)

2.00

42. (O.Ol "tF, 300 V) 25 ¢ , (O.J ~F, lOO V) 25 350

35 ¢ , (30 "tF , 5 V) 88 ¢
(a) (b) E=

(c) E0= 24k V/ rn , X= l.QIll

1.0

43. 100 950 (a) y,

BIO
(b) 2.5 m s 300 54.
CH

44. 1.0 5.0

(a) (b) 200 55
U=
(c) 10 56.
60 krn (a)
45 .

(b)
400

12.2 20.1 3 1.8 37.9 45.7 50.2 56.0 57 4.0 mm 15

9.25 27.2 62.5 94 139 158 203

46. 2.0 uF, 50 r

58. 2.1 mm ,,\ = 28 ~tC/ m
2.0 u F , 100 V 0.5 uF , 200 V
1.0 m
59. 30 30
47.
5

CV
2 CI T/
V= . V2 = 60.
C1+C2 C1+C2 CH ~ L

48. (O.l uF , 50 V ) (0. 2 ~tF, 200 V )

~-------.,I
u, b,
250
6 1.
49. 50 25 CH

(a) (b)
50. 470 pF 15
(a) (b) 62. u 23.15 60
CH

5 1.
BIO
63
1 CH
520

64. 70. 20
CH

a. 100 µ.F
b. 200 µ.F
C. 1F
23.16
(a) (b) d. 2 F
64, 65
(C) 71.

Co, K,
1
65. (C) a.
4
1
b.
66. a, b, 2
C.
a <::
d.
72.

67. a. 100
CH b.

42 C. 100

68. (a) d. 100

CH 73. 300 µ.F
X, A, (b)
20
a. 3

69. 3.0 µ,F b. 20

1.0 µ,F 2.0 µ,F C. 60

(a) (b) 100 V d. 400

5.8

23.1 (c)

N!F 23.2

20 ns 2
400
23_3 Cb), Ue
23.4 (1) (2) (3)

23.5 (1) (2) (3)

23.17
NIF
70~73)
 22 23 25 26 v

•
LO 24.1
LO 24.2

LO 24.3

LO 24.4

LO 24.5

C)(electric

24.1

LO 24.1

Marie
m A . ~LA

!'-,.Q
/
I = 0 0 (24.1 a)
6t
/ 24. l
f:,./

521
522

L'I.t L'l.t ---.

dQ (24 . lb)
I=
dt

/:..,,
0+- 0+- 0+-0 +- 0+- 0+- . 24.la).
'
24.lb).

(a)

oo OO oo, OO oo oo 24.1 (1)

..,
••••
(2) (3)
••..
- (4)
(5)
(b)

24.1

i', _.,.
q,

0 0 · 0 0
0 ..... 0 ..... 0 ..... 0 ..... IA
A, AL
0 0 f 0 -- 0
1, : L •I L'-. Q L'-.t =

24. 2 6Q nALq
I= = = nAqvd (24.2)
£'>. t L /vd

24.1 I

c=-:: ::::[
l.O 5.0 I = s.o A
n == t. t x t0"9m-3

A~r.omm'
n, q,
vd ?
•
24.2, I =
24.3
 24.1 523

I 5.0A
vc1 = =
nAq (1.1 x 1029 m- 3) (10- 6 m2) (1.6 X 10-19 C)
= 0.28 mm/s

’ ’
density)

_,
J = (24.3)
dl=J

I = JA

24.4 -
-
I = !J
24.2 i

24.la, I=
24.5 0.15 1 ms J = I /A
1.1 X

e L'.1Q = l.1 X l04e

I 1.8 X 10-12 A
J= —= = 2.5 x 107 A/ m2
A

24. 5
1.8 25 MA/m2

/
524

24.2

LO 24.2

\ --+
J = aE (24.4a)

g
/

24. 1
·rn)

2.65 X
1.68 X 10-8
D 2.24 X
9 71 X 10- s
9.84 X 10- 7
1.59 X 10- s law)(! =
18°C)
CuS04 3.9 X 10- 4
HC! 1.7 X 10- 2
NaCl 1.4 X 10-4
H20 2.6 X 105
0.70 (; = 00
0 22
u =
0.5 (resistivity) p=
3 X 103
E
J = (24.4b)
1011 - 101,1 p
1010 - 101'
1015 - 1017
1013 - 1016
108 - 1014

* 0,
O·m SI (O · m )- 1
 24 . 2 525

24.3 |
2.1 ll
Ip (11 A)( l.68 x 10-s O · m )
E=Jp= —
A
=
1r(l.05 X 10-3 m )2
=53 mV/ m

24.4b, J

24.2
(I) (2) (3)

24. 6 lOG

24. 6

24.7

24. 7
526

6
w
.u
,_ 4
0

0 200 400 600 800 I000

24.8

TV,

24.9

semi-
 24. 2 527

00
..
+
<-.. ......
.
E

24. 9
(a)
(b)
(b)

A
* (a) (b)

24.10 (a) (b)

PN PN

PN
24.11 PN

’ ’

Ip NI

24.11 PN
528

PN

1
PN

·········....

+ --i·-
........
K
PN

(a) (b)

Kamerlingh
600400200
4.2 K
93 K

D 0 24.12

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

100
24.12
200 K

MRI

24.3

LO 24.3
 24. 3 529

\ R

v/
I = —
R
(24 .5)
/

+( V

` J = ) p
E · -- _ _,_,.

\
I = JA =
L
V= E = V/ L
24.13

VA V
I = —=
Lp pL/A

pL
R= (24.6)
A

71
530

24. 2

E v
V=

-
J I

p R
R =

-
J=
E I= —
V
p R

24.4 | - ---- |
Q.50 cm, 70 I=
170 A
p=1.68 X 10- S

pL (1.68 x 10-8 Q . m)(0.70 m)

R= —= =0.60mO
A 1r(0.25 x 10-2 m)2

24.6, R
V= IR = (170 A)(0 .60 mO) = 0.10 V

—
1=-110A
•t

c
12 V

24.14

24.3
(1)
(2)

CD (a) (b)
CD (c)

24.4

LO 24.4
 24.4 531

P = IV
/ (24.7)
/
5 2A
lO
V=
P = 12R (24.8a)
I =
P = V2 (24.8b)
R

P= 1
24.8a
V2/ R

24.15 120V ,
.•..
....
R"" I = P/ V = 100 W/ 120 V
I
= 0.833

R = 144
24.15

lOO W LED 0.12

P = LED 14 W

_)
532
` 10
-nu"

24.5

LO 24.5

100~200

µ,A
200 mA

105
100

V= IR = (0.1 A )(105 0) = 10,000 V

120

300 12
20 ,000
mA

120

24. 3

0.5~2 mA
10~15 mA
15~100 mA
100~200 tnA
> 200mA 24.16
 24. 5 533

·,..
"

(a) (b)

24.16 (a) (b)

fault circuit inter-

.nH"
24
r-

100,ts

9
 . -- _- ----.- . _--_____--.__-______ - — — —- - -- l

1
.::1 Q 1 p)
I =
.::1t _
J=aE

I :
J = —
A
I= V/R
I
( V 1
————
0 ..... 0 ..... 0 : . r./ E
0 -+- 0 -+- A ’
0 ..... ~ ..... 0 -+-
?
-
l
A

1
I =nqAvd
- -
J = nq vd
P = IV
:

P = I 2R
P= v2
R

00

(..... +

534
 535

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 24.1 24.20, 24.2 1, 24.22, 24.23 , 24.24, 24.25

24.1 24.50, 24.51, 24.52, 24.53, 24.54, 24.55,
24.l1 , 24.12, 24, 13, 24,14 24.56, 24.62
24.42, 24.43, 24.44, 24.45, 24.46, 24.47, LO 24.4
24.69, 24.72 24.8, 24.9
LO 24.2 24.26, 24.27, 24.28, 24.29, 24.30
24.57, 24.58, 24.59, 24.60, 24.6 1, 24.63,
24.2, 24.3, 24.4, 24.7 24.64, 24.65, 24.66, 24.68, 24.70
24. 15, 24. 16, 24. 17, 24. 18, 24.19 LO 24.5
24.48, 24.49, 24.67, 24.7 1
LO 24.3 24.5, 24. 10
24.6 24.3 1, 24,32, 24.33

13.
l BIO
30
2

14 10
3
4

24.2
5
IS. 85
16. 0.95 75
6. l.G\. 100 90 \'
..JOO mA
17 350 mA
7
21
18. 1.0 1.4 50
8. 50 \'v 100 \\ 120 \ '

19. (a) (b)

9.

24.3
20. 120 .J.8
10. 4 000 \
2 1. 12 kO 300
7]-?
22. 110 0l7
23. 10 cm x

24.1 15 5 .0

11 . 1.5
24. J .8kO

12. 80 A · 12 J 80 25 .
536

24.4
26 . 11 125
6.85
27. 4.5 750 (a)
(b) 18.7 (a) (b)
28 . 240 1.5
37. MK)
29 . 35 1.5
1.62 X
30. 625 mA LED
91.7 mA 120 V 1.18 mA/m2 (a) (b)
(a) (b)
14.2 ¢/ kWh 38. 1.5 0.51
35
$1 $5 (a) (b)

39. 0.640 mm , 2.25

24.5
235 1.27
31. 30
(a) (b)
100
24.l

32. 2.5
40. El!Jll'~lil 162 V
120 V

41 . 500 k V
33. 100 (a) 12 V
5
(b)
4 Mm, 600
(a)

(b)

.............
42 . 2.4
BIO
(a) (b) 1.0 ms

34. 200 43. 0.050 0.833

200 amp (a) (b) 2.1 mm
9.3 mm)
200 (a) 44 1.85 0.1 20
(b) 0.482
35. El!Jllf.Ucl 24 A 45 .
12 MA/m2 (a) 1. 1 X 1029
(b) 2. 1 X 1029 (a) (b)

36. 46. lOO 0.10

1.0
 537

1.0 (b) (C)

l. 1 X l029

6.1 57. 107

X 102.J 2.2 X 1016 24

120 V 3.3 kW
- O1
cI 11
240 6.6
l1 l
--
480 V 44

(a)
24.17 46
(b) (c)
47
BIO
58. 0 500
DATA

nA l=50

48.

0 0 600 mA 06
-09
/(A) 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 ..
--

L1t(s) 422 112 44 .3 28 .2

(a) (b)
(c) 59. (a) 41
49. 2.1 mm 20 (b)

(a) (b) 22. 000

50. 60.

5 1. 2.0 mm , 2.4 9 61. 75

2.6
52.
62 .
53 1.0
7.0 120 4.2
115 25 ft 1
125
54 63.
BIO
0.65 m s 6.0
(a)
(b) (c) 64. 6000 15
25 kV
55. IC 0 .254 mm , 0.186 111111 ,
2.00 ~Ll11

65. 15 25
56. 6.0
BIO
100 66 40 km 1000 MW
(a) 50 mO / km
538

115 kV (a)
(b)
67. 50 mO/km
8.9
2.7

68 . 240 V
200 3.1
74.
a.
/=
b.
69. C.
CH
d.
0.10 75.

a.
b.
C.

d.
76.

24.18 69 a.
b.
70. 120 V 10°C , 250 C.
85 s (a) d.
(b) 77.
71.
CH
a, a.
b.
R=pln(b/a) / C.

d.

1, b ,,

24.19 71

72. r=
CH
24.1 (I) (2) (3)
(4), (5)
73.
CH 24.2 (1) J A < J 8, (2) EA < E8, (3) vc1A < vc18
1200 kg 180
24.3 ( I ) (b), 1/2 ,
360
(2) (a),
24 .4 (a)
24.5
 23 24 26 27 `J

• LO 25.1

• LO 25.2

• LO 25.3

LO 25.4

LO 25.5

L..

25.1

LO 25.1

25. 1

force) emf

_ J1
4i 9 f l 'V

25. 1

539
540

g3
E
E
E,t
..
. .
...
.
....
..... •.........../

..
J ..........
fg
*

25.2

emf)

(~ ·.

\ ]:E~'
25. 3 (a)
(b)

·· •· ···· • ···· ········ · ··· ····································· ·· ···············································•····· • ···· · · ... .

1············································· ···· ················

25 .1

OJ {p {TI (a)
....... ...... ..... ........... ................. .......... ················· ···········
(c)

25.2
·· ··· ···· ··· ·· ·· ·· ···· ····· ·· ·· ··· ·· ······· ··· ·· ·· ··· ··· ·············· ··· ······ ··· ··· ···· ········· ······ ··· ····· ·
LO 25.2 .
.. ... .. .... .... ..... ... ......... .. .. .. ... ...... .. .......... ....... ....... ... ... .. ..... ... ... ... ....... .... ..... .. .. ..
 25. 2 541

(a)

R, ./

R1 Vi = IR1
(b)
V2 =
25. 4
V1 + V2 = IR1 + IR1 + IR2 = (a) (b)

I = £
R1 + R2

I=

/? ' •. I

= R1 + R3 + . . . (25 .1 )

R1 R2
Vi = e, V2 = e, (25.2a, b)
R1 + R2 ' R1 + R2

e·
542

25.1 | |
5.0 600 12 V I =e
/ (RI + R2)

R,= ? R1=
8—I~ 12V —(0.60 A)(5 .00)
= 15 0
I = 0.60 A
../
.,.....
V= IRi = (0.60 A) (5.0 0) = 3.0 V

25.5

50
3V

_)

25.2

,/(], "'.[j ,:(J

(a) (b) (c)

1.5
1.5

25.6

+
E·-

RL
25. 7
 25 . 2 543

.................
....

11,

........·

25. 8

25.2 | - - -
|
x fo E-
12 V 0.020 Q 125 A

R 2
Qo2

5 A R.L
’,

=— v

25. 9

= = (125 A)(0.020 0) = 2.5 V

9 - 11
12V —2.5 V, 9
9.5 12

: ; :

,L
25. 10
£ £
I = Ri , 12 =
R?

69
1 = 11 +
544

I= f+£
I =
1 1 1
=
R1 R2

[ 1 = '_!_ + _!_ + _!_ + ... ( 0 (25.3a)

R R1 Ri R3

R1R2
= (25.3b)
R1 +R2

]@

-
1.

2.

=R1+Ri.+Rs+ ·· · (25.1)
 25. 2 545

1 1 1 1
(25.3a)

R 1R2
= (25 .3b)
R1 + R-2

3.
4.

5. I =

25.3 1 |
l. 2 4
1 20

4.on 2. 25.3b,

/I (2 0 )(4 0)/ (2 0 + 4 0) = 1.33

30Q "--- .-of/ 3.
(a) 4 25. 1l
~ /j).Q I 25 .1 ,
' I 5.33

. /('
\
Y
..............
I =

\
'--· /\
5.
30.Q
- -
(b)
\
\,'
2.25 1.33

J ~ v;33 0= I1.330
I 33
....
.. 7- 0_c- R1.330 = (2.25 A)( l.33 0) = 3.0
E . '

20 I20 = ½o lRm
= (3.0 V ) / (2.0 0) = 1.5

2.25

2 1.5 A, 4 0.75

2.25 2 2.25
546

25.4 (1)
(2) +

25.3 c.~
LO 25.3

+
E~

25.12

loop

node

Cf%

| |
•
•
 25.3 547

-
-
•

25.4 I

E 1=6V E ,=9V —11 + 12 + ! 3 = 0 A)

R, = 2 !1 R,=4 n

(a)
6-211-13 =0 1)

9 + 412- 13 = 0 2)

II 1 6—212-313 = O,
1
12 = 2 9 + 2 (6 —
2
—
313 ) !3 = 13 = 3
(b)
13 = 3
25. 13 25.4

I i,
I2 =
-1.5
548

If'tI:'I'''•ti .· •• ·. .·. · .... ·.•.. .••..• > ... ·.· •..·... ·.·.• .......•.. · .•. . :.·•. l
L. F. Huxley)

E:K, [; Na , E:L
, , 511" ,,

I
RK ' R Na'

+l
- +J_ +J_
[ '-T
JK , f,'ia ' v"E. c

'"'t ''-t
25.5

€p (b) (c)

R,

R,
25.4
(a)
LO 25.4

25.14
(a) (b)

-
lO MO
 25. 4 549

, ............ '
40 (a) 4.00 (b) 25.16
(b) 1000 0
son 38.5
3.90
2.5%

BOD

25.15 40 +
Rm= 1000.Q
(a)
1
40 4.00
3 25.16

25.6 R R

B
(a) 10 \", (b) 5 10 \" (c) 5 \', (d) 5V
(e) 0 \ '

/LJ (a)

25.17 (a)
(b)
550

25.5

LO 25.5

Q=

RC

-T T V=

25.18 RC t=
I =

I =
 25. 5 551

,,' '

25.19 RC

V,=IR
+ -

E~
+ +
_v, =~
Ve 25.20 Ve =

25. 20 RC
Q
£-IR- — = O
C

I =
dl 1 dQ
= 0

I =
dl I
=— (25.4)
dt RC

di dt
=—
I RC

=—
552

= t =

In(i) =— ;c
Inf — = elnx = =
fo
£ -t/ R C
I= —
R
e (25.5)

Ve =e- VR =
IR =

Ve = E; (l —e- t/RC ) (RC (25 .6)

/
t >

E ,---------------- ---
)
AoiigKJ

- - - -f•
, -..•..
,
' 2
' 3
RC 21/C 3RC 4RC
constant)
99%
31
E/R :
—
I
3

l"FK
ct_
- -- - -,-.·· •’

'
’
RC 2RC 31/C 41/C

25. 21
AC RC
1— RC

:OJ,
25. 22 RC
=
 25. 5 553

Q /C —IR =

I =- I =
- dI/dt =— =

- t/RC
I = e (25 .7)
R
V=

V= (RC (2 5 .8)

25.5 |
150 µF lne·' =
170 200 18
- ~c = 111(1 --t)
t= —RCI n(1 — -f) =5.1 s
25.6, Ve
RC= 27 170

e- t/RC=
E:

RC Lt,g
RC

| 25.2 RC ——————|

Lf-g
554

25.6 ' RC |
(a)
(b)
R,

c
RC

(a)

R1

(b)

l=c/(R1+ R,

(c)

D 25. 23 (a) (b) (c)

25.7 12
(1) (2)
2
 · •., ' •
. ".'· ··.-~~.;,,~···;t<:
·' , ' ' ·, •·.• , ''
.,,,
'
.......,,-~-'"' .

l=T
e

= R1 + R2+R3 + .. . 1 1 1 1
=—+—+—+ ...
RI R2 R3
R, R, R,

.... ... ..... ....... ...... .. .... .. ............. .. ... ... .... ........ ...... .. ........ ............ .... ................ .... .......... .... .. ......... ... ..... ..... .......
( :

tI
1
v.
,
8 • <' R,
I : E , - t,R , - t,R, =O
2: - E , -1,R, + l,R, =O
B

E+M
C V, = E ( l - H< )
co, ',"',•"'
00

:
: :
:
:

R'
Xj'
nl J

/
x-

+
E -

555
556

Study Modules).
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 25.1 25.3
25.5 25.23 , 25 .24, 25.25
25. 11 , 25. 12, 25 .1 3, 25.14, 25. 16 25.50, 25.5 1, 25 .52, 25.65, 25 .66, 25.69,
25.82 25.73, 25 .78, 25.79, 25.81
LO 25.2 LO 25.4
25 .1 , 25 .2, 25.4, 25.6, 25.7 25 .8, 25.9, 25. l 0
25 .1 7, 25. 18, 25.19, 25.20, 25.2 1, 25.22 25.26, 25.27, 25 .28
25.42, 25.43, 25.44, 25.45, 25.46, 25.47, 25.53, 25.54, 25.55, 25.63, 25.64
25.48, 25.49, 25.69, 25.70, 25.7 1, 25.73, 25.74, 25.76, LO 25.5
25.80 25.29, 25.30, 25.3 1, 25.32, 25.33
LO 25.3 25.56, 25.57, 25.58, 25.59, 25.60, 25.61,
25,62, 25.67, 25.68, 25.72, 25.75, 25.77, 25.83

25.1
............ ..... ... .... .............. ...... ........... ... .............. .. .... 11.
I.

2.
12.
3.
4 25.24

c~oR
13.

14. 3.0 27

25.24 4 15. 4.5 1.5 V 0.60 A

5
16.
12 V
6.

25 . 2
7.
17. 47 kO , 39 22 kO

8.
18. 56 k0
45
9.
19. 285 12.6 V
7.33 V 112 A
10.

20.
... ............ .. ............. ................ .. .. .. ............... .. ......... 2 1. 9 V 200

22 1.0 0 , 2.0 0, 3.0

 557

25.3
34. ElfJI.. 4.0 0 2 .0
23. E:2 = 1.0 V
35. ElfJll-31
24 . 25 .25 30
4.0 0 0 16 W
E

36. RI = R2 = 33.0 R3 = 47.0

12.5 6.00 V B
R;
25. 25 24

25

25.4
c2 = 2.0 V

25. 27
:3] R

36. 37 80
26. 200 10 kO
37. RI = 220 0, R2 = 180 0, H =
68 9.0 B
5kQ Hi
38. 1500
150V~ol0k0
210

25, 26 26, 27 2-10 2.7

27. 100 Q 25.26

39. El!:.lll'ffl
28 0.1 001 1500
12 \ 210 360 \'
2.0

25.5 40.
29. BIO
J
30 µF (a) 0, (b) kO, (c) (a) 2 5
150 ~F
31
32 l(] .170 kO
2GO Y 200 (b)

33 41. El!.llltm
BIO

.
42. (a) B, (b) C
558

30 kO

'"' v:ffi40kn
25.28 42, 43 25.31 53

43. 1.0 B 54. B (a) (b)

6.0 V

48V~Et:
44. O.Ql 0, 0.10, 1.5 V
1

45 . Q.085 0 , 9.0 25.32 54

0.022 0, 12
55. 1.500
+,
82.21 (a)

46.
BIO

116.0 (b) (c)

56. RC 5.0
100
47. (a) (b) 6 l —1/e (a) l —l /e3
(b) 22 kO
1.0 0
57.
BIO

40 0
25. 29 47. 49
10
48. 1.5 0, 3.0 Q 12 3.0 V µ,F
1
—
2 V
58. 1/ 60 35
49. 4
50. 1/60 s 1.0 V

[~::
35 V 1.2 A (a)
(b)

60V: 59. 5.0 10 kO

8.6 ms 2.0
25. 30 50

51. 60. 2.0 µ,F 150

2.2 kO 1.0 µ,F

52.

(a)
s 2.2 kn

(b)

25.33 60
53. (a) 50kO (b)
250 kO (c) 10 MO 6 1. £= 100 V, R1 = 4.0 kO, R2 = 6.0

(a) (b)
 559

70
CH
(c)
(d) Ii,
71
62 71 100
(a) (b)

tC'EJ, 25.34 62
72 RC
CH

73 B
63 . 10.00 4.982
15.00 kO 4 993 V (a)
(b)
64. 1.42
9.78
(c)
7.46 (a) (b)
25.36 73

65. G1 = 12.0 V, G2 = 6.00 V, G3 = 3.00 V, R I = 74. 270 31

1.00 0, R2 = 2.00 0, R:1 = 4.00 120 63 (a)
(b)
75. RC
CH

76.
~+ CH
R(l+
25, 35 65, 66

-iTn
66. (a)

(b)
25. 37 76
67 1.00
DATA 77. 4700 Q
(a)
(b) (c)
09876543210

2 3 4 (AH~R

15.0 10.3 6.36 3.78 2.43

68. RC 20 140 2 3 4A 6n 7 8 9
7 ( s)

69. 1 25.38 77

1 80
7Bl

R = E:1 = 75111V, E:2 = 45mV ,

560

84. 500 0
a.
b. 4
c.

25. 39 78, 79 d. 12
85.
79
BIO.
£3 a. 2
b. 4
C.

80. R1 = 470 R2 = 1500 24 V

CH
86.
B
824 mW R3
81.
a.
b.
82.
C.
5A ·h
d.
50 W · h 6V
87.
83.
(a) (b)
a.
b.
c. 12
d.

..
25.40 83

BIO
25.1 (b)
25 .2 (c) 6 V > (a) 3 V > (b) 0 V
25 .3 Ra > Rd > Re > Rb
25.4 (I)
(2)
1 6
25.5 (c)
25.6 (c)
25 .7 (I) 6 mA , (2) 2 mA

25. 41 84~87).
( 24 25 27 28

• LO 26.1

LO 26.2

• LO 26.3

LO 26.4

LO 26.5

LO 26.6

LO 26.7

LO 26.8

26.1

K LO 26.1

561
562

26.2
26. 1
LO 26.2 .
.... ........... .......... .. ....... ....... ... .. ..... .... ... ...... ..... .. ....... .... .. ........ ... ... .... ......... ..... .

FE =

--, >

1.
2. q, v,
3.
’
s in

26. 2
- - _, -

~ - \ _, ~ Fs =qv X B
(26.1)

- I
--; ,
v x vB s in

IFsl = lqlvB s in0

.v. , 26.3
...., >

E
"·
tx
Kni

IV x KU

26. 3
(a)
- .
vX
(b)
 26.2 563

l
1 G = 10-·1 0.6 G
100 G MRI T
1011

26. 1 (I)

(2)

26.1 | |
0.10 2.0 - -
26.1, FB =qv x '

_B -
V2 X B
'

sin 0 = F8 = qvB s in0 =

q = e = 1.6 x 10- 19 C
F=32
v X

26. 4 32 fN(= 32 x 10- IS

_,

FE =
> _, x
F8 = qv
>
:
,,
- ..
... --.....
’
\.
F, _·
l
T
E

/ V

""""' "' '

-
---+
F = qE + qv x B
---->
(26.2) jj

26. 5
If/ ' X

v=

26.5
-
564

26.3

LO 26.3 .
....... ....................... ................ ...... .. ... .... ... ...... .. ...... .... .... ... ................ ..... ...... .

TV

---> >

rv F= qvB =

mv
r= (26.3)
qB

26.6

I 26 2
(~ b -l
o
66 •\
O

26.2 1

26.3, r =

I q,
D

1
=
2
v=
• • • • 2mv 2m 2 2m V
I I
- x = 2r= qB = qB =B r :
I \
0 I O O \ 0

26.7

_)
 26. 3 565

T=

T= 2'7l'r = = 27!'771
V V qB qB

13

\ ~ (26.4)

111111 ..
, -. . c!
B
566

. ___ __ ( __,.

,
, -, " ,- ,,
>
-- ,, <
-,
,,
,,
,- '
...
, 8k
I " \ I
·-•••••••r•_, •••••• L •••••••••••1---~"T
I I
I I I
’ I I I
I ’I I

"I I
\ ,I ',,
I I
\,

26. 8

26.9

(a) 26. 10
lOO MK

26.3
(a) (b)
26. 9 (a) L~ (c)
(b) (d)
...................

26.4

LO 26.4
······· ·· ······· ······· ···· ······················· ···· ········ ··· ·· ·· ···· ······· ······· ·· ··· ··· ······· ······ ········ ·
B

Fq = qvd x
F = nAlqvd x

26.10

-+ \

F=Il XE (26.5)
/
 26. 4 567

26.12

26.11

t .•.

•
:
• B
~ x ~ x
59 X
(:;) (:;) (:;) 0
X X X

u 000000
Lr

r.
X X X X X
(cc

..
X X X X X

xxxxxx
26.4

(b)
(a)
-·
. .. .. . 26.12

1111111

z.
y
, ;· " , 'I

30
500 1

- ..,, F= lll x B l = IlB sin90°

I = (500 A)(l.O km)(30 µT)(l) = 15 N
26.13 10 kN
· •······································································· ······································· · ····
568

qE = qvc1B, E =
(a)
VH = Eh = I= V8 =
A=
+
A
vII IE
I
L Vi-, = nqt
(26.6)
<
l
...
..
.

? fO
KO
- E-

(b)

26.14 -
(a) (b)

26.5

LO 26.5
······· ··············· ············· ·············· ·········· ··········· ··· ····· ·· ····· ··· ··· ···· ········· ··········· ··

Christian

Baptiste Savart)

Savart
r

26.15

.
 26. 5 569

>

-
di

JB ~ dj/ r (26.7)

l.26 X N/A
SI 41r X 10- 7 N/A

26

I
~ Idi/ (26.8)

...\ ..A·····
/

26 .1 6

26.3 1 |
dl X dl X

B= J dBX dl a
47r x2 +a2
=
41r (x2 + a2 )3/2
j dl
’

dB, =dB cos0

570

B= (26.9)
2 + a2)3/2 (x }> a),

(x = O)

- .../
di ·
.--,i
½ / - ··1
c...

,i \ -..
;;;
(a)

26.17
_)

26,4 1 |
l6 p
4P
,,..-::-

'j ~ ,Y-l
r e
dl di
) )

26.18

dl X
’

ldl X r l =
dl sin0 =y/r

idl X dl s in 0 ydl
dB = = =
47f r2 47f r2 47f ( x2 + y2 ) 3/2

dl

B = jdB = (x2 :;> )3/2 -----I

26.19
µof
B= (26.10)
21ry J
 26. 6 571

_, )

F = Jl x

26. 10
B1 = µ011

µO f lf2l
F2 = I2lBt = (26. 11 )
21rd 26. 20

60 Hz

26.5 (I)
(a) (b) (2)

f<0
26.6

LO 26.6 .
... ................. .. ..... ... ....... ..... ... ..... ..... .. ... ..... ... .... .... ... .. .. ...... ..... ... .. .. ....... ... ......

26.9, X

B '.C,c:

B ""' A=

20.6b, E =

dipole
572

(26.12)
21r x3

’
µ =

26. 21
'

f
E
µ = NI A (26. 13)
/

r
....
.
(a)
-_ -.x
O
,r
........
r-.

(b)
MRI
26.22 (a)
(b)

11111'
,t=
8.0 X 1022

26.1 0
 26.6 573

flu x) JB·
law for

\
I

B· dA
I
/
=0 (26 .14)
I--..

µ-:.
/ —~ -,
~ h
... -··

26.6 \
(a)

(1\\ \

\/
I
/!\\ `) I
(]
/ .........,

(a) (b) B

>
E T = p X (b)

26. 23 (a)
(b)
574

=
1 1
T~ = sin0 = -blaB s in 0
2 2

T= IabB s in0 = JAB

IA

--; _, >

7 = µ XB (26.15)

U= —µ . B (26. 16)

MRI

180°

26,5 I

llO kW 320
N·
30 20 26.15, T = µ X

25 mT

=
 26. 7 575

/i-- :)_O cm ---->/

320 N · m
I= NAB = !- --"- -- '1- -- \ !- -- - m\ = 300 A

..;,

...... .•M
30 cm
............. J......J.~J ••••.

«
...
.

26. 24

26.7

LO 26.7

,
’
\
\
26.25

1017 1021
576

26.26 (a)

(b)
(a) (b)

1043

V< l
u
p

K
(diamagnetic)
E
.•
....
.
...
. (a)

..
.......
...
...

^|' 1
r
B

(b)

26. 27 26.7
(a) (a) (b) (C)
(b) (d)
................
 26. 8 577

26.8

LO 26.8

dl
B · dl
,
=
fB · dz
dl
B =
26. 28
(µ0I/21rr1 21rr1 fB . dz =

·dl =
B · dl = AB
CD
.dl

f B· 26.29
dl

dl (26. 17)

/ ~ -

Jdl
578

(a) (b)

26. 30 (a) (b)

§ · dlOI

> >

.
26.30

26.6 I
- -
|
-

400 .
2

· dl =
Bl -Bl
>

_,
II Bl
fs- dz

2Bl (2)(2 mT)(400 Mm)

= = = 1oi2 A
µo 1.26 x 10-6 N/A 2

… … …····· · ····· · ·· ····· ·· ·· · ·· ·· ·· ·· · ·· · ·· · · · ·· ·.· ·· ··· ·· ·· · ··· · ··· ·· · · · • · ·· ·• ··.· ··• ·· · ·· ··· · )
 26. 8 579

26.8

fE · dl ?'c (I) f B·
(2)

26.1

I |
.

• B · dl B

• :1-
B · dl

26.7 ’ (a) (b)

|

tD

26. 31

r < r >
•
·
580

• .
. :fB · 21rrB

B = (26.18)
21rr

•
’

J = I/A

I (r2/R2)
• 21rrB =

B =
21rR2

26.8 |
•

1
B = 2µ0~ (26.20)

f>B·
# · dl = 2Bl
.......
.

k
B
I· ' •I

26. 32

26. 33 )
 26. 8 581

26.1

1
)'3 ( )

*
l
7'2

1
~/1"'4~ ,.,. ii

••••••••••• …......

''"
--·---·---+
"'"' """ " ' ' "" ..

