ENGLISH 10 REVIEWER – 2ND QUARTER
and one after
r Parenthetical Expressions
 A word or words added to a sentence
without changing the meaning or
grammar of the original sentence
 Words, phrases, or clauses that writers
use to add extra information to a
sentence
 Also referred to as nonessential since
they are not needed to understand the
basic meaning of a sentence
 It is usually separated from the main
sentence by commas or other
punctuation
 Some information in a sentence is
essential to its meaning, and some
information may be less important or
"nonessential":
, Essential: The person taking
the money at the door asked
for a form of identification.
, Nonessential: The police,
hoping to save time, took the
expressway.
r Types of Punctuation that can Separate
Parenthetical Expressions
g Commas
o Usual form of punctuation for
parenthetical expressions
o Remember, if the parenthetic
appears in the middle of the
sentence there must be TWO
commas, one before and one
after
g Parentheses (Round Brackets)
o Bracketed parenthetics can only
appear in the middle of the
sentence, and there must always
be TWO brackets
g Long Dashes
o If the parenthetic appears in the
middle of the sentence, there
must be TWO dashes, one before
r Major Types of Parenthetical Expressions
1) Direct Address
 It includes the names of people
being addressed
 Examples:
 Sarah, can you close the
door?
 Can you close the door,
Sarah?
2) Conjunctive Adverbs
 Are words that are used to
connect ideas
 They include, but are not limited
to:
 Besides, Consequently,
Finally, Furthermore,
However, In addition, In fact,
Instead, Moreover,
Nevertheless, Next, Now,
On the other hand, Still,
Thus
 Examples:
 The women, however, ate
a bit later.
 Nevertheless, the men
still ate at exactly five
o’clock.
3) Contrasting Expressions
 Parenthetical expressions that tell
the reader that you are referring
to one thing and not another
 Examples:
 The women, not the men,
ate at the French
patisserie.
 The baguettes, not the
croissants, were the best
sellers of the day.
4) Common Expressions
  In addition to the three types of
parenthetical expressions listed
above, there are a number
of common expressions like I
think and of course
 Examples:
 Of course, it is always
necessary to proofread
your essays.
 The children, I think, are
the best performers
tonight.
r Examples of Parenthetical Expressions
 Some foods, sugar for example, are not
good for us.
 Timothy, who lives near Stonehenge,
goes to church regularly.
 Tara, although she comes from a hot
climate, hates hot weather.
 Anthony, however, decided not to go.
 The planet closest to the sun (ie
Mercury) has the most extreme
temperature variations.
 The 70th anniversary of the D-Day
landings (6 June 1944) was attended by
many world leaders.
 The cheetah— the world's fastest land
animal— is native to Africa.
 If they didn't understand you— a
qualified teacher— how will they ever
understand me?
r Argumentative Essay
 Tries to change the reader’s mind by
convincing the reader to agree with the
writer’s point of view
 Attempts to be highly persuasive and
logical
 It usually assumes that the reader is no
less intelligent than the writer
 It should be written objectively and
logically
r Characteristics of an Argumentative Essay
 Presents and explains the issue or case
 Gives reasons and supports these
reasons to prove its point
 Refutes opposing arguments
r Parts of an Argumentative Essay
W Introduction
 Introduces the problem and gives
background information needed
for the argument and the thesis
statement
W Body
 Contains the reasons supported
by details or materials
 Examples, statistics, personal
experience, or quotations
W Conclusion
 Restates the main claim and
gives one or two general
statements that exactly
summarize the arguments and
support the main premise
r Types of Questions
. Questions of Fact
 Ask you to answer whether or not
something is true
 These questions are always
answered with either “Yes” or
“No” and then you must construct
paragraphs to support the facts
 Capable of proof or disproof
. Questions of Value
 Address the relative merit
(goodness or badness) of
something
 You are usually asked to choose
between things, ideas, beliefs, or
actions and explain why you
choose in the manner you did
. Questions of Policy
  Asks the writer to make a plan of
action to solve some sort of
problem
 The question asks the writer to
explain what they would do
 Key words in these topics is
usually “should”
 It asks the writer to make a plan
of action to solve some sort of
problem
 The answer is a breakdown of the
plan and a justification that it fixes
the problem
r Thesis Statement in Argumentative Essays
 The argumentative thesis takes a side of
an issue
 It frequently proposes an approach of
action which is often expressed with the
modal should
 Example Topic: Nuclear Power plants
 Argument 1: Governments should
ban further construction of
nuclear power plants
 Argument 2: The government
should continue building nuclear
power plants
r Elements of Vocal Delivery
 Intonation
 The sound changes produced by
the rise and fall of the voice when
speaking, especially when this
has an effect on the meaning of
what is said
 Juncture
 The manner in which words come
together and a connection is
made
 Stress
 Accent, the relative prominence of
a syllable or musical note
 Pitch
 Property of sound with variation in
frequency of vibration
r Key Components/ Characteristics of a Good
News Story
3 Attention-getting headline (always in
simple present tense)
o Fuel, Food Costs Push Inflation
Up to 5.7%
o Duterte Fires Top Nayong Pilipino
Officials
3 A strong lead containing 5 Ws and H
(who, what, where, when, why, how)
3 Use of Quotes
3 Real facts (truth and accuracy matter)
3 Strong Summary
3 Organization of the news (presenting
information from most to least important)
r Key Elements When Considering
Newsworthiness
a) Timing
 If it happened today, it’s news; if it
happened last week, it’s not
 With 24-hour news access,
“breaking” news is important
b) Significance
 How many people are affected?
