Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY-ORMOC CITY CAMPUS

Ormoc City, Leyte

ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM

ME 422L (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2)

“NARRATIVE REPORT”

Dovan Angio S. Canama

BSME-4A

First Semester

S.Y 2020-2021
PHYSICAL STUDY OF STEAM GENERATING UNIT

A quick definition for steam generating unit; a steam generating unit or most
commonly considered as boiler is a pressurized pressurized system in which water is
vaporized to steam by heat transferred from a higher temperature, combustion from burning
fuels. In connection to our other subject, Power plant, this activity served as our introduction.
During this activity we were tasked to study the physical parts of the steam generating unit or
the boiler and its corresponding functions as well as analyzing its performance. The objective
of the first activity is for us to familiarize the general parts of the steam generating units and
its classifications.

Furthermore, in getting the performance of a steam generating unit, we are given the
formulas which would lead us to arrive to its heat supplied, a heat supply is simple the heat
generated from its fuel. The following formulas are for the rated and developed boiler
horsepower, the efficiencies, Factor evaporation. ASME units, equivalent evaporation, actual
specific evaporation and etc., All these formulas are new to most of us, moreover with the
given sample problem and with the use of steam table, we were tasked to find the Heat
supplied by fuel, Boiler heating surface, Rated boiler horsepower, Percent rating, ASME
evaporation units, Factor of evaporation, Equivalent evaporation, Actual specific evaporation
or Boiler economy, and lastly the Equivalent specific evaporation. Gladly I was able to
calculate what was tasked. Honestly the first activity refreshed our minds especially on how
to use the steam tables, this is a bit more complex than before in terms of how the steam table
was used, It still is the same way of reading but different application.

For the last task of this activity, Instead of drawing the parts of the boiler, we used
illustrations searched from google and Labeled it together with its definition, its function,
purpose and mechanism.

MEASUREMENT OF A STEAM QUALITY

Steam quality may already be familiar to us, We had this topic from our previous year
and subject, thermodynamics with Engineer Navarro, we were taught how we can calculate
the steam quality, similar to the objectives of this activity, we are asked o determine the
quality of steam using Mollier chart, and Calorimeter. A calorimeter is a device used for
measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity.
Another tasks are to identify the different classifications or types of steam and to interpret the
data of quality of steam versus time.

steam quality is determined by the known method of comparing the concentrations of

dissolved solids in the liquid sample and the feedwater. A steam quality is measured or
calculated by dividing the mass of steam by the total mass of steam and condensate. Steam
quality is a measure of the amount of saturated steam that coexist with its condensate in a
given system. Calculating steam quality using volume, volume basis has vapor with higher
value because its has more space compared to liquid. We were given the differences of the
wet, dry, superheated and saturated steam. These were all tackled in our past year, also in this
activity, we had to use the mollier chart in plotting. As shown in the solutions we provided on
the given problems, we illustrated a similar drawing of the plotting from the chart.

I conclude the having the steam quality being checked and monitored regularly is a
must, to assure having an efficient operation and correct steam quality. Steam quality
portrays a vital role in identifying the final product’s quality. The quality of a steam decreases
over a period of time. It decreases through condensing.

HEAT LOSSES OF BARE AND LAGGED PIPES

First let us learn the definition and the differences between a bare pipe and a lagged
pipe. Pipe Insulations are materials or combinations of materials wrapped around the pipe
which retard the flow of heat energy. Pipe insulation reduces energy losses to a great extent
and thereby reduce the energy cost. Bare pipes are uninsulated pipe while lagged pipes are
insulated pipe. Heat is transferred through the insulation by means of radiation, conduction
and condensation. Thus, these amounts depends upon the construction of the insulating
material. The activity aims to help student gain knowledge about the calculation heat losses
from both bare and lagged pipes.