(b)

(c)

(d)

26.34
582

---+ ..,

..
B·

..
· dl =
Bl =

B = µ0nl (26.21)

B
26 .21

MRI
26. 35

26.9 MRI |
MRI 95 2.4 2 mm = soo
1
..
2.0

1.5 • • • CC02CXJ • • •
Im
n=
26.21, B = 26.36 n

MRI
n
I = B = 1.5 T = 2.4 kA
( 1.26 X 10- 6 N/A 2)(500 )

26. 37
26.1
 B

F = q1• X B i'2f

Ef
.. ...
c-
/1o frl.l X ;.
clB =— / .•
47r 1'2

1.26 X lO- GN/A2

/ f e-

:fs .ctA= o

................. .... ...... ... ... ........ ...... .... ... ..... ...... ..... ......... ..... ...... .. ......... .... .... .......... .... ..... ........ ...... ·· ········ ···········
: l :
J = qB / 2,.m : -;=II :
·
: ;
11oli N :
: .
211// : T = f, X
: :
:

············ ···· ········ ·· ·· ·· ··· ··· ·· ···· ···· ···· ··· ········ ········· ·· ·· ······ ·· ······ ··· ······ ··· ··· ············· ····· ···· ······ ············· ··· ···· ··· ······ ···

fl1/
B=
271'1'
LI = fJ.ioJ, B = Jt0nJ
R2
I·

~@@ >

583
584

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 26.1 26.5
LO 26.2 26.25, 26.26, 26.27, 26.28, 26.29
26.49, 26.61 , 26.62, 26.63, 26.68, 26.70,
26.1, 26.2 26.74, 26.78, 26.82, 26.83 , 26.84, 26.86
26.11 , 26.12, 26.13, 26.14, 26.15 LO 26.6
26.46, 26.48
LO 26.3 26.30, 26.31, 26.32
26.3, 26.4 26.47, 26.58, 26.71, 26.74, 26.79
26.16, 26.17, 26.1 8, 26.19, 26.20 LO 26.7
26.50, 26.51 , 26.52, 26.53 26.9, 26.10
LO 26.4 LO 26.8
26.6, 26.7
26.21, 26.22, 26.23, 26.24 26.8, 26.9
26.54, 26.56, 26.57, 26.59, 26.60, 26.72, 26.34, 26.35, 26.36
26.80, 26.81 , 26.85, 26.87 26.64, 26.68, 26.69, 26.73, 26.75, 26.76, 26.77

LO 26.S

1. B
’
F, V, B
2. 26.38 8

10.

3.

4
.... .... .....
26.2
11. (a) 21 5.4
5. (b)

12. 0.10 6.0 X 1015 m/ s2

6. (a) (b) l
7.

13. 0.50 (a) (b) 30°, (c) 2.5 X

8.

14. 0.5
9.
 585

15 60 24
28. 1.2 67
µ,T
29. 1 cm 15 A
26.3
I6. 64.6 175
26.6
17. 115 30. 8.0 x 1022 A ·

18. 42 3I.
(a) (b)
2.12 T
19. 2.45
(a) (b) 32 6.2 3.3 A

2.72
26.8
20. 50.0 33. 8.8
µ,T ·
34. 75
26.4
2 1. 47.5 rnT 65.5 cm 12.0 A

22. 15 A
0 31 N/rn (a) 5

(b)

23. 2.44
3.15 1.52 T 26. 39 34

35. 2.053 mm
20 .0 A
(a) 0.150 llllll
24. 75 g/m
(b) (C) 0.375
62 A

36.
37. 1 4.1
26.5
25. 6.71
42.8 (a)
(b) 10.0 cm

26. 2.0 650 mA (a)

(b) 20 cm

27. 5.0
35
586

38. l!.Jlf:.llti;ti 43.

0.19
3.0
3.50
163 0.19 T
Cl-3 7
39. l!.JlfJlti;ti 44. l!;l~lti~
b,
(a)
5.75 (b) (c)
0.460 27.7 cm,
34.3 cm , 41.1

40.
7.18 X =O
2.86
yz (a) 26.41 44, 45
(b)
45. l!:1131~ 26.4 1 a = 0.525 mm, b=
0.400 cm,
41.
384 (a) (b) r=
0.300 (c)

... ......
2.75 46. 50 ; = 5.Q ,; +3.2k
_,
B = 9.4i + 6.7.J (a)
22.0 ’
_, >

(b) F · F ·
- '

47.
1.4

E
48 v1 = 3.6 x 104J 7.4 x 10-16; N
2.s x
10- 161

49. 3000

26.40 41 62

42. El~lllrM 9.27 147

50.
(a) 2.50 mm
(b) 7.50 mm
 587

25.0 kV 1.2
7.12
58.
BIO
51. NMR
1· = q NMR
9.4 T = l.41 X l0-26 A ·
52. 90 cm
(a) 59 . 1.5 A 48 mT
20 T
(b) (c) 21
1500

53. 0.25

(b)
3.1 (a)
I.SA ~ •
\21
X X X

xxx
X

54 .
26.44 59

38 60.

3.0 Q X X X X 50 .0
X 2.86 X 101;
I Q Clll

I X 625 ~LA
X X X X 27 .5

26.42 54
61.
55 15 mm 150
BIO

3.l
220

56. 18 g, 20
0.15 26. 45 61

B
62. 15 kA 10 m
(a)
(b)
24
x
X B X

63.
CH

X X X

—— 20 cm
L

26. 43 56

57. 2.4
1.0 6.8 A 26.46 63
588

228 cm3/C
64. 34 50 µm InSb

(a)
(b)
(c) I(mA) 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
VH(mV) 0.393 0.750 1.24 1.56 1.97

65. 25 3.0 cm 73.

10 cm x 15 850

11=25A
74. 15 2.0 A
(a) 1.0 mm , (b)

75 .
(a) w), (b)
26.47 65

66. J =

(a) (b)
67. 26.48 26.49 75

)
(a) (b)
76. R, l
<> (a) (b)

I •

26.48 67 e1__l_J ,) ) )
68. 0.50 10 15 26.50 76
(a)
(b)
2.0 cm
77.
CH
-
J =
(a)
69. (b) r > R, (c) r <
CH

78. 6
CH 1
70. —
2
µ0uwa
250
50 µT
79.
71. MRI
1.41 x
MRI 2.6 T

72.
DATA
 589

80. 26.5 1
87 .
BIO
22 95
66 A 10 mT
2
3.0
T
11 l2
4

26.51 80

8 1. 26.53a).
CH

ITER

(I

__l_.

26. 52 81

82.

83 . I,
CH

84

(a)

0 0 0

/' =— R/2, .1·= (a) ®® ®®

(b) ®
(c) 0
l 1
R= ——< ,/' <
2 2

85. 30 cm
R
(b)

15 26. 53 (a ) (b) 88~91)

100
88.
a
86 b.
CH
590

C.

d.
89.
a.
b.
C.

d.
90.

26.1 (1) (2)

a.
b.
26.2
C.
26.3 (d)
d.
26.4 (a)
91.
26.5 (1) (a), (2)

a. B = µ0NJ
26.6 (b),
b. B =
26.7 (b)
c. B =
26.8 (1) 0, (2) A
d. B = µ0NI/21rr
 25 26 28 29 v

• LO 27.1

• LO 27.2

• LO 27.3
LO 27.4
LO 27.5
LO 27.6

27.1

LO 27.1

1831

I. 27.1

(induced

2. 27.2

591
592

; ........
Is al -; Is -

(a) (b)

..
....
..
.....
•.•
..
.
...
> v•

s Is - Is N

(c) (d)

27.1

3. 27.3

Is

27. 2

27.3

4 27.4

-11P-0(}
27.4
 27. 2 593

27.2

LO 27.2
594

27.5).

<DB = . dA (27.la)

27. 5 dA

¢B = B’ · A’ = BA cos0 (27. l b)

<DJJ = T · m2
1T ·
(weber,

27.1 1
- - - -
|

q)B = B = TB

<flB = BA =
27.6
 27. 2 595

27.2 1 |
l, µall a+w µoll a+w
<l)B= 27T lnr a = 27T ln( a )

B’ · ’
^'_
I x
B
..
xxX1B
IU

x
27.l C<-

CDs = JBdA = J a+w µof l dr= µoll f<--- w——]

a 21rr 21r a T
27.7

-- —-— )

law of electromagnetic

d¢B
£ = — (27.2)

/
dt
596

’ ’
<P8 = B · A = BA B, A,

27.1 1 |
27.la, c1:>3 = ·

-- 27.lb, ct>3 =

• e=

27,3

10 cm, 2.0 O.lO X X X X X X

’
-,
x t x / x JI: x

X X X X X X
27.8

cDB = BA =

d<l>s ? dB
=1rr- —
dt dt

dB / dt =0.10 T / s, r = 10
d<Pe d
= —(B1rr2) 1rr2dB/dt = 3.14 mV
dt dt
 27. 2 597

l=E:/R=3.14mV/2.00

27.4 1 |
1:>B =

x=
’
A 1:>n=BA

Bo,
X X X X X X ~X X
dcl)B dx
xxxx
R V X X X T dt
=Bl — =Blv
dt
X X X
J_
X X X X X

27 . 9
c Blv
I= —
R
=
R

£=

of
598

27.3

LO 27.3

(a) (b)

27.10 (a)
(b)

27.11

(a) (b)

27.11
 27.3 599

""
7

[
X X X X X

27.12
X X

X X

X X

X X X X X

-
qv x
'
27.12

F = Jl
= 0)
27.13

Lx-,
27.13
600

clJB =

dx I dt =

d clJB d(Blx )
= —B l v
dt dt dt

d c1JB
£ = - dt =Bl v

1 = £/R =

Bl v B 2l2v2
P = I£ = Bl v =
R R
F=
P = F ·

Bl v B 2l2v2
P = F v = IlBv = lBv =
R R

27
b tl

11111 ··
2.5 T'vV(2.5 x 1012 W)
···...•

<ll8 = BA
 27. 3 601

27 .2

braking)

` 100W

[
273 b

60
27.5 |
50
60
f =
TB
TA
’
120
170

~·

, '

27. 14

w = 0 =
N= lOO r=25cm, f=60
NBm·2 B = 23

200

2 d
e = -
dt
= — NB7f1' —
dt
[cos(21r/t)]

= —NBm·2 21r/ s in

27.15
602

27.15

u ..4

I 7 -lo

X •• •.•
·.

X
x X
x X

27.16
-
 27. 4 603

:o x
X X X X X

X X

B
27.5 (I) X X X X

(2)
X X X X X

27.17

27.4

LO 27.4

27.4,
lI

27.18
._-,'-—
604

60
27. 19

cpB
L= (27.3)
I
T · m 2/A

27.6 | - - - - - --- - - - - -

A, l, CD8 = nlBA = (nl) (µ0nl )A = µ0n2All

CDB
L= —I
= µ0n2Al (27.4)

B=
=BA

nl
 27. 4 605

E-

',
.

”
.A
,\' ,
:
+ __ |3
:
:
:
...
.·.-···

..
l l
??
,r
}7 .’ ..
E- ..> E-

I
v E + w

-1
.. ••··• • —:'.,,,
-=- ~·········. .\
+T
:. ....
;

(a) (b)

27. 20 (a) (b)

27 .20a).

c. = —

rl <D!J rll
= L —
dt dt

dl
GL = —L (27 .5)
dt

di/dt =
l

·
di
..
dr

dI/dt 27. 21
606

27.6 I

(a) (b) (c) __/0000'----

E;,_

27.7 | I

2.0 5.0 1.0 ms

)

27. 22
27.5, CL =
(- 5.0 A)/
(1.0
6

dl —5.0 A
e L= -L —
dt = —(2.0H) (l.Oms )=10,000 V

_J

RL
27.23a

27 .23b

C:, L = —L(dl/dt) ,r. dI Idt ,r.

R
R R

+
L € ,_ =O
lc,l=Eu
r..
- : 4 .. ..

(a) (b) (c)

27.23 RL
 27.4 607

d!/ dt =
27.23c

I RL

····..

I
e
..
.

27. 24 RL

- £ 0 - JR+ £ L =0

d£L df
dt dt

dl/ dt = —
d£l £,L
=
dt L

RC 1 £[, C L,
R
£L = (27.6)

E«
I= E:o+E;L =
R L (27.7) E ,,IR

r-,_ KJ

I / "'-
time constant) 01=01=

0 UR 2UR ) LIii 4U R SU R

E: L =
27. 25
RL
608

27.8 |
e- Rt /L lnex
L = 56 440 V 2.8 0

L 56H
t=
R
= —2.80 In(0.25 ) =28s
RL
L / R = 20
27.7,

0.75 = 1 —
_)

I = I oe-Rt/L (27.8)

A R

(a) (b)

27. 26 RL

-
27.27b ~ d).

27.27d
 27. 5 609

(c)

t---T)b~ -- ,,,----
-- - - - - - - - - - - ___

LCODI
EIR,
c l(R, +R,) 7 I, I
R1 I

(a)

(a) (b)

-EIR,

27.28

(L)
I
L
(c) (d)

27.27 27.1

IL

27.5

LO 27.5

RL RC
RC
610

dl
CL = —L
dt
dl
—I2R —LI — = O
dt

> 0),

dl
P=LI —
dt

dt

df
d U = Pdt = LI —dt = LidI
dt

U= jdU= jPdt = j1LJdJ= _lLI2 1

2

l
U= —
2
LI2 (27.9)

27.9 1 MRI . I

MRI

(a)

MRI 2.4 1 1
U= —
2
LI2 = —
2
(0.53 H) (2.4 kA)2 = 1.5 MJ
0.53 ·31
(a) (b) (b)

P = I2R = (2.4 kA)2 (31 mO) = 0.18 MW

lOO W
20 s
1
27.9, U= P=I2R
2
 611

11111
--------- - ---------------- ----------------------- -- ---- --- - - ------------ ------ - - ----

•
———---— ------------- -—- - ---- •• ----- •-------- •-----•----- · —— —

l, L =

1 1 1 B2
U = —LI2 = = (µ0n1)2Al = Al
2 2

26.20, B =

B2
uB = — (27.10)

1
1l£ =
2
Sl

27.7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(e)
612

27.6

LO 27.6

electric

£=

.. ...

\ I
= —d<f>s (27.1l)
/ I dt
dl

..············~,

(a)

> >

(b)

27. 29 (a)
(b)
27.29
 27.6 613

|
—
B =
cI>8 = BA = dcI>IJ/dt =
27rrE = 7rR2b

2r

B - 27.30

.....

1/.,.

27. 30
)

1\ .
R

"(;/ '
\
/\ '
·dl = 0 I \
) '

\
I

\
I
I
A I
• -- ',
’
'
27.3 1

27.31
614

27.8

\ %:
]
x:
(a)

xxxx xB xxxx XY ... xxxx

...
[[ /\ ’.
..
27.32b

X X X X X X X

(b)

27. 32

27.33

K
8

27.33 27. 34
 --- ···-- - -. I

... .... ..... ... ... .... ... .......... ............. .... ......... ..... ......... ......... ... .......... ............. .. ........ ... ... ............ .... .. .. .................

Is -
-11p-f( >/

..... .... ... ........... .. ..... .... ..... ... .... ........ ... ....... .. ...... .... ...... ....... ........ ......... .. ...... .. ..... .... ....... ... .... ........ ........ .. ......
:
:

`<o:·
• X X X X ....
...

..,..
..·
,

/ [ X X X X

E: = :
......... ..... ........ ...... ........ ... ........ ....... ......... .... ...... ... .... .... ......... .... .. ... .. ... .... ..... ...... ......... .. ........ .. .... ........ ........

B2
"'s = 2po

.. .. .. ... .... .... .. ..... .... .... .. ..... ..... .... ... ... .. ... .... ... ...... ....... ... ... .... .. ...... ....... ....... .. ......... ......... ... .... ...... ......... .... .. ....
:
: L
: E: = L (dl / dt ) BL L/R
;

······~ ,\ E.,IR

C L

UR
----+

I = ~ (l — e- 1!1 /L )
R
.. .. .. ... ........ .......... ... . ........ .... ....... .... ..... .. .... .......... ....... ......... ... ....... ....... .. ........ ... ...... .............. ...... .. .... ...... .. ..

615
616

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 27. 1 LO 27.4

27. 5 27 .6, 27 .7
LO 27.2 27 .1 5, 27 .1 6, 27.17, 27 .1 8, 27 .1 9, 27.20
27.54, 27.55, 27.56, 27 .58, 27 .59, 27 .60,
27 .4, 27. 10 27.6 1, 27.62, 27.63, 27 .64, 27 .72, 27.73, 27 .76
27. 11 , 27 .1 2, 27 .1 3, 27 .1 4 LO 27.S
27 .37, 27.38, 27.39, 27 .40, 27 .41 , 27 .42, 27.8, 27.9
27.43 , 27.44, 27.45, 27.46, 27.47, 27.48, 27.49, 27.52, 27 .21 , 27.22, 27 .23, 27 .24, 27 .25, 27 .26
27.53, 27.70, 27.74, 27.75 , 27.78, 27.79 27 .57, 27.62, 27 .63, 27.64, 27 .65, 27.66,
LO 27.3 27.67 , 27.68, 27.69, 27.7 1, 27.77
LO 27.6
27 .1 , 27.2 , 27. 10
27 .1 2 27.3
27.40, 27.45 27 .27, 27 .28
27 .50, 27.5 1

6.
I.

7. RL

27.35 1

2. 27. 37 7

8. lO A,

9.

+__c-"'·
10.

27.36 2 24.1

3.

4 27.2 27 .3
5. 12 30 ,000 11. 75
 617

12. 45cm,
25 ms 5.0 mT 55
25 (a) (b)
(C)
(d)
13 240 cm2,
12 320

29 . 45.0 cm
14 23 2.4 18 .8 0
15

375 mT
27.4
4.87111/s
15 4.0 cm, 55

16. 110 4::i

30. li:l~lt..,-/f:.I (a) 0 150 A
(b)
17. 22 H 1.9 1.0 ms

18.
3 1. ll!lffl
450
(a) (b)
12 cm, 4.0
(c)

19. 150 0 2.2

32. El!:ll~
20. HL 3.1 µs
L = 1.8

27.5 1.00 111 0.877

21. 35 A 5 O I-I 50%

22. 24 mH 75
33.

23. 1.58 cm, 23.2 cm, 72.0 rnH, 6.86 0

165 mA LR
600V
24.
O 700
25.
34.
45 T

184 ~o
26. 7.8

LO.O ns 70
27.6
27. 10 cm 12 cm
35. El!:lltH:J MRI 342
45
rnH 1.85
28.
21.6
618

250 A 10 cm, 5 .0
(b) 25 cm
36. 12.5
22.0 44.
BIO

6.25
(a)
(b)
4.5 41
250 mW

.............
45. = 240 cm2, 0 .20
37 . 0.15 m2, 6.0 xy xy b = 0 .35
Bz =at2- b
a = 2.0 T/s2, b = 8.0 (a) t = 3.Q S; (b) 46. 10
Bz = 12
1200
38. l,
’
B
47. 75 cm x 1.3 0.14 T
6.7 60

39. 1.0
’
4 8. R, B
lO
t= d(t) = +
360 µ,V
40. 1.65
xy 19.3
16.4 (a) (b)
49. l = 10 cm, B = 0.50 T, R = 4.0 0,
(c) xy
v = 2.0 (a) (b)
(c) (d)
41. 2 .0 3 .0
6V
’
L1t (a) 50. B =
(b)
b = 2.1 T/ms t = 0.40 µs x =
5.0 cm, y = O, z = O ; = 4.8J Mm/s

X X X X X X

5 1. 28 cm 1.3
X X

l~ I
B
X X X X 52.

X X X X

X X X X X X

27.38 41

42. a = 1.0 cm , w = 3.5 cm, l = 6 .0 53.

50 25
180°
43. 15 cm, 2.0 m,
1.0 (a) B =
 619

66.
54. RL 1.87
2.70

55. RL E:0 = 45 V, R = 3.3 0 , L = 2.l 67.

CH
9.5
68. (a)
CH
(b) t
56. = 50 V, R = 2 5
30 10 (a)
69.
(b)
57.
70. R, 17l ,
58 RL E:0 = 60 V, R = 22 0, L = 1.5 ’
B
(a) (b) 100 ms
(a) xxxxx
xxxxx

(b)
59. 20 2.5
71. a, I,,
CH

27.40
(a) 100
B = 70
(b)
(a)
60. = 12 V, R = 2 7 0, L = 20
(b)

t = 10 (a) t = 5.0 s,
72. a,
(b) t = l5 CH

/lo
6 1. E: 0= 12\1, R1 =4.00 , R2 =8 .00 , Hi = — - ln(b / o)
21r
2.0 (a) (b)
(c) 73
DATA

c
,: t] 27. 39 61 111 S ) 0 20.0 40.0
180

60.0 80.0 100.0

66.5 23.0 9. 15 3.56 1. 50 0.450
62.
1.0 74. a,
CH
B t =
63. 1.0 H 3.6 t =

64. 3.5 1.8 k A 75 .

BIO CH
27.9
(a) 100
(b) 50 27.4). (a) 31
(b)

65. 108
(a) (b) 19 X (C)

10'1
620

c b.
(d) v(t)= —— (1 —e )
Bl C.
(e) t----+ d.
81.
76. 27. 1
CH
a.
77. (a) b.
CH
C.

d.
1 82 . 50 H z
(b) U=
2

78. a.
b.
C.

5 787 d.

60 950 83.

30 a.

b.

79. c.
BIO d.

d, B,

27.1 ( I) (2)
27.2 (b),
27.3 (b),

/ = J0"' /1
27.4 (b)

\
27 .5
(!)
(2)

'*` KO 27 .6 (a),
27 41 x1, 8 1
-
27.7 (c)
80. 27.8

a.
 26 27 29 30 `
4

• LO 28.1 AC rms

•
LO 28.2 AC

LO 28.3 LC

LO 28.4 RLC
LO 28.5 AC

LO 28.6 DC

28.1

LO 28.1 AC rms .
.. . ..
" " ' "" ... " " . " .. ... . " ..... .. ' " .. .... ... .... " ' " " ' ..." . ' " " ... " ." " . " ..... ... " .... "

AC
AC
T~,, JP) V,-m s'

v;.rn , = v~ ' Jrrn s = JI~ (28.1 )

/2 J2
220 28.1

621
622

wr+¢; =0

w =2nf (28.2)
\ WI

AC
28.1 AC
\-V,
t=O
V= VPs in (wt+¢v), (28.3)
/Vt= -
¢=
¢
28. 1 AC
rms ¢

28.1 AC: |
60 Hz, 120 w = 27r/ = 27r(60 Hz ) = 377 t= O
t= AC
V = 170 sin(377t)
AC
120 60

28.3, V = v;, sin (wt+ </> v)

i,;:ms = v;,/
w

v;, = V2i,;:ms = /2(120V)

230 Vrms, 50
220 V , 50 Hz )
28.1 220 V, 50 Hz AC (a)
170 V, 20 ms (b) 350 V, 377 s- 1 (c) 311 V, 314 s- 1 (d) 120 V, 50 ms

28.2 AC

LO 28.21 AC

AC AC

I = AC

28. 2 AC </> v = 0
 28. 2 AC 623

V VP sin wt ~' .
I = —
R
=
R
=
R
S in wt

phase)
JP =
Jrms =

AC
q = c
dq dV
dt
= C
dt
28.3 AC
I =
VP s in

I= (28.4)

goo J

goo
28.4 JP =
v,, r/ <l v
l, = wCV,

I = VP =VP (28.5)
P 1/wC Xe
Xc = l / w
28.4
Xe = 1r/2(90°)

x~

RC
624

AC VP s in wt + £ L = O

L CL = —
dl
Vp s in wt = L —
dt
28 .5 AC

J VP sin wt dt = JLTtdt = JL dl= LJdl= LI

VP
—w c o sw t = LI

I =
~'
—wL
V
co sw t = w2 s in (wt - f) (28.6)

s in (a- 1r/ 2) =
goo 28.6

v, 1- - ..
l,, =V,JwL -
VP VP
Ip = = XL (28.7)
wL

XL =

28.6
1r/2(90°) L

28. 1

IP= —
R

Vp Vp
IP = —
Xe = 1/wC goo

wL goo
 28. 2 AC 625

28.2
(a)
(b) (C)
(d) (e)

|
--- - --

28.2

60 Hz, 120 V rms 200 C=lcrms/wVc,-ms =

(a) (b) 4.42 (b)
(c) =

1 1
AC L = = = 1.59 H
(377 ~tF )
(c) goo
goo
28.5, I cp = 28.7, !Lp = 180°' 1r rad

rms

(a) I Cnns = 0.20 28. J w = 21rf = 377

AC

AC

AC

f,. t
90°

v~ -~!)iv?~~:
V(I) - - - - ,.. .. V,,=I, X,

< : ~.• [
90° ··••.
> WI ·· .. .. ...... .... U}/

(a) (b) (c)

28. 7 (a) (b) (c)

626

goo 28.7b, C

VP =

RC RL

1 1
2 2

28. 2

cj)B
c=!L L= —
V I
dl
dt E: = —L —
dt

1
U= —
2 c v2 U= —
1LI2
2

Xe= 1/wC XL= wL

goo goo

0@

(a) (b)
 28. 3 LC 627

28.3 LC

LO 28.3 LC

28.9a

28.8 LC
28.9c

v
I •

I= 0 /I

(a)

I •
(h) (b)

I
I

(g)

(f)
0 (d)
(c)

I •
C,

(e)

V I I I I T T r+J T T I= 0 V

I • v

•··· ····

28. 9 LC
628

28.9d

28.9g 28.9a
LC
I LC
A >

LC

\ 0 ...
L
LC
LC

[ .
.
...

LC
LC
28.10 LC
U = u B+ uE = ½L12 + ½ c v 2

LC d U/ dt =

d U = !!:__(l_LI2 + l_ CV2) = cv d v = o
dt dt 2 2 dt dt

V= q /C, d V/dt = (1 /C)dq / dt, I = dq / dt , d!/ dt =

d2q 1
(28.8)
dt2 C

+kx =
w = Jk/m 1/

q = qPcoswt (28.9)

LC

<k (LC (28.10)

\
LC q = CV, I =
 28. 3 LC 629

1 1
UE = Us =
2 2 I
28.11, 64
\

28.3 LC AM l FM WI
r,: 2;r
100 (I ) (a)
(b) (2) 28.11 LC
............................

28.3 ! Le
440 C (a) f = 440 Hz, L = 25
LC 25 (a) C = l /w2 L = l /41r2/L = 5.23 µ.F (b)
(b) 5.0 1 1
2 2

LC 5.23
I = !¥V= (5.0 V) = 72 mA
25 rnH

28.10, w = 1/
w=
1 1
2
1
2
2i
2

RLC
R
28. 12

RLC dU/clt = —
clU d l 1
dt + 2cv2) = —I 2R 28.12 RLC

LC

cl2 q dq q
L + R - —+—- = 0
clt2 dt C

1/

q(t) = %e - Rt /2L
co s wt (28.1 I )

28. 13

28. 13 RLC
630

TV

28.4 RLC

LO 28.4 RLC .
R .. ... .... .................................. ....... .... ........ ...... ... ....
RLC AC
L AC

RL C TV

28.14 AC RLC

X e=

vi XL =
KODJ
r
K

LC
= 1/
(a)

goo go o

28.5, I P = VP/Xe
28.7, I p = X c=
XL =

lh\ 1
= 0 0
}LC
w, =
LC
v,,

_OE
nJ
K

I
Vr
·· ·· ·· ·· · ··· ························· ······· · ············ ·· ···· ······ ·· ················ ··· ··· ······· ····· ··· ······ · ·· · ··· · ··· · ·· ······· ····· · ························

(c)

28.15 ems
180° ··························· ·········· ················· ····························· ······················ ······•·······
 28. 4 RL C 631

,:,.\1~
RLC
RLC
AC
IP
go o go o Vcp
X v, l’

VP =
+ ( VLP - v,r
Vcp)2 % VP =

(IPX L - I pX c)2 28.16

V V
Ip = = JJ (28.12)
- X c )2 z
Z = (X L - X c )2

XL = X e, w = 1/
XL = Xc = l /w

Q)
\ l
?—
~\
R

TV,
Q
'/
Q
ta n ¢ = (VLP - Vei,)/
2/1
---
--- -

w,,

28. 17
XL-Xe wL —1/wC
tan ¢ = R = R (28 .1 3)

¢ = ¢1

XL = Xe, q; =
90

(', I/

w,,

- 90

28.18

R, x,,
AC

.
............ .......... .... . . . ............................ ... ........... .................... . . ... ...... .... ....... ..
632

28.4 I RLc |
’

(a) 1.0 1
R= l =8.00
(b) 618 Hz
(c) XL=w2L ,
1 (c) 1 kHz
IP =

RLC
AC
Vcp = IpXe = (-t) ( wlC) = 43 V

24 f =1
(a) 28.10, w = 1/
1
(b)
43
(c) 1
28.5, I P = 43 24 V

(a)
f = 1.0 kH z, L = 2.2 C = 11.5 µF (b)
Z= Q
w2 = (21r)(6l8 Q
Z= =2R

28.5 AC

LO 28.5 AC .
...... ............... .. .... .. ... ... ... ... ..... ... .... ..... .... ... ......... ... ...... ........ ......... ...... ... .... ....

AC

,•
90°
.··
.._.. V
I / P=IV
"

(a ) (b)

28.19 P = IV
 28. 5 AC 633

28.19b

AC

<P > = <[I Ps in(wt —¢)][~,sinwt] >

<

< P > = JP T~, <(s i1/wt)(cos ¢) —(s in wt)(coswt)(s in ¢ ) >

(sinwt)(coswt) = s in 2wt
<P > = —
2
J P~'

<P > = ½ J2 v,.rns cos </> = J rrns v,.rn s cos </> (28. 14)

Jrin s

RLC

- I , ,, , "

l
~ 111 S

cos¢ <

1/cosrp = 1/ 0.71 =
1.42

8%

I 28.5 AC
(a) (b)
(c)
634

28.6

LO 28.6 DC

28.20

f i ]11[ (a) (b)

28. 20 (a)
(b)

rms) rms)

V2 = N2 Vi (28.15)
N1

11 Vi = 12

28.21
P =

DC
 28. 6 635

365 kV 4kV

·r

28. 21

PN
28.22
|·I
OI
28 . 22
DC

AC

R
AC
AC

(a)
60 H z AC 1/60
(

nJ ’

I
`
l

,
I
I

’
28.6 7.2 240
15 (a) 3.0 A,
\ AC

(b) 1.5 A, (c) 240 A, (d) 45 (b)

28. 23 (a)
DC (b)
 ... ...........

.... ... ................. ............. ... ..... .. .... ... ...... .... ..... ........... ........ .... .... ... .... ........ .. ... ... ........... .... .... .... .. .... .. ........... ..
rm s )

V= v;, sin (wt+ef>) I = 3,_

P X
2".
—
w1+ ¢ =t ·
-- ,-----
___ j ____ _
—
~I-
X,= 1/wC
_,.t'.fo-o-o~
x,_=cul

. (J)/ w = AC
········ ······· ······ ····· ·· ··· ······ ······ ····················· ····· ···· ·· ·· ·····
AC

t=O
(J) / =-
¢= V(11 -
- - - !(:' ' I
n'

f,. ~ (VI (J)/

00
............. .. ..... ....... ........... ....... ... .... ......... ... .... .. ..... .. ... ... ... .... ...... ... .. .. ... .... ...... ...... ........... ............. ....... .. ... .....
LC RLC
Z=
1 tan ¢ = (XL_ —
= XcJ/R<
JLc

,o, R

L
d'FJ
IIUkK

Wo

AC

<P > = !,-ms Tl;-ms CO S c/>

'·]II[ Z:,

636
 637

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 28.1 AC rms LO 28.4 RLC

28 .5, 28.7, 28.8, 28.9
28.1 I , 28.1 2, 28 .1 3 28.23, 28.24, 28 .25, 28 .26, 28 .27
28.44, 28.69 28.53, 28. 54, 28.5 5, 28.56, 28.58, 28.63,
LO 28.2 AC 28.65, 28.67, 28.68, 28.7 1
LO 28.5 AC
28.1. 28.2, 28 .3, 28.4, 28.6 28.28, 28.29, 28.30
28.14, 28. 15, 28 .1 6, 28.1 7, 28 .1 8 28.57, 28.58, 28.59, 28.60
28.41 , 28.42, 28.43, 28.45, 28.46, 28.55, 28.66 LO 28.6 DC
LO 28.3 LC 28 .10
28.31, 28.32
28.19, 28 .20, 28.2 1, 28.22 28.61
28.47, 28 .48, 28.49, 28 .50, 28.5 1, 28.52,
28.62, 28.64, 28 .70

12. AC 1 =495 mA, ms

(a) rrns (b)
I. DC
13.
2.
3. AC rms

rn,
IlJ
4 AC K

S. AC
rm s
28. 24 13

6
28. 2 AC
14. 120 \. rrn s , 60 Hz AC 1.0 11F rrns
7. RLC

\ 5. L\70 Q 10 ~tF 750 rn H 6.3 V rrn s,

8
60 Hz AC rrns

9. RLC rm s
16. (a) 60Hz, (b) 1.0 kHz, (c) 3.3 11F
rms
10.
17. 15 11F 1.4 A rrns (a) 60 Hz,
(b) 1.0

18. 60 H z 1 8 kO

28.1
II 230 V rms, GO l-l z AC 19. 10 V rm s AC 50 mH 2.0 rrns

9 1· =
638

28.3 LC
20. 0.22 µ.F l.7 mH LC

21. 68.0 µ.F 256 LC

22. 450 µ.H

33. El!:lllfl:H 50 Hz, 230 V rm s rms
485 (a) (b)
1600 LC

23. C = 20 µ.F , 5.0 ms LC

34. [l~llt..f:H 0.470 µF 144 AC
rms nns
25 (a) (b)

28.4 RLC 35.

24. R = 75 kO, L = 20 mH RLC 4.0 6800pF
kHz (a) (b) (c) 3.0 kHz 480 V 22 .0 A
(a) (b)

25. R = 1.5kO , C=5.0µ.F, L=50mH 36. LC

LC 480V LC
26. R=18kO , C=14µ.F, RLC 500 mA 1.3 pF 2.2
(a) (b) 1.3 µH 2.4 (a)
500mA FM 88MHz-
27. 108 MHz C, (b)

100 R = 10 rm s
31.
1.80 rnH
28.5 AC 28.6 (a) 1.25
28. 120 V rms, 4.6 A (b) 525 Hz
25°
29. 120 V rms AC 40 W 38. ElfJll-..t:E 8.00 0
6.80 µF
30. 240 V rm s, 20 A 2.70 mH (a)
(b)
20° 45.0 W
rms
31. 39. R= 1.50 kO , C= 1.50
BIO
120V AC 18 V AC
120 V AC
855 Hz (a)
32. (b)
220 V 120 V

1.4
(a)

2.9
(b)
] C

28. 25 39, 40

40. (a)
Xe
 639

RLC
28.12
(b)
, ,.,,row,.,
28,26 50

...... .. .....
5 1. C=0.15 µ,F, 1.6 L = 20 LC
41. (a) 120 V rms, 60 Hz 2.2 I-! rms
(b) 230 V rms, 50 Hz
rm s
52. R=5.00,
42. 2.0 ~LF 1.0 (a)
(b)
53. L = 1 5 H, 400 C= 250 RLC
(C)
32 V

43. Q
44. AC
BIO 54. RLC
DATA
7.5 12.5
(a)
rms
(b)

45. 2.2 nF 10 V rms 150 200 230 280 350 400

1.0 3.4 mA rms 320 140 74 77 190 280

rms 1.2 55 . RLC (a)
(a) (b) (b)
46
BIO

EEG 25 Hz EEG

47. FM 88- 108 FM

28. 27 55

FM LC' 56. AC RLC

48. C=0025~tF, LC (a) 1/2
190 (b)
57. R=l270, RLC (a)
49. LC t= (b) rms 225
(a) (b) 58. RLC 442
(C) 182 (a) (b)
L, 25.0
50. (a) 250 2420 ~LF 59 365
605 µ,F kV rm s, 200 A 60 Hz
(b) (a) 1.0, (b) 0 %
605 ~Lf
640

60. 480 V 10 hp

(a) (b)
rms
61. 150 22 V RC
22 II

60 Hz
22 3% I c

62. C=3.3µF , RL C

28. 28 RC 72~75)
28
63. R = 1.3 0, L = 27 rnH , C = 0.33 µF RL C 72.
600 V a.
b.
64. LC q= C.

d.
73 .

