Exercise 2A

1. Eight variables are listed: shape, height, price, altitude, volume, attitude, duration, number of cars.
i) Which of these variables are qualitative?
ii) Which of the quantitative variables are continuous?

2. Freddy rolls a normal six-sided die. Are the possible scores on the die discrete or continuous?

3. Georgina records the mass, to the nearest kilogram, of each student in her class. Are the masses that she
records discrete or continuous?

4. Four variables W, X, Y and Z are defined: W = {the number of lions seen on game drives in Chobe}
X = {all integers between 3 and 9, inclusive}
Y = {any number such that 3 < Y < 9}
Z = {all possible shoe sizes}
State whether each of the variables is discrete or continuous.

5. A group of students sat for a mathematics test that was marked as a whole number out of 40.
The teacher converted the marks to percentage scores.
Are the set of percentage scores discrete or continuous?

6. At a Foreign Exchange office last week, Daniel bought 103 Rands (R103) for 71 Pula (P71).
i) Work out the value of a) P1 in Rands, b) R1 in Pula.
ii) What do your answers suggest about the variables ‘value of P1 in Rands’ and ‘value of R1 in Pula’?

7. State which three of the following are not discrete quantitative variables and in each case give a reason.
A: the types of food eaten by Rre Mogapi’s cat.
B: the number of white cars purchased each month in Gaborone.
C: the number of eggs in a box containing one dozen eggs.
D: the mass, measured to the nearest kilogram, of the customers entering a supermarket.
E: the heights of the trees in a forest.

8. Give one example of a discrete quantitative variable that does not take only integer values.

9. When examination results are announced, candidates are awarded either a qualitative variable or a
quantitative variable or both.
Describe these two variables and explain how they are related.

10. i) Give the name of the quantitative variable that is used to measure the size of rectangles and triangles.
ii) Give two examples of figures whose size is measured by the continuous variable ‘volume’.
iii) Give two examples of continuous quantitative variables that can be calculated by dividing
a) a continuous quantitative variable by another continuous quantitative variable,
b) a continuous quantitative variable by a discrete quantitative variable.

11. A student was asked to name a discrete quantitative variable and answered “My score in the Mathematics
test that we wrote yesterday”.
Explain why his answer is not correct and suggest how he could correct it by changing just a few words.

12. State any differences and/or similarities between each pair of variables given below:
i) A: the weather on Monday and
B: the temperature on Monday

ii) C: the lengths of the leaves on a particular tree and

D: the lengths, to the nearest centimetre, of the leaves on a particular bush.

iii) E: the official colours on the flag of the Republic of Botswana and
F: the colours in the rainbow.
 Exercise 2B

1. The table below gives information about 100 students who wrote a physics examination.

Pass Fail i) How many students passed?

ii) What fraction of the students failed?
Boys 45 15 iii) What fraction of the girls passed?
Girls 28 12 iv) Calculate a) the percentage pass-rate for boys,
b) the percentage pass-rate for girls.
v) Which group performed better, boys or girls?

2. A woman sells red and yellow flowers at a market; she has small, medium and large flowers of each colour.
There are 120 flowers altogether and 75 of them are red.
She has 20 small red flowers, 14 medium yellow flowers and 48 large flowers.
Large red and large yellow flowers are in the ratio 2:1.

i) Copy and complete the table.

Small Medium Large Total
ii) What fraction of the flowers are a) yellow, Red 20 75
b) medium? Yellow 14
iii) What fraction of the red flowers is large? Total 48 120
iv) What percentage of the small flowers
is yellow? [Answer to 1 decimal place].
v) If one flower is selected randomly, what is the probability that it is red?

3. A girl was selling two types of canned drinks: Cherry-Fizz and Orange-Wizz.
She had both types of drink in small and medium bottles and there were 15 bottles of each type of drink.
She had 13 small bottles altogether and 7 of the medium bottles contained Orange-Wizz.
i) Tabulate the data with the numbers of each of the four items.
ii) What fraction of the bottles was small Cherry-Fizzes?
iii) How many of the bottles were neither small nor contained Orange-Wizz?