The given experiment provided procedures which can be done better when it is during
face to face classes, however due to the pandemic, we are only conducting this as is. Given
the tables and the data, in my discussion, the heat rate of heat is dependent on the magnitude
of the difference in temperature.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING OF FLOW RATE OF COUNTER FLOW using

CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Concentric Tube (or Pipe) Heat Exchangers are used in a variety of industries for
purposes such as material processing, food preparation, and air-conditioning. They create a
temperature driving force by different temperature parallel to each other .

This activity aims to show how adverse rates affect the performance of the heat
exchanger in a parallel flow and in a counter flow connection. An image of a service module
is illustrated in this activity in the introduction, this is the main part of the Bench-top Heat
Exchanger. As defined, a service module is a compact benching-mounting frame that
connects to a suitable electrical supply and a cold water supply and drain.
 For the next figure, a concentric tube heat exchanger is given with the symbols,
definition and units provided. Moreover, formulas on how to calculate the average
temperature of both hot and cold circuit were shown, This is the calculated value of the
temperature at a mid-point between the inlet and outlet of the circuit, followed by the heat
capacity which is the measure of the heat needed to increase the temperature of a given mass
of material by 1 degree. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure, which is the amount of
heat energy needed to raise the temperature exactly 1 kg of material by 1 degree (Celsius)
followed by the density, Heat transfer rate and energy balances and efficiencies, temperature
efficiency for both hot and cold circuit. LMTD or the logarithmic mean temperature
difference, and lastly, the heat transfer coefficient.

As for the experiment, I concluded that the power emitted and absorbed for counter
flow is caused by having the volumetric flow increased. This will trigger the decrease of the
power lost for each of the volumetric flow rate. The efficiency for the counter flow is higher
that parallel flow can be considered a better option for a heat exchanger system selection.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING OF FLOW RATE OF COUNTER FLOW USING

PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer
heat between two fluids. This has major types advantages over a conventional heat exchanger
in that the fluids are to a much larger surface area because the fluids are spread out over the
plates.

This activity aims to show how different rates affect the performance of the heat
exchanger in both parallel flow and counter flow connection. An image of a service module is
illustrated in this activity in the introduction, this is the main part of the Bench-top Heat
Exchanger. As defined, a service module is a compact benching-mounting frame that
connects to a suitable electrical supply and a cold water supply and drain. A service module
has two water circuits-hot and cold. Each circuit has a flow sensor to measure and display the
flow rate. For the next figure, a plate tube heat exchanger is given with the symbols,
definition and units provided. Moreover, formulas on how to calculate the average
temperature of both hot and cold circuit were shown, This is the calculated value of the
temperature at a mid-point between the inlet and outlet of the circuit, followed by the heat
capacity which is the measure of the heat needed to increase the temperature of a given mass
of material by 1 degree. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure, which is the amount of
heat energy needed to raise the temperature exactly 1 kg of material by 1 degree followed by
the density, Heat transfer rate and energy balances and efficiencies, temperature efficiency
for both hot and cold circuit. LMTD or the logarithmic mean temperature difference, and
lastly, the heat transfer coefficient.
 A plate heat exchanger with both hot and cold water circulation systems with all the
necessary instrumentation studies. A data acquisition system is provided to allow online data
for recording temperature, mass flowrate and calculation for mass and energy balances, heat
transfer coefficient, heat exchanger efficiencies and log mean temperature difference
calculations. As a result, it can be observed that there are some value that must be omitted
and considered as outliers due to its value differ significantly from other values. The
inaccurate result might be due to some errors that occur during the experiment such as heat
loss to the surrounding or parallax error that occur while taking the temperature.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING OF FLOW RATE OF COUNTER FLOW using SHELL

AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

A shell and tube heat exchanger is a class of heat exchanger designs. It is the most
common type of heat exchanger in oil refineries and other chemical processes and is suited
for high pressure application. As its name implies, this type of heat exchanger consists of
shell with a bundle of tubes inside it. In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the tubes are
mechanically attached to tube sheets which are contained inside a shell with ports for inlet
and outlet fluid or gas. They are designed to prevent the liquid flowing inside the tubes from
mixing with the fluid outside the tubes.