65. a.
CH
b.
66. 24 V rm s, 7.5kHz
CH C.
rms 56
d.
rms 2.S
74.

67. 15.0 V RLC a. w=

CH b. w = 1/
775 112 1.22 kHz
44.8 fl, L , C.

68. RLC d.
CH 75.
a.

b.
Q
C.
69. — + v;,
CH
rm s v;,I d.
70. LC
CH
R, L ,
.. .. .....
71. 1

AC 28.1 (c) 28.2 (d)

28.3 ( 1) (b), (2)
28.4 (a),
28.5 (b) 28.6 (d)
 27 28 30 31 `j

• LO 29.1

• LO 29.2

•
LO 29.3

LO 29.4

LO 29.5

LO 29.6

LO 29.7

LO 29.8

29.1

LO 29.1 .
.... ... .... ...... ...... ... ........ .. ... .. ... ...... ... ... .. ..... .... .... .... .... ....... ... ...... ...... ....... ...

’ ’

641
642

29.1

E · dA = —
q
Eo

fB ·dA =O

:f-E · dl = —dcl)B
dt

B ·dl

29.2

LO 29.2

d<J>E/ dt

29.1 RC

~ c

E_-=-

29.1
·dl = µ 01
 29. 2 643

I , 2.
. . ..·..
I , 2, ; :
..·.
: : ...
: :
; .

I, 2,

RC

29.2
1

C lerk

01

\
·dl = d<DE
dt
(29. l )
I I

d <l.>r, di

1, 2,

(dcp£/dt )

2 o, 1
644

29.1 | I

A, d dcJ>E/dt

d<DE EoA d V
Id =——
dt d dt
23.2
q=
1ct = Cd

E=

½= (d<DE/dt)
q= dq/dt = I =
ct>E=EA =

Jct
Jct
48

29.3

LO 29.3
 29 . 4 645

29. 2

q
E· dA =— (29 2)
fo

B · dA = O (29 3)

dCJ)8
E· dl = —dt (29.4)

f s · dl
dc:J) £ (29.5)
= 1-i0I + /-Lo Eo dt

29
( `~
6((
99
)(9
))
E · dA = 0 E) ..

:f~ B · dA = 0 B)
2 7

dl = —dt 22
89
..

. dl = d:E

29.4

LO 29.4
646

48

V
,

I: r: ,., ... …······· -·

\/ .··.·· :

le'
(a)

(b)

29. 3 (a)
(b)
X
 29.4 647

22
( Ol
99
( )
l)
E (x, t) = EP sin (!,;x — wt)J ·
I

B (x, t) = BP sin (k:x — wt)k

29.3a

, '
) ,

29.11

29.11

rOll
xy
,·····

h,
>

— Eh :,···

29.4
E+ xy
648

. dl = Eh+ dE)h = hdE

<Ps

dCDB dB
= h dx
dt dt

. dl = dCDB
dt
hdE=
h dE/dx = —

dE/dx = -

aE BB
(29.12)
ax at

xz xz
............ 29.5).

—(B +

~]
29. 5
·dl = Eh —(B + dB)h = —h dB

xz

d<PE dE
dt = h d.T( dt )

hdB =
 29 . 4 649

aB aE
ax
= —Eo at
(29.13)

29.12

aE a
= sin (kx - wt)] = kEP cos - wt)
ax ax
aB a
= —[BP sin —wt)] = -w BP cos (kx -
at at

kEPcos(kx —wt) = -[—wBPcos(kx —wt)]

kEP = wBP (29 .14)

aB aE
=kBµcos(kx —wt) = —wEPcos(kx-wt)
ox at

kBP cos (kx —wt) = [— w EP cos (kx —wt)]

kBP = E0µ0wEP (29.15)

Bp, w,
29.10,
650

29.2
(a)
(b) (c)
(d)
.

29.5

LO 29.5 .
... ............ .. .... ... ............. ....... ..... ... ..................... ... ... .......... ... .... .. ........... ... ... ..

=
Ep =

kBP = = k

r
w 1
= — = (29.16a)
k J

1 = 1
= 3.00 x 108 m/ s
J(8.854 X 10- 12 C 2/N . )(1. 257 X l0- 6 N/A 2 )
 29. 5 651

c') (29.16b)

c= 29.16b

\ (29. J 6c)
jA = C

(
""' 299,792,458
18
1

w/ k =

L'ys~,B (29.1 7)

29.10, 29.1

’ ’

’ ’
E X
652

29.3
(a) +x, (b) —x, (c) +x (d)
(e) +z, (t)

29.2 1 |
6.0 (a)
(b) (c)
x

z_

29.16c, f.\
UJ
29.17,
’
29. 6

(a)
--
E x
x, y, z

/ = c/.\ = (3 .0 x l08 m/s)/ (633 nm) = 4.7 X l014 Hz 1014

_,
(b) BP =EP/c =20 E
_,
’
(c) B,
’

29.7

of
 29. 5 653

y
Y
..... C .
·~ I _

..·.
..·..
_.- :
:
:
C

x
,i -x

(a) (b)

29.7
29. 8

S= (29. 18)

29.8

crystal display,
29.9

` ? L_
-X - E-

29. 9 TV
LCD

-
'" " " ' , " " , , , , , " "" """"""""'"""""""' ' , , I

.
654

1 45°
—
2

45° cos45° 1
= 1/ 8

29.6

LO 29.6

4.3X
1014

(electromagnetic

(Heinrich

TV,
3 X 1011
AM 1 MHz, FM 100

JO" JO·' 10-J I o-, 10-9 10-12

I 103 106 109 10 12 IO" 1018 JO"

I
700 nm 650 600 550 500 450 400 11111

29.10
 29.7 655

50 1 GHz
1 GHz

10" 10' I
~
2o, 4 70 /u" b
}. 1

@
0

: .

I ’’
lo' 10''

29.7
t ` q
’
LO 29.7

LC
29.11
656

TV 10- 15

TV

( .......• ~··

29.11 29.12

29.5

(a) (b)
(c)
 29. 8 657

29.8

LO 29.8

dx,
29.13).
U,E 1 E0E2, u8 =
= —
2

29.13
dx,

dU= = )Adx

dt = cix/C

dU =l_(EoE2+ B2)Adx B2 A
dt 2 clx/c 2 )

S,

S = f(EoE2 )
E = B=
E2 =
E(cB), B2 =

1
2

c = 1/ VEo~lo , = 1

S= EB (29.19a)
658

s~w (29. 19b)

Henry

101·1

EB EPBP
s= = (29 .20a)

E =

- E; - cB2p
S= S = (29.20b, c)

29 6
.
nH"~ -_
O

29.3 1 : - -
|
1 (a)
(b) 29.1 7, E =
l (b)
l kW

(a) (a)
1 (b) BP = = 2.9 µ,T

(b)
(a) 29.20b, S= 29.20c, S= 1
 29. 8 659

1 0.20 1 100
5 5 m2

5
)

14. 13

p
S= 2
(29.21 )
41rr

29.20),

29.4 1

1.2
= Ep = l.2 r

0.6
P = 0.6 Ep = l.2
1.2
r = = 5

0.6 29.2 1 S =

J
660

,...
A =25 km'

2.8
25 km2

p =

F =

s
= —
C
(29.22)

73

E=mc2

~ -
DNA

4
100
(Proxima

104
 .. . ·
,.ft:::.· ...'-''>.'.':-f ::',';'7 -;· •; :r, ;< •···.. ·•··
'

.. .... ... .....

. .. ....... .. .. ........ .
;
:
:

Eo c=~

; 3.QQ X
i 299 .792.458
E· dl = — dt B

B · dl =
dCI)
~l01+ /locodi £
llililLl
......... ..... .... .......... ... .. ... .... ... .... ... ...... .......... ... .. ... ..... .. .............. .... .... .. ..... ...... .... ..... .... ........ ...... ... ... ... ..... ......

E= cB

f>- =c
"(m)

I I
106
\'

I I
10'
IO'

12.~ f I I
,o--'
10--' 10-''

~l!-
10-" 10-12
10- •
r=0'.1\)
llllll llll
1.- ..
l l l \- -l-1 l-
I JO' JO' J'' 1012
JO" JO" 10" \I

...........
I I I I I I I
700 nm 650 600 550 500 450 400 nm

-
LCD

- E X E'
O S=
Po

S= cos20

s
C

661
662

Study Modules),
{practice quizzes), solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENY CH COMP

LO 29.1 29.42, 29.43, 29.44 , 29.45, 29.46, 29.47,

29.63, 29.66, 29.67
LO 29.2 LO 29.6
29.6
29.1, 29.2 29.20
29.11, 29.12 29.42
29.40, 29.4 l , 29.48, 29.55 LO 29.7
LO 29.3 29.7, 29.10
29. 10 LO 29.8
LO 29.4
29.8, 29.9
29.7 29.26, 29.27, 29.28, 29.29, 29.30, 29.3 l ,
29.65 29.49, 29.50, 29.5 l , 29.52, 29.53 , 29.54,
LO 29.5 29.56, 29.57, 29.58, 29.59, 29.60, 29.61, 29.62, 29.64,
29.3 , 29.4, 29.5 29.68, 29.69, 29.70, 29.71, 29.72
29. 15, 29.16, 29. 17, 29. 18, 29. 19, 29.20,
29.21, 29.22, 29.23, 29.24, 29.25

............
1. 29. 2
11. 1.5
2. 1
12. 10 cm 0 .50
3. cm 220 V/ms
4 c =

5. 29,4
-,
’
13. E = EPsin (kz + wt)J, B = B"sin (kz +
wt)i
6. -,
14. E = Esin (kz - wt) x ( ; + J) (a)
(b) sin(kz -
7. LC
8.

29.5
9.
15.

10.
16. 36,000

17.
 663

32. 532
2.19
18. 1 fl k\"/m (a) (b) (c)
I9.
33.
20. (a) 100 MHz FM (b) 5 0 GJ-Iz (c) 19.J 328
600 THz (d) l O EHz
21. 60 Hz (a) (b)
22. 2.-!5 (c)

23. 34. AM 48.J

24.
347
25 (a) (b) (C)

35. FM 88 7
29.8
26. 1500 28.5
(a) (b) (c)
27.
Ei, = 3 [\]\'/m 36.
3.0

28. 750
11 37. li:11.;l lt.f!~I 8.7 km

29. ,ISO ~t\'/m

0.35 nv\'/ni2
38. I)
22 ..J
30 O.JO
(a) (b) (c)

31 5 .0 k'v\l
Space Network) 39
15 km

39.
Reconnai sa nce Orbiter,
100 W
3m

4
664

.............
. 5.12

40. 50.0 1.0

x (a)
(b)

(a) (b) 15 cm
49.
(c) 150 cm BIO

(U.S. Food and Drug Administration,

41. l.O
5.0
40 c m x 17

50 cm
2.0 (a) (b)
900 W

50. 1360

x \ xx J r
B
51.

52.
BIO
l mW
m

412
.
.

29 14 x11 · 55
250
42. 1.0 l
BIO (b)
UVA(320 n m ~ 420 nm), UVB( 290 nm
320 nm), UVC (100 nm ~290 nm). (c)

uvc 53. 1.5 k m

UVB 350

43. 3 (a) (b) 10 km

54. 60 W 1.5 m

44.
55.

45. 4.88 x 1010 V/m · s

50.0 cm
(a) 50 c m (b)
1.50
46.
56. 1.0 ms 2.5
(a) (b)

47. 57. 7.0 1.0

(a) (b)

48. 58. 180

CH

59. 65
 665

1.0 10

60.
2.4 100 18

69. 1
34 GW
(a) 34 GW
(b) (C)

70.

61 4 .6 km 380
55 kW

62 . L, a,
CH
71. Li vermore N at ional
Igniti o n

fs 38
20.0 11s
(a) (b)
(C)

63 14° 72 .
DATA _

64. 1 E
CH

1.56 1.8 1 2. 14 2.78 3.17 4.25

2
S
22 .5 17.8 11. 6 7.10 5.63 3.0 1
( 10-23 W/m2 )
65
CH
iJ = )
iJt dT iJx dt
c =

66 . 29.6~
23

cl
(lkaros)
67 . 2.40 G Hz 5.00 GHz

68 .
666

TV

29.1
29.15
10 73~76).
29.2 (c)

73 . 1 29.3 (b)
29.4 (c)
29.5 (a)

a. 0.25 m/s2 29.6 ( ! ) B1 = 2B2, (2) S1 = 4S2, (3) >-1 = >-2

b. 0.5
c. 0.5
d. 0.66 m/s2
74.

a.
b.
C.

d.
75.

a.
b.
C.

d.

76. 1.4

1 100
a. 5
b. 5
c. 5
d. 5
 ......... .. .... .......... .......
......
...
... .. .............
......... ..
.... ... .
........................
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..... .....................
FD J ...
.......... .. ,1 ...
.. 11 ..
.. ........
F[JJJL
.
.........
i ......
I
... 11
Aq
++
FB ..... ......
.. >M~
11
....
\ .
..
.................
_
. .
...
..
..
qE
..
.......... ...........

.. + f
.. q,· +
....... ..
..... /t
I
`
....... ..............
x
B Eo
o
.... . >
..
........ .. ..
... .. ...
_ ....
...... .......
... .. ..
.. ..
.. ... .. ... ..
.. .. .... ...
.. ..... .................
\DI ..
.. ........ ....
...
· . . ~ •
... .
... ...... ....
.. .. .
.. .. ......
.... ..... ..
.. ...
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.. ..... ......... ..
.. nR ..
. .
.........
.
............ ........ ~ ~
....
... dB11|
| E-
-+ .. >4B11 vlLOIdl ..
...... R4R-R .... ... ....................
... kq
.. .... 2

7.
..... ..
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.. .. ...
.... ........... ......... jE ... ,.2
.'
l BlL x
. " .....
...... 1.
n|_1 ... _ . r-
-
00 ' t4
..
.dl
... .......
.. .... ... .
....... .
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... ............... ..........
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+ ... ...
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667
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t::I I
5

669
 28 29 31 32 v

• 01
LO 30.1
• LO 30.2
LO 30.3
LO 30.4

CH
-,

31

30.1

LO 30.1

of reflection)

of incidence) 01 30.l a

01' = 01 (30.1 )

671
672

a a’
/
.
[

(a) (b) (c)

30.1 (a) (b) (c)

30.lb
30.lc 30.1

30,1 | |

180° —20

(180° -20) +(180°-2¢) =360°-2(0+¢)

0 +¢
•··..
·.•
, \./
, ·•. /

(corner

30.2
 ` 30.1
(C)
(a) (b)
30. 2 673

k—A,--,
\ I
l

...
\,

30.2
’ A·
....
/
LO 30.2

30.3
of

.. .. .

c/ 30. 1
n = V
(30. 2)
n

1.000293
I 00045
V = n
>. = v/f = 1.333
I 36 1
l .473
v = c/ 1.501
1.738

I 3 09
1.49
1.5 ~ 19
I 544
2.4 19
2 62

*I 0-
58911111
>. =
674

>.1/sin01 = >. =

`
\
z

/
gu
..
2

H 2 ...
.... (30.3)

\
.. s in 01 = n2 s in 02

30.4
‘r

I
van Roijen

30. 5

30.2 1 |
d,
n-=-1

01, 03,
04
n1 sin01 =n2
n3 sin 03 = n4 sin
30. 6
n4 022l- n3
n1 s in 01 = n2 s in 02, n2 s in 0~ = n1 sin s in01
srn 04 = n( n ) = s in 01
n1 = 1, n2

n1 =n, n2 = sin04 =n
03 31
 30. 2 675

30.3 CD |
CD
0.737 mm 01 = ~un
1.55, 1.20 mm

n= 1.55

n1 s in 01 = n2 sin
x = t tan t = 1.20 mm

n1 = 1, n2 =
02 = si n- 1(sin 0jn2) = 17.03°

d=D 2x = D - 2t t an 02 = 1.80 µm
30. 7

30.2
n,

n2

I) ’

.'

ang le)
30.8

sin e = cos (90° - 0)

srn 02 = (n 1/n2 )s in BP
s in 82 = cos

CO S 0P = (nJn2 )Si11 0P
82 = goo

(n2/n1
—
~~'.'
30.8
676

tan ep = —
n2
n1
(30.4)

30.3

LO 30.3

go o
30. 9
angle)
internal 02 =

n2
s in 0c = —
n1
(30.5)

30.10
4)

30 . 11
 30 . 3 677

~ ~
3 3 :
(~ =
~

n =
e c = s in - 1 (1/1.333) =

30. 12

11111 1
10 (0 Hz 10(.( Hz

l
850, 1350, 1550
678

30.4

LO 30.4

30.14

1.55

1.54
--)
-32
-

1.5 1
300 400 500 600 700 800
20

30.13 30.14

30,4 |
0400 = s in- 1 (n400 s in a ) = s in- 1 [( 1.53S)( s in 40° )] = 81 .34°

0700 = (n700 s in a) = s in - 1 [( 1.516) (sin 40° )] = 77.02°

.::10 = 0400 - 0100

a
8

n 400 = 1.538 , n 700 = a = 40°

700 nm
400 nm
n2 30.15 30.4
)
 30.4 679

111111 1

l II !,•.,,= J.:3 59,

4\
"n
A
42

•.,...........

(a ) (b)

(a) (b)

30.4

30. 16

| I I
30. 16
680

GPS

GPS
 :'l'.·-:A
', ' ' .,, . ' ' <.• ' ' ' ' ' · ' ' • ' ' ••, ' ' ' • '

........... ...

.. ... ... ...... .... ... ..... ....... ...... ..... ..... ... .. ... .... ......... ... ..... ... ........ ... ..... ... ... ... .... .. ..... ....... .. ..... .... .. ... .. .... ........... ......
: -

0/ =01 : n1 s 1in01
n01 =n2
= n2 ss1n02
in02
:
: |

'
I

0,
,,,--,'
-
I
:
:
·,
(),0, ;' u,o,·
/I~
, fa···..
"If'

’ ,-
I

0 0

n., n.,
s 1n 0c = ------=-- tan 0P = -----=-
111 n1
0P =
I1,-

11,
~o

0,>0, ,

== 42 °
V

'I.·"
........

681
682

Study Modules),
(practice quiu.es), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 30.1 LO 30.3
30.11 , 30. 12, 30.1 3, 30.1 4 30.6
30.36, 30.38, 30.58, 30.62 30.22, 30.23, 30.24, 30.25
LO 30.2 30.41, 30.47, 30.50, 30.51 , 30.55
30.2, 30.3, 30.9, 30.10 LO 30.4
30.17, 30.18, 30.19, 30.20, 30.21
30.37, 30.39, 30.40, 30.42, 30.43, 30.44, 30.4, 30.5, 30.7, 30.8
30.45, 30.46, 30.47, 30.48, 30.50, 30.5 1, 30.53, 30.54, 30.26, 30.27
30.57, 30.59, 30.60, 30.61 , 30.63, 30.65 30.52, 30.59, 30.60, 30.61, 30.64, 30.66

12
... ......... j
L
1 "14 60°

2.
3.
4. 30.18 12, 14, 36

13. 10
5.

14.

TIV 30.17 5
30.2
15. 2.292 X 108
16. 1/4
6.
780
7.
8.
n =

17.
9.
10.
18.

....... ... ...

30.1 19. = 1.52)
II . 30°
12. 20.
(a) (b) 21.

30.3
22. (a) (b) (c)
 683

23.
33. 11700 = 0700 =64 .32°
24. (a) (b) (C) = (a) (1;' (b)

25. 34.

(a)
30.4
(b)
26.
35.

1
27.
= 1.582, = .
36.
(a) (b)

37 550
BIO
(a) (b)
38
360° —2¢
30.19
39.

= 1.52)
30.1
40.

(a) (b)
(c)

0
45°

2s.
l
40 cm

01 = (a) 02, (b) 01, (c)

I
29. mma 0 = 32.5° (a) 0 2
30.20 40
(b) 0'2
41. 6.21

30. 32 .5 m

(a)

01 = (a) 02, (b) 03, (c) (b) 12.0 m

31. mma 01, n,

42 11 m, 10
30.1

32. m.tilJ '17_100 = 'll.7011 =

684

43. 4.5 2.3 53.

BIO
1.7 77.00
IOL
n =
44. 54.
0.50 m
30.2 1
55.
(a)

(b) (c)

56. 2.4
22°

57.
30. 21 44

45. 193 58. 4.2 m , 2.6

BIO BIO _

3.3 m
46. n = °' =
01 =
59.
Ch
¢ =4 s in- 1
(si n 0 /n)

47.
30.22 46 =o,
30. 23
\

59

48. 60. (a) cos20 =

Ch
(b)
49. 30.11 =

50. = s in0c
6 1.
Ch
=
51.

2h/
52. 62.
Ch

30. 24 61
 685

180° q= 67.

q' ; +q!I.7
a.
b.
63.
Ch C.

d.
68.

64. 11 = n =
a.

b.
C.
65. n(.r) =n1 +
Ch d.
69.

66.
DATA
'11(.\) a. B

b. B

C.

.\(nm) 425 475 525 575 625 675 70.

n 1.534 1.528 1.523 1. 52 1 1.518 1. 517
a.
b.
C.

.. .. .... .. .

e
f---;-~ D
(a)
30. 1

30.2 n3 > n1 > n2

30.3

30.4

30. 25 67~70. (a) (b)

 29 30 32 33 v

• 01 [.~

• LO 31.1

LO 31.2

LO 31.3

LO 31.4

t:I
L..

31 .1 C>C>

LO 31.1

687
688

<
z///' ,
z//
z//
z/,
z, F
z/,
'
. ...
...

, , ,
,.:....
)

,, ‘
,
, z

,
Q

(a)
(b)

31.1

3 1.2

31.1

(a) (b) (c) (d)

31. 2

focal

3 1.3).

31.3
 31 . 1 689

I 31.1 ,, ' , ` `

1.
2.

3.

4. 31.5

C 31 .4

3 l.7

3 l. 6b

3 1.6c

R.

'/

c c / :
\ F : C

/\
1: 0

,,,

(a) (b) (c)

m
31.6

~ ~u"0
31 2 6
(~ c F,[ c ,

31. 7
690

,
•••
••
••
••
••
•
••••
•
,

31.9
31. 8

(3)
(1) (3)
31.IOa

31.9

h' s'
M = — = ——
s (31.1 )
h

IMI <
- h' / h =

h
}h h' /h = - s' / s s'/s = (s ' —f)/f

31.10

-s1 + —
1
s
=
1
f
(31.2)

— /

R
IJI = 2
(31.3)
 31 . 1 691

31.1
I
f s s

+ +

5 > 2.f .c;' < 2/ 0)-

+ + +

2/ > 8 >f s ' > 2/ 0)-

s<f
+

-;,
+
+
5<.--'--A

31.1 |

:
··. ······
3.85 m 31.11 ..\ ···::,
5.52 (a) (b) . •
----- --- - - -- ---
F ,
:

/ \
/<--3.8 5 m ·.
1, 5.5'.). m
..

31. 12

(a)
, fs = (5.52 m ) (3 .85 m )
s = =- 12.7 m
s- f 3.85m-5 .52 m

31.1 1 (b) 31.l

s' —12.7 m
M= - —
s
=-
3.85 m
= 3.30
5.52 3.85

(a) 3 1.11
(b)

J
692

31.2 I |
1/1 31. 1
J =— 6.0

12 T.
9.0 m T. f (—6.0m)
M= — =— =0.40
s —f 9.0m —(— 6.0m)
31.1
T. 40%

31.1 , M=
,__---~:r-~--_ f
s'
s'

M= —i_ =- fs/(s-f) =- f
\\.
s s s-f
31.13 T. j/

31.2

LO 31.2
.
... ........ ........ ..................................... ............... .... ................... .. ... ... ........ ..... ..

31.14 31.14

~
---~
31.15

:.. ··..•,

----
:
•····....
··..'•
--- --
-· - -

31.15
 31.2 693

...
.

----- --- - ------—-- ---— - ---- - I

I.

2.

...
...

31. 16

f 2/
31.17b

31.17c

(a)

2/
c-__
'',,
,' '

' ' ' ' '

(c)

31.17
694

F.

31.18

h’ s'
M= —
h
=——
s
(3 1.4)

—h' /(s' —J)

1 1 1
—-+— =— 0 0 --,) (3 1.5)
s s f
/

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I 31.19
I
I
I

--- -:- - - - - - - -
I

- - - --- -

-f

-2/

-3(

-4/
I 2/ 3/

31. 20

31.2

f s s'

+ + +
s > 2f *-A

2/ > s' > f /-1/-1-

+ +
2/>s>f
s' > 2f ,'-l,'-l-
0
 31.3 695

+ ````
+ — L- ```` < I
```s
<./

+ —
!~
L.

31.3 |
21 f = +2 1 M=
31.21

31.4, M= 3 1.5, 1/s +

1/s' =

s' = 3 1.5
1 1 2 1 1
—
s
—3s =
3s
=
f = 21 cm

31 21

s' = —42
J

m 31 .3

q~
31.3
(a)
LO 31.3
'o;

?~—
1- I 'I~—R ,,'•I .{
1

(b)

31. 22
696

sinx = tan x =
n 1 s in01= n2 = OBC
02 = {3 —"Y, 01 = a + n1 (a + /3) = n 2 (/3 - "Y) BA
a = tan a = s =
{3 = BA/R, "Y =

BA BA BA BA
s + R ) = n2 ( R - s' )

n1 n2 n 2 - n1
—+------, = (31.6)
s s R

R = co

31.4 1 I

15.0 cm

R = -35.0 n1 = (a) (b)

n2 = s = 31 . 23 (a) (b) 15
15.0

31.6, n1/s+n2 / s' 15 cm

= (n2 R= —35.0 cm, n1 = 1.333, n2 = 1, s =
15.0
R = 22

- 1
n2- n1
s = n2 ( R - -;-) = —12.6 cm
_)
 31.3 697

t, n =

1 n n —1
——+
S1 SI
I =
R1

t — s' = s2',
n1 = n, R =

n
,+ 1
, = 1 —n
t —S1 S2 R?

+ 7= (n —1 ) (¼ —

1
—
f
=
/ 1
- Ei;)
1
(31.7)

/ I /

\ n= I
..
...

_} , o, o, C,

, 1,,1
,, s, = l.(.l + t = r - S: ,,
31.24
698

74

31.5 | |
I R1 = R, R;. =
n,
f= [(n-1)(½-±)rl =
R1

R1 = oo , =

i 31.4 + 50
(a) (b) (C) (d)
(e) .
.

31.26a

31.25

T
(a)

(b)

31. 26 (a) (b)

 31 . 4 699

31.4

LO 31.4

........
31.27 ,>of

2.3 cm

31.27

31.28a

31.29
25

l D f= l m

(a)
n
n
(a)

,.

(b)
7· =<==& (b)

31.28 (a) 31 . 29 (a)

(b) (b)
700

2D f = 0.5

- ----- -- ------ ------------------------------------------ ------------ --- --- ------------ ---------------- -------- --—--- -------- ------------

0.25 µm

- '-1.75 '+2.5
'

+2.5D

f = I/P= (1/2.5) m = 40
+ 2.5 D

- - -- - -

31.6

70 cm 31.5, 1/s +1/s' = 1/f

0.25 D
25 cm

1 1 1 1
P= —=—+---,= + 1 =2 .57 D
25 70 J s s 0.25 m —0.70 m
25
-70 2.5 D

j
 31 . 4 701

25 c m
a =c l,/25

magni ficat ion) 25 cm

(a)
a = h / 25 h
. " -- : ------
--
--
f3
-- i -
:
-- --
/3 = h
.·
I

- s- 1
(3 h/f 25 cm I .( >.> f I
= (3 1.8)
a h/25 cm f
(b)

31.30 m =(3/a

3 1.3 1

= —
25

Jll = Jllome = -To( 25/:111 ) (3 1.9)

cl'cf

:
. ---:::--
----- -i~-- -

31. 31
702

31. 32 II II
°' f3

OL-0

31.32

(3
m = —
a
=—
fe
(31.10)

1 m, 10
24m
Meter Telescope,
31.33 39 m Extremely
Large lO m

31. 33
 31 . 4 703

31.34
(a)

10 m l m

` 5
nH" nHH
E
E
(b)

(c)

31. 34 (a)

(b)
(c)
 ... ..................................... ..... ....................... ............... ................................................................... ....... ......

...... .. ........... ........ ............ .. .................. ................................ ....... ........... ... ..... ..... ... ................ ................... ...

.... .. ... ........ ... ..... .... ................ .. .. ..... .................. ......... .......... ... ...... ... ... .. .... .. ..... ........... ....... ...... .. .. ........... .....

1 1 1
—+—=—
s s' f

-.
+
s

, +
s

+
f

Q I

·~ ~-·
... ... ...... .. ... .... ... ....... ....... ..... .. .... ......... ... ... ... .. .. .. ..... ........ ...... .. ..... .. .. ... .. ... ........ ... .. .... ..... ... .. ....... .... .. .. .... .. ... .

R, R,

>=(n —1)(~l-¼) (+ n •······ (+

00
... ... .... .... ....... ... ..... .............. ..... .......... ....... ... ..... ..... ....... .. ..... ... ... .... .... ..... ..... ..... ... .. ... ......... ... ........ ..... .........
:

•
__l_
:
--~:.:.:: ""~·
-- I, /2
le~
I L I

M= -1:(25/:m) m =~
f
fe

704
 705

Study Modules).
(practice QUJzzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 31.1 LO 31.3
3 1.8
3 1.20, 3 I .2 1, 3 1.22, 3 1.23, 3 1.24
3 1.1 , 3 1.2, 3 13, 31.4, 3 l.5 3 1.55, 3 1.56, 31 .57, 3 1.58, 3 1.59, 31.60,
3 1.11 , 31.1 2, 3 1.1 3, 3l.1 4, 3 1.15 3 1.61, 3 1.62, 3 1.63, 3 1.73, 3 1.74, 3 1.78, 31.79
31.38, 31.39, 3 1.40, 3 1.41 , 3 1.42, 31.43, 3 1.44, LO 31.4
3 1.69, 3 1.75

LO 31.2 31.10
3 I .25, 3 I .26, 3 1.27, 3 1.28, 3 1.29
31.43, 3 J. 50, 31 .53 , 3 1. 54 , 3 1.64, 31 .65,
3 1.1 , 3 1.3, 31.4, 3 1.5, 3 1.7, 31.9 3 1.66, 3 1.67, 31.68, 31.70, 3 1.71 , 31. 76, 3 1. 77
3 I. 16, 3 I. I 7, 3 I. 18, 31. 19
31 .45 , 3 1.46, 3 1.47, 31 .48, 3 1.49, 3 1. 50,
3 1.5 1, 3 1.52, 3 1.63, 3 1.73, 3 1. 76, 3 1.77, 3 1.80

(a) (b)
(c)
I.
13. (a)
2.
(b)
3.
4
14. 18 40
(a) (b)
5.
15 . (a)
(b)
6.

31.2
16. 56 cm 31 cm
7.
(a)
8
(b)
9
17.