4. At lunchtime 100 students were each asked to choose one main course: either stew or hot pot.
The students were also asked to choose one dessert: either ice cream or tart.
Fifty-eight students chose stew; 44 chose tart; 24 chose ice cream and hot pot.
All students chose one main course and one dessert.
i) Illustrate the data in a fully labelled table.
ii) What fraction of the students chose hot pot and tart?

5. A boy has 60 discs: some are black and some are white. The discs are either plastic or wooden; 40% of the
discs are black and of the white discs are plastic.
Of the wooden discs, there is one less black than white.
i) Draw a table, with headings, showing the numbers of the four types of disc.
ii) If one disc is selected at random, find the probability that it is not a black plastic disc.

6. Joan wants to tabulate data showing the number of students who passed or failed each of the three final
papers in Geography at her school in 2002 and in 2003.
There were 322 students who sat for each of the three papers in 2002; this was 23 less than in 2003.
The numbers passing papers 1, 2 and 3 in 2002 were 310, 303 and 305, respectively.
Fifteen more students failed paper 2 in 2003 than in 2002; equal numbers passed paper 1 in both years
and three times as many students failed paper 3 in 2003 than in 2002.
i) Tabulate the data.
ii) What is the greatest possible number of students that failed all three papers in 2003?
7. A survey of 30 households gave the following data on the numbers of adults and the numbers of employed
adults.
No adults 1 2 3
o
N employed adults

0 6 2 1
1 4 5 2
2 0 5 4
3 0 0 1
i) In how many households was there more than one adult?
ii) In how many households were all the adults employed?
iii) How many households had just one unemployed adult?
iv) How many employed adults were there in these 30 households altogether?
 Exercise 2C

1. Forty-five students were asked which sports they play. All students play at least one sport.
Their responses are illustrated in the pictogram.

Sport represents two

students
Softball

Football i) Find
a) the most popular sport,
Volleyball b) the least popular sport,
c) what fraction plays volleyball,
Table tennis d) what percentage plays tennis.

Badminton ii) Explain why there are more than

45 students represented in the
Tennis pictogram.

iii) Express the number that plays softball to the number that does not play table tennis as a simple ratio.
iv) If a student is randomly selected from the group, what is the probability that this student plays table
tennis?

2. A farmer grows five different types of vegetable on his farm. The area used for growing each is given below:

Vegetable Area (m2) i) Using a suitable symbol to represent 16 m2, show this information
Cabbage 32 in a pictogram.
Carrot 64 ii) What is the total area used for growing vegetables?
iii) What fraction of the total area is used for onions?
Onion 48
iv) What percentage, to 1 decimal place, is used for tomatoes?
Tomato 80
Potato 40
 Exercise 2D

1. Categories of road traffic accidents attended by village police in November and December 2003 are given.

Category Intoxication Careless driving Defective vehicle Hit a beast

Month
November 8 4 8 16
December 14 8 8 11

i) Illustrate the data in a change chart.

ii) From November to December, which category shows a) the greatest change,
b) the greatest percentage change?

2. The bar chart below shows the methods of transport used by some primary school students when traveling
to school. Given that 24 of the students walk to school,

No students ( f )

i) Name the least popular method of transport.

ii) How many more students walk than use the bus?
iii) Express the number of students who use the bus to the
number of students who cycle as a simple ratio.
iv) What fraction of the students travels in a car?
v) If a student is randomly selected, what is the probability
that this student does not walk to school?

0 Method of transport
Walk Bus Car Bicycle

3. The owner of a shop recorded the mass of potatoes sold on each day that his shop was open last week.

Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Mass (kg) 32 16 24 18 40 36

i) Illustrate the data in a bar chart.

ii) What was the total mass of potatoes sold last week?
iii) Between which two consecutive days did the largest change in mass of potatoes sold occur?
iv) Is it necessarily true that more potatoes were sold on Thursday than on Tuesday? Explain.

4. The bar chart below illustrates the number of goals scored by a hockey team in its 32 games last season.

No games ( f )
12
i) In how many games did the team score exactly 2 goals?
ii) How many goals did the team score most frequently?
8 iii) In what percentage of the games did the team fail to
score?
iv) How many goals did the team score altogether in its
4 32 games last season?

