Medical Sociology 12th Edition

Cockerham Test Bank

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 Chapter 7
Illness Behavior

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The most common response to symptoms of illness by people throughout the world is:
a. Health behavior.
b. Illness behavior.
c. Self care.
d. Doctor visits.
e. None of the above.

Answer: C Page: 143

2. Visits to physicians are higher for:

a. Males.
b. Females.
c. Adults.
d. No difference in the response options.
e. None of the above.

Answer: B Page: 144

3. The data in the Dutton (1978) study on health care utilization among the poor favored the
_______________ hypothesis.
a. Systems barrier.
b. Financial coverage.
c. Culture of poverty.
d. Disparities.
e. None of the above.

Answer: A Page: 153

4. Which group has the highest percentage of persons without health insurance?
a. Non-Hispanic white.
b. Non-Hispanic black.
c. Hispanic, Mexican.
d. Asians.
e. European migrants.

Answer: C Page: 149

5. Which social class visits doctors the least?

a. Upper classes.
b. Upper and middle classes.
c. Middle classes.

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 d. Lower classes.
e. All of the above.

Answer: A Page: 152

6. The process of seeking medical help involving a group of potential consultants,

beginning in the family and extending outward to more select individuals until
professionals are consulted, is known as the:
a. Medical referral system.
b. Lay-referral system.
c. Professional referral system.
d. Health networking process.
e. None of the above.

Answer: B Page: 145

7. Persons with a strong internal locus-of-control tend to have:

a. More self-initiated preventive care.
b. Less self-initiated preventive care.
c. More optimism about the effectiveness of care.
d. Less pessimissim about the effectiveness of care.
e. None of the above.

Answer: A Page: 157

8. Which stage of Suchman's concept of the illness experience requires decision-making by

the sick person?
a. The symptom experience.
b. Medical care contact.
c. Assumption of the sick role.
d. Dependent-patient role.
e. All of the above.

Answer: E Page: 161

9. According to Suchman, persons in a cosmopolitan group were found to:

a. Demonstrate high ethnic exclusivity.
b. Distrust health professionals.
c. Be very dependent on others while sick.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.

Answer: E Page: 145

10. ________________ interpretations of feeling states are medically significant, because

sometimes physical changes are not obvious.

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 a. Objective.
b. Subjective.
c. Professional.
d. Thoughtful.
e. None of the above.

Answer: B Page: 142

11. Which is NOT a component of self-care?

a. Taking preventive measures.
b. Self-treatment of symptoms.
c. Managing chronic conditions.
d. Consultation with health care providers.
e. All of the above are components of self-care.

Answer: E Page: 143

12. A number of factors have promoted self-care on the part of laypersons. Which is NOT a
factor?
a. The shift in disease patterns from acute to chronic illnesses.
b. Dissatisfaction with professional medical care that is depersonalized.
c. Recognition of the limits of modern medicine.
d. The increasing awareness of alternative healing practices.
e. All of the above are factors promoting self-care.

Answer: E Page: 143

13. People have been doing self-care for ______________ and it is made easier today by
access to the Internet with its abundance of medical information.
a. A couple years.
b. Decades.
c. Centuries.
d. Self-care is relatively new, and we don’t know how long it has been occurring.
e. None of the above.

Answer: C Page: 143

14. People engage in self-care in a manner ____________ with medical norms, values, and
information.
a. Consistent.
b. Inconsistent.
c. At odds with.
d. In tandem.
e. None of the above.

Answer: A Page: 143

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15. Studies of the utilization of medical services by the aged indicate that such use is
determined more by ___________ need than any other single factor.
a. Actual.
b. Perceived.
c. Medically directed.
d. Economic.
e. None of the above.

Answer: A Page: 144

16. Which point in the life course is NOT a peak period for when women visit doctors the
most?
a. Childhood.
b. Childbearing years.
c. After 35.
d. After 45.
e. All of these are peaks in the visitation pattern for females.

Answer: C Page: 144

17. Woman’s reproductive role accounts for less than _________ of all doctor visits.
a. 10%.
b. 20%.
c. 30%.
d. 40%.
e. 50%.

Answer: B Page: 144

18. Who is NOT part of the lay-referral system?

a. Family.
b. Friends.
c. Neighbors.
d. All are part of the lay-referral system.
e. None are part of the lay-referral system.

Answer: D Page: 145

19. The process by which a family provides a child with a specific social identity is:
a. Classification.
b. Socialization.
c. Enculturation.
d. Brain washing.
e. None of the above.

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 Answer: B Page: 146

20. Which refers to the social relationships a person has during day-to-day interaction, which
serves as the normal avenue for the exchange of opinion, information, and affection?
a. Intrapersonal affect.
b. Lay-referral system.
c. Family.
d. Social network.
e. None of the above.

Answer: D Page: 146

21. Which is NOT an example of an alternative medical practitioner?

a. Faith healers.
b. Folk healers.
c. Osteopaths.
d. Acupuncturists.
e. Herbalists.

Answer: C Page: 147-148

22. Which is NOT an example of a modern medical practitioner?

a. Podiatrists.
b. Chiropractors.
c. Druggists.
d. Optometrists.
e. Orderlies.