10.
18. 50

19. 25 cm

31.,
II 31 . 3
50 cm 20. 32 cm
'II =
2 1. 30
12. 15 36
706 31

22. 32.
10
38.6 m
23. 4.0 1.0 (a) (b) (c)

33. 64.3
24. 8.00 m
1.5 (a) TMT (b)

34. (a) 12.0 cm

1.5 cm
(b)

31,35 24 35. 1.55

18.2 cm
31.4
25. 55
BIO 36.
86 .2 cm
26. 75.0 cm
27. 80 cm
BIO
80

37.
28. 2.2 cm
6.00 m
BIO
2.0 cm (a) (b)

29. 1.25 m
6.1 1.7 8 .3

............. ..........
38. (a) 38.4 55 .7
(b)
16.0
39. 12 17 10 cm
(a) (b) (c)
40.
41. 27 3
30. 3 1.11 2.46 m
(a) (b)
42. 22
(C)
3 1.
43. 34.5 m
(a)
(b)
(c)
 707

44. 45

45. 32

. ,,'—
46.
31.36

47. (a)
f+ lO cm, (b)

57.
48 35 (a) 40 cm, (b)
30
49. 70 17
58. 3 1.25
BIO
n = 1.56
.J4 ..J
50
BIO

59.
11 =
(a)
60. :35 55 11. =
(b)
28 Cl11

61
5 1. 25 BIO
5.5111111,

52 . 2.4 111 55 cm
o.s
II =

53. 26 68 cm
62 = 1 Gl2 , =
28.5 Cl11

54. 75.0

63. 17 = 17.5

55 3J n
(a)

1 (b)

b= b= 64. ::is - LJO 111111

1 38 110

(a)
(b) 65. 60
20

56. R 71

66. .J.5 111111

10

67.
708

68. 1.0 n(.\) = b=

0.85 m 1.55, c = 11 ,500 (a)
0.12 (b) 10.0
589 +2.25
69. 6.0 cm

70 8.6 80.
BIO DATA
+2.25 (a) n =

(b) 30 cm

s (cm) 10.1 29.2 5 1.6 78.3 98.9

71 lD 2D 3D
1.31 4.77 -4.38 -1.27 -0.724

72 d, f,
..............................................................................
73.

74.
CH J/2.8
d

7=(~-1)(¼ — -k)
75.

31.38).
R =

76 .

31. 38 35 81 "-'84).

81.

a.
b.
C.
31. 37 76)
d.
77. 25 cm 82 .
m a.
b.
78 C.
CH
dn d.
83.
79.
CH
 709

a
b.
C.

d.
84.
a.
b.
C.

31. l (b)
3 1.2 (a)
31.3
31.4 (d)
31.5
'` 30 31 33 34

• LO 32.1
LO 32.2

LO 32.3 Cf-g

LO 32.4
LO 32.5

LO 32.6

32.1

LO 32.1

(destructive

711
712

;~ '

f'\_/'\/v
1\/'v
32. la
(a) 1 um
..
··..
300

(h)

32.1 (a)

(b)

1
—
2
1 1
2 2

.
...
..,
••
).
.
•
••
•
• 'A
••

3
...
•

-
K ``‘
?l E-

(
(a)

32.2
 32. 2 713

r-- 1.6 f'm

J
—8 µ 11
—
i

=F
CD CD —
4
A
DVD, disc) 1.2mm
-----------
I
—
) A
CD,

32.1
2
3
(a) (b)
(c) (d)

32.2

LO 32.2
.
.... ... ........ ..... ..... ...... ... ... .. ............ ...... .......... ....... ......... ............ ...... ........... .....

32.3a
32.3b
714

,.,:

:
:
•'
•’
,'
... " ;

— -
,...
..

— —
....__,

—
r
.
E
.
..
.
...
...
..
..
•.

-0E
_ -

b,‘
(a)

32. 3

d sin 32.4

\
d s in 0 = m>-
/ m = 0, 1, 2, … ) (32. la)
I

P-

\
d s in 0 (m +/i m O, I , 2, …) (32. l b)
I

32. 4 1 m, 1 mm
L>
IJ.111 ,,\ <(
sin0 == tan0 =

= m>J: , = (m + ½) >t .\ d) (32.2a, b)

Y밝 t =
람
Y 어
:

(me날
) t
m .
32 2 B b
32.2 715

32,1 | |
75.0 um 1.50
3.80 cm (0.0380 m)(75.0 x 10- 6 m)
,\ = = = 633 nm
mL (3)( 1.50 m)

m 75.0 µ,m , 75 ,000

32.2a, A 시 15
)..
0 030 =
3 +
상
75 시-
-

29.20

32.5). d P
.y

E1 = EP s in wt , E 2 = E P s in (w t ¢) .-

E = E 1 + E 2 = E P [s in wt + s in (w t + ¢)] 32. 5
L:J>dOI
s in a + s in (3 = 2 s in [(a + c o s [(a —{3 )/ 2 ]
sin0 "" tan0 =

E = 2EPsin (wt +
w,

d s ine , d, d
s in 0 = t an 0 =

</> = 27f ( f~ )
716

- [2EPcos(1ryd/>.L )]2 — 2 1rd

s= (>.Ly) (32.3)

=
y=

32.3 c~

LO 32.3 Ci'%

d s in0 =
-DD
N
-

_ I
d s in 0 = m>-
/ ㅇ m = 0, 1, 2, …) (32.l a)
32.6 / \ /
c~

32.1

1 2 3
(m+ —
3
)A
3
(m+ —
3
)A

1-- I -! m
27f rad d s in 0 = —,\ ㅇ (32.4)
N
32. 7
LIO(

ds in0
1 2
= (m + —
3
)A, (m + —
3
)A d s in 0 = m,\, (m + 1 ),\

dsine = m 짜
 32.3 717

N —
_/ "-..,_ _ / "-,,_ _ / "-..,_

JVAJ\/"._
--···
1 cm

d s ine = ·m = O

.~
111••
N 32.8

32. 8 Cf'%

•llfllfW
32.2 | |
Hf] 1 d = 1/6000 cm =
656.3 486. 1 1 .\=656.3nm, Ha
1

m =l = s in - 1(¾) = sin - 1( 0/6566}:: ) = 23.2°

32.la, dsin0 0(3 =

>., d, 1 cm

32.l
)
d =
booout
718

.•

\ ,.•..
\

—
C
w

32. 9 32. 10

d si n
d s in
32.4

mN+l
d s in 0 = N >.

d = m>.'=
(mN+ 1 )>.= L1>. = >.' -

A
=mN (32.5)
LJA

32.3 | I

32.5, A/ L'.l..\ =

>- = 656.272 L'.l..\ = 656.329 nm —656.272 nm = 0.057 nm

656.329
26 ..\ 656.272 nm
m= = = 2.3
Nil..\ (5000 )(0.057 nm )

_)
 32.4 719

0.1 nm

(a) (b}

32. 11 (a)
32.1l (b) 2dsin0
2d sin0

2d sin 0 = m,\ m = l, 2, 3. … ) (32.6)

DVD

32.3 ( I)
(2) (3) (a) (b) (c)

32.4

LO 34.4

AC
720

180°

180°
180°

n=I 11>1
180°
32.12

180°
d

tlfOf

2
2d =
(m + ½)>-n, m = 0 , 1, 2, 3, ···
l/n
>.n

2nd = (m + ½) >. (32.7)

32.12
180°

(a) (b)

32.13 (a) (b) 1 2

\
11111!11
m
 32.4 721

1
650

n = m = 2nd/>- —1/ 2 =

m =3 m = 2, m = 1, m = 0

32.14

nr, n2 = Jn111.:1

3 ?i4 4

[ [

.......
Abraham Michelson) •······

r.,

’
32.15
722

180°

l
4 km
32.16

32.16 10-19 rn
4
Cfg 300

32.4 . I

633 ...
I• •I

...

32.17

,\ = 633 63 J

32.5

LO 32.5
 32. 5 723

L.l t

···...
········....,t...........•..
r-.
c, lr

(a) (b)

32.18
(a) (b)

(a)

(b)

32.19
(a)
(b)

I , 2,
1 1 1
—a s in s in 0 = —).' a s in 0 =
2 2 2

a/2 a s in 0 = >.

1 1
a/4 ~a s in 0 = 2>., a s in 0 =
3, 4 a/L!
a s in 0 =
 asino = mA
724

1 1
—a sin0 = —>-, a s in0 =
6 2

a sin 0
/
= m>.
(32.8)

/
(a) (b)

32. 20

"
lfY

a= 10 ,l

- 90° - 60° - 30° 0° 30° 60° 90°

(a)

a
21r .
a=2A ¢ = ..\
a srn 0 (32 .9)

- 90° - 60° - 30° 0° 30° 60° 90°

(b)

s = [ sinJtl2) r (32.10)

0 = ¢ = 0 = ¢ =
a =
'A
X
---> s in x/x ---> s=
- 90° - 60° - 30° 0° 60° 90°

(c)

32.21

a =
 : 32. 6 725

'
"n

.3
[

. ...

< k
[ <

32. 22

¢/2 = mJr = (Ka/>.)sin 0, a sin 0 =

Cf-8 32. 23
(a)
(b)

` 32.5

..............

. .
..,._._...··..,
,
32.6
?
l.

LO 32.6
.
.... ........ .. ..... ...... ..... ... .... ..... ...... .... .. .......... ........ ... ... .. .. ........ ....... .... ......... .......

.
_ ·,
e _
_

32.24
32. 24
32.24a
726

____hjl\_
: ....

(a)
—

(b)

32. 25

sin0 =
sin 0 =

A
= —
a
(32.11a)

=
1.22,\
D
/ (32.1 1b)

32. 27

32. 26
 32. 6 727

32.6
(a)
(b) (c)

32.5 1

20 X 106 km

I 1.22),
L
= D
,.\ l

32. 1lb, =

32. 1l
J

11111: CD, DVD, BD - -- - -- ------ --- - - - - - - - -

CD DVIJ 131u-ray

l.G run 0.8:3 (till

GSO
CD
728

TV(HDTV)
635 run 650 405
BD
47 25
CD, DVD,
 - - -- -

... .... ... .. ......... .... .. .......... .. .... ...... ... .... ..... ..... ... ... .... .... .. .. ...... .... .... .... ................. .. .. .... ... ...... ... ..... . .. ....... .........
180°

~ c=> ~

d sin& =m>.
111= I

m=O

m= I

1111111111 'A

.......... .. ............. .. .. ... .. ... .................. .... .. ... ... ..... .. .. ........ ..... ..... .... ... .. .... ...... .. ...... ... ..... ..... ... ...... .... .. ......... .... .

1.22,\
= D

2d sin 0 = mA
,\
=m JV
Ll,\

729
730

Study Modules).
(practice quizz.es). solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 32.1 32.2, 32.3, 32.4

32.58 32 .1 9, 32.20, 32.21, 32.22, 32.23
LO 32.2 32.46, 32.50, 32.51, 32.53, 32.54, 32.55,
32.56, 32.57, 32.66, 32.67, 32.69, 32.72
32.6 LO 32.5
32.10, 32.11 , 32.12, 32.13, 32.14 32.5, 32.8, 32.9
32.40, 32.4 1, 32.42 32.24, 32.25, 32.26, 32.27
LO 32.3 32.70
LO 32.6
32. 1, 32.7
32.15, 32 .1 6, 32.17, 32.18 32.28, 32.29, 32.30, 32.3 1
32.43, 32.44, 32.45, 32.48, 32.49, 32.52, 32.68 32.47, 32.59, 32.60, 32.61, 32.62, 32.63,
LO 32.4 32.64, 32.65, 32.71

의
m

ㅡ
5.0
........... ... ...
I.
10(b) 480 nm
13. Q.37
2.
0 065°
3.
14. 546
4
5.

6. 32. 3
15.
7. 16.

8
17. 7.5 633 (a)
4 (b)
9. 18. 520 1

d =
t (a) (b)
3000
32.4
..... ........................... .. ... ............ ................ .. .. ..... 19. 550 =
32.2
10. d = 15 µ,m 20.
L = 2.2 m= l
7.1 cm
11 d=0.025mm, 550 nm 21 450

12. 0.12 (a) 633

) 150 mm u5 4ooum
파 um
Y밝
1
m n
=

mj t =
( 아매
g
-

o .

n
633 nm
 asino =
m) 여= -

)
~

o = sinl ( tmx ) 0 = +~
731

22. 75.011111 = 1.43) 34. ..-1 588.995 nm 589.592

23
35. sin0 :=,c 0

32. 5 >-2
24
④ 36. 6.5 Webb)
25. 633 11111 2.50 ~llll
ㅡ
850

37. 35 m
26 950 MHz 1.20 Gm

35 535 n m
38. 28 mm 840

27 550nm

39.
610 km
32.6 -160 n m 3 L cm WorldView-4
28. 2.1 633 nm

29 520 nm

30 0.-!-! 1.2 40 (a) 640 nm, (b) 580 nm, (c) 410
1.5
31 2

550 41 0.035111111, 1.5111,

0.56

42. 550 400 n111

...... .. ... .. 400 550

43.
(a) (b)
656.3
44. 656 589
50

32. l l~llfct-l'l 4
H1
45. 647.98 648.07
.J.3.J..O nm, 410.2

46 = 1.49) 460
33.
32.2
47.
732

48. 588
390 nm -450 59. Starshot!
66 Mm 6.0
49. 1.06 u.m
97
50. = 60. 10 3400 k m
(a) (b) 550 nm
(a) (b)
51. = 0.80 2.1 (c)
630
50
52. 61.
DATA
580
d =3 .2
62. 100

m O 1 2 3 4 5
④ 0.0° 9.2° 22° 30° 48° 64°
5
53. 0.065 mm
550
550

63. 3.1
다시 BIO
A
,\ = 550 n m
I I I I 64. 1
,\ = 550

32. 28 53, 54, 66

54. 65.
BIO
50
560
55. 486.1 280

56. 0.1 50 mm

57. 42.5 66. 32.28

641.6
67.
58. 535 AM 65.0 km/h

68.
s in a)
 733

69 73 .
1064 nm
4 km a.
1120 b. 1/
4 km 1.2 am(l .2 x 10- 18 m) C.

(a) d.
(b) 74.

a
70. b.
CH
(a) c
dE= (~,dy/a) sin d.
75 .
<!>Cu) = (27ry/.\) sin (b) y = y= dE I ),

a
7 1. b.
12 C.

GHz 45 d
76
2),
8.3 a.
72. b.
ENV
n = C.

580 d.

47

32.29) 32.1 (a)

32.2 (a)
32.3 ( I ) (c), (2) (a), (3) (b)
32.4 (b)
32.5
1
I
I
,;'
I
: / 32.6 (c)
: ///
90°,i, <45°

32. 29 73~ 76).

..
- .
....... ............. ............... ......... ..... ... .... .... .. .... ... ........ ................ .. .... ........... .... ......... ...... .. .... .... .... ... ...... ........ .. .
:
;
:

1
l 1
: s, s'' —
. +7
:• A' AO"A ..
,, ,lA a

:
9,

;
~"
n1 si11 ' ,' - --
' ,-
F.

• 00

<

= -: :
(
n =—
1 : 01 0

F
l

! J{rX'
..... ...... ............ ..... ..... .............. ............... ...... .......... ....... .... .. ............ ....... ..... ... .. ................... .. ..... ........ ....... ..
:
_- :
_
:
-_ ;
- ;
:
d sin 0 = m,\
1
d s in 0 = (m + —),\
2

•111111,,. A

1.22.A
- =
d

> a). So,

d=

734
c::::J

735
 31 32 34 35 v

• cf%§

• LO 33.1

• LO 33.2

• LO 33.3

LO 33.4
•
LO 33.5
LO 33.6

LO 33.7 E = m c2
LO 33.8 ~f
LO 33.9

CH
-,

33.1

LO 33.1

340

737
738

1000

relativity)

33.2

LO 33.2
 33.2 739

33.la

(a)

r
.
••
••
H --7
111_
o

(b)

of

(c)

2c:::J

A.
W.
33.2

33.1
goo

u = Jc2

33. 2
740

2L 2L
t = = (33.l)
u Jc2 - v2
....

[ H

=
33.3
L L 2cL
t 11 = C - V
+ C+V = c2 - v2
(33 .2)

ll , 12, 33

. . ...... ... ...... ... .

33.1 (a) M-M

(b)
M-M (c) M-M

·· ·· ····· ·· ··· ··· ············ ·· ·· ······ ·· · ··•····· •····· • ·· · · · · · ···•··· · • · · ·· · ·· · ·· •···· •···· · · ··· ·

33.3
... .. ... ....... .... ........... .. .... ..... ... ........ .. ...... .. .......... .... .... ......... .......... ...... ... .... .....
LO 33.3 .
.... ... ... .. ...... ...... ...... .. ...... ... .. ................... ........ .... .. .... .. ... .... ..... ..... ..... ... .... .... ..
33. 4 33.4 theory of relativity)
 33.4 741

c = 3.0 x 108

of

33.4~

33.4

LO 33.4

c = 3.0 X 108

33. 5
742

2L E-
...
... f

:
O S'

C
(a)

— L1t' =
····t·············r
•.{
L
~-··
......··

— :. : V

cl
(b)
G
33. 6 (a)
S', (b)
2 VL2 + (v L1 t / 2 )2

L1 t = 2 VL 2 + (vL1t / 2)2

-;

c2 (L1t)2 = 4L 2 +v (L1 t)2

4L2 4L2
(L1t)2 =
c2 - v2 = )

'1t' = '1 t = '1t' I Vl —

 33.4 743

\ L1t' =
—/
—
L1t J1 (33.3)
/
C c
K`r\
I
_ \:: /])A
' .:
_ I >

<
tf')~ 4,J\Y

,'-
> 4
\_, I ) )
C
c,

L'.1t' 33.7 33. 7

01
G

33.1 1 |
V = v/c = 0.95
25

Llt' = Lltv1 = (25 yJ /1 = 7.8 y

25
,1( L1t

L1t'
= L1t v1 — j
744

- \.
"'·;~·-·••:-·._:••..,:'•.•. •,:,~:;:-" "?'.·':7:·:·'\) ?···•\ ·.· ·. ·.·. · .· •·· .· • : .·- ,·•. · · ::_: . . . .>'.:..•·..· .• - :\·

2000111
.dt = = 6.7 ,lS
(0.994)(3.0 X 108 111/s)
6.7,lS

.•^< 6.7

.dt' = (6.7 ,lS) Vl-0.9942 = 0.73 ,lS

E-
0.73 µS

2000 m

33.8a
33.8b
33.8c
 33, 4 745

33.2 | - - - - -
|

I• 20ly •I
(a)

33.3, L1t' = L1tvi

L1t = (20ly)/
(0.80ly/y) = 25
L1t' = (25 y) v1 —0 .802 = 15 y
(b)
50 30 y

I• 20ly •I

(c)
1
33.8

33.2 A, B, C

(a) A < B < C , (b)

A = B > C, (c) A = B < C, (d) A = B= C

20ly, 25 Y, Lix =
746

V =
L1t' = 15 L1 x ' = v L1 t ' = (0.80 ly/y)( 15 y) = 12
33 .3,

L1t' =

L1x' = v L1t' = v L1t J1 —

\ I
.1 x ' = .1 x V1 —v2/c2 (33.4)

\
v > O

J1 L1 x >

contraction) contraction)
Antoon
Francis

33. 9
3.2

3.2 m

33.3 | SLAC

33.9 33.4, d x ' = d x

3.2
(a) V = (a) dt =
(b) (c) (b)

33.3, d t' dt' =

11 (c) d x' = 3.2

L'.lx
(a) L'.lt, (b) L'.lt' , (c) L'.lx'

L'.lx =
d x'
33.3, L'.lt'
_)
 33. 5 747

JO, . , ,
I'

- _ J --... "
___,. B
- J'

(a)

v
B
- --- i l,
1' -
A
.,_; ,
33.5 (b)

33.10 (a)

(b)
LO 33.5

>v B ..,
..---:..-
(I,)__ _ )"
A

(a)

> ,· B
Ei,
E2 E1 .....·...•..· .•a@! A

(b)

33.11 S'
B

E1
B
·... ··.. - -- - -l
·,
A >v
(a)

B
, •... .·
.....
--+
A > ,·
(b)

33.12 S'
A

-
748

’ 33.13
.2-~ .2-J2s Af-T-,
E —12ly

vi
=

(0.312) =

33.3

(a) (b) (C)

33.6

LO 30.6

t =2 ,{
2m
2 111 S, s'
t =t' X, y,
-2 - I O I 2 3 4 5 6
z, x', y', z',
x x' = x y, z,
-1 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

33.14
t
v< x' =X —vt,
x' x' = ry (x — v----> ry----> 1
 33 . 6 749

x = "( (x' + vt'

x = O, t = x' = O, t' =
t t

X = .T',

x' = ct'
ct' =1t(c —v), ct c2 ="/2(c —v)(c+v)

y , z,
y' = y, z' =
t' -,,=
46

33. 1

,
y ’ =y y=y
z ’ =z z =z ’ 1
1=
T' = , (.r: - ut) r = 1 (x' + vt' ) Ji
t' =,(t t = 1(t'

1 = 1/ Vl
V =
2
2

V -'>

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

33. 15

33.1 |

t = t' =
750

33.4 -- ----------- — |
2Ml y v = o.Bc
" )
"/
X= O

33.16 33.4.

, = =

t =O t\ = + A - v;A ) = (%) (0 — (081/: [;};~2Mly) )= —2.7 My

Xt1\•V = O,
twrw = x A = 2 Ml y, tA = t = O t 'MW

V = 0.8c
t 2.7 My
t' NfW t'

2.7 My )

1000 5
1005

1005
velocity
S,
t = t' =

u =
1,
 33. 6 751

LJX = X2 - Xl = - .r1') + u(t2' —ti') ] = ry (L:'ix' + vL:'it')

LJt = t2 —t 1 = ry [(t/ —t1') + v(x2' - = ry (L:'it' + vL'.1x'/c2)

L:'i.-r L:'i.-r' + vL:'it' (L:'ix'/L:'it' ) + v

L:'it = L:'it'+vL:'ix'/c2 = l+v(L:'i:i:'/L:'it')/c2

L:'ix/L:'it =

u ' +v ~
/ u= ' (33 .Sa)
-+
2
l u v/c
,- ,

'U =
u —u ? (33.Sb)
1 —uv/c

33.5 | |
S'
u'

B
(a)

u' +v 0.80c+ 0.80c 1.6c

u = = ? = —— =0 .98c

13 1 + u'v/c2 1 + (0 .80c) (0 .80c)/c 1.64

(b)

33.17 (a) (b)

S', u' =

33.4 30
20
50 km / h (a) (b)
752

(L1s)2 = c2(L1t)2 - [(L1x)2 + (L1y)2 + (33 .6)

y
y·

X
LJ X, LJy ,
x

33.18

33.1 8

33.7

LO 33.7 E=

L- c:, c:,

m, u mu
 33 . 7 753

-
_,/
mu
p = = ry mu

/
(33.7)

, = 1/

p = iwu
71------>
01

r3

00

0 0.2 OA 0.6 0.8 1.0

E = 11/c

E = 33.19

F =

= ¾[ J 1 J= (/:(~:)<;;~/2

K = j1/fd.x = = j
(l -1.1 /c )
<
m(d:/ t;/2 udt = j "
o
mv
(1 - u2/c2)312
du

Vcfv =
·)
inc-
I( = —m e 2 ·)
= , m e - m r·-
·)
(33 .8)
J1 —

1\· =
2
61

E =
754

\ E = , mc2 = j c2
J1 —u /c
2 2
(33 .9)

c2 = 9 X 1016
E =

E =

1,

33 .6 PET

(Nl-!3),

511 PET

PET
 33. 7 755

33.6 1
- - -
|

E= = (9 .11 x 10-31 kg )(3.00 x 1018 m/s )2 = 82.0 fJ

82 511 keV
511

E =

1
2

r = 1/ Vl u2/c2

33,7 I |
2.50 (a) (b) (a)

K= E —mc2 = 2.50 MeV —0.511 MeV = 1.99 MeV

(b) E = ,mc2 , = E/mc2 = 2.50 MeV/0.5 11 MeV =

1=

·u =2.94x108m/s

"( =

= 511 keV(= 0.511

-1- ~8
33 9 M 10

_
O~

1
p= I< = p2 =

p = E =
756

E2
/ (33.10)

p =
""
E =

E =
(mc2)2 = E2
V(Lix)2 + (Liy)2 + (Liz)2

p =

33.8

LO 33.8
 \l ]
33. 9 757

J\
?

33 .20a
Fn =
qu x l

33.20b X '1
7 -
..
....
‘
FE = l .f·
.' .E

+ + +
qv X B =
.,__
>v --- --- --- ----

-
qu X
; |

(b)

33. 20

33.9

LO 33.9 o.::::

.
.. .. .. ........ ........ .. ........ .... .. ..... .... ...... .... ..... .. ... ..... .... .... ... .... .. ... .. ...... .

33 .2 1 33. 21

theory of

.. .
....·.. ' ::-.
,:-:.. '
, . ' '
..

' ... , ''. :’

f

33. 22
GPS(globa l pos itioning
758

33. 23
 33.9 759

..)
..J
\ I
..)

IO
05
(Z ··

LIGO(the 0.0
- 0.5
Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, 32.16 l',J
- 1.0

10- 19 Ill
0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45
(s)

33. 24

10-21

Virgo

LISA(the Laser
Interferometer Space km
 ... ......... ..

......... ............ ... .......... ... .......... ......... ..... .... ..... ........... ....... ....... ....... ..... .. .......... ..... ..... ....... ....... ..... ......... .. ....

c
< C
><>
/ \ / \'/\/\ n

d (9/',/
, v

c, c,
I• L •I

y ’ =y y = y’
z’ = z z = z’
'Y = 1
x' =,(x -vt) x =,(x' +vt') J1
t' t =,(t'

- vi —
p =
1nu

u2/c2
="(mU
-

(L1s)2 = c2(L1t)2 (L1y)2 + (L1z)2] 0

me- o
E= ="(me- =K+mc2 =

(mc2)2 = E2 I
00

: ; E =

u'+v
u = l +u'v/c2 :
-
S'
v

760
 761

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 33.l LO 33.6

33.2 33.4 1, 33 .42, 33 .43, 33.44, 33.45, 33.46,

LO 33.2 33.47, 33.48, 33 .5 1, 33 .52, 33 .5 3, 33 .55, 33.64, 33 .67
LO 33.7
33. 11 , 33. 12 E=
33.33, 33.34
33 .6, 33 .8, 33 .9
LO 33.3 33 . I9, 33.2 0, 33.2 1, 33 .22 , 33.23, 33.24
33. 1, 33.4, 33 .7 33 .54, 33 .56, 33.57, 33.58 , 33 .59, 33 .60,
LO 33.4 33.6 1, 33.62 , 33 .63, 33.68, 33.69, 33.71
LO 33.8
33.3, 33.4, 33 .5
33. 13, 33 .14, 33. 15, 33. 16, 33 .1 7, 33. 18 33.10
33.35, 33.36, 33.37, 33.38, 33.39, 33.40, 33.70
33.49, 33 .50, 33.51, 33.65, 33.66, 33.69
LO 33.9
LO 33.5
33.44 33 .68

.......... .. .
l 33.2
2. 11. 1800 km 800 (a)
(b) 130 km/h
3 (C) 130 km/h

12. 11
4.
(a)
5 E (b) O.Olc, (c) 0 5(', (d)

6. 33. 4
13.
7.
14.
8 511 1 (a) (b)

9
10. E ·
, B
, 15.

16.
762

(a) 29. A, 95.Q X

(b)
17. 99

18.
BIO
1.6 m

30. Elf.illl!cD
33.7
19. (a) 25 m /s, (b) lOO

20. 1 D
4u 31. A
21.
22. 10% % (a)

23. (a) (b) (b)

24. 10%
32. A

(a)

(b)

.... .........
33. 0 <V<
2s.
34. 100
m/ s 550 nm
(a)
(b)
26. El~llclcD
35. (a)
5.0 min
27. PET
(b)
36.

2s.

37.
 763

38. 50. 50 km/s

(a)
(a) (b)
(b) (C)
51.
39 A,
(a)
(b)
40. 2 min 1000
150

6.67 min (C)

41.
52. (a) 29, (b)

42

53.

43. ,t, < 54. (a) 0.20c, (b)

44 55. :£ = 0, t =
t =2 .45 x=3 .81y,

(a) (b) B (a)

(c) (b)
56
45
57. 500 (a) (b)

58 14
(a) 2.0 25
(b)

46
47. 59. l 1g

Lit' 60.
48. 25 33.25 3.3

(a) (b) A
6 1. 'll
CH

- -
A B
62 .
CH

v=O 65c v=0.50c

63.

33. 25 48. 64.

CH

49
764

65 .
.. ...........
CH

l
A u

66.
CH 72.
a.
L'.l t' d, L'.l t' ,
b.
67.
CH C.

73.
a.
b.
68.
C.

d.
74.

69. ray)
CH a.
300 Eev
b.
(a) (b)
c.
d.
70.
CH 75.
(a)
a.
E=
b.
C.
S' d.
(b) /\'

1 = l/ (c) S'
S' S'
(d) (e)
(f) E·
, (g) E2

-
E · '
33 .l (a)
33 .2 (c)
71
DATA 33.3 (a)
33.4 (b)
33.5

(a) (b)
SI

E(MeV) 0.51 1 1.01 1.51 2.5 1 3.51 4.51 5.5 1

p(MeV/c) 0 0.872 1.41 2.46 3.45 4.6 1 5.49
 32 33 35 36 `/

• LO 34.1
LO 34.2

LO 34.3
LO 34.4
LO 34.5 0
LO 34.6
LO 34.7

DI
34.1

LO 34.1

John

765
766

34.2
............... ............ ............ ........ ..... .. ..... ...... ........ ............ ... ............ ............. ....
LO 34.2
.
... .... ........ ...... ...... ...... ... ... ... .... .. ..... ... .................. ................. ............. .......... ...

l.

17AT4 (34.1)

2.

3.

34.1
 34. 2 767

T = 2.898 mm · K (3 4.2a)

-)
T= 4. 11 mm · K (3 4.2 b) 0.5 I

34. 2

Karl Ernest Ludwig

?
21rhc-
R(.\, T) = - . ' . - (34 .3 )

k= l.38 X 10 -23

\
f

E = nhf, n = O, l, 2, 3, · ·· (34.4)

6.63 X 10-J.J ] ·

hf
(a) (b)
34 .3
34. 3 (a)
n+ (b)
2
768

27rckT
R(>., T ) = (34.5)

t
34.4
Mar

4
2
72, 76,
,l(pm)

34. 4 6000 K

34.1 I I

I 2900 (a) (b) ,\1 = 1.0 µ,m (1000 ,\2 = 550

(b) 550
I1(`^A /I
TT))
(
AA
5152
ee
cckk
12 ll
R(.>-2, T) = 34
I
R(.>-1, T)
L

1.0

34.2a, T= 2.898 mm ·
T = 2900 550 T= 4.11 mm · = 1.4
I

`
(a) >. = 2.898 mm · K/2900 K = 1.0 µm

34.1 (1)
(2)

34.3

LO 34.3

hf
 34.3 769

’
’
’
’
0

34.5

I. O

2.
I<

3. 34, 6

\
•.

E = hf
/ (34.6)

\
34.1
cp (eV)
4.26
function) 4.28
2 14
4.65
2 30
2 75
5.15
4 85
= hf —¢ (34.7)
770

700 600 500 400 300

2 525150
34.7
(A)~ IR

IO

34. 7
6
•
8 JO
H z)
12

` 42 n 2

Holly
0=45°

34.8a
._" 0=90'

ifY

i-v

34.9
E = 34.8b

34. 9 .\ = 71

(a) (b)

34. 8
 34. 4 771

shift), LIA = ,\ —

h
L'.1>. = (l - cos 0) (34.8)
'lrlC

0 =
>-c = h/me = 0. 00 243 nm 2.43
0=

10

m ~
4
3
_
_lo b

34.4

LO 34.4

Ge iger),

_ -,— C]

von
772

30.16).

30.16

½=RH(t —~)
n=3 , 4, 5, 6, constant for

1.0968 X 107 m -1

½=RH(i —\ (34.9)

n1 = n2 + 1, n2 + 2, · ·· n2 = 2 , n2 = 1
n2 = n2 = 1, 2, 3,

Henrik
 34. 4 773

71t,

mvr = nti, (34.l0)

n= l, 2, 3, · .. Ii =

K= - K+
2 2
1;.r2

E = —
2
U= —

ke 2
r = —2E (34.11 )

1 1
K = —
2
U = - —
2
1nv2 = — V = J —2E /m
m J —2E / m (— ke 2/ 2E) =

k2e~m
E" = -

n = l, 2, 3, n=
radius)

fi2
= = 0.0529 nm
mke

\ /
ke
2
(34.12a)
En = - ~(~)

!i2.9
/
n= E1 =

— 2.1 8X10~19J=
774

13.6 eV
En = — n2
(34.12b)

34.12a

L1E = — ;< (-lr —¼) = (¼ —\

L1E = hf =
1/ A =

1 ke-
(i -~)
E= O

\, >- =
045 n= oo
0 58
__ n=5 RH
"" "~
0 "' 11=4
R00 =
- 1.51 11= 3
= l.0974 X l07

-:
,,. .

(t,a)
34 "' "'- ?-- 'O
n=2

t:i:~,

—
K

(energy-level

"C:- "C:
-
EC C
E
"'. "'.
;:;:; 8
M 0

S; 0::
1:, CQ. ,_ 'O

- 13.60 11= 1

34.10
L\-g r = _ = ( k;2 )( 2:: ·/ ) = (34.13)

=
0.1

34,2 1 !