0 No goals
0 1 2 3 4 5
 Exercise 2E

1. The results of a survey in two classes on the students’ favourite flavours in potato chips are shown.
Potato chip flavour Class A Class B
Smokey bacon 6 14
i) Illustrate these data in a clearly labelled dual bar chart.
Barbecue 8 6
Cheese & onion 1 0
One student from class A is chosen randomly.
Salt & vinegar 11 8
ii) What is the probability that this student’s favourite
Hot chilli 4 2 flavour is barbecue?

A student whose favourite flavour is hot chilli is chosen at random.

iii) Find the probability that this student is from class B.

2. The numbers of patients admitted with malaria into three hospitals over a six-week period

No patients admitted ( f ) Hospital A Hospital B Hospital C

16

12

0
one two three four five six Week

i) Tabulate the data that is shown in the bar chart.

ii) Use the bar chart and your table to find
a) how many patients were admitted with malaria to the three hospitals altogether during these 6 weeks,
b) during which week the greatest number of patients were admitted into the three hospitals altogether,
c) between which two consecutive weeks was the greatest change in the number of patients admitted to
hospital C.
iii) Express the total number of patients admitted to hospitals A, B and C as a simple ratio.
iv) What percentage of the total number of patients admitted during this period was admitted to hospital B?

3. A company has recorded the numbers of its full-time and part-time employees for the years 2001 to 2003.

i) Y e a r Illustrate the data in a dual bar chart.

ii) Type of employee 2001 2002 2003 Express, in simple form, the ratio of the two types
of employee in each year.
Full-time 78 77 95
iii) In which year was the highest proportion of
Part-time 26 22 19 employees full-time?

iv) Over the three-year period, what percentage of the employees has been part-time?

Exercise 2F
 1. The sectional bar chart below shows the number of men, women and children living in Hill Street.

0 10 20 30 40
No
people

Men Women Children

i) Copy and complete the table
No men No women No children

ii) Find a) the fraction of people living in Hill Street that are men,
b) the percentage of people living in Hill Street that are women.

iii) The numbers of men, women and children living in Valley Road are given in the table.

No men No women No children

15 11 34

a) draw a sectional bar chart to illustrate the data for the people living in Valley Road,
b) find the percentage of people living in Valley Road that are women.

iv) Which has the highest proportion of children; Hill Street or Valley Road?

2. The numbers of cars, trucks and

No vehicles ( f ) motorbikes serviced at Mike’s and
120 Jomo’s garages last month are
shown.

Trucks

80

Cars

40 Motorbikes

0
Garage
Mike’s Jomo’s
i) Tabulate the data from the sectional bar chart.
ii) Showing your working, find which garage did the highest proportion of its servicing on motorbikes.

Qu.2 continued…
 The cost of servicing each of the different types of vehicle at each of the two garages is given.

Cost at Mike’s (Pula per vehicle) Cost at Jomo’s (Pula per vehicle)
Motorbike 40 50
Car 130 120
Truck 230 260

iii) Calculate the total amount spent on servicing vehicles at each of the two garages last month.
iv) Express the amount spent on servicing vehicles at Jomo’s as a percentage of the total amount spent on
servicing vehicles at the two garages together.

3. The number and status of employees at a clothing store between 2000 and 2002 are shown.

No employees ( f )
36
Managerial
Manual
Clerical
24

i) How many employees were there altogether in 2001?

ii) How many manual employees were there in 2000?
12 iii) How many fewer manual employees were there in 2002
than in 2000?
iv) What percentage of those employed in 2000 was clerical?
v) Describe the proportional change in management between
2000 and 2002.
0
2000 2001 2002
Year
4. There are 40 students in form 3A and 24 are boys. There are 32 students in form 3B and 12 are girls.
i) On the same diagram, construct two sectional bars with one bar for each gender.
ii) a) in which class are there more boys?
b) which class has the highest percentage of boys?
c) express the number of girls in 3A to the number of girls in 3B as a simple ratio,
d) which class has the highest proportion of girls?
iii) Illustrate the data in a dual bar chart showing the number of boys and girls in each of the two classes.

Exercise 2G

1. The owner of a hairdressing salon spent his annual budget on four items in the proportions shown in the
 percentage bar chart.