c) Proximity
 The closer a story hits home, the
more newsworthy it is
d) Prominence
 When famous people are
affected, the story matters
 Example: a car accident involving
your family vs. a car accident
involving the President
e) Human Interest
 Because these stories are based
on emotional appeal, they are
meant to be amusing or to
generate empathy or other
emotions
  They often appear in special
sections of the newspaper or at
the end of the newscast as a “feel
good” story or to draw attention to
something particularly amusing,
quirky, or off-beat
r Bias, Prejudice, and Discrimination
 Bias
 An inclination toward one way of
thinking, often based on how you
were raised
 A tendency to lean in a certain
direction, often to the detriment of
an open mind
 Those who are biased tend to
believe what they want to believe,
refusing to take into consideration
the opinions of other
 To truly be biased, it means
you're lacking a neutral viewpoint
 Sprouting from cultural contexts,
biases tend to take root within an
ethnic group, social class, or
religion.
 Example:
 In one of the most high-
profile trials of the 20th
century O.J. Simpson was
acquitted of murder, but
many people will remain
biased toward him and
treat him like a convicted
killer anyway.
 Prejudice
 A feeling toward a person based
solely on their affiliation with a
group
 It often casts an unfavorable light
on someone simply because
they're a member of some family,
church, or organization
 Example:
 Millions of people around
the world consider Tom
Cruise to be a very
talented actor. He's also
labeled as one of
Hollywood's nicest guys,
purportedly treating his
cast and crew with the
utmost kindness and
respect. However, his
affiliation with Scientology
prompts all kinds of
negative press, causing
some people to feel
prejudice toward him
 Discrimination
 comes into play when one starts
acting upon an inherent prejudice
they possess.
 Example:
 during the time of slavery,
men and women held
prejudices against African
Americans and, in turn,
discriminated them
through slavery,
segregation, and other
heinous acts
r Seven Forms of Bias in Instructional Materials
1. Invisibility: What You Don’t See Makes
a Lasting Impression
 The most fundamental and oldest
form of bias in instructional
materials is the complete or
relative exclusion of a group
 Textbooks published prior to the
1960s largely omitted African
Americans, Latinos, and Asian
Americans from both the narrative
and illustrations
 Many of today’s textbooks are
improved, but far from perfect
 Women, those with disabilities,
gays and homosexuals continue
to be missing from many of
today’s texts
 to gloss over unpleasant facts
2. Stereotyping: Shortcuts to Bigotry and events in our history
 Perhaps the most familiar form of  By ignoring prejudice, racism,
bias is the stereotype, which discrimination, exploitation,
assigns a rigid set of oppression, sexism, and inter-
characteristics to all members of group conflict, we deny students
a group, at the cost of individual the information they need to
attributes and differences recognize, understand, and
 While stereotypes can be perhaps someday conquer
positive, they are more often societal problems
negative  Examples:
 Some typical stereotypes include:  Because of affirmative
 Men portrayed as action programs, people of
assertive and successful color and women now
in their jobs, but rarely enjoy economic and
discussed as husbands or political equality with (or
fathers superiority over) white
 Women as caregivers males
 Jews as rich  The notion that technology
will resolve persistent
3. Imbalance and Selectivity: A Tale Half social problems
Told
 Curriculum may perpetuate bias 5. Fragmentation and Isolation: The
by presenting only one Parts Are Less than the Whole
interpretation of an issue,  Fragmentation emerges when a
situation, or group of people group is physically or visually
 Such accounts simplify and distort isolated in the text
complex issues by omitting  Often, racial and ethnic group
different perspectives members are depicted as
 Examples: interacting only with persons like
 A text reports that women themselves, isolated from other
were "given" the vote, but cultural communities
does not discuss the work,  While this form of bias may be
sacrifices, and even less damaging than omission or
physical abuse suffered by stereotypes, fragmentation and
the leaders of the suffrage isolation present non-dominant
movement that "won" the groups as peripheral members of
vote. society
 Literature is drawn
primarily from western, 6. Linguistic Bias: Words Count
male authors  Language can be a powerful
 Math and science courses conveyor of bias, in both blatant
typically reference and subtle forms
European discoveries and  Linguistic bias can impact
formulas race/ethnicity, gender, accents,
age, (dis)ability and sexual
4. Unreality: Rose Colored Glasses orientation
 Many researchers have noted the  Examples:
tendency of instructional materials
  Native Americans
described as "roaming,"
"wandering," or "roving"
across the land. Such
language implicitly justifies
the seizure of Native lands
by "more goal-directed"
white Americans who
"traveled" or "settled" their
way westward
 Such words as
forefathers, mankind, and
businessman serve to
deny the contributions
(even the existence) of
females
 The bias against non-
English speakers
7. Cosmetic Bias: “Shiny” Covers
 The relatively new cosmetic bias
suggests that a text is bias free,
but beyond the attractive covers,
photos, or posters, bias persists
 This "illusion of equity" is really a
marketing strategy to give a
favorable impression to potential
purchasers who only flip the
pages of books
 Examples:
 A science textbook that
features a glossy pullout
of female scientists but
includes precious little
narrative of the scientific
contributions of women
 A music book with an eye-
catching, multiethnic cover
that projects a world of
diverse songs and
symphonies belies the
traditional white male
composers lurking behind
the cover
r The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Summary)
 During the 1482 Festival of Fools in
Paris, Quasimodo, the hunchback of
Notre Dame, is elected the Pope of Fools
for being the ugliest person in Paris. He
is hoisted on a throne and paraded
around Paris by the jeering mob. Pierre
Gringoire, a struggling poet and
philosopher, tries unsuccessfully to get
the crowd to watch his play instead of the
parade. Archdeacon Claude Frollo
appears and stops the parade and orders
Quasimodo back to Notre Dame with
him. Looking for something to eat,
Gringoire admires the graceful beauty of
La Esmerelda, a gypsy street dancer,
and decides to follow her home. After
rounding a corner, she is suddenly
attacked by Quasimodo and Frollo.