0.1 n =273 n =272

(a) n =273
(b)
 34. 5 775

(2732) = 7.9 (b)

,\ = [R,, (2:22 —2:32 )i - 1 = 92 cm

34.J3, r n
RH = 1.097 x 107 m- 1
34.9, 1/ ,\ = RH — n1 = 77.2
=
92 f=c/.\ =
(a) d = (2)
300 VHF UHF 14

34.1 2 —13.6 E = O
E =O

13 .6

34.4
(a)
(b) 95 1282 nm (c) 95

34.5

LO 34.5

Victor de

p=
p = f,\ =
776

\ h
.\ = —
p
(34.14)

""
Broglie

n.>- = n(h/ p) = n(h / m v ) =

34.11
m vr = nh / 21r =

-
(a) 45 150 (b) 1 Mm/s

34.14
A
"" 10-34
"" 0.7

10 - 105
 ` 34 5
b
<
34. 6 777

Joseph
/

'
-
’
:0- \
i _'
\

\
/
34.12).
34.12

34.6

LO 34.6

L1p

6..,

/
(34. 15)
\ §
L'ix L'ip ti
-K

/,( =
i
P

(a)

~ 0 :::

34. 13
778

-_

(a)

__

l
_

_
(b)

34. 14

34.3 1

0.2 m/s Lip =mLiv = (26 .98 u )( l.66 x 10- 27 kg/u )(0.20 m/ s)
= 9 X 10-27 kg · m/S

Lix = l'i/Lip = 12 nm
!'i =
dp
34.15, dxdp :::, 12

j7

34.4 1

(a) 1
p ::::: p
0.1 (b) 2

K :::c: 2~i ( 2~x

.::1x = O.l
l .::1x = l 5

eV 34.10

dp = p —
(- p) = d p 2:: J
 34.7 779

.
fs = l0- 1''
.dE.dt ::C: Ii (34. 16)

~10 - 8
E=hf=hr/,\

I 34.6
(a) 0, (b) p, (c)

34.7

LO 34.7 .
...... ...... .. .. ...... .. ..... .. ..... .... .... ... ....... .... .... .. ..... .. ........ .. ... ....... .... .................... ..
780

of

pondence

h 72

1000

1000

* Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1962).
 ··:,:·,

..... ..... ............ ..... ................. ... ... ..... .. .... ..... ... ....... ... .. ..... .... ... ... ......... ... .... ... ... ...... .. .......... ................. ..... ......
: :
: :
: :
h = 6.63 X 10- :JI J · S : E=hf : E= "' 13.6eV
:: :: 2a0

/j = h / 21r :: : = 0.0529
:: :

h L'.lx ilp Ii
>. = —
p

.......... ... ..... ............ ... ................ .. .... ...... ... ........ ..... ....... ........ ...... ... ............ ..... ..... ........ ...... ..... ............. ..... ...
C : :
:
>-T = 2.898 111 111 · I< :

T, :
1

"'
\ x\ x

E =O 11 = co

11 =4

n1 - n2 11 =3

t =R11(~-~)
11=2

Ulll Ulll
LU
9 9
U
' · zo f'l6
1l
l 1

o l C'QI >--

£= - 13.6eV n= I

781
782

Study Modules),
(practice quiu.es), solutions to problems)

810 DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 34.1 LO 34.4
34.12 34.1, 34.6, 34.7, 34. 10
LO 34.2 34.2 1, 34.22, 34.23, 34.24
34.42, 34.43, 34.60, 34.6 1, 34.62, 34.63,
34.2 34.64, 34.65, 34.74, 34.80
34. 11 , 34. 13, 34. 14, 34.1 5, 34. 18 LO 34.5
34.44, 34.45, 34.46, 34.72, 34.76, 34.78, 34.79
LO 34.3 34.25, 34.26, 34.27, 34.28
34.58, 34.67, 34.68
34.3, 34.4, 34.8 LO 34.6
34.1 6, 34.17, 34.1 9, 34.20
34.48, 34.49, 34.50, 34.5 1, 34.52, 34.53, 34.29, 34.30, 34.31, 34.32, 34.33
34,54, 34.55, 34.56, 34.73, 34.75, 34.77, 34.81 34.57, 34.59, 34.66, 34.69, 34.70, 34.71

LO 34.7

............. 14.
I.
40
2.

15. 5800 (a)

3.
(b)
4

5.
34.3
6.
16. (a) 1.0 MHz (b) 5.0 x 101'1 H z (c) 3.Q X
7.
1018Hz
17. 400 700
8. BIO
9.
18. 0.600 787

10.
19. 650 450

.... ...... ... 20. 945

34.2
I I.
34. 4

12. (a) 21.

22. 1282
(b) (C)
13. 255
(a) (b) (C) 23 .
 783

24 . 5.18 37.

34.5
25. (a) 30 (b) 10

26. 1 mm 38. El!JIMffl 15

27. /)

39. S e\/
28 . (a) 10 e\' , (b) 10 ke\ ', (c) 10

40. nm
34.6 eV
29. 1
41. El!311.'c!ffl 25
30. l ~till
1 m/ s

3 1. l' =

32. 50
.............
33. 15 Og 42. 645 0.100 11111 2780

6.64 X 10-27
kg
43 5800 K 200 11111

44. (a) 1.0 111111 , (b) LO ~llll, (c) 1.0 ~u11 2 0 kK

45. 558 (a)

(b) 382

46. 288 K
ENV
(a) 0.550 - 0.551 ~111
(b) 10000 - 10001 ~llll
34. n
10 ~l lll
(a) (b) II = 3-5

35. /\ =
76..J,J ~llTl II = 21
47. (a) 89 5 !VI!Iz J .O kvV (b) 633
11111 1.0 111W (c) 0.10 11111
36. mJ!R 2.5 kW
48.
1.3
49. (a) (b)
11 = II = 2
784

50. 365 nm 68.

BIO
1.8 (a) (b) 280 nm 25 nm

51.
BIO
430 662 100 ke V
(a) (b)

52. 69. 23

53. 4.2 x 105 70.

s
54. 2.8
50% l.l eV 71. 106 O.Dl%
(a) (b)
55. 150 pm 72. ,\
CH
(a) (b)

56. 0.10 nm 73.

57. 370 1.2 74. n L'.1f =cRH/

(a)
(n+
(b)
75.
58. 3.35 CH

59. 6.6 nm
76.
CH

77.
60. (a) CH
(b) 34.8b

61. n = 180 n = 179 + mc2 = hc/,\ +,mc2, = (h/,\) cos0 +,mu cos q;,

(a) (b) O = (h/,\) sin 0 —, mu s in

62. -> 00

(a) (b) 78.

CH
63. n=225 O"

9.32
64. 48
79
COMP
65.

66. 1 cm 80. n+ l n

67. 450 nm 81
DATA
 785

(a) (b) C.

(c) 34 .1 d.

85. 10- 7

,\( nm ) 225 275 325 375 425 475 525 a. 10- .J"

V(V) 3.25 2.17 1.52 0.962 0.646 0.3 12 0.065 b. 10- 27

C. 10- l ,

d.
...... ..... ..

10- 2.1

34.1 ( ! ) (2)

34.2 ( J ) h/e (2)

34.3 (b)
34.4 (c)
34.5 (a)
I
i<O 34.6 (c)
..……·········

E=111c'

34.15 82~85).

82
a. A
b. B
C. C

d.

83 1
a. 10- 3-1 s

b. 10- 21

C. 10-9 S

d. l
84.

a
b.
 33 34 36 37 `/

LO 35.1
• LO 35.2
LO 35.3

LO 35.4
LO 35.5

787
788

35.1

LO 35.1

29.2Qb, C

~ ',

.
..... _: :·./:))_;·/ ·. ·. ,.
. 35.1
····· ·······

35.1

35 .2

35.2
(a) (b)

(a) (b)
(c)

(c)
• (d)

(d)

~ .... ··...

.
. . ·.·.·..
: ... . . . : .. .. .. . .
.,.. . . . .. .····.·'.-:··.·
·.. .... ..... .... "
...
35.3
 35. 2 789

rw g
nq

1r9 M

35 1
H- nH"~

35.2

LO 35.2

fonction)

=A sin

d2'1j;(x)
= - A k2 s in kx = - k2 'ljJ (x )
dx2

k = ,\ = p
k = 21rpIh = PIti

E- k2

p2 2m(E —U)
,;;2= —=

-
\ d21jJ (x )
+ = E'ljJ(x) (35.1)
2m dx2
/ I ~Ee:

independent Schrodinger 35.1

790

f = .\ =
K=

= 'l/)2(x)dx
I (35.2)
\

x dx
35 .4

x, d,
P(x,) = ,P

- - - ' ,.....

l
¢, ' (x, ) - - - - - ~-~\- - - - - - -

if, ' if, ' (x,)

>

x, x, X >

cir cir
(a) (b)

35. 4 (a ) (b)
 35. 3 791

3~5 0 ci.1 (a)

• (b)
......... ......... .................. ...... ............. . . , . . .. .. . . .. . ................................ ....... . . .... . ... . .... ·· · · · ··

100%

=1 (35 .3)
- 00

35.3

LO 35.3
792

U=

L
x= x= square
35.1
35. 5

d2'1/J
2m dx2
+ U(x)'I/J = E'I/J

U=O , O<x<L
U= oo, x<O, x>L
U=
0 ::::; x :c:;
x= x= 1jJ =

U=
ti2 d2 1j;
= E ?j; (35.4)
2m dx2

7/J(O) = ?jJ(L) =
7/J = A s in k=

?jJ(x) = A sin ( n~x )

d2 '1P . n1rx
-=
dx2 —A L2 sin( L )

(- 2~ ) [—
A n::2 sin ( n~x )] = EA s in ( n~x )

n2 1r2 n,2 n2 h2
En = = (35.5)
2mL2 8mL 2
 35.3 793

5I 25£,

n = ·i/J = 4 "'
! 3 9£,
2 4£,
I £,
n = l E1 =
35.6
wave

- L:'ix L'.'ip ;:,:

0 .75 n=2

E1 LlE= 3.2
X 10- 19 J, 2.0

35.1 ’
X 10- 34 J · s )2
E,, =
0.850 nm 8(9.11 X 10-31 kg )(0.85 X 10- 9 m )2
= 8.350 X J
n=l, 2,
E1 = 0.522 eV Bi = 2.09 eV , FJ;i = 4.70

35.5, En =
n = 1, 2, 0.85
eV
L = 0.850 m = m e = 9.11 X 10-3 t
794

35.3 1 1

11= 15
(a) £8 = lOEA, (b) £ 13 = lOOOEA, (c) £ 13 = 106EA,

(d) £ 8 = 10- 3EA

n=3
7/J =
A sin 7/J = O< x <

11=2

2 s in 2( n~x )dx = 1

n= I

L
35. 7 L A2(L / 2) =
2
A = )2/L

= (35.6)

....

11= 15

······•
·············•·

n=3
n= l

...............["··..•
:··. "
:

n=
·········· _____ ·}___ _
11= !
35 .8
35. 8

35.2 1 I

35.6).

=
 35. 3 795

P =
..
'ij/:l-

P = _s in (2wx/L ) L/4) = _3_ (!:_ __f_) = 0.091

L 2 4w/ L O L 8 4w

n }O /
L L-<'
L ···········... -& L 2
..
I
A1_ · 5 1
x =— L
4
n

35. 9
I —
3 4
g b
i]O~

8
\ 9

1
U= w = Jk / m U=
l 2
2

9
4 _ h 3m
2

E,, = (n+ (3 5.7)

n=
hf( =

35. 10

34 . 11 35. 6
796

r... ••...............
n= O

—:i\.' , I4-3-2-1
I I/
0 I 2 3 4 X
\
·• (a)
: :: ...

n= I

: : -3 -2 - I O I 2 3 4
:
:
:
:
·....
(b)
; f ....

n=2

·. - 3-2- 1 0 I 2 3
·.
\ ... (c)

/\0hf\l
n=3

; -3-2-1 0 I 2 3
\ (d)

)'\-At)f\~A,A~tt/\
- 5- 4 - 3- 2- 1 0
(e)
I 2 3 4 5

35.11
'l/;2 (x) .
n

O - ..
.
..
••
......
..
•• .. .
..
.. ,/2m (U-E)x i ii
`...
f
l u
E

x
35.13
35.12

E u x

35.13
 35. 3 797

` 35.5
(b) (c)
(a)

(tunneling

1~
-

,1

IBM ·
··> I

STM

35.14

£, = 0 8J U0
~"""

Vo

35. 15

35 . 14 ,1 = I
• L ,
798

35.4

LO 35.4
E=

n=3

n=2

n=I
E=O

35, 15

35.16

h2
E= (3 5.8)
8mL2

nx, ny,

nx = ny = nz = nL = 2,
35.16 ny = nz =1 nx = ny = 1, nz = 2, nx = nz = 1, ny =2
nx =2, ny
7/;(x, y) = sin(nx 1rx/ L) sin(ny1ry/L)

_
-
X

EEE
2
t .. I_
12_
£,,,, £,,,, £,,,
·
E -i
I_
l

3.
_
Kh_b £,,, -- - £,,,

35
35.17
E=O

M
•I
C
1 ~
3 'o
(
.
J_OH

~ .

35.5

LO 35.5
 35 . 5 799

(leY

404.60 404.65 404.70

(a)

Adrien Ma urice

E2 = (mc2)2

404.60 404.65 404.70

(b)

35.18 (a) n n
404.66 nm
(b)

'PET
......... ......... ... ..... ......... ... ...... .. ....

!'i,2 d21jJ
—2m

\
dx2
+ U( x)1jJ = E 1jJ

;UX . • .... .
l
~. ~ . · ~
J.r' ·( x. ldx~ ._ .
o 7} D
.... -
J · 1 ...
....
..
oa .....
42
( ` ...... x`_, — / .>

,
I = x x

X x

... .... ..... .. .. .......... ... ... .. ... ...... ....................... .. .. .. ......... .... .... ........ ..... ...... .. ..... .... ....... ..... .......... ....... ... .. ..........
)O 00 : ·_
I 1
n= 15 : L

Ifsin(y) :
:
:
I

9
I
— f Q

:
:
3\ /.
2
7
-
2
nW
5
E,, =
8mL 2
11 = 3 — W
2hf
n0m}
3
2 —
!
E=
2 _
E= + n~
8mL 2 11= 2

n= I

.... ...... ....... .. .. .... .. ....... ... ... ... ... ...... ...... ..... ......... ....... .... ... ......... ... ..... ......... ... ... .... .. .... ...... ... ....... .... ...... .... .....

- - ' ' - - " ' -

n= 3

11=2
Mr x

11 = 1
E=O

800
 801

Study Modules).
{practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 35.1 35.36, 35.38, 35.39, 35.40, 35.41 , 35.42,

35.43, 35.44, 35.45, 35.37, 35.48, 35.49, 35.50, 35.5 1,
LO 35.2 35.52, 35.53, 35.56, 35.57, 35.58, 35.59, 35 .60, 35 .6 1

LO 35.4
35 .8
35.37 35.6, 35.7
LO 35.3 35.25, 35.26, 35.27
35.46, 35.54, 35.55
35.1, 35.2, 35.3, 35.4, 35.5, 35. 10 LO 35.5
35.1 I, 35 .1 2, 35. 13, 35.J4, 35. 15, 35. 16,
35.l7, 35.18, 35 .1 9, 35.20, 35.2l, 35.22, 35.23, 35.24 35. l 0

I. 35. 2
2 2
l1. 1,; =Ae ' ; ,,
2. (a) (b)
3

12. l.r l > =O

4 - a .1· 11· = A s i n ( 1r1-/a)

5
6. 35.3
13.
7 I :

14
8.

%
9.

15. 10.0
10.
(a)
16. l .S
(b)

u) L--J 17.

(a) (b)
0 .48

eV

X
• 18

35.19 10

1.0
802

2.6 m, 60 k g 1/3
19. 1.0 33.
l .13 9,090

20. 3 15 cm 0.5
34.

2 1. 4 15 35.
COMP O]

22. 0.14 eV

23 . w = l .Q X 1017

24. l.l
..
36. IxI > 1/; -b :S: X :S: 1/;

35. 4
25. 37.

26. 1 fm
38. 25 (a)
n= n= (b) 7), = n= (c) n =
27. n=
950 39.
(a) (b)
40.

41 4.4

42. B

43 . 0.834
2s. 0.85 0.500 n =4 (a)

29. n=4 6.38 35.1 (b) (c)

30. 1.15 44.

38.9

3 1. 45 . - L/2 (a) m

(b)
46. 1.25
32. Elf.:ll!MH
 803

nm~700
eV 58. (a)
CH l
—
4
47. 1.96 eV IL =
l s in(n1r/2)
P=~ —
4 2n1r
48. 80% 1
(b)
4

49. 1
BIO 59. (a) U=
10 ~Ll11 250.000 LI
CH 2
(b) i/'11(r) =
°'2 =
l eV n =

50.

60.
0.358 1

51. 15%
1
(a) (b) —
'±

l 61
52. —
'± DATA
(a) n = l , (b) n = 2 , (c) n = 5 , (d) n = 20
(e)
53.

8
n 4 5 7 10

.\(nm) I I IO 674 354 281 169

54. (a) 6

(b)
BIO

55

—/;2 ( a '2 ~ ·
+ ~· + a ) + U(.1 . .IJ· z )~· =Ev,
2m a.r2 ay2 az2
(a) 0 :c;; .r :c;; L, 0 :c;; !! :c;; L, 0 :c;; z :c;;
35.20).

(n , 7rz/L)

(b)
56.
9
10 ms

57. 1.2
804

35.1 (d)
35.2 (a)
35.3 (c)
35.4 (c)
35.5 (b)
35. 20 35.6 (a)
62~65).

62.

a.
b.
C.

63.

a.

b.
C.

d.
64.

a.
b.
C.

d.
65 .
a
1
b.
4
C.

d.
 34 35 37 38 v

•
• LO 36.1

• LO 36.2

• LO 36.3

LO 36.4

LO 36.5

LO 36.6

36.1

LO 36.1

V(r) =

ke2
U(r) = —r (36.1 )

805
806

—
/ 2
- li2
2mr2 or r or sin 0 80
o'l/J )
80 + s in 208¢2]-
1 8 2'ljJ ke
r 'ljJ = E'lj;
(36.2)

————- ···

y
z.::, ,
¢ ' ' ' -
’I r , 0,
' I

36.1 0,
Y. 'ijJ = A e- ,/a" (36.3)

d 2 d'l/J ke2
- 2mr2 (r dr ) —r 1/J = E 'ljJ (36.4)

44

f'i2 ke2
+ = E1
2ma

ke2
=

=5 .29 x 10-Jtm=0.0529nm
mke2

E1 = —ti2/2ma6 = —13.6
 36. 1 807

E1 = —13.6

I
36. 2 dV=
'/' =

clV= 4m.2d1

V= probability density)

P(r) = .J7r7.2 ll,,2 (36.5)

36.3, 1/J = Ae - ' pl =

4
A 2e - 2, 36.3 1· = a0
r/a«

36. 3

36.1 |
(a) (b) j 0041rA 2r2e- 2,1"0 dr

: ,,A '('i~;;;.; -(-;/,. )I1':, :;, (- { , - 1)]) : 1

r =
r = oo r =O
4,A'[a-(+t )] A~l/ g
r= =

(b)
Pi =

r= =
P(r > = j 00
ao = 41r~ 2al (_!_e- 2 + l e- 2) = 51rA 2a~e- 2
2 4
A2 = P(r > = 5e- 2 ""
(a)
2/ 3
= l
r =O

j:i?e"-' X

r,
808

s
quantum ls

\~
- 13.6

— / , - 13.6 eV (36.6)
2 2
= =
n_ n2

2s

P(r)
Is
'1P2s = 4 V;7ra6 (2 - *) e- (36.7)

66

2s
r
3s

"" ~.
10 15
r/ a 0
20 25
—
2 Z —1

36.4 ls, 2s, 3s

z2 z 2E1 — (13 .6 eV)Z 2

En = 2 2 = = (36.8)
11 = 00 n n 2
n2

""
n=S
-0.85Z' n=4 67
-l.51 Z' n= 3

36 1
-3.4022 n=2 2s (a) (b) (c) (d)
(J\
O
)i:l'.~,

s angular momentum)

- 13.60Z2 11= 1

36.5
z2
 36. 1 809

quantum number)
(n = l= n >
l

/
L = vl(l+ l) f'i (36.9)
V

36.2 I —

n =3 L=O, L= V'2ri, l=2

L =
n=3 l 3s

l = 0, 1, L = l

0 , 1 , 2, 3 , 4, 5 , · . . s ' p , d, f , g, h , ...

n = 2, l = 2p s , p , d,

L
36.6

(space quantization) L

36. 6
magnetic quantum

/
l

Lz = ml ti (36.10)

— l= 1 1, 0, +1
ti, 0, + l =1
36.2
810

l=

36.2

LO 36.2
36.7 l=1 L=

n, l,
(Wolfgang
(Samuel Abraham Eugene

s =
1 2
2

/
S = -./s (s + l ) ri (36 .11 )
V

2
s= J3
2

S2 = m 8 fi (36.1 2)

1 1
—— +-
2 2

36. 8
 36 . 2 81 1

J11= e S
—— (36 .1 3)
m
1
73 —
2
h

Jlf0 = + (36. 14)

2m

µB =
9.27 x 10- 2-1 A ·

,1

G
E s G

.•

I .
3 2
(i
:[~

tlo
\

36. 9

J=L+S (36. 15)

/
J= l ~ + l ) li (36 .1 6)
812

1
J =l —
2
(l r= 0) (36.17a)
l
J = — (l = 0)
2 (36.17b)

P , D, F ,
G, … ), J n = 3, l = 2, j = 3/ 2

Jz = mJti (36.18)

(— j, - j + l, ···, J —1 ,
36.10 l =
momentum coupling
1
2
j= —
3
2

36,3 |
(a) l =2 (b) 5 3
- j
2
J=
3
2
1 1
(b) j
3
2
—— —— —
2' 2' 2' 2
3 1 1 3 5
—— n -— h — h
2 ' 2 ' 2 ' 2 2

1
(a) J= vj (j + 1) j =l —
2
l= j
(b) j
Jz

J =
3
2
J=ffiRn=
j=-
3
2
5
2

36.11 1= 2
J

- =l+1
2 1 3
j = j = 5 x 10- 5
2 2
10.2 n = 2, l = 1

(fine
 36. 3 813

11=2
..•..
• V

l
: 2?30
11=2 ?
:::
2?12

...
...
..
.
_ ,,
7 ,....'•

..
.......

2 1 cm 21 cm ::::

v
11= 1 IS11

36.12 2P

36.3 2P 3/2 n=l

n=2

LO 36.3
.................................... ........................................................

n, l,

u4'
_ 3
KeO 3

"··•....·"'

36 . 13

elec tron

20
814

36.14
36.14
Nath

I 36.3
(a)
7
—
liw, (b)
13
—
-liw, (c) 7liw, (d)
25
ri.w
35.10
—-
2 2 2

36.4

LO 36.4

Ivanovich

······ …....
.v
··.
;
I 2
H He
3 4 ····· 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lt Be ..• B C N F Ne
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
II
Na Mg Al Si p s Cl Ar ,··, .....
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 )) 34 35 36
K Ca Sc T, V Cr Mn Fe Co N1 Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57-7 1 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta w Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb B1 Po At Rn
87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Ill 112 113 114 I 15 116 I 17 118
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og

L57a 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 11
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

··
I AcTbPa
89 90 91 92
UNp
93 94
Pu
95 96
Am Cm
97
Bk
98
Cf ”
Es
JOO
Fm
IOI
Md
102
No
103
Lr

t:

36. 15
 36.4 815

number) Z

n = 1, 2, 3, ... l\·, L, Jll,

l = O, 1, 2, 3, ··· , ·1 1-l
l = 0, l, 2, 3,
... .s, p, d, f, ...
— 2l +1 n, l,

'17, l, rn1,
n, l,

n= I<
K m1 =
K s

1(

n= L L s
s

2.s
2p l.s22.s22p1
l= p 6

p Z=
2p Z = 11 n =3
Z =1 Z =
816

36.1

n 1 , 2, 3, · .. K, L, M, · ··
0, 1, 2 , ·· · , n - 1 s ' P, d, f , .. . n

m 1 - l, - l + l , ·· ·, l —l, l 21+ 1

1 1
m ., ——2 ' + —
2
2

36.2
Z
H 1 S1 13.60
2 He 24.60

3 Lt I i'2 s' 5.390

4 Be 1 i22 i2 9 .320
5 B 1 i22 i22p' 8.296
6 C 11.26
7 N 14.55
8 13.61
9 F l s'2 s'-2p5 17.42
10 Ne I s2-2 s2-2p6 21.56

11 Na 5.138

12 Mg l i 2 i 2p63i 7.644
13 Al 5.984
14 Si l 8.149
15 p l 10.48
16 s l 10 36
17 Cl 1 s22 s22p63s23p5 13.01
18 Ar l s22 s22p63 s23 p6 15.76

NaCl
 36.4 817

= 18) 4s 3d
= ls22s22p6
4s 4p
3d
4s
= 24),
= 4s 3d
= = 4p
p

- 4d
5s
5p

p ls

2p
3p
Z
4s 3d
3p
4s 3d 4s
4s 3d
Z Z

36.l
4.f

92)

ls
818

10

36 4 n" nH"

( p b 5p p d p
.

36.5

LO 36.5
LO 36.6
s P
D F
o-

- I I 5s

4s
_2

_3
L'.'il = 1

-4

10- 9
- S ' 3s

36.16

4s, 4p 4s
3d

36. 17
i`
r3

36.17 3p

D
- 36.5
............ . . .. ............ . ............. .. .... . ................ ............ ..... .. ......... . .. .................
 36.5 819

36.4 |
he he
3p
LlE3P = = 3.42 X 10-22 J
588.995 nm 589.592 nm

2
3p

3s

3p

_,)

I ',
F,

vvvv-..

• E,
36. 18a
(a)

L,
36. 18b
(b)

\—
• I:,

E
•

(c)

36.1 8
36 . 18c

(a) (b)

-
(c)

...
·····
····...,
·- ~
.(····· . .
-. /VVVVV'+-
/VVVVV'+-
‘

. . .
/VVVVV'+-
/VVVVV'+-

< ·~ /VVVVV'+-
/VVVVV'+-
820

mW l MW
l

CD, DVD, BD
 "'~ - • · · ···, . . . · 1

...... ...... .. ... ......... ..... ........ ........ ........ ...... ... ..... ................. ....... ......... .............. .. ... ... ......... ... .... ...... ........ ..... .. ..

•.
-
7u"
~ .
o·
.
. -

—13.6
~
E-
.
.
· · .
t
. . ~.

__
vvvv
0 ceee
_ o8L3
554 I
.·.
o
.
-
_
· ~~
===__
00
11"1111
432
\\
E=
II —n-1') 2ma0
Ii
') =
E1
')
n-
=
n2
eV

11 =
- 13.6 cV 11 =\ o, 5

..... .. .... .... .......... ... ....... .. ... ...... ... .. ..... ... .. .... ... ......... .. ...... ......... ........ ...... ...... ... ....... ... .. .... ........ ....... .... .... ..... ..
:

L = /l(/+l) li :

: L, = 171 /1
:
:

: \
··· ···· ·· ·· ····· ········· ·· ·· ·· ···· ··· ······ ········· ······ ·· ·· ··· ···· ···· ·· ··· ····· ·· ··· ······ ····· ·· ··· ······· ······· ··· ······ ······ ····· ··········· ·········· ···
1 :
z

""'- <=:: :
l~~}~i;~~~~i:~10'~
" - -
·· ·· ·· ·· ····· ·· ·· ············· ·········· ··· ······ ···· ···· ·· ··· ····· ······ ·· ···· ······· ····· ·· ··· ····· ·· ··· ····· ····· ·· ···· ··· ···· ····· ········ ····· ·

············ ······ ····· ····· ··· ··· ··· ·················· ···· ··· ··· ····· ··········· ········· ······· ·· ·· ······ ··· ···· ······ ···· ······ ····· ···· ·· ······· ······ ····· ····
:
:
:
;

L-E
E,

, E, ,

• £,

-
E,

' E,

E, ' L,

821
822

Study Modules).
(practice quiz.zes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 36.1 LO 36.4
36.1 , 36.2, 36.3, 36.4, 36.5 36.8
36.11 , 36.12, 36.13, 36.14, 36.15 36.22, 36.23 , 36.24
36.36, 36.37, 36.3 8, 36.39, 36.40, 36.41 , 36.49, 36.64
36.42, 36.43, 36.44, 36.45, 36.50, 36.53, 36.62, 36.63, LO 36.5
36.65, 36.66, 36.67, 36.71, 36.72
LO 36.2 36.55, 36.69, 36.70, 36.75
36.6, 36.7 LO 36.6
36.1 6, 36.17, 36.1 8, 36.19
36.52, 36.61 , 36.73 36.9, 36.10
LO 36.3 36.25, 36.26, 36.27
36.20, 36.21 36.51, 36.54, 36.68, 36.74
36.46, 36.47, 36.48, 36.56, 36.57, 36.58,
36.59, 36.60

13.
............
14. 6f (a) (b)
I.

15. —1.51
2.

3. 36.2
16.
4
17.

18. (a) 59Co

5. 2d
1 1 (b)
6.
2
—
2
h
19. 3D

7. 36,3
8. 20.
9.
10. 2 1. 21

.. ... ... ..... 36, 4

36.1 22.
ll. 23.
1.5 24.

12. n =7 36. 5
25. eV nm ,\ =
 823

(a) (b)
26. 3p 567.0 nm

27. 3., 330.237 :330.298

.. ...... .. ...
-l7J
36. 36.1

37. - 0.850

38. 5d (a) (b)

39

40 30
(a) (b)
2s.
41. I = 2

29 .
42. 0.5..J eY

43.
Jo. 1!:l~IIN~ 2s
h
44. 36.4
3 1. 2.,
COMP

45.

46.
32. 770.10811111
4P1 /2 4s 766.7()] 11111
47 .
·bpl/2 4s
(a) (b)
'±/J:J/2

48 2.5
33. mmJ <±JJ:1 2
3s 3 7G261 3 7G33l eY 25 e\
<±/J.1/2 3s
49.
50 71 = "2
112
34.
21 51 30 µm
cm 2.0

35. mmJ 52 2p 50 ,LeV

2p — ; ls

327 38·1 l\II-Iz 53

824

54. 2.94 µ,m 400

BIO

55. 1.56485 µ,m 69.

0.200 n =4
0.27 1.56492 (a)
1.56478 µ,m n =
(b)
56.
6.5tiw (a) 70. 1.17
(b)
57. (a) (b)
(a) (b)
71.
CH
58.
CH
(a) (b)

59. 72 2s
CH

(a) 73. µB h
(b) (a)
gL = (b)
60. gs
CH
74.
20.61
6 1. 5d (a) E1
(b)
20.66 E2

62. (a)
632.8
(b)

63. 2s
CH 22201816141210

64.

65.

86
66.
4
20

67. (a) e Ze
36. 19 74)
(b) ,

75 Z = Z =
DATA
68.
BIO
 825

76. 17.4 Ka
10- 30

z V z V z V a. 1

30 7.99 40 26 I 50 11.2 b. 100

31 12.5 41 20.2 51 8.78 C.

32 6 54 42 l88 52 6 88 d. 100
33 4 99 43 17 5 53 5 28 77. La Ka
34 3.7 1 44 16.2 54 4 19
35 2.85 45 12 8 55 95 9 a.
36 2 57 46 12.0 56 5 l.6 b.
37 70.3 47 11 2 57 49 0
C.
38 37.2 48 IO 5 58 46.5
d.
39 28.3 49 17.2 59 44.0
78 28 = B
Ka
1
a. —
4
1
b. —
2
C. 2
ke\" d. 4
79.

Ko L K a.

b.

36.20a).
AsKa+ Pbl a

3 5 7 9 II 13
( keV)
(a)

36.1 (c)
36.20b).
36.2 (c)
36. 20 76~79. (a) 36.3 (d)
36.4 (b)
36.5 5p - 3s
Ka, Kf3, La,,
L(J (b)

(b)
 35 36 38 39 v

• LO 37.1

• LO 37.2
LO 37.3

LO 37.4

37.1

LO 37.1

- 6
>
4
K

| I\ , 2 ;y---- 4 6
-2

- 4
37.1

37. 1

827
828

6 Na + +CJ -
1.3
4202

.;.
Na • +c1 -
_, _____ - - - - - - - - -
1.3 eY
-Na+CI
1.2 1.6 r(nm)
5.1 eV Na+
4.2 eV
er
- 6 3.8 eV

37. 2 Na+ +cr 1.3 eV(5 .l eV —3.8

Na 0.24 nm
Cl
4 .2 eV 37.2

c1 -

37. 3

ls ls

37. 4 37.4
eV

H2 H

H2, CO, N2, H20

37. 5 60

C50 37.5
 37. 2 829

I-I20

0.1

o-,

37.1 (a)
eV (b) 10 eV eV
(C) 1

37.2
• •
LO 37.2
(a)

37.6
• •

(b)

37. 6 (a)
(b)
I
830

L = Jz (l + 1 ) ti (37.1)

1
l=0 , 1, 2 , 3, =
2
L = w=

E = 21(1)
1 L 2 L2
= 2/

= l (l + l ) , l = O, 1 , 2 , 3 , ... (37.2)

37,1 | |
HCl
2.63
(a)
meV (a) HCI (b)
li2(l- 1)
L1 (L1E) =
I I
= I
(c) HCl
2.63 SI
I = 2.65 X 10-47 kg · (b) I = (c) I

2.65 X 10- 47 kg · 1112

R= { f = = 0.126 nm
1.67 X 10-27 kg

= —
2I
[l(l + 1) —(l - 1)1 ] = —
I
l —1 ---> l —2
2.63 meV Q.5
L1E z-1 -z-2=n2(l
2.63 me V (b)
Cl (c)
_)

...
:: .. .
i
:
37.7

37. 7
= (n+ (37.3)
 37. 2 831

n.= 0, 1, 2, 3, · ..
Lin =

Lin =
101-1 s-1

1
=
2

37.2

HCI f = 8.66 X 1013 fi2 1

—
21
l(l +1) = —
2
fiw
Hz
w= I = 2.65 x 10 —47

l(l + 1) l(l + 1) =
l = 11

1 37.1 , L =
37.3,
2
1 1 L = ) 11 (11 + 1) ti=1 .21 X 10-33 J·S
= = Ii = h/21r w=
2 2
= l(l
l(l

.dn = .dl = /=4

I= 3

"c'1, ii l I= 2
I= I
l=O

HCI
n=O
l~ ::
!=2
I= I
l=O

37. 8

I ~;:? ............... ··· • ···· • ···· • ··· • ···•············· · · ···· · ···· • ····· • ···· •···· ... . . .... . .... . . ·· · ···· · ···· •····•········· · ···· · ····· ....... . .... . . .
832

( . \

-,::::::: ····· ..