Percentage of annual budget

i) On which item did he spend a) the most,
32 b) the least?
ii) Express the amounts spent on materials to wages
24 as a simple ratio.
iii) Given that he spent a total of £1920 on
16 electricity, find the amount spent a) on materials,
b) altogether.
8

0 Items of spending
Rent Materials Wages Electricity

2. The owner of a hardware store purchased items at a wholesaler’s.

She spent £4 000 on tools, £2 500 on fixtures and £6 000 on timber.
i) Calculate the percentage of total spending that was used on each of the three items.
ii) Illustrate the data in a percentage bar chart.

Exercise 2H
 1. The table below gives the numbers of boys and girls who passed or failed a history examination last term.

Pass Fail
i) Boys 156 84 Find the percentage of a) girls that failed,
Girls 210 90b) boys that passed,
c) students that passed.

ii) On the same diagram, illustrate the data with three sectional percentage bars: one for boys, one for girls
and one for students.

2. Mrs. Mafela owns three filling stations.

The volume of petrol, diesel and paraffin sold, in litres, at each of these stations last week is shown.

Filling Volume of Volume of Volume of

station petrol (l) diesel (l) paraffin (l)
North 21000 12000 1500
South 18000 16500 6000
West 11000 11500 2500

i) a) calculate the total volume of each type of fuel that was sold,
b) what percentage of the petrol was sold at the North filing station?
c) draw a sectional percentage bar chart with one bar for each of the three types of fuel.

ii) a) calculate the total volume of fuel sold at each of the three filing stations,
b) what percentage of the fuel sold at the South filing station was diesel?
c) draw a sectional percentage bar chart with one bar for each of the three filling stations.

3. The percentages of students in forms 1, 2 and 3 at a junior school are shown in the chart below.

Percentage of students
0 20 40 60 80 100

form 1 form 2 form 3

i) If there are 320 students in the school altogether, find the number of students in each year-group.

A neighbouring junior school has 164 form 1s, 96 form 2s and half of all the students are in form 3.

ii) a) how many students are there altogether in the neighbouring junior school?
b) what percentage of the students is in form 1?
c) draw a sectional percentage bar chart to show the data for the neighbouring junior school.

4. The sectional percentage bar chart below shows the percentage of total profit made from the sales of food
and hardware at a general dealer’s in March and in April.

0 50 100 Percentage
of total
profit
March

April

Month
Indicate whether each of the statements below is necessarily true, not necessarily true, necessarily false or
not necessarily false.
A. More profit was made from food than hardware in April
B. Less profit was made from Hardware than food in March
C. Less profit was made from food in April than in March
D. More profit was made from hardware in March than in April

5. A man and a woman made separate journeys between Moscow and their hometowns in Russia.
The man took a train 45% of the distance and the woman took a train 65% of the distance.
Both of their journeys were completed by car. Indicate whether each of the statements given below is
necessarily true, not necessarily true, necessarily false or not necessarily false.

A. The man travelled further than the woman by train.

B. The woman travelled further by train than by car.
C. The man travelled a shorter distance by car than by train.
D. The woman travelled a shorter distance by car than the man.

6. The trainees at a Vocational Training Centre study a combination of two trades; they choose two from
carpentry, bricklaying and mechanics.
The chart below shows the percentages of first- and second-year trainees studying each of the combinations.
Percentage of trainees

0 50 100

First

Second

Year-group Carpentry and Carpentry and Bricklaying and

bricklaying mechanics mechanics

There are 150 first-year trainees and 180 second-year trainees altogether.
i) Tabulate the numbers of trainees in each year-group who study each of the combinations.

First-years who study carpentry are represented in two sections of the first sectional bar.
We find that 22% + 42% = 64% of the 150 first-years are studying carpentry.
ii) Find the number of trainees in each year-group studying each of the three trades. Tabulate your results.
iii) Display the data from your table in ii) in the form of a dual bar chart.
iv) State two advantages that your dual bar chart has over the sectional percentage chart.
Exercise 2I

1. The owner of a small shop recorded the numbers of loaves of bread that she sold each day last week.
 Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
No loaves 6 5 3 7 11 10 8 Illustrate these data in a line graph.