Gringoire rushes to help her but is
knocked out by Quasimodo as Frollo
runs away. The King's Archers, led by
Phoebus de Chateaupers arrive just in
time and capture the hunchback. Later
that night, a group of beggars and
thieves are about to hang Gringoire when
La Esmerelda comes forward and offers
to save his life by "marrying" him for four
years only.
 The next day, Quasimodo is put on trial
and sentenced to two hours of torture in
the Place de Grève. He suffers both the
pain of being stretched and pulled apart
as well as being publicly humiliated by
the crowd of people, who hate him for his
ugliness. He begs for water, but no one
answers his pleas until La Esmerelda
comes forth and brings him something to
drink. Nearby, a recluse called Sister
Gudule, screams at La Esmerelda for
being a "gypsy child- thief" and blames
her for her daughter's kidnapping fifteen
years earlier. A few months later, La
Esmerelda is dancing in front of Notre
Dame and Phoebus calls her over to him.
She has fallen in love with him and
blushes when he asks her to meet him
later that night. Frollo watches them from
the top of Notre Dame and becomes
insanely jealous of Phoebus. His
obsessive lust for La Esmerelda has
 made him renounce God and study
alchemy and black magic. In his secret
cell at Notre Dame, he plans to trap La
Esmerelda like a spider catching a fly
with its web. Later that night he follows
Phoebus to his tryst with La Esmerelda
and stabs Phoebus repeatedly. He
escapes and La Esmerelda is captured
by the King's guard.
 After being tortured at her trial, La
Esmerelda falsely confesses to killing
Phoebus and being a witch. She is
sentenced to hang in the Place de Grève.
Frollo visits her in jail and declares his
love. He begs her to love him and show
him some pity but she calls him a "goblin-
monk" and a murderer, refusing to have
anything to do with him. Before her
execution, La Esmerelda is publicly
humiliated in front of Notre Dame.
Looking across the square, she suddenly
sees Phoebus and calls out his name. He
actually survived the murder attempt but
doesn't want anyone to know that he was
injured. He turns away from La
Esmerelda and enters the house of his
bride-to-be. Just then, Quasimodo
swings down on a rope from Notre Dame
and carries her back to the cathedral,
crying out "Sanctuary!" He had fallen in
love with her when she brought him
water and had been planning her escape
all along.
them. Frollo has used the attack as a
diversion to sneak La Esmerelda out of
the cathedral. He offers her two choices:
she can either say she loves him or be
hanged. She demands to be executed
and he leaves her with Sister Gudule. To
their astonishment, they discover that
they are mother and daughter. Gudule
tries to protect La Esmerelda, but it is too
late. Back at Notre Dame, Quasimodo
goes to the top of the north tower to find
her. Gazing off into the distance, he sees
the figure of La Esmerelda in a white
dress hanging from the scaffold. He
bellows out in despair and grabs Frollo
by the neck. Holding him up in the air,
Quasimodo sighs with grief and then
throws Frollo down to his death. Looking
at La Esmerelda hanging off in the
distance and Frollo's wrangled corpse
down below, Quasimodo cries out:
"There is everything I ever loved!"
Quasimodo is never seen again. Years
later when a gravedigger stumbles
across La Esmerelda's remains, he finds
the skeleton of a hunchback curled
around her.

 La Esmerelda is safe from execution just

as long as she stays inside the cathedral.
At first, she finds it hard to even look at
Quasimodo, but they form an uneasy
friendship. Even though he is deaf, he
enjoys being around her when she sings.
Meanwhile, a group of vagabonds
resolves to save La Esmerelda after
hearing that Parliament has ordered that
she be removed from Notre Dame. But
when Quasimodo sees them attack the
cathedral, he thinks they have come to
kill La Esmerelda and he fends them off
as best he can, killing a large number of