I t·· t:>

3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8

37.9 n=O
’

37.3

LO 37.3

10 15 20 25

37.10
288
5 25 µm

37. [[ a,

(a) (b) (c)

37.11 (a) (b)

(c)
 37. 3 833

NaC l

—
-
+ 12ke2/
- 8ke2/
U1 = — a =

6 —12 / J2 + s/ J 3 —…

NaCl

= A/ r"

ke -
—a l!_

O1
ake nA
O=

A =

~:2l~
-2

U= a — ¾(~rl (37.4) 37. 12

cohesive
kc a l/ m o I

17

37.3 | NaCl |
—7.84
0.282 16 Cl'. =
111 =
U=
834

n = [faro f1 8.22
(1 + a:ke2 = NaCl

~ h 2s

-s
s s 37.13 (a) ls
2s (b)
l
ru

(c)
(a) (b) (c)

2s

—
XH
—
p

37.14

37.15
3p 3s / 3p
3s
 37 .3 835

—
x5
—
k3

37. 16

3s
3s N
3s

£,

35. 17
E,
···>

g(E) = ( ) /E (37.5)

r:,
of (a)

energy)

T=
37.1 7a
T>
Er l ~ lO
E,
0.025
(h)

37. 17
50
(a) T=0, (b) T>0
836

` 37 3
b nu"
-lo

37. 1
(300 K)

S1 1.14
Ge 0.67
lnAs 0.35
InP 1.35
GaP 2.26
GaAs 143
CdS 2.42 l eV 37.1
CdSe 1.74
ZnO 3.2
ZnS 3.6

37 .19a

37.18

)
/\

PN PN

(a) (b)

37.19
(a) (b)

PN

PN
 37.3 837

P N

(b)

!
P N P N

(c)
" ~::~,,
37. 20 PN (a) (b) (c) (d)

37.20c

PN

37.20d bias) PN

E = hf

DVD, HD-DVD,
37. 21 Desert Sun-
light 550 MW
Desert

"""""""''""' .

BD CD
CD, DVD,

CD, DVD, 780 nm , 650

nm, 405

BD
E=hf CD, DVD, 1.59 eV,
1.91 eV, 3.07
. · •·· · · • · ·· · ·· •·· ·· •· ··············· · ·

—__,)
838

37.4

LO 37.4 .
........................................................................ ........ ... ..................................

1911
20
100 K

200
MRJ

AC

500

37.22

field)

I 37.23a
II 37.23b

:\\
f
B

(b) (c)

37. 22
 37.4 839

i<O
"’K

,1
/ ~
II, II,, 8,,

(a) (b)

37. 23 (a) (b)

100 T

BIii J
.JOO
:30 km
] Clll

----- ---\
·~

BCS
Bardeen), Neil Cooper),
Ro bert
BCS

37.24a, b

37.24c
840

37. 24 BCS
(a)

(a)
(b)

(b)
O·
I<-- I µrn -1
(c)

10-12 s
(c) 1 µrn
..... .... .... ..... .. ............. ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ..... ...... .. ........ ... .. ....... ... ............. ......... .... ....... .. .... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ... .... ..... .
:
·
- . • ' - , t

tI .
(>3)
86
I \
•
:
.
' ,_
f,.2

21
L.1
'
: ), l = O, 1, 2, . ..
I t 11
l 1111 ·.
•
;;i
4202
I \ / 1 . 1 /=4

I \ ' , __,__..... . ,
• ,1” ==0 J
v
-1111
J_

' /=3
==
III2
0 ---4 5 6 . Jj • -l-10
n=O, 1, 2, .. .
- 4

00

~K "'’
-IU"F KIJ
.-'
,K, i o
LIJi

B, B,,

(a) (b)

PN

P N P N

i ··-.
P N

841
842

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)
BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 37.J LO 37.3
34.1 , 37.2, 37.3
37.62 37.7, 37.8

LO 37.2 37.1 6, 37.17, 37.18, 37.19, 37.20, 37.21 , 37.22

37.4, 37.5, 37.6 37.45, 37.46, 37.47, 37.48, 37.49, 37.50,

37.11 , 37.12, 37.13, 37. 14, 37. 15 37.51 , 37.52, 37.53 , 37.58, 37.63, 37.64

37.31, 37.32, 37.33 , 37.34, 37.35, 37.36, LO 37.4

37 .37, 37.38, 37.39, 37.40, 37.41 , 37.42, 37.43, 37.44, 37.9, 37. 10
37.56, 37.57, 37.59, 37.60, 37.6 1, 37.66 37.54, 37.55, 37.65

......... .. 15. 0.293 eV

l.

2.
37.3
3. NaCl I-120
16. 2.16 g NaCl

4
17. 7.84
18.
5.
—10.5 eV 6 .25

6. 18. J
19.
37.l
7.
20.

8.
2 1.

9.
22. 650
10.

...... .... ...

37. 2
ll.

1.95 X k g . 1112

12. 1.75 X 10-.17 kg · l =5

l =4
13. 1.68
23.
14 . 1.32 x 101·1 50% (a)
 843

l (b) 37. HCI (a) (b)

24. l =6
38. 9.35 x 1013
2s. 1.24 X 101 1 9.17 X 10- -IS kg · (n = l, l = l) (n =
1.34 X 10--1? kg · HF 0, l =2) (a) (b)
l =
(a) (b) 39.
ENV

26. l =4
HF IR

27 . l!:l~llficl 82.96
0.3 15 -7.21 IR
eV 40. 0.19653
28. (n=l, l=l) (n=O,
Q.257 l = 2) 0 19546 eV
(a) (b)
29_ El~llc•J 41. 74.14
(a)
= 1.763). (b) (C)
0.357 — 6 .23

42 .
30. (i;J~lfc.> BIO

(a) 0 330 (a)

(b) CsCI (b) eV
43. 35.8 ~tnl 2.43 X 10-,5 kg ·
n = O, l = l n = l, l=

..... ... ... ..

31 1= l= 2.68 44. 4.60 X 10- ,s k g · rn 2, 3.69 x 101, H z

32. 45.

46.
33. ! (/ - 1)

34. l (l -1 ) NaCl
>. 37.3

35. 0 356

47.
CH
36
2.lO meV
844

n = ( 29123:7':3/2 )
R= J(m1 +m2)I/m1m2
48. 11.6
60 .
49. 4.6 X

50. (a) 7.00

(b) (c) 61.
CH

51.
EF =5.48
ke2
U= —a —
52.
a
1090 nm
• 0 0e0

53. 5800 34.2b 37.25 61

3.6 eV ZnSe 62.

U(r) = [fa(/ (,-,0)/a _e - 2(,
54. 1.20 K
r0,
9.57 0.255

(a) (b)

55. 15 63. (a) E

CH
75 cm, n x, ny,

56.
356 (b) N(E)

64.
CH
57.
BIO
65. MRI
BIO
395 nm
2.44 12
eV 27.9

66
DATA
58. 3.55 —145
(a) (b)

59.
CH
l 2 3 4 5 6
m2 .\(mm) 0.24 0.17 0.12 0.095 0.078
 845

70. PY
.....
PN
PY
37 .2 1 PV PN
a. PY

37.26).
b. PY
PV 15~20%
PV
c
PV
d.
PY
1.14
PV .......... ...... .......... ....

PV

37.1 (c)

J
37 .2
37 .3 (c)

37 . 26 PN
67 ~ 70) .

67 .
710 PY

36.25
a. 25%

b. 50%
c. 75%
68. PY

a.
b.
C.

69. PY
a.

C.

d.
 36 37 39 v

• 01
• LO 38.1

• LO 38.2
(36.1 LO 38.3

LO 38.4
LO 38.5

3
191
10

38.1
.............. . . ... . . . . ........ .. . . .. . … . . . . .. . . ... . . ........ . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... . . . . . . . ..... . .......... .

LO 38.1

number) Z

number) A

847
848

A e··
• ····················
,-'-~A
-

• «)

''H 2IH
z 1:0 l~o
"···················• ...

;He ;He
,,u
2J5
,,u
238

38.1

Z= Z=
He-4
38.1

0 -17,

U-235 U -235

381 (a) 1~C, (b) 1~0, (c) (d)

-,-,

1 fm( = 10-15 m)
 38. 1 849

Z > 83 38. 2

N= A —
of

110

100

90
Z=N
80

70
N
60
?

><" so •
oi'J • A 0~
ky
40 •• k yl·l
lll~
_____
ydhlls

30
~~ yd
1 m~Il1
1
20 ! 1 1
V
10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

N=A-Z

38.3

R = RoA i/3 (38. 1)

= 1.2

1017 kg/1113
850

-,— L

1
—
2

I = )i(i + l) n (38.2)

I Jz =
m,. = —i , —i + 1, ... , ·i —1, i
1
2

He -3

magneton), µN = e ri /
2mp = 5.05 X l0-27 J/T

2.793µN = l.41 X l0- 26 J/T

5 .9 21

, ........
’
.... ··~ ,=-2
11=2 \ E
A=I
A0
E
U V
9
,
2~U
c eV

!·
K

II = l
=) ,

(a) (b)

1
38.4 (a) (b)
2
5.9 µeV

-~ magnetic resonance,
N MR
B
 38. 1 851

AC B

reso nance
imaging, MR I)
MRI

MR I

MRI

( ~ IOO M II/)

38.1 I MRI |
MRI 1.50 T

1.50 T E=µPB —(— ~ipB )

E 2µPB (2)(141 Xl0-26 J/T)(150T)

f= h
=
h
=
6.63 Xl0- 3" J· s
= 63.S MHz
f-lp =
1.41 X 10-26
U= -µ · 100

Z
2, 8, 20 , 28, 50, 82,
852

drop

shell Goeppert
Hans

20, N= 20)
Niels

115~118

38.2

LO 38.2

Curie, Pierre

SI
1
 38. 2 853

3.7X 1010

dN
= —,\N
dt

= - ,\Iidt

t = ln = —

eln.L = X

N= (38.3a)

ls

t =
No

/I I
-? .
/
N= 2~ t/t,12 (38.3b) l ‘’

/
2 I
jO 4

+----!- --\ (
....

/ =
.'
I

A t1 ; 2 = In 2 / >- :::c:
4
54

38.5

38.1

/3-
13-
PET
J.25 X {3- 0.012%
Cl'.

Cl'.

O'.

Sr ) /3-
Tc) r
12 /3-
7.04 X a 0.72%
4 46 X 0
854

38.2 | : - ------ ——

In = In (980/300)

In =n
ln(980/ 300 )
n=
ln2
90 km I-1 31 980
t1;2
300

1000
500 250

N= 250 300

980 300
100
1/2" =

1/271 =

2LO = 1024

I 38.2 PET 2 min

150 (a) 1/30, (b) 1/60, (c) (d) 10-6, (e)

38.3 1

- - - -

n ln2 = In (1/ 0.074)

n = 3.76, t1;2 = 5730

14c

25%, 12.5%,

38.3b, N=
1/2n =
 38. 2 855

11111 1
"C "C ' 'C

38.3

(a)
20

' ' t / ' 'C1'2c

(c) (d)
"C
' 'C1'2c '

He -4

38. 6

i —2.
A —
Z,
A /
~ t x ~ t =i (38.4)

~I
356

Z+ l,
Z,
A
------ : x- ,.1 ;; (38.5a)

e-
V_

1X ---> z-~ Y+ e+ + v (38.5b)

PET
'PET
capture)

t x + e- z -~ Y+ v (38.Sc)

f x * ------. f X + 'Y (3 8.6)

 38.2 857

654l21
4l
l l ···················...,
444 ..···· 4.46 X I O'y/ m u
U-238
'"Th <C.24.1 d
23s u l_Il
444

2.45 x I o\
-.
"''Pa-.,. 6 .75 h

/ '·'·'u
09
1.1 C '·"'Th
333 7.54 X I O-'y
87
22'Ra
l.6X IO' y
,._, 131, "'Rn
I 3.82
< 135
4.46 134
3. 11 111i,Y"'Po

\
K
'<0 133
KIO
112 "'Pb

::; 2~;1~"%
l.6X 10 - 's

sg
o Oh91m
9T gu9N
`'
p
z

38.7

•
858

SI
1 l

1 1
1 1
4
0.1 Sv

10 ~LS V

0.33% 2005

0.1 Sv
9% 42%

3
16% 38.8a 42%
(al

9%
1. 8%

38.8b)
6
5%

7% 1%
(b)

38. 8
 38. 3 859

38.3

LO 38.3

m N c2 + = Z m P c2 + (A —Z )m11 c2 (38.7)

mN

(A -

mass
unit, 1 .66054 X

Me V

kg, u,

38.2

9.J0939 X l 0 31 0 000548579 0 5 10999

1.67262 X l O 27 I 007276 938.272
1.67493 X I O 27 I 008665 939 566
[I-I 167353 X 10 27 1.007825 938.783
6 64466 X I 0-27 4 001506 3727.38

it c I.99265 X I 0-2" 12 11,177 9

I 66054 X 93 1.494
860

38.4 I |
(He -4
Eb = 2(938.272 +2(939.566 MeV/c2)c2
(3727.38 MeV/c2)c2
Z
=28.3 MeV
N=A —Z

Eb
26.7 28.3

N=A —z,

::~
-..···-----...... --,.
38.9
(f\OVIJ)

6543
of binding
A = 60

(nuclear

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

. i
3 83
38. 9
H
42l 52l· H 32x
54~

· ~

A = 60
A < 38.10

A >

38. 10
 38. 4 861

38.4

LO 38.4 .

~
..... ............. ......... ... ............. .... ... ...... .. ... ....... .. .... .......... ...... ... ...... ... ... ........... .

:
(Fri tz

(Lise
\
38.1 I
u
\
:3
U -235

6n \ /\
+ 2J5 U ------> X + Y+ b (38 .8)
0

\2
38.11

0, 1 u
0n +2J~U----->
862

1111111

in +2~~u
A= Z=

100

•··..,.,
5

50 100 150

38.12

200
20 MeV

5 McV

23s u 235 u

38.13

80%

235 u 23s u
 38.4 863

i1 '/I --->

U—, 2;J~ N p + e- + v
--> + e + /)
2:rn 80

38.5 |
200 1000 10-11

29 GJ / 3.2 X l0- 11 = 9.1 X 1020

9.1 X 1020 U -235 235 LI

(9.1 X 1020 u )( l .66 X l0-27 kg / u ) = 0.35 g

1000

U-235

29
1000 29
200 l.6 x 10-19 3.2X

__ ,rEf

E
I..
Q o
.. ..J
Oo
.
....
O
. ..
Goo
Oo
..
.:
v. ...
.. Oo
Oo
...
.::

mass)
Oo
..
.:
:.
....
(supercritical) 38.1 4 .v Q o
Oo
5 15

Oo
factor) Q o
k= k>
10 1 38.14
864

50 kg 1 kg

k=

%
k
0 .2 1

38.6

38.6 I

t
(a) T=0.1
kn = ln (kn) = n n lnk
(b) 7 = 10-4
n T=Q.l t=nT
= 69.3 S, T= 10-4 Q.07

k= 1.001

kn =
 38.4 865

\
reactor,

reactor,
38.15
reactor, 38.16

!
38.15

38.16

H20

RBMK

55
866

(transuranium)

235 u

( 1000 kg)

g:1
(1000 kg)

uo
3 kg

[ OF

38.17 3.3% 1000

`
l

384 " 10 Uo

DojTA
[
 38.5 867

80 % 20 %

1000

38.5

LO 38.5

0.42

:1-1 + e + +1/ (0.42 MeV) (38.9a)

5.49

fH + ;l-I ----> JHe + 1 (5.49 MeV) (38.9b)

12.86

iHe+JHe------>iHe + 2;I1 (12.86MeV) (38.9c)

868

2mc2, 1.022

38.9c 38.9b
00 26.7 MeV

26.7 38.18
4:H + 2e- :He + 26.7 MeV

38.18

+{H ------> ~He +6n (17.6 MeV; D-T (38.1Oa)

+fH ------> ~He +in (3.27 MeV; D-D (38.!0a)

iH+iH------>fH+;H (4.03 Me V; D-D (38. !0c)

D-D

15
1

D-T

ignition 38. IOb, 38.lOc,

D-D 600 MK D-T 50 MK

ru I_IIIIII

-o

D- T
n
..
)111....
. ....
..... ...
a

....
1111
.....
...
. .. ....
‘·.. ,
..

JO' IO' IO" JO'"

38. 19 D-T
nT > 1022 s/m3 D-D
(38.11 )
m > 1020 s/ m 3 D-T

D-T

con-
 38.5 869

D-T

ICF

D-T 1.9 20 ns
38.20

500

38. 20
NIF ll m,

38.2 l

38.22 2020
870

> ^*,'vt.^*

-
(a) (b) (c)

38. 21 (a) (b)

(c)

38. 22 ITER D

100 MK 840 D-T 400

+6n------>iHe

D-D 1 300

D-T

D-D D-T
D-D
D-D

MHD

38.5 D-T 17.6

200
(a) (b)
(C)
.. .... ....... .... .. .... ... ..... .. ..... ........ ....... .. .. ..... .... ........... .... .. ..... ... ......... .. .. ....... ...... ..... .......... ... ... .. .... ...... ......... ... .

., He , I-l e

..... .. ... ..... ... .. ...... ..... .. .. .......... ....... ..... ... ... .... ..... ....... ...... .. ......... .... ................ ... .... .... .. ...... .......... ...... ............

I 10 FC.
bh
\

100
90
80 r'
70
60 ·.!/
nJ \
Kso

;~ ,..;r..r·
20 ,/.

_/
;11
10
0 0 '
o 10 20 :,o 40 s o 1,0 10 80 90 1001101201101401so160 0 20 40 60 80 I 00 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
N=A-Z

.. .... ....... ..... .... ... ... .. .. .. ... ..... .... .. ...... .. .... .. .. .. ...... ... .... .. ... .. ... ...... ... .... ..... ... ...... ........ ......... ...... .... ........... .........
t :
:
,Y = ,v;12- 1 : Jx- J _l Y+ i I-le
N,.

rJD :
]x- z+/ Y+e I/
'h_
v
. ’,'- '
-,
,UI ]X------> z ; Y+e+ +u
.'
—,_—`
VV
’,- - - - - ·:,
,

4 - - - -- '
, ..' ·
- -1'--.._
I I I
I 2 1
,,y *

.... .. ..... ...... ... . ......... ...... .. ....... .. .. .. ..... ... ... ....... ..... ... ... ... ..... .. ...... .. ... .. ........ .. .. ...... ... .. ..... ...... ...... ... ..... ..... ... .. ..
1
3.6 .
.. ...... ...... ... .. ....... ... ... ... ... ..... .... ....... ... ... .... ...... ......... ............ .. ....... ..... ...... ....... ....... ..... ..... .. .. ........... ..... .... ..
:
:
:
i'111 Y+bi1n :

00 ~ +
0 0
0

871
872

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)
810 DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 38.1 38.6
38. 1, 38.2 38.22, 38.23 , 38.24, 38.25
38. 11 , 38 .1 2, 38.13 , 38. 14, 38.15 38.45, 38.46, 38.74
38.42, 38.43 , 38.44, 38.75 , 38.76 LO 38.4
LO 38.2
38.7, 38.8, 38.9
38.3, 38.4, 38.5 38.26, 38.27, 38.28, 38.29
38. 16, 38.17, 38.18, 38 .1 9, 38.20, 38.21 38.63, 38.69, 38.70, 38.80, 38.85
38.47, 38.48 , 38.49, 38 .50, 38.51 , 38.52 , LO 38.5
38.53, 38.54, 38.55, 38.56, 38.57, 38.58, 38.59, 38.60,
38.6 1, 38.62, 38.78, 38.79, 38 .80, 38.81, 38.82, 38 .83, 38. 10
38.84 38.30, 38.31 , 38.32, 38 .3 3
LO 38.3 38.70, 38.7 1, 38.72, 38.73, 38.75, 38.76, 38.79

15.
ternary
l.
U-235
2.
3. 511 keV

38.2
4
16.

5.
17.
6.
18. (a) (b)
7.

s. 19. PET
9. BIO
(a)
10. 2.0 7 .0
(b)

20.
(a) 99%, (b) 99 9%
.......
38, 1
21. 100
ll. = 86) 125 , 134,

12.
38.3
22. 15.9905
23. 8 .8
13. (a) (b)
14. =1
 873

24. 239.052 157 u 206pb

25. 7.01435 u

38.4
238U 2.83 1.1.m ol 206pb
26. J.llCs
1.47
37.
27.

28.

38.
29 200 MeV 32

39.
38.5
30. 40. El~lfc!:E
26.7 Me\/ 5 .00736 X 10-27

31. 0.5 0-T 38. l D-T

32. 2013- 4 I. mlf:!I D- D "I-le

150
D-T
33. ITER 0-T

.......... ...
42. (a) 1 10
(b)
43. 30

44. NMR '300 MHz

3.00 x 108

45. 55 .9206 u

34.
46. 7.94

47 38.1
35.

36. l!:11.J llc!:~

48.
12.5

(208U) 3 .52

201Th
49 23
238u
4
44 2:l8u
874

26Mg
50. PET
BIO
20.0 mCi 26Al 5X

2X

5 1. 1.4 X 1010 a 5.75

y (3- 6 .13 h 6 1.

(a)
(b)
62. = 2.0
BIO
0.50 3.5 min PET

52. 1
5.24 63 .
53. 34% 239pll

54. t1;2 = ln 2/ A ""' 64. 25

65.
55 .
66.
8 .04 1-131 0.10

67. 1.5

2000 1000 68. 1.2 GW

1500 370 1311
11 84 500 (a) (b)
2900 185
69. 100
56. 12 Bq , 15 d
57. k =
1.25 X 109 70. 1000 MW D-D 1

58. D20

7.13 71. 27
(a) 4X 1026 W
(b)

59.
BIO
X 1030
71%
72. 0 1

7.2 C

60. 1

73. 3 km)
16
 875

t+dt

74 84. ,\A
CH
2:i8u t= A
237.92 4.27
2:i-1Th 85. (a)
CH
75 .
JV=(k11 + 1 (b)
76. k= 10 (a)
10
-197 (a) (b)
77. ,,\ = 0 275

(a) (b)

78.
BIO
16 16

79. 1.0
(a) D-T
(b) 3000

(c) 1
36 X 106
700
80.
(a) 200
i\ le\ 1.0 30% 86
(b) a.

l'.J'JPu 'i b.
C.

8 1. d.
BIO
87.

-99(tl/2 =
a.
10
b.
12
c.
82.
DATA d.
CH
88 . 10 100 kW

a.
0 25 05 0 75 JO
b
200 103 54 29 l7
C.
I3 50 10 15 d
4.6 32 21 14 89.

83.
CH
876

a.
b.
C.

d.

11%

38.1 (a) Z=6, N=6, (b) Z=S, N=7, (c) Z=26, N=3 1, (d)
Z=94, N= 145
38.2 (e)
38.3 iHe,
38.4

38.5 (a)
 37 38 `/

01
LO 39.1

• LO 39.2

LO 39.3

LO 39.4

LO 39.5

Q QI

39.1

LO 39.1

39.1b

877
878

L1 t
L1E 2 34.16

(virtual

electrodynamics,
Phillips Feynman),
(a) Tomonaga), Schwinger) QED

39.2

(b)

39. 1
(a) (b)

L'.iEL'.it ;::::

^
ic:IY
1.5 fm

L'.ix 1.5 X 10- 15 m - 24

Lit = = = 5.0 X 10 S
c 3.0 x 108 m/s

39. 2
ri 1.05 X l0- 34 J·s - 11
L'.iE ::::: = = 2.l X lO J = 130 MeV
Lit 5 .0 X 10- 24 s

130
 39 . 2 879

39.2

LO 39.2
.
... ..... ......... .. ......... .. .. .. ... ..... ... ... ..... .. .. ........ ...... ....... ... ........... ........ ......... ...... ..

David

7f + ' 7f - ,

26

7T ------>{l +v
2.2 µ s

1-1 - ----> e- + 1/ + l/

l!lllli — — —------------------------ ------------—-—----—-- ------ -- --------------

(c loud
proport io nal
880

particle)
w+, Z

n------>p+e - +ve

—1, +1
number,

(B = =

number)
+ 1,
K , A, I: ,
s) s = l
 39.2 881

39.1

09 0 0 oo
'Y , 'Y
88
.. 0 0 - I 0-2s
’

1
- + 000000 000000
e , e —
2 0.511 + l L- 0
l
- +
/1, , fl —
2 I 05.7 + I 2.2 X 10-1'
l
- + 2.9 X 10-13
T T —
21 1777 + I
’
I/,,, IJ
—
? < 3 X 10-6 + I O
’’ -
1
I/ ,,, I/,, —
?-
l
<0 .19 O

//T' I/ T
—
?
-
< 18.2 L- 0

71+, 71-
0
139.6
0 0 oooo 2.6 X 10-8
0 0 0
71 ,
0
71
0
135.0 8.4 X 10 17
0 0 0
0
7) , 7)
0
547 .8 - 5 X 10-19
0 0
p ,
()
(!
()
775.8 - 4 X 1024
0 0 0
/Ct , A- 493.7 l.2 X 10-8

0 0 0 0.895 X I 0-io
497.6 5.J8 X 10-st

1
0
J), p —?
-
938.3 O
l
0
11, n l
21 939.6 885.7
0
it o, Ao _
2 111 5.7 -I 2.6 X JO-to
1
0
I: + , —
21 11 89.4 -I 0.80 X JO-t o
0
I:o, _
2 11 92.6 -I 7.4 X I 0-2o
l
0
I: - , —
23 11 97.4 -I 1.5 X I 0-to
0
o -, r5+ —
9- 1672.45 -3 0.82 X I 0-to

* c, b, t
t

- 1r- +p-----> +AO

(a)

(a) 1 Ao
(b)
882

s s
(b)

938.3 1078

1613 1613 —1078 =535

139.6 938.3 139.6

of
x------> —X, y------> —y, z------>
+1

Ning
A/ A/

(a)

39 .3

(b)

39. 3 GP
6oco
(a)

CPT T)

(b)
CPT

39.3

LO 39.3
 39 . 3 883

o-

quark), quark),

2
+ — e,
3
—3

chromodyna mics,

39.4 uud
udd

39. 5
7r+ ud

39.6
884

< G -G

(a) (b)

(c)

39. 6 (a)
(b) (c)

39.2

(MeV/c2)*
1
d 5.0 ——
3e 0.511),

2
u 24 +—
3e

1
s 100 ——3 e 106),

2
C 1300 +—
3e

1
b 4200 --
3e )777),

2
t l.75 X 105 +—
3e
 39.3 885

39.1 I |
s Ao
u, d, +-e,
3
2
—
—1
3
e,
1
3

Ao s s

Ao

W Z
886

39.3
:,;;12.~
l
(GeV/c)
0 0, 0 10-38
80.2 1, 0 < 2.4 X 10-,s m 10-13
91.2 0, 0
'Y 0 0, 0 10-2
° 0,

Ho 125 0, 0

*
t 1 fm(l0 - 15

39.4

LO 39.4

39.7 Z

Weinberg), Salam),
(Sheldon
zo, w-
van der
Z 39 .7

unification theory,
39.8

39.8
 39 . 4 887

' .’
/f
' ’
/f

’\’

.’
’

t
’
’
’ tt 39. 9 (a) (b)
(a) (b)

10- :i;; rn
39.9

•·······

100 GeV 8

1015 39.10
10111

BIii — 1
w±, z

3 lrn1
33.9
20
J\ le\'
888

27 13

10- 12

4.3
50 m ~ l75 13
450 2:

39.5

LO 39.5 .
... .............. ..... .. ............. ... ..... .... .... ..... ........ ... .............. ........... .... ..... ..............

2.5

v=~ < (39.1)

 39, 5 889

22 km

.
‘· .•
.. ...’'.`.•..••

.. ..
..
·3··
.
t..
.f· .. ’.
,'.....`..... .c'

. · .
..
.
..·
..<. .
. ... 1·
·.· . .. -.
q

.. .
·
.
.
. .. ..
.
•••

. .•.•` .:'C..
i
.

... t·

,
... • l
' ` .
.
••.•. . ’
’ .
.
••••

'..•• i
· .. .... .•. ’ . ' . ..
•.•• .. ...

‘’,
... . `.
. `...
••

· •..
. '
v
’ .’
.. ,`'. ’
•

· · .... · ... , ..
.. .
g

. · · · .. ..
.
.•

·
.. ` . . ..
... ..
``·
.
..
•
., T

.
f
.
Bang, 39. 11
39. 11

39,2 — - -- --- |
Ha =22
1
t= —= 1
Ho (22 km/s/Mly)/[3.00 x 105(km/s)/(ly/y)]
= 13.6 Gy

140
t
d v
13.8
c = 3.00 x 105
t =d/v =d/Hod =

microwave back-
ground radiation,

3000
890

M.;
2.7 K
39. 12).

4 3000 3
I 0.5
µ.m mm
39.12 2.726 K

1 39.13
!"t\

. ‘/4
`:
' CMB
10
39.13

10

CMB

CMB
==e;
900 I 8° 10 0.2° 0.1° 0.07°

39.14

10
 39 . 5 891

10··

JO" -I
— |

I
I

JO''
~=
10"
0i q
-
Cl

JO ''

I O'"
Ill'

JO'

10
0.01
10 -" JO -II 10' 10' ;

39. 15

RHIC

10 - :}S 10 - :32 <

39. 16

10- 35 s
39. 16
892

| |
0=

0 > 0 <

0 =
0 = 1

3H2
Pc = 81rG (39.2)

0 = 1

4%

(dark

5%

39.17 Lfg

39.1 7
39. 5 893
 ... ...... .....

@
:
II2T
e

.
... ... .. .. ................ ... ... .... ..... .. ............ ... .... .... ... .......... ........ .... .... ..... ... .. .. ....... ........ ................. .. .. .. ....... ....... ... .

!,

. - .... - - .... ·
EW
-
CE

10-38
10-)8
II0-1
0-1i
10-2
l

1037

1011 .
IO"
1025
JO"
JO '"
JO "'
10 13
10 '°
.
107
10''
10
0 01
I o-i, 10-n 10 -11 J07 JO"

894
 895

Study Modules),
(practice quizzes), solutions to problems)

BIO DATA ENV CH COMP

LO 39.J 39.2, 39 .3, 39.4, 39.5, 39 .6

39. 18, 39 .1 9, 39 .20
39.1 1, 39.12 39 .39, 39.40, 39.52

LO 39.2 LO 39.4
39.2 1, 39.22, 39 .23
39 .1 , 39.4, 39 .8 39.43
39. 13, 39. 14 , 39. 15, 39. 16 LO 39.5
39 .35, 39.36, 39 .37, 39 .38 , 39.4 1, 39.42, 39 .7, 39 .9, 39 .1 0
39 .43, 39.45, 39.46, 39.49, 39.50, 39.52 39 .24, 39 .25, 39.26
LO 39.3 39 .44, 39.47, 39.5 1

14.

I.
15. 17°
2
3.
4. (a) (b)
16.
(a) T- ____, P- + + ll, (b) T — > 7f + 7fl) + I/T
5. (a) (b)
(c) 17.

6.
39. 3

7 18.

8. 19
9
lO. 20 . L L

39.4
2 1.
39.1
11. G33 11111
22 kT

12 100
23 . 101 ,

39. 5
24. SI
39.2
25 . 2.5x 101
13.
896

26. 360 Ml y

39. J/7/J
.............
40.

41.
Linear Collider,
500
(a)
(b)
27. mlm I:+

2s.

42. (a) 6.5 T eV

(b)
29.

43.
30.
6.5
(d), (c, + 1),
13
LHC
31. 17 km /s/Ml y

44.
45.
32.
(a) (b)

33.
46. (a)
,}>

(b)

(a) (b)
47. 486.1 495.4
(a)
34. 5000
(b)

48.
3000 (a) 34.2b (b)

49.

35. (a) AO-->1r+ +1r- , (b)

91.18

36. p 2.5

37. p --> 50. (a)

(a) (b) 5X 10- ZO S, (b) 5 X 10- lO S

38. x, y, (a) xy2z , (b) x 2yz, (c)

 897

51. 60 54.
52
DATA +
ab
TT

C. 7f

d.
55. 26

a. 800
b. 80
C. 8
d. 80
56.
116 I 03 1
a.
118 965
b.
119 866
C.
121 811
122 829 d.

124 818
125 820
127 743
128 668
130 612
131 567
133 549

53.

a
b
C.

d.
- 1
;
:
.
.......... ............ ... .... .......... ...................... .......... ........

C) c;)
C, C,

E, P, £2

-_ O
E 6
V ’
___400
n1111"
__32
-
_
_

20
E= 3 e " -- I

E= h = 6.63 X 10-3-I J · S
.dx .dp 2 /'i, li = h/21r)
=
,\

··· ···································· ···· ······· ······· ·· ······ ·· ····· ······

m,
U,

—
7
?
n,2 l
+ U(x) ?jJ 3
2m —
2

898
 UBI

,'~
" e
""
-
86420 ,,.
4`
’f
[
4

~·
· ?.,:
:\,''
’ , ,:, ,
,,,
x
40 80 120 160 200 240
;
:
.... .... ... ...... ...... .... .... ..... ... ... .... ..... .. .... ...... ..... ... .... ......... .......... ... ... .. .... ... .. ......... .. .... ... .... ..... .. .... ...... ..... ....... .