2. The line graph below shows the number of absences at a primary school for the first 8 weeks of last term.

No absences ( f )

20 i) How many absences were there during week 3?

ii) During how many weeks were there more than
8 absences?
iii) How many absences were there altogether in
this 8-week period?
10 iv) Between which two consecutive weeks was the
greatest change in the number of absences?
v) Only one student was absent during week 8;
why does the diagram indicate only 5 absences?

0 Week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3. On each day in April a family went into the bush to collect ‘phane worms.
At the end of each day they sold the ‘phane they had collected to a man who paid them P20 per kilogram.
The table below shows on how many days the family received various amounts of money.
Amount (Pula) 100 120 140 160 180 200
No days ( f ) 2 4 7 9 5 X

i) Find the value of X.

ii) Illustrate the data in a frequency polygon, showing ‘mass of ‘phane collected’ against ‘number of days’.

Exercise 2J

1. There were 36 women, 21 men and 3 children in attendance at a community meeting.

 i) Calculate the sector angles required to construct a pie chart to illustrate these data.
ii) Construct and label the pie chart using a radius of 4cm.

2. Morgan’s music collection consists of 34 records, 51 cassette tapes, 62 compact discs and 33 mini discs.
Construct and label a pie chart using a radius of 4.5cm. Include percentages on the chart.

3. The pie chart below illustrates the proportion of votes obtained by the Labour, Conservative and S.N.P
parties at a by-election held in Scotland.

The sector angles used are 50.4o, 158.4o and 151.2o.

Cons.
i) What percentage of the vote was won by the
second-placed party, S.N.P.?
Labour ii) Given that the Conservative party obtained
4116 votes, find
S.N.P a) the total number of votes cast,
b) by how many votes the Labour party beat
the S.N.P in the by-election.

4. A commerce examination was written by a group of students for which 6 different grades were awarded.
The percentage of students obtaining each grade is given; grades A to E are passes.

Grades A B C D E U
Percentage of students 5 15 45 17.5 12.5 5

i) Calculate the six sector angles needed to construct a pie chart.

ii) Construct the pie chart using a radius of 4 cm.
iii) Given that 36 students obtained grade B, find a) the number of students that obtained grade C,
b) the number of students that failed the examination,
c) the number of students that wrote the examination.

Exercise 2K

1. At Deepdale School, 400 students sat for an English Language examination.

A pie chart was drawn to illustrate the results of these students using a radius of 6cm.
 At Shallowvale School, 576 students sat for the same examination.
Find the correct radius for a comparative pie chart showing the results of the Shallowvale students.

2. A man surveyed 350 shoppers at CutPrice supermarket and 686 shoppers at BargainBin supermarket.
The 350 shoppers at CutPrice were represented in a pie chart of radius 7cm.
What is the correct radius to be used in a comparative pie to represent the 686 shoppers at BargainBin?

3. A census was taken on the populations of the villages of Bristow and Chisholm.
A pie chart of radius 8cm was used to represent Bristow’s population of 6800 and a pie chart of radius
10cm was used to represent the population of Chisholm.
What was the population of Chisholm?

4. Kay earns £27 000 per annum.

She has drawn a pie chart of radius 6.3cm to show how she spends her salary and her partner Joshua
has drawn a comparative pie chart with radius 5.67cm to show how he spends his salary.
i) Calculate Joshua’s annual salary.
ii) Calculate, correct to 3 significant figures, the correct radius for another comparative pie chart
that could be drawn to show how Kay and Joshua spend their combined salaries.

5. The number of employees at a clothing manufacturer’s in 2003 was 19% less than in 2002.
A pie chart of radius 12.5 cm was drawn to represent the employees in 2002.
i) Calculate the radius of a comparative pie chart that could be drawn to represent the employees in
2003.
ii) If there were 486 employees in 2003, how many employees were there in 2002?

6. The table gives the number of males and the number of females who applied to join the Armed
Forces at an office in 1993 and in 2003.
A pie chart was drawn to represent those applying in 2003 and the
1993 2003
sector area for females was 62 cm2.
Males 423 424
Females 137 189 = 3.142, find
i) The area of the pie chart used for 2003.
ii) The radius of the pie chart used for 2003.
iii) The correct radius to be used for a comparative pie chart to
represent those who applied in 1993.
iv) The area of the sector for males who applied in 1993.