Similar to the past 2 activities, a service module is shown. For the next figure, a shell
and tube heat exchanger is given with the symbols, definition and units provided. Moreover,
formulas on how to calculate the average temperature of both hot and cold circuit were
shown, This is the calculated value of the temperature at a mid-point between the inlet and
outlet of the circuit, followed by the heat capacity which is the measure of the heat needed to
increase the temperature of a given mass of material by 1 degree. Specific heat capacity at
constant pressure, which is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature exactly
1 kg of material by 1 degree (Celsius) followed by the density, Heat transfer rate and energy
balances and efficiencies, temperature efficiency for both hot and cold circuit. LMTD or the
logarithmic mean temperature difference, and lastly, the heat transfer coefficient.

From the data collected, the counter-current and co-current eat exchanger’s exit
temperature of the hot fluid is higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid. It implies
that the heat may not spontaneously transfer from a colder body to a hotter body. The
increase in flow rate of one of the steam will result in an increase in the rate of heat transfer.
Theoretically, the amount of heat loss from the hot water should be equal to the heat gain by
the cold water however this cannot be done practically. This may be because of the heat loss
to the surrounding, the heat loss in counter current flow is approximately 20% and the heat
loss in counter current flow is approximately 30% which is slightly higher. Based on the
calculation done , we find out the values LMTD for counter flow.
 THE EFFECT OF VARYING OF FLOW RATE OF PARALLEL FLOW USING
CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

In a concentric tube heat exchanger the parallel flows travels in the same direction it
occurs when two fluids enter the exchanger at their extreme, this temperature difference
becomes lesser and lesser. On the other hand, In the counter flow configuration both the two
fluids enters the exchanger at opposite ends and at the same time different ends of the
temperature scale. As both fluids flow through this aperture, they become heated and cooled
at almost a equal rate. Apparently, the differential of the temperature that is between the hot
fluid and cold fluid is relatively fixed over the entire length of the device,

Heat exchanger are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of
construction. The simplest of heat exchanger or is one for which the hot and cold fluids
move in the same or opposite direction in a concentric tube or double pipe construction. In
the parallel flow arrangement, the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same
direction, and leave at the same end. While in the counter flow arrangement the fluids enter at
opposite ends, flow in opposite direction and leave at opposite end.

After the experiment given on this activity, it can be concluded that in a parallel flow
setup where both the hot and cold fluids are travelling in the same direction as each other will
still cool the hot fluid down by a considerable amount but is not as efficient as the counter
flow system.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING OF FLOW RATE OF PARALLEL FLOW USING

PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER

In this experiment, we need to determine the heat transfer coefficient for a parallel flow
plate heat exchanger. In order to achieve that , we need to take readings of cold stream and
hot stream during the experiment. After we take several readings and do same evaluation, we
came out with the graph. As shown in this activity , we can clearly state that the temperature
of hot water decreases with time but different for cold water. The temperature of cold water is
increasing with time at the certain point, the cold stream and hot stream in same temperature,
this is because hot water and cold water has reached thermal equilibrium. This is because
spontaneous heat transfer occurs from a region of high temperature to another region of lower
temperature.

The aim of this activity is to show how different rates affect the performance of the heat
exchanger in both parallel flow and counter flow connection. When the overall coefficient is
determined, we compare that value with the standard value given. The value of heat transfer
coefficient in this experiment by 5 tables, each tables represent individually coefficient for
table 3 the value is 91.26 W/m2-k and so on.
 A parallel plate heat exchanger flow configuration a basic unit comprises an open-
ended box with a series of thin plates of metal, plastic or glass. It causes to alternate rows
which carry supply air and the plates can be pinned to enhance heat transfer between hot and
cold stream. While in counterflow configuration of plate heat exchanger core, airflows are
passed by each other along parallel aluminum plates in counter flow direction. This allows to
achieve the higher temperatures efficiency than using cross flow heat exchanger core.