899
 ~"''.-: .., . -· . . 1

A-1

ax2 + bx + c = x =
— b }b2 —4ac
r,_

(n = 3.14159 ... )
27r1'
1i"T2

47rr-?
I• b •I
4 7rr3
3

~bh 1, 1 ,1
2
m·2l

s
0= -
r
21r rad ~ \
1 rad = 57 .3°

y
sine = —
r
X
cos0 =—
r
s rn 0 y
tan0 = =
cos0 x

7f 7r 7f

6 4 3 2
(30°) (45°) (60°) (90°)
1 /2
s1110 1
2 2 2

cos0 1 Ji 1
2 2 2

an0 1 00
3

901
902 A

W ' 1 ·n\ ;fi

<t,= 0 ' f)
2Jr
2
-I

sin (- 0) = - s in0
cos( — 0) = cos0

s in(e = cos0

cos(e ± f) = sine
sm20 + cos20 = 1
srn20 = 2 si n0 cos0
cos20 = cos20 —sin20 = 1- 2sin20 = 2cos20 —1
sin (a /3) = sina co s/3 cosa sin/3
cos (a /3) = cosa cos/3 + sina s in /3

sina sin/3 = 2 sin /3) J cos [_!_ (a /3)

cosa + cosfi 2 cos [½ (a + fi) ] cos [½ (a-fi!]

cosa-cos /3= —2sin [ ½(a+/3)J

A, B, a , (3,

C2 = A B2- 2AB cos,

B
srna s in {J srnry
A
= B = C

e111 '" = x, ln ex = x e = 2.71828 ...

ax = ex Ina In (xy) = In X + In y

a.x au = a'" +Y = ln x —lny

y
 A 903

111 (¾)= —In.r

In :r; In .r:
ogx = log1 01; = =
In (10) 2.3

lxl <
e·r = 1+X
s in x = x
1 •)
cosx = 1 ——J;-
2
ln (1 x) =X
(1 + :r;)'' = 1 + p :r

,'/a' < 1, y' < v/, y' ,,Ji~ !, ¼(1+ ~f'u =±(1-f)

> '
A · B = ABcos0
IA x BI = ABs in0, A x
' > ' '
_,, , s
/~

.A

I < <

k^
.T, y, A., , A,1, ?u
’ J’

A, A = A,,+A,J
-------- -,,
I
I
I
I
I
I

A .r
'

, ,
A . B = A,B, + A.IJBI/ + A , B,
AX B = (AIJBC- ; + (A , B, - A, BJJ + (A, B,1 - A'IB, )k

, ' ' '

A·B = B·A
, ' ' '
A x B= - B xA
904 A

1- (B x = . x 1) = x )
> > > > > > > > >
A x (B x C) = (A · C)B —(A · B ) C

A-2

dy Liy
= lim
dx L\x - o Li x

y
y
y

da d l
dx
=0 —
dx
tanx =
COS2X

dxn dex
= n xn- i =e X
dx dx
d . d l
—
dx
s in x = cosx —
dx
ln x = —
X

d
—
dx
co sx = —s in x

1.
d df
—
dx
[aj(x )] = a —
dx

2.
d df dg
— [f(x ) + g(x)] = — + —
dx dx dx
 A 905

3.

:x = g*

d ( 2 dx2 2 d
x cosx) = cosx +x —~co sx = 2xcosx-x2smx
dx dx dx
d dx d
= ln = (lnx)(l) = ln x+ 1

4.
d
dx
l l g = 71l (9-;J;;
df
- f dg )

.
smx —
.
sinx dx2 ) = COSX —
2StnX
dx x2 x dx dx x2 x3

5.

df df du
dx du dx
ml]
d
a. u= f(u) =
dx
d. d du dx 2
sin(x2) = — sinu — = = 2xcos(x2)
dx du dx dx
d d d
b. —
dt
=
dwt
sinwt —wt = w coswt
dt
d
c. u= J(u) =
dx
d d 2 du du d
sin25x = — u — = 2u — = 2 sinlOx
dx du dx dx dx
= (2)(sin5.r)(5)(cos5x) = 10 sin5x cos5x = 5 sinlOx

d2y = d
dx2 dx dx

I
y= dy/dx =
d2y d
2
= 3ax2 = 6ax
dx dx
906 A

of
ax
rrn1
J(x, y) = x3
3
—
ax
= 3x2 sin y, —
ay
= x cosy

t:IAi Ai t:1
"T'" 0 .~

d
[ j f (x)dx] =

A(x)+

j a dx = ax+ C jcosxdx = sinx+ C

f xn dx = xn+ l + c, n ~ —l j e'C dx =e" + C

n+ l
j s in xdx = C j x-1dx = lnx+ C

7-iJ.i t::I
,"I!:"

f x2J(x) dx lim f1(x,)i1x

x, Llx -o i = 1
N -oo

X2

/(x)

j x'j(x)dx = A(x2) -A(x1) A (x) "'

x, x
x
X2
 A 907

9. 1

].

j x dx

z = a2 +
dz da2 dx2
= + = o + 2x = 2x
dx dx dx
1
dz = Va2 +x2 =
2

1
j ½ z- 1/ 2dz = 2 :1/2 = J;-
2

J xdx
J a2 + x2
= J a2 +x2

2.

u ”
- z
v

j ,u dv = uv- j vdu
fudv
.

j x u= clu = clv =

v = j clv = =

j x cosxdx = = x sinx cosx

= -

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (Chemical Rubber Co.)

Tables of Integrals and Other Mathematical Data
v1athematica Maple Wolfram
908 A

J eaxdx = eax
a
J x2~a2 = ¾tan- 1(f)
j sinaxdx = —cosax j xdx = —Ja2 —x2
a Ja 2 -x 2
j cosax dx = smax j xdx = Jx2
a Jx 2 2

j dx
j tanaxdx = (x2 a2 )3/2 = a2 Jx2 a2
a

j s in 2ax dx = _ s in2ax j xeax dx = ~(ax —1)

2 4a a

j cos2axdx =
2
+ s in2ax
4a
J x2eax dx = x2:ax l)J
e:: (ax —

j x s inaxdx = _!_s
2
in ax - cosax j dx = —
1 ln(a + bx )
a a a+ bx b

j x cosaxdx = J__
2
cosax + sinax j dx 1
(a + bx )2 = —b (a bx )
a a

J Va~~ x2 = j lnaxd.x = x ln ax —x

J dx
v x2 a2
= In (x + /;!±rl) J
a
2dx 2
x 2a
a+ x
a —x
 ' ' - . . l

SI
Hz

SI m · s- 1

SI J·s
6.626 07015 X
J· kg · m2 · c,

SI C
1.602 176 634 X
A·

SI ] .K - I

J ·K kg · m2 · s - 2 · h , c,

SI 6.022 140 76
X mol - 1

SI
540 x 1012 lm · W - 1
cd·sr·w - 1
cd · sr · kg-1 · . h, c,

909
910 B

SI SI

SI
1024 y
1021 z
1018 E
m p
1015
kg 1012
0
T
s 109 G
A 106 M
K 103 k
mo ! 102 h
101 da
cd
100
10-1 d
rad 10-2 C

sr 10-3 m
10- 6 µ
10-9 n
p
f
10-18 a
10-21 z
10-24 y

SI

SI
SI
Hz
N m · kg
Pa N/ m2 m-1 -kg · s-2
J N·m m2 · kg · s-2
w J/ s m2 · kg ·S-3
C s ·A
—
2-
V J/ C m2
F C/V m- 2 S4 . A 2
0 V/ A m2· kg ·s-3 · A-2
Wb T · m2, V · s m2 · kg·s- 2· A-1
T Wb / m2 kg ·
H Wb/A m2·kg · s-2 · A -2
Bq 1 decay/s s- 1
Gy J/kg, 100 rad m2 · s -2
Sv J / kg, 100 re m m?- · s-2
 SI SI SI
SI SI B,

1 ) = 0"0254 m = 10-10 m
= 0 "3048 m = 9.46 X 101 5 l1l

= 0 "9144 m = l.496 X l011 m

= 1609 m = 3 .09 X 101G Ill

1 = 1852 m 1 = 10 - 15 m = 1 fm

JCI 2..~
20

= 14.59 k g = 1.661 X 10-27 kg

1 : t) = 1000 kg

= 0.454 kg = 0.02835 kg
= 2000 lb = 908 kg

= 60 s = 24 h = 86.400 s

= 60 min = 3600 s 1 = 365.2422 ct * = 3.156 X 107 S

* I

L. -,

= 101 m2 = 4047 m2
= 6.452 X 10 --I m2

= 9.290 X 10 - 2 m2 = !112

= 1000 cm:i = l gal) = 3.785 X m:J

1 = 2.832 X 10- 2 1113 1 = 4 .546 X l0 - 3 m3

= 1.639 X 10-5 111:J

= 1/ 128 gal = 2.957 X 10- ' 1113

1 = 42 gal = 0.1590 m:i

911
912 C

= 7r/l80 rad = l.745 X l0-2 rad

= 360° = 27rrad = 360° = 2nrad

1 km/h = (1 /3.6) m/s = 0.2778 m /s 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m / s

1 mi/h (mph ) = 0.4470 m/s 1 ly/y = 3.00 x 108 m/s

1 rev/s = 2uad /s = 6.283 rad /s (s- 1)

1 rev/min (rpm ) = 0.1047 rad/s (s- 1)
1 Hz = 1 cycle/s = 21rs-1

= 10-5 N = 4.448 N

t:I -,

1 dyne/cm2 = 10-1 Pa 1lb/in2 (ps i) =6 .895X103Pa

1 ) = 1.013 x 105 Pa 1 in H20(60°F) = 248 .8 Pa
= 1 mmHg (0°C) = 133.3 Pa 1 in Hg (60°F ) = 3.377 x 103 Pa
= 105 Pa = 0.987 atm

1 = 10-7 J 1 Btu* = 1.054 x 103 J

cal) = 4.184 J 1 kWh = 3.6 X 106 J
= 1.602 X 10- 19 J
=4.18X1015J
1 · lb ) = 1.356 J
*

1 erg/s = 10- 7 W 1 Btu / h(Btuh) = 0.293 W

= 746 W 1 ft · lb /s = 1.356 W

= l0- 4 T l ) = 10- 9 T

= 3.7 X 1010 Bq 1 rad = 10- 2 Gy

1 rem = Sv
 C 913

29 MJ/kg = 7300 kWh/ton = 25 x 106 Btu/ton

J.-1 0
43 MJ/kg = 39 kWh/gal = 1 3 x 105 Btu/gal
44 MJ/kg = 36 kWh/gal = 1.2 x 105 Btu/gal
55 MJ/kg = 30 kWh/100 ft3 = 1000 Btu/ft3

5.8 X 101 1J/kg = 1.6 X 105 kWh/kg

U-235 8.2 X 1013 J/kg = 2.3 X 107 kWh/kg

7 X 1011 J/kg = 3.0 X 104 kWh/kg

3 3 X 101.j J/kg = 9 2 X 107 kWh/kg
1.2 x lO lll J/kg = 1.3 x 10-1 kWh/gal = 340 1 ga l
100% 9 0 x 1016 J/kg = 931 MeV / u = 2.5 x 1010 kWh / kg
 99

I H I 00794 (7)
2 He 4.002 602 (2)
3 Li 6.94 1 (2)
4 Be 9.012 182 (3)
5 B 10811(5)
6 C 12.011 (1 )
7 N 14.00674 (7)
8 15.9994 (3)
9 F 18.998 403 2 (9)
10 Ne 20. 1797 (6)
11 Na 22.989 768 (6)
12 Mg 24.3050 (6)
13 Al 26 98 1 539 (5)
14 s, 28.0855 (3)
15 p 30.973 762 (4)
16 s 32.066 (6)
I7 Cl 35.4527 (9)
18 Ar 39.948 (I)
19 K 39.0983 (1)
20 Ca 40 078 (4)
21 Sc 44.955 9 10 (9)
22 Ti 47.88 (3)
23 V 50.9415 (I)
24 Cr 51.996 I (6)
25 Mn 54.93805 (I)
26 Fe 55 847 (3)
27 Co 58.93320 ( l)
28 Ni 58.69 (!)
29 Cu 63.546 (3)
30 Zn 65.39 (2)
31 Ga 69.723 ( l )
32 Ge 72.6 1 (2)
33 As 74.92 159 (2)
34 Se 78.96 (3)
35 Br 79.904 (I)
36 Kr 83 .80 (I)
37 Rb 85.4678 (3)

914
 D 915

38 Sr 87 62 (I)
39 y 88.90585 (2)
40 Zr 91.224 (2)
41 Nb 92.90638 (2)
42 Mo 95.94 ( I)
43 Tc 97, 98, 99
44 Ru 101 07 (2)
45 Rh 102.90550 (3)
46 Pd 106 42 (I )
47 Ag I 07.8682 (2)
48 Cd 112411 (8)
49 In 114.82(1)
50 Sn I 18.7 10 (7)
51 Sb l 2l.75 (3)
52 Te 127.60 (3)
53 126.90447 (3 )
54 Xe 13 129 (2)
55 Cs 132.90543 (5)
56 Ba 137 327 (7)
57 La 138.9055 (2)
58 Ce 140 l1 5 (4)
59 Pr 140.90765 (3 )
60 Nd 144 24 (3)
61 Pm 145, 147
62 Sm 150 36 (3)
63 Eu 151 965 (9)
64 Gd 157.25 (3)
65 Tb 158 92534 (3)
66 Dy 162 50 (3)
67 Ho 164 93032 (3)
68 Er 167.26 (3)
69 Tm 168.93421 (3)
70 Yb l73.04 (3)
71 Lu 174.967 (!)
72 Hf 178.49 (2)
73 Ta 180.9479 ( 1)
74 w 183 .85 (3)
75 Re 186.207 ( I )
76 Os 190.2 ( I )
77 Ir 192.22 (3)
78 Pt 195.08 (3)
79 Au I 96.96654 (3)
80 Hg 200 59 (3)
81 Tl 204.3833 (2)
82 Pb 207 2 ( I )
83 81 208.98037 (3)
84 Po 209, 210
85 At 210, 211
86 Rn 211, 220, 222
916 D

87 Fr 223
88 Ra 223, 224, 226
89 Ac 227
90 Th 232.0381 (1)
91 Pa 231.03588 (2)
92 u 238.0289 (1)
93 Np 237, 239
94 Pu 239, 242, 244
95 Am 241, 243
96 Cm 245, 247, 248
97 Bk 247, 249
98 Cf 249, 250, 251
99 Es 252
100 Fm 257
101 Md 258
102 No 259
103 Lr 262
104 Rf 263
105 Db 268
106 Sg 266
107 Bh 272
108 Hs 277
109 Mt 276
110 Ds 281
111 Rg 280
112 Cn 285
113 Nh 284
114 Fl 289
115 Mc 288
116 Lv 292
117 Ts 294
118 Og 294
 .. . .. • ·. . •., ' ...·· ... ..· I

*
(106 rn, (m/s2 ) (lm1/s ) (10" I@) (l<Jn/s )
199 x 106 696 274 61 8 2 6 x l011 200 l\Iy 250

0.330 2.44 3 70 4.25 58.6 57.9 88 0 d 47 4

4.87 6.05 8 87 10.4 108 225 cl 35 0
5 97 6.37 9.81 11.2 0 997 149 6 365 2 d 29.8
0.0735 174 1 62 2 38 27 3 0.3844 27 3 d 1.02
0 642 3.39 3 71 5.03 1 03 228 1 88 y 24.1
107 x l0 8 9-13 km 0 0057 0 0114 0 319 9 4 x l0 3 0 319 d 2.14
148 x 10 9 5~8km 0 003 0 00556 1 26 23 x l0 3 1.26 d 1 35
190 x 103 69 9 24 8 60 2 0 414 778 11 g y 13 1
0.0893 1.82 1 80 2.38 1 77 0.422 1 77 d 17.3
0 480 1 56 1.32 2 03 3 55 0 671 3.55 d 13 7
0 148 2 63 1 43 2 74 7 15 107 7 15 d 10 9
0.108 2.41 1 2-1 2.44 16 7 1.88 16 7 cl 8.20

568 58 2 10 4 36.1 0.444 143 x 103 29 5 y 9.69

0 0007 0 53 0.2 04 1 89 0 294 189 cl 11 3
0 00015 0 56 03 0.6 2 74 0 377 2.74 d 10 0
0.0025 0 77 03 05 4.52 0 527 4 52 d 8.5
0 135 2.58 1 35 2 64 15 9 122 15 9 d 56

C, 86.8 25 4 8 87 21 4 — 0 720 2.87 x lOJ 84 0 y 6 80

0 0013 0.58 03 04 2.52 0 19 2.52 d 55
0 0013 0.59 03 0.4 4.14 0.27 4.14 d 4.7
0 0018 0.81 02 05 8 70 0 44 8 70 cl 37
0.0017 0 78 0.2 05 13 5 0 58 13.5 d 31

102 24 6 11 2 23 5 0 673 4 50 x l0° 165 y 5.43

0 134 19 25 31 5 88 0 354 5.88 cl 4.4

0.000 947 0 476 0 27 0.51 0 38 41 4 4.60 y 17 9

0 0130 1 20 0.58 12 —
6 39 5 91 x l0'3 248 .v 4 67
0 00586 0.604 0.278 0 580 —
6.39 0.00196 6.39 d 0.23

0.0166 1.16 0 827 138 1.1 102 x l04 560 y 3 43

**

917
 .• .. - ,"

25. 17 m/s2
ll . (a) 109 W (b) 106 kW (c) 1 GW 27. 11. (a) 1.78 km (b) 28.3°
13. 0.299792458 1 ft) 13. 710 km , 21°
15. 108 29. (a) a = v2 / 2h (b) t = 2h/v 15. 105 i+ 58J km
17. 0.62 rad = 35° 31. 27 ft /s2 17. 1.414, 0=45°
19. 30 g 33. 15 s 19. 135° —
45°)
21. 106 35. 3.26 m 21. 3ct2J
::::;
23. 8.6 m2/L 37. (a) (b) v/ /2 23. (a) V = 2.2 x 10-6.J m/ s
25 . 3.6 km/ h 39. 11 m/s ::::;
(b) a = —3.2 x 10- 10; m/ s2
27. 57.3°
29 24 Zm
41 947 m
43. 102 m
-
25. v 2= l.3 i +2.3J m/s

31. 7.4 x 106 m/s2 27. (a) 26° (b) 53.9 s

45. (a) 13.4 m/s (b) 1.37 s
29. 42 .8°
33. 4X 106 47. (a) 15.7 m/s (b) 1.60 s
31. 49 m, 5.40
35. 41 m 49. 48 mi / h
33. (a) 1.3 s (b) 15 m
37. 20 m/ s 51.2.2 s
35. 34 nm
39. 12 rev/da y 53. (a) 9.82 m/s (b) 9.34 m/s
37. 1090 m
41. 22 mm (c) 9.18 m/s (d) 9.18 m /s
55. 14.1 m 39. 2.28 x 10- 7 m /s2
43. 2 ms
45. (a) 5.18 (b) 5.20 57. 4.3 m/s2 41. 2.73 mm/ s2

47. 3 X 106 59. 2.75 s 43 . 9.60 km

49. 0.08% 61. 55% 45. Q.752 m/ s2

5 1. 105 63. (a) 0.014 s (b) 51 cm 47. 497 m/ s2
53. ~250 µm 65. 0.89 km 49. 90 km / h

55. (a) 40 nm (b) 5X 67. (a) 25 m/ s (b) 180 m 51. 229 m/ s (826 km / h )

57. 0.4%, 0.05% 69. 0.0051 m/ s2 53. C’ = —15 i +9J -18k

59. 50% 71. 11 m/s 55. (a) 4c/3d (b) c/3d
61. 2000 73. 270 m 57. 96 111
1 59. (a) 0.249 m/s (b) 7.00 x 10- 4 m/s2
63 . 1 ~ 2m2 75
2
65. (a) 1.0 m (b) 0.001 m2 (c) 0.0 m 77. (a) 7.88 m/ s , 7.67 m/s (b) 0.162 s (c) 7.21 x 10-4 m/ s2, 3%
(d) 1.0 61. A = B
79. 70 µ,m /s2
67 . 439 W, 81. 4.8 m/s ( 17 km/h ) 63. 0.50 m/ s2
65. 5.7 m/ s
69. (a) (b) = 4.09 g / cm3 83. (a) v = (v1 + vJ/2
7 1. b
73 . C
(b) v= +v2) 67. (a) X1 = Y1 = h(1- 1tr) = Y2
(c)
85. 70.7% (b) Vgh
87. —0.3 m/s 69. (a) 3.74 m/s
11 10.4 m/s
13 89. !!__ ( 2h ) ( gL1t2 —1)2 (b) 68.7°
4 g.dt2 2h 73 . 2.5
(a) 24 km (b) 9.6 km/h 9 1. 15 s- 1
6.54 m/ s, 17.1 m /s2
(c) - 16 km/h (d) 0 (e) 0
95 . (a) /2Wc (b) —5b 75 .
15. 26.6 km/ h
97. (a) > /ghJ2 (b) h0 - ghl 66°
19. (a) V = b —2ct (b) 8.4 s
c
77
99 79. (a) "= 1.07v
2 1. 0 35 m/s2 b
V

101 (b) "" l.3t

23 . (a) 9.82 m/s2 (b) 84.0 m/s2

918
 919

77
79
ab
8 1. 77.2 111 19. 1.9 m
83. 2h 2 I . (a) 1 J (b) 3 J
85. 19 111 23. 30 cm
87. = cos( 200 ) = 0 =;, 25 7 5 GJ
= 45° 27. 120 km / h
ll 5.40 ; + 11.0J N
b 13. 22.2° 29 110 m/ s
3
89. y = .,; tan0 II + J"
31 97 W
6(u11 cos00)'' · 15. 3.0 k N
33 (a) 60 kW (b) 1 kW (c) 41.7 W
93. (a) 17. (a) 6.3 m /s2 (b) 0.44 s
35 9 4 X 10" J
(b) 3rr/ 2 — t an-1 ( 1/ rr ) ;; 252° 19. (a) 3.9 m /s2 (b) 530 N
37 0 W
95. C
23. 71
39. 22 s
97. C
25. 490 km / h
41 10.8 ld
27. 0.18
43 4 50 X 10-2:l .J
29
3 1 8430 kg 45 864 W
11. 946 kN 47 (a) 163 MW (b) 273 MW
33 . 47.2 g
13. l.53 X 10° kg 49. (a) 400 J (b) 31 kg
35 45 1 N,
15. 2.0 x 106 m /s2 51 25°
37
17. 22 c m 53 . (a) 0 (b) 90°
39. 0.43 111
2 1. 210 k g 55. kB = 8k_.1
41.
23. 9000 k g
43. T =m2 g , y= 21rJ(,,n1R)/(m2g)
25. 490 N 57. W =Fo(i; - ~:11 + L1:!:1 -Lo)
27. 380 N
45. (a) 310 N (b) — 59. l'2
(c)
29. Jlf(g + u2/2li ) 61. (a) 1.3 X JO I, W (b) 1.4 X lQ- I-I J
47. 8 .5 km
31. 55 k N 63. 9 6 kW
49. 0.1 5
33. 130 N 65. F;1ro/3
35. 19 c m 51. a = 0.19 m /s2, t = 23 s
67. 1r/ 3 60°
37. (a) 5.94 s (b) 137 111 53.
69. 700 GW
39. (a) 59 8 111 S (b) 6 58 111 55. 0 23 /1, 0 30
71. (a) 90.3 km/ h (25.1 111/s )
4 1. 0.733 m/s2, 57. 4.2 m /s2
(b) 107hp
43. 3.98 m /s2 59. 0 62
73. 0 60
6 1. (a) 9.8 cm (b)
45 . 2 9--1111 /s < 75. (a) 196 W (b) 3 32 ld
63. 100 km / h
47. 4.9 m /s2 (c) 227 W , 3.85 kJ
67. 17 re v/ min
49. 0.53 s 77. (a) 2Pi1
69.
51. 6 0 N 1
7 1. 28cm (b) — (3 — 0.634t11 )
53. 1.62 x 10 7 N/ m 2
55. (a) 5 3 kN (b) 11 kN (c) 0 49 kN
73. u( t ) = —1) 79. 6
b
(d) O 59 k N 75. 83. rr :.,-,·,=2b( ~ - Fil ,
57. (a) 393 N (b) 3--18 N 77. a ff'(.r1 = 0) = 2/J J;;
59. 0.96 m 79. b
bL1/ + —
l I 1 1
61. 950 N 85. (a) —
2
kL1f+ —
3 4
cL111+ —
5
dL((

63. (b) 12 Id
0.8 1111 /s2, 11. 900 J 87. 135 .J
6 7. l.96 m /s2 13. 150 kJ 89.
69. (a) 60.0 111 /s (b) 0.672 m 15. 190 M N 91
7 1. ll .8 m/s2 -
17. A · (B + C) 93. C

73. 0 .92 kg , 1.4 k g 95. C

= AB cos(0,1nl +ACcos(Bx)
, , , ,
75. wF;i/M
920

29. (a) 2.44 km /s (b) 2.10 x 108 m/ s 43. K,;m = 2.35 J, ~n t = 47.5 J
9. (a): VV,, = —µkm g(2L) 31. (a) 20 , 190 km (b) 3.872 km /s 45. m b =4mm
(b): u,;; = —V2µk mgL 33. (a) 17,100 km (b) 1.45 km /s 47. (0, 0, h / 4)
35. 5.62 km /s 49. (a) 0.99 m (b) 3.9 m /s
11. (a) 60 kJ (b) 110 kJ (c) 0
37. 2 51. 6N
13. (a) 7.0 MJ (b) 1.0 MJ
39. g(h)/g(O) = 0.414 55. 3R/8
15. 55 cm
17. 22 m/s, 35 m/s
41. 36 -
57. v3 = 4.4; + 3.0J m/s
19. 92 m 59. 9.4 m /s
43. 60.5 min 2 7
21. 2.3 kN/ m
45. 2.6 X 1041 kg 61. — v,
23 . 0.75 5 5
25 . 2.0 m 47. T2 =
41r2L 3 63. (a) 37.7° (b) —65.8 cm/s
3GM 65. 5.8 s
27. 2.28 kJ,
49. 2.79 AU 67. 0.92 m/s
51. E > 69.
29. 2.49 X 10- 19 J
55. 7.2 km /s 76 .4 km / h
31. 55 .2c m
59. (a) 2.06 x 106 m (b) 0.805 x 106 m
33. 3.55 m
61. ll.89 km/s 92.2
35. (a) 4.4 X 1013 J (b) 11 h 63. 4.17 km /s 71. 120°
37. 778 J, 4.90%
65. 4.60 X 1010 m 73. 5.83
1
39. U(x) = —3
—
ax3 - bx 67. 1.42 X 103 km 77. 18.6%
kx2 69. 1.58 X 1016 k g 79. (a) 12.0 m/s (b) 15 .4 m/s
41. r=
2mg sin 0 81. v1 = v/6 , v2 = 5v/6
71. 3.8 m
45. (a) - 11 cm (b) 4 m/s
73. 87.
47 . h ::::: 4R
75 . 1.5 X 106 km
51. U(x) = 30
77. d
53. 20 m/s, 30 m/s
79. d
55. 1.4 m 89. 3.75 min
57. 62.5 cm M l +a
91. (a) (b) L
59. 2.9 m l +a 2 +a
1
61. 14 m
63. V

65. 5.8 s
= 2x314 r:: 11. 2m
13 . (0 , 0.289L )
-
15. v2 = -67i cm/s
(c) M

93 . (c)
—
2
L

17. 0.268 Mm/s 95. b

m gh
67. )2g(h-d) 19. 47.9 J
2d 97. a
69. 185 N/ m 21. (a) ~ 20k N ·s (b) ~lOm/s
71. d 23. 41.8 s
73. b 27.
11. (a) 7.27 X s-1
29 . 46 m /s
(b) 1.75 X 10- 3
31. v1/= - 11Mm/s,
(c) 1.45 x 10- 4 s-1 (d) 31.4
11. RP= RE/V2 v21 = + 6.9 Mm/s,
13. (a) 75 rad /s (b) 2.4 x rad /s
13. 57.5% 33. 7.65 Mm/s,
(c) 6 X l03 rad /s (d) 2 x rad /s
15. 8.6 kg
15. (a) 0.068 rpm /s (b) 7.1 x 10-3 s-2
17. 542 m 12.4°
35. 195 km /s, 17. (a) 0.16 re v (b) 0.07 rad /s
19. 3070 m/s
25.9 ° 19. N·
21. 1.77 d
37 . 28.4% N· 30%
23 . 0.28 X 106 m
39. 75.6%
25 . 3.17 GJ
41. (0 , 0.115a) 21. 7.9 x 10- 2N· m
27. 4.29 km /s
 921

23. (a) 2mL2 (b) mL2 25. (C)

25. (a) 1.1 X 10-3 kg · m2 27. 6.79 x 106 kg · m2/s 47. ¢ = (2/5µ)
(b) 3 6 X l0- 3 N · m 29. (a) 0.288 kg · m2/s (b) 49. 0.366mgs

27. (a) 1038 kg · m2 (b) 3 X 1019 N · m 3 I. 3.57 min 53. Fapp = Mg tan (0/2)

29. 20 min 33. 4.88 rev/s 55. µ,5 < tana = 1/2
tan0
31. 35. —9.0kN·m 59. µ :::::
2 +tan20
33. (a) 1.6 X 108 J (b) 16 MW 37. 1600 N · m
61. 840 N
35. 1/3 39. mva/6
63. 170 N
37. (a) 14.3 g · m2 (b) 4l. 2.66 X 105 J · S, MEm
65. (a) F= G ( 1.229), 21.3°
39. 127 Mg · m2 43. 3.1 X l0- 16 J · s Rf
45. 0.21 kg · m2 Mcm
41. 1.84 m/s (b) 7= G (— 0.0356 )
47. 63% RE
43. (a) 11.9 111/s (b)
49. 5.5 m/s 67. x = 6 nm, 14
45. (a) 6.9 r ad/s (b) 3.7 s
53. (a) 0.25 rad/s (b) 6.4 Id x = ll
47. (a) 170 s - 2 (b) 2.9 m/s2
69. a
(c) 55. (,) (b) ,i,, 71. b
49. 570 rev (c) dw 2 +
51. 5MR2/8 57.
53. 33 pN
11. T = 0.88 s, J=l.lHz
55. (a) 7.2 h (b) 1900 rev
57. 0 36 59. (a) /7 (b) t = 13. 11 5 fs(115 X l0-l-l S)
µkg
59. 2.1 rad /s 63. 9.2 X l026 N ·m 15. 22 ms

65. d 17. 0.59 Hz, 1 7 s

61.v = ~
67. d 19. (a) 19 rad /s (b) 0.33 s (c) 92 m/s2
63. 17% 21. 1.21 s
65. 0.494Jl/R 2 23. 1 6 s
67. 33 m 25 .
13 (a) T= mgL/2 (b) T= O
21rp0wR2 27. 1.7 rad , 15 rad /s
69. (a) 111= (c) T=mgL/2
3 29. 0.25 s
15 16 m
(b) I = 3MR2/5 31. 65km/h
17 (a) 0 61 m
71. MR2/4 33. 238 Mg
(b) 1.42 m
73. 3MR2/10 35. 6.78 s
19 480 N
75. (m + !'{-) va+mgv 21 0.797 1 46
37. (a) 49 1 cm (b) 1.17 m/s
39. (a)
77. 23 3 00 rn
25. (b) gTsin (0rna,/2)/7i
79. 4.9 1 X 10- r, kg · m2
81. a (g J( l —co s0rnax l /2
83. b 27 (a) 18 aJ/nm2 (b) 41. 0.147%
29 (b) 43. (a) t = 7r (b) A = Vm1k
45. 50 min
31. (a) 40 N · m (b) 1.3 k N
ll. w = 63 s - t 47. (a) 67 µN/m (b) 3 .4 x 10-10 kg
33. 500 N
13. (a) 0.524 s - 2 (b) — 37° 51. 82 1kg
35. 79 kg
15. (a) (b) 36k N ·m 53. (a) IrI=A
37. 1.4 W
(b) -; = (wA coswt) ;, - (wA sinwt)J
(c) 12 ;
17. 3.1 N·m,
—36y N·rn
41. ½Jlfg (ff+iJi —L ) -
(c) I v I = wA (d)
43. (L/ W)
19. 1056 kg · m2/s 55. (1r/3)
21. 2.3 J ·s 45. (a) ~g[Lsine —W(l —cos&)] 57. (a) 7.9 N/m (b) 0.80 kg
23. 17.4 rpm (b) 1(L/ W) 63.
922

65 . 34 63. 440 mph 77.