Answer: B Page: 147-148

23. The higher an individual’s socioeconomic position, the __________ ethnic the person
often becomes.
a. Less.
b. More.
c. Balanced.
d. Really.
e. None of the above.

Answer: A Page: 148

24. Approximately _________ of Americans have private health insurance.

a. 55%.
b. 58%.
c. 65%.
d. 67%.
e. 75%.

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 Answer: D Page: 149

25. Which group has a higher rate of those covered by private insurance than the national
average?
a. Blacks.
b. Hispanics.
c. Asians.
d. Native Americans.
e. None of the above.

Answer: C Page: 149

26. Koos’s study helped establish the premise that _______________ persons are less likely
than others to recognize various symptoms as requiring medical treatment and that these
beliefs contribute to differences in the actual use of services.
a. Lower-class.
b. Middle-class.
c. Upper-class.
d. Middle- and upper-class.
e. Lower- and middle-class.

Answer: A Page: 152

27. Dutton tested different explanations concerning why the poor would show lower use rates
in relation to actual need than the non-poor. Which was NOT a tested explanation?
a. Financial coverage.
b. Level of education.
c. Culture of poverty.
d. Systems barrier.
e. All of these were tested.

Answer: B Page: 153

28. Consumerism in medicine means that people:

a. Make informed choices about the services available to them.
b. Spend money on health care.
c. Buy and sell health services to one another.
d. Sell their personal advice within the lay referral system.
e. All of the above.

Answer: A Pages: 156

29. Consumerism is more likely a feature characteristic of the:

a. Lower class.
b. Middle class.

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 c. Upper class.
d. Middle and upper class.
e. Lower and middle class.

Answer: D Page: 156

30. _______________ does not promote equality among laypersons when direct physician–
patient interaction is required, nor does it provide a context within which such an
orientation can grow within the medical environment.
a. Health care philosophy.
b. The lay-referral system.
c. The culture of medicine.
d. Consumerism.
e. None of the above.

Answer: C Page: 158

True False Questions

1. Christakis and Fowler found that obese persons were highly likely to have social
networks of family and friends who were similarly obese people with shared outlooks.

Answer: TRUE Page: 146-147

2. Puerto Rican Americans are among those most likely to report that they could not afford
health insurance as the main reason they did not have coverage.

Answer: FALSE Page: 150

3. Given that the poor are visiting doctors in greater numbers, it is generally accepted that
they use the same sources of medical treatment as those of higher income groups.

Answer: FALSE Page: 152

4. On average, females tend to visit physicians more often than males in the U.S.

Answer: TRUE Page: 144

5. A person's opinion of their own health is a critical variable in whether they will seek
formal health care.

Answer: TRUE Page: 163

6. Self-care consists of both health and illness behavior.

Answer: TRUE Page: 143

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7. About 12 percent of the American population does not have health insurance.

Answer: FALSE Page: 149

8. Self-care is an action that is independent of the medical profession.

Answer: FALSE Page: 143

9. It appears that men generally know more about health matters than women, but women
take better care of themselves.

Answer: FALSE Page: 144

10. The family represents a social experience that influences how a particular person
perceives his or her health situation.

Answer: TRUE Page: 146

11. The strategies that people employ for seeking health care are socially organized around
the opportunities they have for interacting with people in a position to help.

Answer: TRUE Page: 148

12. Ethnicity’s influence on physician utilization appears wide-sweeping and goes beyond its
role in providing a cultural context for decision making within social networks.

Answer: FALSE Page: 148

13. Surprisingly, socioeconomic status does not confound the effects of ethnicity on help
seeking.

Answer: FALSE Page: 148

14. The culture of poverty includes traits of dependence, fatalism, inability to delay
gratification, and a lower value placed on health.

Answer: TRUE Page: 151

15. Only some 10 percent of all American physicians are of Hispanic origin.

Answer: FALSE Page: 151

16. When actual need for health services is taken into account, low-income persons appear to
use fewer services relative to their needs.

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 Answer: TRUE Page: 153

17. Dutton found the culture of poverty explanation to have little to no validity when
combined with measures of income.

Answer: FALSE Page: 153

18. Beliefs can have an impact on the use of physician services that is independent of
financial constraints and the structural organization of services.

Answer: TRUE Page: 156

19. Blacks and less educated individuals have gained less equitable access to the health care
system with the advent of Medicare and Medicaid.

Answer: FALSE Page: 156

20. There is more of a consumer orientation toward health among socially advantaged
persons.

Answer: TRUE Page: 156

Essay Questions

1. Describe the relationship between socioeconomic status and illness behavior. Explain the
basis for your answer.

2. Define Mechanic’s ten determinants. Discuss this model. How does it relate to illness?

3. Compare and contrast the systems barrier and culture of poverty theories. How are they
similar? How are they different?

4. Define Medicare and Medicaid. How have Medicare and Medicaid affected health care
access and utilization across various groups?

5. What are some patterns and trends we see amongst various racial/ethnic groups in illness
behavior? Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asians?

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