THE EFFECT OF VARYING OF FLOW RATE OF PARALLEL FLOW USING

SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

A shell and tube heat exchanger is composed of a series of tubes in a cylinder-like form
container which is called a shell. Tube shells are the shells that are found within the shell.
Each of the tubes travels through a series of baffles and tube sheets. How Shell and Tube
Heat Exchangers Work The flowing medium within the tubes is known as the ‘tube side’
medium. The flowing medium outside of the tubes is known as the ‘shell side’ medium. Each
medium has one entry and one discharge. The tube side fluid flows through the tubes and has
turbulent flow due to the turbulators. The shell side fluid has turbulent flow due to the baffles.
As the shell and tube side fluids flow through the heat exchanger, they are brought into close
physical contact with each other. Close physical contact allows them to exchange heat,
because they have thermal contact with each other. Heat is exchanged with one fluid
becoming cooler and the other becoming warmer.

In this arrangement, a cold fluid flows through a pipe in the center of the apparatus and
is heated by a hot fluid on the outside of that pipe. The hot water used in the shell-and-tube
exchanger. The discharge from the shell of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is circulated
through the inner pipe of the double pipe heat exchanger. Low-pressure steam condenses on
the outside of the pipe, heating the water before it enters the tubes of the shell-and-tube heat
exchanger. In parallel flow configuration, the exit temperature of the hot fluid is always
higher the exit temperature of the cold fluid. In counter current flow configuration, the exit
temperature of the hot fluid is also higher than the exit temperature of the cold fluid.
However the overall heat transfer coefficient for counter-current flow is higher than the
parallel flow configuration.

For this experiment of shell and tube heat exchanger, it is recommended that the eat
exchanger be well-insulated in order to reduce the heat loss to the surroundings. Presently,
the heat exchanger has no insulation and the ambient room temperature has a large effect on
the results obtained in this experiment. The heat exchanger apparatus follows the basic law of
thermodynamics and tis can be shown experimentally. The basic theory in this experiment is
Qh=Qc, wherein the amount of heat transfer is equal to the amount of heat absorbed.
TEST OF CENTRIFUGAL FANS AND BLOWERS

As defined on this activity, Fans, blowers and compressors are differentiated by the
method used to move the gas, and by the system pressure, they must be operating against.
Both are used in common industries. Fans and Blowers are devices suitable for complex
procedures and have made imperative for several purposes. In comparison, a fan is a machine
that is used to move fluid or air. Fans are being operated through motors by electricity
rotating the blades which are attached to the shafts. On the other hand, a blower is a machine
which basically moves air at a certain pressure given.

The objectives of this activity is to help us study the physical parts of a fan and its
performance. A fan is built with several parts consisting a fan impeller which is a rotating
device consisting of number of fan blades mounted on a hub with drive shaft that forces the
air/gas in the desired direction with increased pressure. Fan blades based on the blade
configuration such as forward, backward, radial, airfoil and etc. centrifugal fans are divided
into various types and differs in their functions and efficiency. Fan housing is the housing of
the axial fan. Driving shaft is a rotating device that holds the impeller and blades and
determines the speed of the fan wheel through various drives mechanism like direct belt or
variable. Inlet and outlet ducts are ducts that are attached at the fan inlet and outlet will affect
the air flow pattern and influence the performance of the fans. Lastly, the dampers and
louvers are plates or sheets inside the ducts which are used to control or alternatively block
the airflow at the inlet or outlet of a fan. In a fan selection fan types and sizes, airflow,
pressure drop, density, material to be handled and space constraints must be considered.

Fans and blowers are very important in conveying the fluids, dust or anything on pipes
that’s why it is also essential for us to familiarize its part as well as its corresponding
functionalities. Based on this activity, the more capacity a fan has, the less total head it has.
Selecting or choosing a fan depends and must match on the desired total head, capacity and
required pressure to the assumed airflow.