67. (a) 6.5 cm (b) 0.51 s 67. 6.3 m 0
79. PH,oL tan — (hl
1 2
69. 73. 7.3 km 81. C
271"
75. (a) 83. e
71. (a) £1 = 4£2 (b) amax. 1 = 4amax, 2
(b) ~3000
75. T = 2?T )7/ (10ga) 45 °
77. R//2 77.
II . 5.4°F ~7.6°F
79. 1.13 Hz 79.
13. 20°c
81. 65 g 81. 256 Hz
83. 1.39 kg · m2
15. —40°C = -40°F
83. b
17. 102 .4°F
ss . (a) d20 Idt2 85. C
19. 32 kJ
=— (mgL/I)sin0 =— (g/L)sin0
21. 100 W
(b) (i) (ii)
23. (a) 1.7 X 105 J (b) 84 S
(iii) 11. 1.2 kg
25. (a) llO W/m2 (b) 29 W/m2
13. (a) 180 kg/m3 (b) 7.3 m3 27. 4 W
87. a 15. 200 GPa
89. d 29. = 0.98 m2 · K/W,
17. l .7 X 103 kg/m3
= 0.03 m2 · K/W ,
19. 92 m
= 0.60 m2 · K/W ,
21. 2.4%
11. 3.4 s = 0.03 m2 · K/W,
23. 46 kg
13. 3.35 m 25. 0.75% = 0.88 m2 · K/W ,
15. (a) 0.19 mm (b) 0.43 mm 27. 2.8 m/s = 0.23 m2 · K/W
17. (a) 1.3 cm (b) 9.1 cm (c) 0.20 s 29. (a) l.8 X l04 m3/s (b) l .5 m/s 31. 2.2 kW
(d) 45 cm/s (e) 31. 1.8 m/s 33. 2 X 10-5 m2
19. y(x, t) 33. 35. 24.l°C
= (1.5 cm) cos[(0.785 cm- 1)x 35. 2.25 m 37. 2.0°c
(0.604 s - 1)t] 37. 1.52 m 39. 59.3°F
21. 250 m/s 39. 278 kPa (2 .74 atm) 41. 203 K
23. 30 m/s 41. 830 cm2 43. (a) 138 kPa (b) 33.4 kPa
25. g_g W 43. (a) 620 Pa (b) 1.2 kPa (c) 233 kPa
27 . 343 m/s 45. 3.6 mm 45. 263 K = —10°C
29. 269 m/s 47. (a) 798 N (b) 2.16 mm 47. 364 g
3 1. 940 Hz (c) 7.03 J 49. (a) 23.2 kJ (b) 337 kJ (c) 65.2 kJ
33. 5.4 m 49. 51. 138 s
35 . (a) 280 Hz (b) 70 Hz (c) 210 Hz 51. 27 m 53. 0.56 kg
37. 14 cm 53. (a) 49 kg (b) 2500 kg 55. 1.8 kg
39. 93 Hz 55 . 14 kPa 57. 9.2 K
41. 57. 14 m 59. 0.20 kg
43. 7.08 s 59. (a) 1.5 m/s (b) 0.47 L/s 61. 2.0 X 102 W
45. (a) 102 m (b) >-water = 4.32,\air 61. 70% 63.
47. 381 Hz 63. 6.89 m 65. (a) (b) 217 K
49. 0.142 65. (a) 603 Pa (b) 11.0 km 67. 24°C
51. 77.9 m/s 67. 15 kg 69. 1200 K
53. l.O X 102 W 69. 71. (a) $319 (b) $37.58
73. 44 K
57.v=~ 71. t = ~ F f 75. 418 .76 kJ, 0.09%
59. 10 m 73 . (b) 5.8 km 77. 207 K 210 K
61. = 5L1 /7 75. 2. 1 X 1012 N . Ill 301 K 740 K
 923

79. 25 (a) 90 1 kW (b) 57 3 %

11. 29.3 kJ (c) 289 K = l6°C
81. —19°( 13 . 250 J 27. 6 7 %
83. C 15. —14kW 29 122 L
85. a 17. 2pl f-7i 31. 16.08L

19. (a) 4/3 (b) 220 J 33 52

21. 0 177 35 (a) 17 5 GW (b) 43.0% (c) 232 °C

11. 1.8 mi 23. 2.1 MJ 37 2 X 1011 kg/s

13. 1.8 x 106 Pa 25. 57.7% 39 (a) 4.83 (b) 1420 kg )

15. (a) 27 L (b) 330 K 27 . (a) 200 K (b) 120 K 41

17. 29. 1.22 J 43 2.78

19. 31. (a) 28 .9 kPa (b) 13.0 cm 45 (a) 6 91 kW (b)

2 1. 146 kJ 33. 165 kPa

23. 0 987 L 35. 136 kPa (c) 46 6 %

2s. 253°c 37. 380 W 47. (a) 17.4% (b) 83.3%

27. 62.7 L 39 (a) 1 49 mm (b) 10 7 49 . 140 MJ/K

29. 5.2 L 4 1. 1.35 53 . (a) 86 .0 J /K (b) 120 J / K (c) 0

31 43 (a) 300 kPa (b) 240 J 55. 0

33. 0°c 3.53 X 106 kg 45 440 °c 57. 160 J / K

47 (a) 886 K (b) 4.25 MPa = 42.0 atm 59. 12 1 kJ /K
35. 1 X 1010
49. 354 61. 1 —r1 -,
51 (a) 255 K, 175 kJ (b) 279 K 63 . 61 %
37. (a) 235 mo! (b) 5 65 m3
39. (a) 1.27 atm (b) 0.980 mo!
(c) 272 K, 500 J 65 . c;/1 —To/ T1)
53 (a) 40 kPa (b) 83 kPa (c) 80 kJ 67. W =
(c) 0.786 at rn
55. 930 J 71. 36 2 J / K
41. 27.6 min
43. 79.3 s 57 73. 62%
59. 1 17 kJ 75.
45. 43.9 111111 C
6I. 330 K 77.
47. ISM C
63. (a) 202 J
49. 14.8 h
(b) 500
5 1. 4.9°C
65. 20 mo!
53. 19 kW 11 . 3 0 05 C/kg)
67. 140 atm
55. (a) (b) 13 . (a) ·uud (b) udd
73. 189 J
57. 251 K 15. l .l x l09
59. 307 K
75. 4pl v; /3
17. 5.1 m
77 154,000
61. d= /2aL1T+a2L:'iT2
79 . 18%
19. (a) J (b) —; (c) 0.316;,+ 0.949.J
2
63. (a) 61 h (b) 52 h
2 I . 38 x 109 N/C
8 1. a
65 . 3.97°C 23 . (a) 2.2 x 106 N/C (b) 77 N
83 . C

67. 25.0238 ml 25. 1.6 ·; pN

1 27 . (a) 26 MN/C ,
7 1. (a) :1/ = 4(Lg-d2) + Lc;oL:'iT
(b) 5.2 MN/C,
11. (a) 26.8% (b) 7 05 % (c) 770%
(b) a = 2.35 X l0- 0/°C, (c) 58 MN / C,
13. 0.948 K
d=80.00 cm 29. 1.1 kN/C
15. 9.10
(c) 3 1. E = k Q/ ( )
17.
75. (a) 244 K (b) 247 K
19. 8.S kJ/K 33 . 5.1 x 10·1N/C
77. C
21. 219kg 35. 980 N/C
79. C
23. (a) 1/ 64 (b) 5/16 37. (a) 264 nN (b)
924

39. F,nax = 4kqQ/ 3 V3a2 17. 69 N · m2/ C 13. 3.0 k V

41. —661nC I 9. (a) (b) - (c) 0 (d) 0 15. 910 V

43. (a) = [4kQ/(4x2-L2)]; 21. 49 kN · m2/ C 17. 1.6 X 10- 17J,

(b) (x » L ) ---> [ k Q/x2 ] ; 23. (a) 1.2 MN/ C (b) 2.0 MN/C 3.2 X 10- 17 J
(c) 50 x 104 N/ C 19. -E0y
45. - 0.18; + 0.64J n N
47. 4q 25. 2 1. 53nC

49. (a) 20 µC (b) 1.6 N 27. 49 x 103 N/C 23. (a) 440 kV , 9.2 x l06 m/ s
51. -4e 29. (a) 5.1 x 106 N/C (b) 34 N/C 27. (a) 4 V

53. (a) s.o'j GN/ C (b) 190J MN/C 3 1. (a) 2.0 x 106 N/C (b) 7.2 x 103 N/ C (b) Er = 1 V/m, EY = -12 V/ m ,

(c) 220J kN/ C 33. (a) 0 (b) 4.0 x 10-3 C/ m2 E2 = 3 V/m

55. 0 35. 1.8 MN/ C 29. 3 kV

57. qi = µC, q2 = 6.9 µC 37. (a) q = - 732 nC (b) Q = 17.6 µ.C 31. 7.20 kV
35. 319 kN/C
59. q= —Q/4 (c) E = 6.75 MN/C,
39. 5.6 kV/ m
61. —14 µC / m
63. 39. (a) .\1 = —4.88 µ.C/m 41. 4.5 V

(b) .\2 = 40.3 µ.C/m 45. 6.1 µ,C

65. 3.64 X 10-26 J
47. ) 2ke Q/ (mR)
67. 0.4e, 0.03e (c) E = 4.25 MN/C,
(3x2 - a2) , 49.
69. (a) E(x) = 2kqa2 i
41. 7.31 µ.C 51. —ax2/ 2
(b) E(x) ""
6kqa2 ,
i
43. (a) 281 n C (b) 187 kN/C 53. —52 nC / m
45. E0a2/ 2 55. —a/ 2, a / 4
71. (a) 2.5 µC/m (b) 300 k N/C
57. (a) 2.6 kV (b) 1.8 kV (c) 0
(c) 1.8 N/C 47. 7.0 MN/ C, 17 MN/C
59. V=2k Q/ R
73. (a) dq = 21rardr 49 . (a) 2.8 cm (b) 3.5 nC
51. (a) 176 µ.C (b) 1.21 m 65. ( V/ R) ;
21rkaxr
(b) dE, = dr
53. (a) MN/ C (b) 3.8;. MN/ C
67. (a) 43 kV (b) 1.7 MN/ C (c) 540 V
(d) 0
(c) 7.8;. MN/ C
77
55. (a) 20;. kN/ C (b) 1.7;. k N/ C
69. —EoR/ 3
57. (a) 1.34 µ.C (b) 1.26 MN/ C
71. (a) 6.19 kV (b) —221 nC
73 . 14 cm, 1.7 nC

~l~l;
59. (a) (b) p>
75. 0.12 J
p <
77. w = 232 nC/ m2, q = 3.75 nC ,
r= 7.18 cm
61. 18 N/C
63 . (b) —Q 79. (a) 71'k0'0a [ Vl + (x/ a) 2 - (x/ a )2

" ½ ll
67. (a) Q = n p0a3 In (a/ x+

69.
(b) E(r) = (4e0a)
81. -:i
83 . 8.0 mm
71. n=3 85 . d
?
79. mdv2/qL 2 Por- 87. b
73.
81. a 3e0R
Pod
83. a 75 . E = 2eod , Eout =
,n
11. 4.4 kJ
77. C
13. ~ 48.5 e V
79. d
11. 3 µ,C 15. (a) 1.4 J (b) 4.2 J

13. Qc=2 Q =-QB 17. 22 nF

19. 740 pF
15. 1.5 kN · m2/ C
11. 600 µ.J 2 1. 39 J
 925

23. (a) 1.20 µF 33. (a) 0.12 rnA (b) 57. 360 µ.F , 1200 V
(b) Q, = 14.4 µC, Q2 = 4.80 µC, 35. (a) 1.6 mm (b) 0.20 \// rn 59. 3.4 µ.J
Q3 = 9.60 µC 37. (a) 2.24 X l04 m (b) 19.l pV / rn 61. (a) Vc= O, fi =25mA, ii = O

(c) v1 = 7.2 V , v; = Tf; = 4.8 V 39. (a) (b) 2.00 A (b) Ve = 60 V , fi = ii = 10 mA

25. 8.2 X 105 V/m 4I. (a) 2 x 1030·rn (b) (c) Vc = 60 V, fi = O, /2 = 10 mA

27 43. (a) 420 A/rnm2 (b) 0 24 A/rnrn2 (d) Ve = 0, fi = /2 = 0
29. 3.4 ~LF 45. (a) 7 (b) 63. (a) 5.015 V (b) 66.53 0
31. 1.4 µF 47. 9.7 µC 65. 1.07 A,
33. k:Q2/2R 49. (a) 5.8 IVIA/m2 (b) 97 mV/ m 67. 2 15 µ.F
37. c:: l.66Q1 51. Ge 69. 80 µ.s
53. 50 ft 71. 8 0, 89 W
39. 2.8 µC
55. 948 nO, 8 .20 mO, 15 3 mO 73. (a) R1 (b) R1 (c) R1
41. 1.0 ~tF, 250 V
57. (a) 8 1 mile s (b) 3.3 7 3 h, 77. (a) 9 V (b) 1.5 ms (c) 0.3 µ.F
6.6 3 6 h , 44 33 min 79. 220 mV
43. (a) 4.4 kV (b) 120 k'vV
(c) 203 A
45. 129 F 81. T =
59. (a) 25TW R1+R2
49. (a) 4.1 nF (b) 13 kV
61. 2.8 min 83 . (a) 3E:/4R (b) 2E:/3R
51. 2.7nm
63 . di = V'2d2 85. a
53. 24
65. 0.63 A 87. b
55. U = l,Q2/ (2R)
57. 6.Q X 10- -I ] 67

59. 13 min
69. 2.5 A 11. (a) 16 G (b) 23 G
41rc:0ab
61. C= 73. 19° l3. (a) 2.0 x 10-1 ·1N (b) 1.0 x 10- 11N
b —a
63. --1: 75. a (c) 0
6
65. (b) Co2Ve~ ( K.1: +:- 7; )
77. C 15. 400 km /s
17. 360 ns
VJ(K —1) 19. (a) 87 .6 mT (b) 1.25 keV
(c)
2L 15 . 1.4h 21. 0.373 N
1rp2R.i 17. 43 kO 23. 5 00 A
67.
19. 10.5 V 25. (a) 9.85 c m (b) 14.8
69. (b) 4.3 µF 27. 1.2 mT
21. 50 0
71. a
23. I; = 2 A, /2 = 0.2 A, I;,, = 2 A 29. 5 mN / m
73. C
31. (a) 4.05 x 10- 2 A · m2
25. O A
27. —0.66 % (b) 7.78 X 10- 2 N · m
33. E:~ /( R1 33 . 7 0 A
I I . 9.4 X 1018 35. (a) 0.569 mT (b) 3 90 mT
35. 3.2 V
13. l.9 X l011 37. 40 mW (c) 2 85 mT
15. 3.2 x 105 A/ m2 39. l.5 k0 37. 17 T
17. 6.8 cm 41. —2L'.'it/ Rln(l —f ) 39. 41.1
19. (a) 5.95 X 107( 0-m)-1 43. 1.5 m A 41. 0 119 T ::; B ::; 0 257 T
(b) 4.55(0-m) - 1 45. 30 A 43. l.4k A

21 360 V 47. (a) 2.9 A (b) 0.52 A 45. (a) 2.39 A (b) 522 ~,T , 442 kA/m2
23. 32 1110 49. 2.4 W 47. 2.3 X 1027 A . m2
25 4R 5I. /1 = 2.8A, / 2= 2.4A , /;J=0.43A 49. 3.8 GA
27 (a) 6 0 V (b) 8.00 53. (a) 48 V (b) 57 V (c) 60 V 53. (a) 7l µm (b) 440 µm
29. 230 V 55. (a) 18 .25 0 (b) 18.07 0 (c) 55. 0.53 A
3 1 3000 57. 8 .5 x 1022 cm - '3
926

59. 0.021 N, 45° 55. 0.76 s

49. (a) (b)
57. 20 s 3 4
61.
~I
21ra
,
59. (a) 5 0 (b) 500 J (c) f JLc
63. 61. (a) 1.0 A (b) 0.43 A (c) —1.7 A 51. 50
21ra '
63. 190 mO 53 . 6.2 0
65. 16 µN,
65 . 3.4 X l021 J / m3 55. (a) (b) ~50°
67. (a) 0 (b) B =
57. (a) 0.369 (b) 6.43 W
7 1. 3.67 x 10- 26 N · m 67.
59. (a) 5.5% (b) 9.1 %
~J,x 69. 3.0 X 108
73 . 61. 3.7 mF
d br 1rb2ha4
75. (a) B "" —— (b) B ""
71. (a) ——
2p
(b)
8p
63. 2.7 V
2w 21rr
73. 3.69 65. 1620 Hz
.foR2
77. (a) (b) B = 75. (a) I(t) = V(t)/R = (E Blv(t)) / R — 67 . R = 134 0, L = 67.1 mH ,
6r
(c) B= (1 — (b) F(t) = I (t) lB
= lB(E-Blv(t)) / R
C=0 .628 l,lF
71. 910Hz, 36V
79. T CX: 73.
(c) F(t) = lB (E- Blv (t))/R C

dv(t) 75. b
=m
~I2 a+w dt
81. a )
77. (a) In (b/a)
83. 47r 11. 1.3 nA
85. 8l. C
13.
87. 83. a
17. 11.2 km
19. 2.57 s
89. d 21. 5.00 X 106 m
91. d 11. V= (325 V) sin [(314 s- 1) t] 23.
13. (a) V(O) ::::: v;,/ 45° 25. 12%
(b) V(O) = 0, ¢&= 0 27. 1 X 106 W/ m2
11. 1.2 X 10- 4 Wb (c) V(O ) = v;,, <Pc = 90° 29.
13. 160 T/s (d) V(O ) =O, </>r1 = 31. 20 kW
15. 6.5 mH
(e) V(O ) = —v;,, <Pe = —goo 33. (a) 1.55 µm (b) 98.4 k V/m
17. 42 kV (c)
15. IR, rrns = 13 mA, l e, rrn s = 24 mA,
19. 330 mH 35. (a) 3 38 m (b) 8.55 V/ m (c)
21. 3.1 kJ
IL, rm s = 22 mA
37. 1.8 W
17. (a) 250-V (b) 15 V
23. 22 .6 µJ 39. 43 nV / m
19. 16 kHz
25. 800 MJ/m3 41. (a) 7.2 X1 011V / m· s (b)
21. 8.1 H
27. 1.1 T/ms 43. 10 mT
23 . (a) 32 mH (b) 1.0 V
29. 43.7 mA 45. 91%
25 . 3.5 kO
31 . (a) E/R (b) E / Bl (c) 0 47. 19%
27 . 5.0 mA
33. 16.9 ms 49. Q.00004%
29. 390 mA
35. 31.7 s 51 . 4X
31. 1
37. (a) —0.30 A (b) - 0.20 A 53. (a) 4.6 kW (b) 53 mV / m
33. (a) 6.71 µF (b) 1.51 H
39. 15 mT 55. (a) 136 nT (b) 181 n T
35. (a) 1.07 MHz (AM
41. (a) 3 s (b) 57. (a) 8.9 X 106 W/m2 (b) 58 X 103 V/m
(b) 3.24 µH
43 . (a) 2.0 mA (b) 4.4 mA
37. (a) 9.01 µF (b) 16.0 0 59. 6.2 X 103 y
45 . —42 mA , 61. 2.52 kP a
39. (a) 23 .1 mH (b) 12.0 mA rm s
47. 130
4 1. (a) 150 mA (b) 330 mA 63. 6
49. (a) 25 mA (b) 1.3 m N (c) 2.5 mW
45. (a) 53 nF (b) 350 Hz 67. 2.4 GHz : 6.25 c m , 5.0 GHz : 3.00 cm
(d) 2.5 mW
47. 0.199 µH 69. (a) 431 nW/ m2
51. 58 T/ms
 927

71. (a) 51 MV / rn (b) 0 17 T (c) 96 TW 21. 40 cm 35.

73. b 23. 0.86 mm 37 22 4 111
75. ct 25. 2 39 11 m
27. 41 96°
29 —200 43. 44 µm
11. 15° 3 I . (a) 4 38 111 (b) 21.1 111 (c) 45 2
13. 0.5° 33 (a) 30 0 111 (b) 0 47. 2 km
15. 35 8 19 cm
17. 77 .7° 37 1.46 111 49. 3.3 A
19. 14.2° 39 (a) - 24 cm (b) 29 mm 5 1. 5
21. 1 9 (c) 53. 236
23. 79.J 0 41 18 cm 55. 128.8 m
25. 1.66 43 31 cm 57. 1 + 2.93 X
27. 6.41° 45 12 cm 59. 14 .2 m
29. (a) n = 1.83 47 (a) —7 7 cm, 6 I. 2 .o ~till

(b) 0.\ (b) +7 7 cm, 63. 6.9 km

49. 29 cm, 41 cm 65.
5 1. 11cm
[ \]
3 1. cl s in01 1 -
cos01
53. s' = 1.1111 ,
67 . 11 = 1 + 171,\
55. (a) 2L
33 . (a) 36.93° (b) 1.586
(b) 69. (a) 0.34 fm (b) 6.3 X 111
35 81
71. 54
57. 2.0 73. C
59. 2 75. a
37. (a) 18° (b) 390 n m
61
39.
4 1. (a) 69.1° (b)
63 . (a) (b) —2.82 11. (a) 4.50 h (b) 4.56 h (c) 4 62 h
65.
43. 5.1111 13. 33 l y
67. 0.3°
45. 139 11111 15. 40111
69 . 72 cm
47. 23° 17. 0 14c
2r-
49. 1.07
79. (a) dn = —— dJ\ (b) 0.858 111111 19. (a) 2 .0 (b) 2.5
81. C 21. 0.14c
53. 63.8°
83. d 23. (a) 2.l MeV (b) l.6 MeV
55. (a) 9 53° (b) 2 07 X 108 111/s
25. (a) 42.52 (b) 1345
(c) 2 .04 X l08 m / s
27. 0-15 2.00
57. 2.7 111
l I. 1.7 cm 29. B
61 . (a) 50.9°
13 . 420 nm 3l. (a) B
65. %(¾"·1+ 15. 4 (b)

67. C 17. (a) 4.8°, 9 7° (b) 2.9°, 6.8°

69. b 19 . 103 nm
2 I . 594 n rn , 424 n m
23. 1.5 cm 35 . (a) 0.86c (b) 9.7 min

I I. 35°
25. 29 3 ° 37. c/ V2
27 . 1.62% 39
I 3. (a) —1/4 (b)
29. 37 c m 39
15. (a) 3/ (b) 3//2 (c)
17. -2 3 I . 3 x 10- 1 rad 41. 0 96c
33. Hn (656.3 nm), H 1(434.0 nm ) 45. 5.2
19. 21 cm
49. 0 94c
928

51. (a) 10 ly , 13 y 65. 3.40 eV

(b) 0 ly, 7.5 y 67. 1.62 km / s 11. 3
55. (a) 4.2 ly 69. 2.5 km / s 13. 5
(b) - 2.4 ly 71. 1 ps 15. 3d
57. (a) 0.758c (b) 1.09 GeV/c 1
75 . Ea = 2
[h- 1) 17. 2.58 X 10-34 J · S
59. 25 h
19. 3/ 2, 5/ 2
63 . 0.866c + v h - 1 lh+ 3 ll
2 1. 11.5tiw
67. 0.994c 81. (a) 6.65 x l0- 34 J · s (b) 2.3 e V
23 . l s2 2s2 2p63s 23p6 4s23d1
69. (a) 100,000 y (b) 10 s (c)
27. 0.69 meV
71. (a) 2.976 x 108 m/s 83 . b
29.
(b) 9.46 X 10- Jl kg,
85. C
31.
4%
33. 4p1;2: 330.39 nm , 4p312: 330.33 nm
73. a
35. (a) 91.6 cm (b) 1.36 µeV
75. a I I. (a) 0 (b) a
37. n=4, l =3
13. 5
15. 3.8MeV 39. 2.67 X 1068

17. (a) 1.6 eV (b) 6.5 e V 41. 90°' 65.9° ' 114°' 35.3°' 145°
11. 16
19. 43. 0 , 1, 2, 3
13. (a) 11 .4 µm (b) 16.2 µm
21. 0.2 MeV 47. (a) 16tiw (b) 4tiw
(c)
23 . 33 eV 49. l s22s22p63s23p64s13d10
15. (a) 500.0 nm (b) 708.6 nm
25. E --->E/ 4 51. 3.0 X 1017
17. 2.8X 10- 19J to 5.0 X 10- 19 J
27. 930 p m 53. 0.1
19. 1.44
29. 0.972 nm 55. 71.1 µeV
21. 122 nm , 103 nm , 97.2 n m
23. 91.2 n m
31. 0.950 n m 57. tiw(N —1)/2,
33. ~ 3/ 4 tiwN/2
25 . (a) 3.7 x 10-53 m (b) 73 nm
35. 60% 59. (a) 5 (b) 9E1
27. 1836
39. (a) 2.2 eV (b) 570 nm 61. (a) (2 2.02h (b) 5g
29. 6 x 107 m/s
41. 21 µ,m 63. 0.0595
31. 130nm
43. (a) 6 65. 3+
33. 5.8 k eV
(b) .\4- 1 = 153 nm , .\4- 2 = 191 nm ,
35. n = 17 67. (b) 54.4 eV, 870 e V , 91.4 keV,
.\4- 3 = 328 n m , .\3- 1 = 287 nm, 115 keV
37. n = 5
39. 35 pm .\3-2 = 459 n m , .\2- 1 = 765 n m 69. (b) 141 e V , 65.S e V, 47.0 eV,
4 1. 0.62 nm (c) UV, IR 28.2 eV

43. UV 5.4 X 7 1.
45. (a) 1/!n- odct(x ) =
45. (a) 5.19 x 103 K (b) 0.748 73. a

47. (a) 1.7 x 1028 s- 1 (b) 3.2 x 1015s- 1 1Pn- even( x) = < f s in ( nlx )
75. C

(c) 1.3 x 1018 s- 1

(b) E,1 = n2 h2/(8mL 2)
49. (a) 1.12 x 1015 Hz (b) 2.79 eV
47. 0.759 nm 11 . 3.48 mm
51. (a) 2.9 eV, 1.9 eV
49. 2.5 x 10-17 eV, 13. 9.41 X 10- 46 k g · m2
(b)
15. 7.08 x 1013 Hz
51. (a) 0.30 (b) 0.15
53. 440 nm 17. 181 kcal/ mo!
57. 4
55. (a) 154 pm (b) 222 e V 19. 549 nm
59. (c) = 2 1. 3.54 µm
57. (a) 313 m /s (b) 96 km/s
59. 0.22 meV 6 1. 2.23 nm 23. (a) 14 (b) 1.51 X 10-33 J · S
6 1. (a) 26.4 cm (b) 4.70 µeV 63 . C
25 . (a) 9 (b) 1.oo x 10- 33 J · s
63. 229 65 . d 27. 10.2
 929

29 8.07 55 . 8.04 d , 55. C

31. 13 4 m eV 162d, 10.0d

33 ln?/I 57. 3.11 G y
35 0 12 1 n m 59. 3.31%
37 (a) 0 179 eV (b) 0 358 eV 6 1. 3 X 10- 13
39. 14.95 µm 63. 1.2 X 103 k g
4 1 (a) 15 09 meV (b) 82.22 ~m 65. 88 .9%
(c) 67. 580 k g
43. 35 s w11 69 . 0.461 s
45 6 5 3 J 7 1. (a) 4 x 1038 s - 1 (b) 7 x 109 y
49. 4.68 eV 73. 8 X l0 17
5 1 6 36 x 10·1K ,
53 709nm , no
75. )
55. 1 8 kA
77. (a) ) (b) 4 h
57 508 nm
79. (a) 210 MJ (b) 14 s-1 (c) 450 kg
63 . (a)
8 1.
65. 64 k A
85 . (b) 1.4 ~lS
67 . C
87. b
69. b
89. d

11
11. 0.336 f s
I 3 . (a) A = 35
13. 7i+ µ + +v,,
(b) ZK = Zc1 + 2
15. 17-----> 1r+
15. 5 fm
17.
17
+e++v [9. S8S

+v 2 1. 4.54 X 107 L
I 9 (a) 6 (b) 23. 1028 K

21. 25. l l Gl y
23 59.930 u 27 +e, —1
25 5 612 MeV 29. 0, - 2
27 . 2 3 1 18 G y
29 . 1.o x 1020 s-] 33. (a) (b)
3 1. 2 X 1020 35.

33 . 103 s
37 (a) (b)
35.
37 . 23. 8% 39 cc

39. 9 X 10-28 k g 4 1. (a) 9 78 X 105

4 1. 5.0064 X 10- 27 k g (b) V = 0 99999999999948c

43 10111
43. 5 3 X eV
45 (a) 256 fm (b) - 2.8 1 k eV
45. 8 .80 MeV
47 . 0.145% 47. (a) 5.740 x 103 km /s (b) 261 Ml y

49. 9.6 d 49. 2.6 X 10- 25 S

5 1. (a) 5 1. 5 0 km /s/M ly
53 . b
53. 8.9 X 103 y
-, 865 688
868 126 880, 883
878 332 818
43 743 89 1
865 631 883
392 73 880
412 863 436
463 809 886
245 306 318
221 295 330
701 295 33 1
220, 287 630 539
220, 243 828 63
220 26 746
246 84 815
812 868 884
284, 306 86 887
713 225 11 7
719 84
738 837 L

864 769 341

293 769 159, 355
87, 883 22 201
634 546 542
880 688, 698 864
575 309 414
294 109 83
294 316, 673 83
219 702 93
423 673
672 815 C:

690 808 460

92 174 635
89 809 712
880 175 283
711 815 305
712 808 395
832 68 396
859 791 400
860 858 61
798 176 832
792 699 540

930
 931

287 868 526, 836

361 315, 67 1
701 717
780 833 702
887 318 671
882 3 14 799
886 85 1 576
889 838 882
3 11 72 1 836
60 113 66
449 322 692
320 322 852
320 172 772
42 652 2 362
223 885 318
747 303 690
847 3 14 318
776 644 813
773 377 337
400 883 339
83 549 852
71 461 59
394 445 60
395 23 245
393 374 339
393 88 634
394 263 39
394 792 59
493 42 643
699 289 378
855 852 739
834 879 510
834 8 12 313, 7 11
423 814, 880
2 23 814
817 23 8 11
726 330 773 , 806
768 772
692 1:1 149
697 773 374
598 793 361
879 793 766
880 884 660
748 853 287
932

701 755 362

354, 374 74 1 674
485 22 59
815 378 130
333 780 772
335 313, 711 799, 810
445 576 811
381 835 1
810
2
336 603
634
679 93
380
313, 678 82
378
862 2.)- 883
789
718 883
552
266 698
743
777 198
752
857 134
752
853 445
858
719 818
440
675 381
799
392 41 7
409 60
865 309 883
150 863 333
797 3I1 817
330 42 266
355 163 192
568 797 435
524 163 83
524 581 521
698 692 892
335 829 892
832 772 330
202 94 332
287 69 330
287 44 577
766 220 87
721 42 692
42 0 836
138 340
565 836 868
380 398 793
380 789 883
752 8I1 878
750 361 796
 933

793 524 27
22 524 311
436, 765 138 415
799 203 44
855 623 374
513 95 540
774 95 95
419 378 828
137 862 833
738 889 775
719 892 775
420 593 400
605 114 838
837 114 812
155 136 634
155 83 604
303 182 603
336 87 360
304 176 127
797 815, 847 138
863 859 757
355 836 136
410 174 354
529 594 838
377 306 634
159, 355 285 293, 629
363 625 892
390 625 868
354 59 863
390 883 676
410 593 838
353 819 380
414 449 631
355 612 671
359 591
526 819 ::,;::

353 604 868

358 624 575
417 607 573
137, 356 335 571
243 509 611
354 449 573
631 449 , 509 562
524 330 573
934

561 22 303
819 137, 485 267
295 435 333
768 438 856
49, 89 354 880
90 509 880
421 449 312, 439
400 130 378
604 341 223
412 438 73, 221
86 73, 221 807
442 701 864
880 87 60
863 ;,.0~,J-.. 335 510
293 261 281 , 304
529 7.01;;<. 132 281 , 304
549 472 859
529 176 194
460 113 191
444 113 201
444 753 336
507 317 847
484 813 161
440 864 852
457 267
358 23
524 318
* 714, 717
836 318 526
633 318 23
449 118 850
523 304 813
549 40, 60 866
676 836 863
485 281, 304 838
541 808 528
548 267 688
838 818 688
817 391 753
856 128 252
654 878, 880 506
592 87, 172 208
87, 563 49 202
87 880 322
303, 645 182 202
 935

883 849
412 595 888
412 507 889
413 151 8 18
137, 356 162 282
355 163 22
771 163 568
771 304 568
771 835 568
436 8 14, 880 790
437 652 672
87, 883 675 852
852 307 225
576 307 230
546 43 722
546 220 7 17
137 39 726
39 304
E: 309 4 11
202 227 95
153 506 335
179 261 362, 766
563 658 766
582 522 772
869 885 82
223 313
7 17 526
569 767 93
740 137 752
IDEA 30
II 15 526, 836
307 723 527, 836
789 529 527
305 828 391
304 852 550
770 848 62 1
309 850 S 808
305 864 SI 23
330 849
332 860, 861
879 861
304 862
304 860
377, 829 849
 · · · · · · · ·

ESSENTIAL UNIVERSITY PHYSICS

Richard Wolfson I
|

I |
I I · ·

(10881) 536-2)
| 070-8650-0965
1968, 10, 28,
www . cheongmoon.com I E-mail genie @ch eongmoon.com
ISBN 978-89-363-1913-7 (93420) I

' '

*
 G.97 X 102 I kg 2 0 1.99 X 10111 kg
G.:37 x 10° 111 6.96 X ] ()K 111
:l.J(i x 10' s (;30:i .:3 clays) 6X 101'' S( 2()() l\[y)
l.GO X 1011 111 2.6 X 10211 Ill
:j ..j I X ](}' kg/1111' J.8:3 X l()"(' \\.
9.81 m/s2 x 101 kg/rn'l
ll.2km /s 271 m /s2
:288 K 618 km/s
I .O t:l x IO-' Pa ;j.8 X 101 I<
8 .0 x I022 A · 1112

20 ,.:3G X 1()2" kg
l.1-! X Ht Ill
2.:rn x Hl s (27.:3 d ays )
X l()' Ill

;3.:3,J X kg/m'1
1.62 m /s"
2.38 km/s

IH]
2
He
4.003
s 6 7 8 9 JO

1-
2
He ...
;c- t_Ss
·,,_ , B
10.81
€
12 01
N
14.01 16 00
F
19.00
Ne
20.18
4.003
14 15 16 17 18
Si P S Cl Ar
28.09 30.97 32 07 35.45 39.95
33 34 35 36
As Se Br Kr
78.96 79.90 83 80
52 53 54
Te I Xe
131.29
86
Rn
(222)
118